lutein profile

Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Products

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	5281243
CHEMBL ID	173929
CHEBI ID	28838
SCHEMBL ID	19342
MeSH ID	M0023055

Synonym
lutein, all-trans-
all-trans-(+)-xanthophyll
vegetable luteol
nsc-59193
xanthophyll, all-trans-(+)-
all-trans-lutein
vegetable lutein
lutein ester
.beta.,.epsilon.-carotene-3,3'-diol, (3r,3'r,6'r)-
AKOS008901394
SMP1_000317
CHEBI:28838 ,
(3r,3'r,6'r)-beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol
e 161b
LMPR01070274
BCBCMAP01_000190
NSC59193 ,
trans-lutein
bo-xan
xanthophyll
C08601
lutein
xanthophyll, from marigold
xantofyl
DB00137
beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol, (3r,3'r,6'r)-
nsc 59193
einecs 204-840-0
beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol
gamma lutein
lutein, gamma
(3r,3'r)-dihydroxy-alpha-carotene
AB972DAC-E626-49F1-898D-598AF7729FD0
ins no.161b(i)
all-trans-xanthophyll
lutein from tagetes erecta
e-161b
floraglo lutein
e 161
e-161b(i)
CHEMBL173929
leutein
lutein a
ins-161b(i)
os 24
oro glo 7
floraglo
(1r)-4-[(1e,3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e,17e)-18-[(1r,4r)-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol
lutamax
unii-x72a60c9mt
x72a60c9mt ,
dtxcid6026749
dtxsid8046749 ,
cas-127-40-2
tox21_112594
(3r,3'r,6'r)-lutein
\|a,\|a-carotene-3,3'-diol
S5103
lutein [mart.]
lutein [fcc]
(3r,3'r,6r)-4,5-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-.beta.,.beta.-carotene-3,3'-diol
xantofyl [who-dd]
(1r,4r)-4-((1e,3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e,17e)-18-((4r)-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaen-1-yl)-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol
.beta.,.epsilon.-carotene-3,3'-diol
(3r,3'r,6r)-4,5-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-.beta.,.beta.-carotin-3,3'-diol
xanthophyll [mi]
lutein [vandf]
lutein [dsc]
.beta.,.beta.-carotene-3,3'-diol, 4,5-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-, (3r,3'r,6r)-
leutein [vandf]
lutein [usp-rs]
SCHEMBL19342
180580-60-3
4',5'-didehydro-6'-hydro-.beta.-carotene-3,3'-diol #
(1r,4r)-4-((1e,3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e,17e)-18-((r)-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-enol
lutein, analytical standard
3,3'-dihydroxy-alpha-carotene
AS-63011
lutein, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
BBL101804
(3r,3'r,6r)-4,5-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol
STL555601
Q63409232
HMS3886I13
CCG-270087
( inverted exclamation marka)-lutein
CS-0015250
e-carotene-3,3'-diol
lutein (xanthophyll)
HY-N6947
XL176948
XL176947
lutein - 20%
lutein - 10%
XL176941
lutein - 5%
xanthophyll (~80%)
()-lutein
xanthophyll, tech grade
(invertedexclamationmarka)-lutein
mfcd08435941
(3r,3'r,6r)-4,5-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-beta,beta-carotin-3,3'-diol
4-(18-(4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohex-2-enyl)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl)-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohex-3-en-1-ol
lutein (usp-rs)
beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol, 4,5-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-, (3r,3'r,6r)-
noon for kids
lutein (mart.)
