protein binding

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators]

Protein binding is a fundamental molecular interaction that plays a critical role in virtually all biological processes. It involves the specific and non-covalent association of a protein with another molecule, which can include other proteins, nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), lipids, carbohydrates, small molecules, and even ions. This interaction is mediated by the three-dimensional structure of the protein and the chemical properties of its amino acid residues. The regions on the protein's surface that bind to other molecules are known as binding sites, which are typically characterized by a specific shape and distribution of charged and hydrophobic residues.

The strength of the interaction between a protein and its binding partner is determined by several factors, including the surface area of contact, the number of non-covalent bonds formed, and the overall shape and fit of the molecules. Binding can be transient, with the protein associating and dissociating from its partner quickly, or it can be more stable, with a longer duration of interaction. The binding of a protein to its target molecule can trigger a variety of downstream effects, including:

* **Regulation of enzyme activity:** Proteins can bind to enzymes to activate or inhibit their catalytic activity, controlling the rate of biochemical reactions.
* **Signal transduction:** Proteins can act as receptors, binding to signaling molecules to initiate intracellular signaling pathways.
* **Structural support:** Proteins can bind to other proteins or cellular structures to provide structural support and stability.
* **Transport:** Proteins can bind to molecules to facilitate their transport across membranes or within the cell.
* **Gene expression:** Proteins can bind to DNA or RNA to regulate gene expression.

The diversity of protein binding interactions underlies the complexity and adaptability of biological systems. Understanding the molecular basis of protein binding is crucial for understanding how cells function and for developing new therapies targeting specific protein-protein interactions.'
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Proteins (2,160)