leutin

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" It can be concluded that crystalline lutein is a safe and GRAS source of lutein for its proposed uses in food."	( An innovative approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived from a new source: case study using a crystalline lutein product. DeFreitas, Z; Heimbach, J; Kruger, CL; Murphy, M; Pfannkuch, F, 2002)	0.31
" Although the acute toxicity of water-soluble nano-C60(OH)22-26 is low, these compounds are retained in the body for long periods, raising concern for their chronic toxic effect."	( Phototoxicity and cytotoxicity of fullerol in human lens epithelial cells. Andley, U; Boyes, WK; Chignell, CF; Roberts, JE; Wielgus, AR, 2008)	0.35
" Lutein and its ester form administered orally at doses of 4, 40, and 400 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks for short-term toxicity study and 13 weeks for a subchronic toxicity study did not produced any mortality, change in body weight, food consumption pattern, organ weight, and other adverse side reactions."	( Toxicity profile of lutein and lutein ester isolated from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta). Deshpande, J; Harikumar, KB; Kuttan, R; Nimita, CV; Preethi, KC; Shankaranarayana, ML, )	0.13
" The objective of the present study was to investigate adverse effects, if any, of Lutemax 2020 in acute and subchronic toxicity, and mutagenicity studies."	( Safety assessment of lutein and zeaxanthin (Lutemax 2020): subchronic toxicity and mutagenicity studies. Deshpande, J; Ilamurugan, G; Ravikrishnan, R; Rusia, S; Salunkhe, U; Shankaranarayana, ML; Shankaranarayanan, J; Soni, MG, 2011)	0.37
" Pathology analysis suggested no adverse clinical implications of consuming these carotenoids."	( Supplementation with all three macular carotenoids: response, stability, and safety. Beatty, S; Connolly, EE; Howard, AN; Loughman, J; Louw, MS; Nolan, JM, 2011)	0.37
" This study aimed to investigate potential adverse effect of lutein from Tagetes erecta in lutein-deficient (LD) male mice."	( Acute and subacute toxicity assessment of lutein in lutein-deficient mice. Baskaran, V; Nidhi, B, 2013)	0.39
"L/Z-based dye solutions demonstrated a safe profile in in vitro and in vivo models, and may be a useful tool for staining intraocular structures."	( Dye solutions based on lutein and zeaxanthin: in vitro and in vivo analysis of ocular toxicity profiles. Badaró, E; Belfort, R; Casaroli-Marano, RP; Lima-Filho, AA; Maia, M; Martínez-Conesa, EM; Nunes, RP; Rodrigues, EB; Sousa-Martins, D, 2015)	0.42
" Our findings suggested that tIRI-induced spermatogenic damage may involve modulation of the SAFE pathway and could benefit from lutein treatment."	( Lutein modulates transcription dysregulation of adhesion molecules and spermatogenesis transcription factors induced by testicular ischemia reperfusion injury: it could be SAFE. Al-Maghrebi, M; Al-Somali, HF; Botras, MS; Qadhi, IN; Renno, WM, 2016)	0.43
" Acute and subacute toxicity studies did not show any mortality or treatment related adverse effect in clinical observations, ophthalmic examinations, body and organ weights."	( Biocompatible lutein-polymer-lipid nanocapsules: Acute and subacute toxicity and bioavailability in mice. Hindupur, R; Ranganathan, A; Vallikannan, B, 2016)	0.43
" Treatment was well tolerated with no product associated adverse events (AE) and only a few mild and expected side effects."	( An open-label clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of Bend Skincare Anti-Aging Formula on minimal erythema dose in skin. Morse, NL; Reid, AJ; St-Onge, M, 2018)	0.48
" An initial toxic effect regarding the transient drop of amplitudes cannot be ruled out but the effect might also be explained by the partial blockage of the flashlight due to a more intense staining effect at the beginning of the washout."	( Investigating retinal toxicity of a lutein-based dye in a model of isolated and perfused bovine retina. Bartz-Schmidt, KU; Hofmann, J; Januschowski, K; Krupp, C; Mueller, S; Schnichels, S; Spitzer, M; Szurman, P, 2019)	0.51

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The present study was undertaken to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of crocetin in healthy adult subjects."	( The pharmacokinetic profile of crocetin in healthy adult human volunteers after a single oral administration. Antonio, LS; Morikawa, H; Murakami, K; Nakano, T; Shirotori, M; Ulit, MV; Umigai, N, 2011)	0.37
" Although lutein has received much attention recently due to its antioxidant activities, little information about the pharmacokinetic properties of lutein is available."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of lutein emulsion after oral administration to rats and effect of food intake on plasma concentration of lutein. Hirano, T; Iseki, K; Itagaki, S; Kobayashi, M; Mizuno, S; Noda, T; Sato, Y; Sugawara, M, 2011)	0.37
" We have focused on the absorption mechanism of these food components that show low bioavailability, and have made efforts to improve their poor absorption based on their pharmacokinetic properties."	( [Study of Formulation Development Based on the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Functional Food Components]. Sato, Y, 2019)	0.51

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To determine whether a natural dye solution based on lutein and zeaxanthin alone or combined with Brilliant Blue stains and facilitates peeling of intraocular membranes in human eyes."	( Use of lutein and zeaxanthin alone or combined with Brilliant Blue to identify intraocular structures intraoperatively. Belfort, R; Chen, J; Farah, ME; Lima-Filho, AA; Maia, M; Moraes, M; Rodrigues, EB; Santos, LB; Sousa-Martins, D, 2012)	0.38
"01-20%) were tested alone or combined with different Brilliant Blue concentrations (0."	( Use of lutein and zeaxanthin alone or combined with Brilliant Blue to identify intraocular structures intraoperatively. Belfort, R; Chen, J; Farah, ME; Lima-Filho, AA; Maia, M; Moraes, M; Rodrigues, EB; Santos, LB; Sousa-Martins, D, 2012)	0.38
" Lutein and zeaxanthin alone was useful for vitreous identification and lutein and zeaxanthin combined with Brilliant Blue had strong affinity for internal limiting membrane and anterior capsule."	( Use of lutein and zeaxanthin alone or combined with Brilliant Blue to identify intraocular structures intraoperatively. Belfort, R; Chen, J; Farah, ME; Lima-Filho, AA; Maia, M; Moraes, M; Rodrigues, EB; Santos, LB; Sousa-Martins, D, 2012)	0.38
"A natural dye solution based on lutein and zeaxanthin alone or combined with Brilliant Blue efficiently stained the anterior capsule, vitreous, and internal limiting membrane in human cadaveric eyes and may be a useful tool for vitreoretinal or cataract surgery."	( Use of lutein and zeaxanthin alone or combined with Brilliant Blue to identify intraocular structures intraoperatively. Belfort, R; Chen, J; Farah, ME; Lima-Filho, AA; Maia, M; Moraes, M; Rodrigues, EB; Santos, LB; Sousa-Martins, D, 2012)	0.38
" A total of 79 patients were randomized to either lutein (10 mg) and antioxidant supplement or lutein and antioxidant supplement in combination with PUFA."	( Oral Lutein Supplementation Enhances Macular Pigment Density and Contrast Sensitivity but Not in Combination With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Ebneter, A; Munk, MR; Wolf, S; Wolf-Schnurrbusch, UE; Zinkernagel, MS, 2015)	0.42
" Lutein supplementation in combination with an LCD could improve body composition and lipid profile in obese middle-aged individuals."	( Lutein supplementation combined with a low-calorie diet in middle-aged obese individuals: effects on anthropometric indices, body composition and metabolic parameters. Ghoreishi, Z; Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, F; Sarreshtedari, M; Tarighat-Esfanjani, A, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Cryptoxanthin, which is poorly absorbed by young chickens, served as a nonabsorbed reference material."	( Evidence for differential absorption of zeacarotene, cryptoxanthin, and lutein in young broiler chickens. Hamilton, PB; Tyczkowski, JK, 1986)	0.27
" The results suggest that the major mechanisms of lutein against 1-NP mutagenicity is the potential formation of a complex between lutein and 1-NP, which could limit the bioavailability of 1-NP."	( Antimutagenicity of xanthophylls present in Aztec Marigold (Tagetes erecta) against 1-nitropyrene. González de Mejía, E; Loarca-Piña, G; Ramos-Gómez, M, 1997)	0.3
"Carotenoid bioavailability depends, amongst other factors, on the food matrix and on the type and extent of processing."	( The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of beta-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. Castenmiller, JJ; Linssen, JP; van het Hof, KH; Voragen, AG; West, CE, 1999)	0.3
"Egg yolk is a highly bioavailable source of lutein and zeaxanthin."	( Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk. Blumberg, JB; Handelman, GJ; Lichtenstein, AH; Nightingale, ZD; Schaefer, EJ, 1999)	0.3
"To gain more insight into the relation between vegetable consumption and the risk of chronic diseases, it is important to determine the bioavailability of carotenoids from vegetables and the effect of vegetable consumption on selected biomarkers of chronic diseases."	( Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of beta-carotene. Brouwer, IA; Eskes, TK; Haddeman, E; Hautvast, JG; Steegers-Theunissen, RP; van Dusseldorp, M; van het Hof, KH; West, CE; Weststrate, JA, 1999)	0.3
"To assess the bioavailability of beta-carotene and lutein from vegetables and the effect of increased vegetable consumption on the ex vivo oxidizability of LDL."	( Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of beta-carotene. Brouwer, IA; Eskes, TK; Haddeman, E; Hautvast, JG; Steegers-Theunissen, RP; van Dusseldorp, M; van het Hof, KH; West, CE; Weststrate, JA, 1999)	0.3
" The relative bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is higher than that of beta-carotene."	( Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of beta-carotene. Brouwer, IA; Eskes, TK; Haddeman, E; Hautvast, JG; Steegers-Theunissen, RP; van Dusseldorp, M; van het Hof, KH; West, CE; Weststrate, JA, 1999)	0.3
"Dietary fiber may be partly responsible for the lower bioavailability of carotenoids from food than from purified supplements."	( Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. Hoffmann, J; Linseisen, J; Riedl, J; Wolfram, G, 1999)	0.3
" Currently, knowledge on the bioavailability of these compounds from vegetables is limited."	( Influence of feeding different vegetables on plasma levels of carotenoids, folate and vitamin C. Effect of disruption of the vegetable matrix. Pietrzik, K; Tijburg, LB; van het Hof, KH; Weststrate, JA, 1999)	0.3
"These results indicate that dietary fiber supplementation decreases the antioxidative effect of a supplement consisting of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol in LDL, an effect that is likely to be mediated by a reduced bioavailability of these antioxidants in the gut."	( Dietary fiber reduces the antioxidative effect of a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture on LDL oxidation ex vivo in humans. Hoffmann, J; Linseisen, J; Riedl, J; Wolfram, G, 1999)	0.3
" Little is known about the effect of dietary fat on the bioavailability of these compounds."	( Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. Leenen, R; Roodenburg, AJ; Tijburg, LB; van het Hof, KH; Weststrate, JA, 2000)	0.31
"To assess the influence of type 1 diabetes mellitus on the serum depletion rate and bioavailability of lutein."	( Serum depletion and bioavailability of lutein in type I diabetic patients. Blanco, I; Granado, F; Olmedilla, B, 2002)	0.31
"Ten type 1 diabetics and eight controls consumed a low carotenoid diet for 21 days and the bioavailability study was performed in 7 diabetics and 5 controls on day 15 with the administration of a capsule of lutein esters from marigold extract."	( Serum depletion and bioavailability of lutein in type I diabetic patients. Blanco, I; Granado, F; Olmedilla, B, 2002)	0.31
" In the bioavailability study, all-trans-lutein increased in both groups and AUC, maxima concentrations in TRL and serum and time required for maxima concentration in serum were similar in diabetics and controls."	( Serum depletion and bioavailability of lutein in type I diabetic patients. Blanco, I; Granado, F; Olmedilla, B, 2002)	0.31
" In addition, bioavailability of lutein+zeaxanthin from crystalline lutein product, when added to food, is determined and used to adjust the estimated daily intake of lutein and zeaxanthin from this new source and standardize it to the bioavailable dose of these carotenoids from food sources."	( An innovative approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived from a new source: case study using a crystalline lutein product. DeFreitas, Z; Heimbach, J; Kruger, CL; Murphy, M; Pfannkuch, F, 2002)	0.31
" Lutein bioavailability was determined for lutein diester and unesterified lutein formulations as they might be incorporated into dietary supplements."	( Esterification does not impair lutein bioavailability in humans. Bowen, PE; Herbst-Espinosa, SM; Hussain, EA; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M, 2002)	0.31
" Zeaxanthin was less well absorbed than an equal lutein dose, resulting in plateaus of approximately 5 x 10(-7) mol/L."	( Lutein and zeaxanthin dietary supplements raise macular pigment density and serum concentrations of these carotenoids in humans. Bone, RA; Guerra, LH; Landrum, JT; Ruiz, CA, 2003)	0.32
" The aim of this study was to evaluate bioavailability of lutein from different food sources (150 g spinach and 200 g broccoli) and a supplement in oil (300 mg VEGEX), all providing about 9 mg lutein."	( Comparison of lutein bioavailability from vegetables and supplement. Brusamolino, A; Ciappellano, S; Porrini, M; Riso, P, 2003)	0.32
"The ability to study bioavailability of nutrients from foods is an important step in determining the health impact of those nutrients."	( Isotopic labeling and LC-APCI-MS quantification for investigating absorption of carotenoids and phylloquinone from kale (Brassica oleracea). Britz, SJ; Clevidence, BA; Kurilich, AC; Novotny, JA, 2003)	0.32
"Our understanding of the factors determining the bioavailability of carotenoids from fruits and vegetables is poor."	( Solubilization of carotenoids from carrot juice and spinach in lipid phases: I. Modeling the gastric lumen. Bailey, AL; Faulks, RM; Fillery-Travis, A; Parker, ML; Rich, GT; Wickham, MS, 2003)	0.32
"We have been investigating the factors determining the bioavailability of carotenoids from vegetables."	( Solubilization of carotenoids from carrot juice and spinach in lipid phases: II. Modeling the duodenal environment. Faulks, RM; Fillery-Travis, A; Rich, GT; Wickham, MS, 2003)	0.32
"The aim of the investigation was to assess a stable isotope method for determining the relative bioavailability of food-derived lutein in humans."	( Bioavailability of lutein in humans from intrinsically labeled vegetables determined by LC-APCI-MS. Albert, K; Dolnikowski, GG; Glaser, T; Grusak, MA; Lienau, A; Tang, G, 2003)	0.32
" However, the data concerning the bioavailability of carotenoids in the elderly are scarce."	( Comparison of the postprandial chylomicron carotenoid responses in young and older subjects. Borel, P; Bouteloup-Demange, C; Cardinault, N; Grolier, P; Ribalta, J; Rock, E; Tyssandier, V; Winklhofer-Roob, BM, 2003)	0.32
"The bioavailability of lycopene is apparently impaired in the old,while there is no major difference in the bioavailability of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene and probably lutein."	( Comparison of the postprandial chylomicron carotenoid responses in young and older subjects. Borel, P; Bouteloup-Demange, C; Cardinault, N; Grolier, P; Ribalta, J; Rock, E; Tyssandier, V; Winklhofer-Roob, BM, 2003)	0.32
" During different cooking processes the lutein content of the processed vegetables and fruits dramatically decreases, thus the bioavailability of processed plant food may also decrease."	( Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods. Deli, J; Molnár, P; Osz, E; Tóth, G; Zsila, F, 2004)	0.32
" However, little is known about the bioavailability of carotenoids from whole foods."	( Assessment of carotenoid bioavailability of whole foods using a Caco-2 cell culture model coupled with an in vitro digestion. Glahn, RP; Liu, CS; Liu, RH, 2004)	0.32
" This study was designed to determine the bioavailability of lutein supplements in Mongolian gerbils, as prior studies have focused on beta-carotene, and to investigate any interactions between a lutein supplement and a diet containing cranberries."	( Lutein supplements are not bioavailable in the Mongolian gerbil while consuming a diet with or without cranberries. Molldrem, KL; Tanumihardjo, SA, 2004)	0.32
" At present, data regarding bioavailability of lutein from various sources are insufficient."	( Lutein bioavailability is higher from lutein-enriched eggs than from supplements and spinach in men. Chung, HY; Johnson, EJ; Rasmussen, HM, 2004)	0.32
"Few published studies have described the bioavailability of the different carotenoids in spinach."	( Bioavailability of carotenoids from spinach and tomatoes. Brusamolino, A; Porrini, M; Riso, P; Scalfi, L, 2004)	0.32
"The possibility of using exfoliated colonic epithelial cells for assessing the bioavailability of beta-carotene was examined."	( Studies on the bioavailability of the provitamin A carotenoid, beta-carotene, using human exfoliated colonic epithelial cells. Gireesh, T; Nair, PP; Sudhakaran, PR, 2004)	0.32
" Co-incubation with beta-carotene, but not lycopene, decreased the lutein absorption rate (approx."	( Lutein transport by Caco-2 TC-7 cells occurs partly by a facilitated process involving the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Abou, L; Amiot, MJ; André, M; Borel, P; Ghiringhelli, O; Jourdheuil-Rahmani, D; Lairon, D; Mikail, C; Portugal, H; Reboul, E, 2005)	0.33
"The bioavailability of carotenoids from kale was investigated by labeling nutrients in kale with 13C, feeding the kale to seven adult volunteers, and analyzing serial plasma samples for labeled lutein, beta-carotene, and retinol."	( Plasma appearance of labeled beta-carotene, lutein, and retinol in humans after consumption of isotopically labeled kale. Britz, SJ; Clevidence, BA; Kurilich, AC; Novotny, JA, 2005)	0.33
" Additionally, egg yolk is a highly bioavailable source of lutein and zeaxanthin."	( Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease. Johnson, EJ; Krinsky, NI, 2005)	0.33
"The bioavailability of lutein solubilized in mixed micelles containing either phosphatidylcholine (PC) or lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) was evaluated in male rats."	( Enhanced lutein bioavailability by lyso-phosphatidylcholine in rats. Baskaran, V; Krishnakantha, TP; Lakshminarayana, R; Raju, M, 2006)	0.33
" Although the aggregate concentration of carotenoid in 1 egg yolk may be modest relative to other sources, such as spinach, their bioavailability to the retina appears to be high."	( A 12-wk egg intervention increases serum zeaxanthin and macular pigment optical density in women. Barbato, D; Curran-Celentano, J; Gerweck, C; Handelman, GJ; Nicolosi, RJ; Wenzel, AJ, 2006)	0.33
" Bioavailability is a critical feature in the assessment of the role of micronutrients in human health, and the approaches to this issue include in vitro and in vivo methods."	( Bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols from broccoli: in vivo and in vitro assessment. Blanco, I; Blázquez, S; Granado, F; Herrero, C; Olmedilla, B; Pérez-Sacristán, B, 2006)	0.33
"Based on a previous carotenoid bioavailability study in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), we hypothesized that gerbils preferentially accumulate beta-carotene over lutein in the liver and lipoproteins."	( Absorption and transit of lutein and beta-carotene supplements in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Escaron, AL; Tanumihardjo, SA, 2006)	0.33
" Numerous human intervention studies have been conducted with lutein to estimate the bioavailability from different formulations."	( Comparison of the absorption efficiency of alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin in female Wistar rats. Breithaupt, DE; Velázquez, FJ; Yahia, EM, 2007)	0.34
" Data generated from this study compares well with in vivo bioavailability studies."	( Comparison of the uptake and secretion of carotene and xanthophyll carotenoids by Caco-2 intestinal cells. O'Brien, N; O'Sullivan, L; Ryan, L, 2007)	0.34
" Although relatively high concentrations of beta-carotene and lutein have been reported in the leaves, the bioavailability of these carotenoids from this source is unknown."	( Micellarization and intestinal cell uptake of beta-carotene and lutein from drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves. Failla, ML; Pullakhandam, R, 2007)	0.34
"We measured the blood uptake of meso-zeaxanthin (MZ) from a mixture of macular pigments since its bioavailability in man has not been studied."	( A supplementation study in human subjects with a combination of meso-zeaxanthin, (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin and (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein. Howard, AN; Thurnham, DI; Trémel, A, 2008)	0.35
"Although yellow maize (Zea mays) fractions and products are a source of dietary carotenoids, only limited information is available on the bioavailability of these pigments from maize-based foods."	( Carotenoid bioaccessibility from whole grain and degermed maize meal products. Ferruzzi, MG; Hamaker, BR; Kean, EG, 2008)	0.35
" Therefore, the rationale of this study was to examine the effects of various processing and cooking methods on lutein bioavailability from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) using an in vitro digestion procedure coupled with the use of a human intestinal Caco-2 cell model."	( Cellular transport of lutein is greater from uncooked rather than cooked spinach irrespective of whether it is fresh, frozen, or canned. Aherne, SA; O'Brien, NM; O'Sullivan, L; Ryan, L, 2008)	0.35
"We assessed the bioavailability of lutein from lutein-fortified fermented milk using in vivo and in vitro approaches."	( Lutein bioavailability from lutein ester-fortified fermented milk: in vivo and in vitro study. Blanco-Navarro, I; Granado-Lorencio, F; Herrero-Barbudo, C; Olmedilla-Alonso, B; Pérez-Sacristán, B, 2010)	0.36
"This study reports on the results of repeated gavages and dietary feeding of lutein dispersed either in phospholipids or fatty acid micelles or vegetable oils and the effects on lutein bioavailability and antioxidant enzymes in rats."	( Phospholipid, oleic acid micelles and dietary olive oil influence the lutein absorption and activity of antioxidant enzymes in rats. Baskaran, V; Keshava Prakash, MN; Lakshminarayana, R; Raju, M, 2009)	0.35
"beta-Carotene (BC) is a potent dietary source of vitamin A for populations at risk of vitamin A deficiency, yet its bioavailability is influenced by several factors such as dietary fat, carotenoids type, and other components."	( Bioefficacy of beta-carotene is improved in rats after solubilized as equimolar dose of beta-carotene and lutein in phospholipid-mixed micelles. Baskaran, V; Marisiddaiah, R, 2009)	0.35
" Lutein is well absorbed in preterm infants when given orally."	( Lutein absorption in premature infants. Barone, G; Gervasoni, J; Persichilli, S; Romagnoli, C; Tirone, C; Zecca, E; Zuppi, C, 2010)	0.36
"Carotenoid bioavailability is influenced by a number of factors including the presence of other carotenoids, which may enhance or inhibit the transport of one another by intestinal cells."	( Investigation of beta-carotene and lutein transport in Caco-2 cells: carotenoid-carotenoid interactions and transport inhibition by ezetimibe. Aisling, SA; O'Brien, NM; O'Sullivan, L, 2009)	0.35
" Although the lutein from egg is known to be more bioavailable than that from spinach, not much is known about lutein bioavailability from n-3 fatty acid enriched eggs and organic eggs, both of which are increasingly available to consumers."	( Effect of n-3 fatty acid enriched eggs and organic eggs on serum lutein in free-living lacto-ovo vegetarians. Burns-Whitmore, BL; Haddad, EH; Jaceldo-Siegl, K; Rajaram, S; Sabaté, J; Tanzman, J, 2010)	0.36
"Ability of any formulation to keep the drug in solubilized form in vivo is essential for bioavailability (BA) enhancement rather than the solubility of drug in the formulation vehicle/matrix itself."	( Enhanced bioavailability and retinal accumulation of lutein from self-emulsifying phospholipid suspension (SEPS). Choi, HG; Kim, KS; Park, JH; Piao, ZZ; Shanmugam, S; Woo, JS; Yong, CS, 2011)	0.37
"The objectives of this study was to prepare solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing phosphatidylcholine (PC), an endogenous phospholipid with excellent in vivo solubilization capacity, as oil phase for the delivery of bioactive carotenoid lutein, by spray drying the SNEDDS (liquid system) containing PC using colloidal silica (Aerosil® 200 VV Pharma) as the inert solid carrier, and to evaluate the enhanced bioavailability (BA) of lutein from S-SNEDDS."	( Solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing phosphatidylcholine for enhanced bioavailability of highly lipophilic bioactive carotenoid lutein. Balakrishnan, P; Baskaran, R; Shanmugam, S; Thapa, P; Yong, CS; Yoo, BK, 2011)	0.37
" This study evaluated the bioavailability of lutein from Chlorella vulgaris using a coupled in vitro digestion and human intestinal Caco-2 cell model."	( Effect of microfluidization on in vitro micellization and intestinal cell uptake of lutein from Chlorella vulgaris. Cha, KH; Jeon, JY; Kim, SM; Lee, DU; Lee, JY; Pan, CH; Song, DG, 2011)	0.37
" Lutein nanosuspension was prepared to enhance dissolution velocity, saturation solubility (C(s)), which are major factors determining oral bioavailability and penetration into the skin."	( Lutein nanocrystals as antioxidant formulation for oral and dermal delivery. Anselmi, C; Gohla, S; Mitri, K; Müller, RH; Shegokar, R, 2011)	0.37
"Dietary lipids are considered to be primary potentiators of carotenoid absorption, yet the amount and source required to optimize bioavailability has not been systematically evaluated."	( Meal triacylglycerol profile modulates postprandial absorption of carotenoids in humans. Campbell, WW; Chitchumroonchokchai, C; Failla, ML; Ferruzzi, MG; Goltz, SR, 2012)	0.38
"While both amount and source of co-consumed lipid affect carotenoid bioavailability from vegetables, amount appears to exert a stronger effect."	( Meal triacylglycerol profile modulates postprandial absorption of carotenoids in humans. Campbell, WW; Chitchumroonchokchai, C; Failla, ML; Ferruzzi, MG; Goltz, SR, 2012)	0.38
"Carotenoid bioavailability is affected by numerous factors."	( Effects of physicochemical properties of carotenoids on their bioaccessibility, intestinal cell uptake, and blood and tissue concentrations. Borel, P; Dangles, O; Gleize, B; Landrier, JF; Sy, C; Veyrat, CC, 2012)	0.38
" The technique employed to produce these formulations may affect the bioavailability of the xanthophylls."	( Effects of formulation on the bioavailability of lutein and zeaxanthin: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over, comparative, single-dose study in healthy subjects. Beck, M; Elliott, J; Etheve, S; Evans, M; Roberts, R; Schalch, W, 2013)	0.39
"These findings confirm that the bioavailability of lutein and zeaxanthin critically depends on the formulation used and document a superiority of the starch-based over the alginate-based product in this study."	( Effects of formulation on the bioavailability of lutein and zeaxanthin: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over, comparative, single-dose study in healthy subjects. Beck, M; Elliott, J; Etheve, S; Evans, M; Roberts, R; Schalch, W, 2013)	0.39
" Egg yolk is a rich source of highly bioavailable xanthophylls including lutein and zeaxanthin."	( Effect of domestic cooking methods on egg yolk xanthophylls. Lopes-Lutz, D; Nimalaratne, C; Schieber, A; Wu, J, 2012)	0.38
" The formulation containing all three macular carotenoids (Group 2 supplement) was the most efficacious in terms of achieving the highest combined concentration of the three MP constituent carotenoids in serum, thereby potentially optimising the bioavailability of these compounds for capture by the target tissue (retina)."	( Serum response to supplemental macular carotenoids in subjects with and without age-related macular degeneration. Beatty, S; Connolly, E; Cummins, W; Howard, AN; Meagher, KA; Nolan, JM; Thurnham, DI, 2013)	0.39
" Although a minimum amount of TAG is required for an optimal bioavailability of these carotenoids, the effect of the type of TAG fatty acids (FA) is less clear."	( Effect of type of TAG fatty acids on lutein and zeaxanthin bioavailability. Albino, L; Borel, P; Bott, R; Depezay, L; Galan, P; Gleize, B; Hercberg, S; Kesse-Guyot, E; Lairon, D; Nowicki, M; Tourniaire, F, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study is to determine the effect of wheat germ oil (WGO) compared with groundnut oil (GNO) and mixed micelles (control) on lutein bioavailability and bioactivity in mice."	( Wheat germ oil: a potential facilitator to improve lutein bioavailability in mice. Baskaran, V; Gorusupudi, A, 2013)	0.39
"4%) groups compared with the control group indicates the higher bioavailability and bioactivity of absorbed lutein."	( Wheat germ oil: a potential facilitator to improve lutein bioavailability in mice. Baskaran, V; Gorusupudi, A, 2013)	0.39
"The increased lutein bioavailability in the WGO group compared with the other two groups may be attributed to the polar lipids and intestinal lipase activity found in this study."	( Wheat germ oil: a potential facilitator to improve lutein bioavailability in mice. Baskaran, V; Gorusupudi, A, 2013)	0.39
" Further studies need to better understand the bioavailability of lutein in the neonatal period in order to identify any best form of supplementation."	( Effects of lutein supplementation on biological antioxidant status in preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial. Costa, S; Cota, F; Gervasoni, J; Giannantonio, C; Persichilli, S; Romagnoli, C; Vento, G; Zuppi, C, 2013)	0.39
"The mechanisms as well the genetics underlying the bioavailability and metabolism of carotenoids in humans remain unclear."	( Strong and weak plasma response to dietary carotenoids identified by cluster analysis and linked to beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Clevidence, BA; Edwards, AJ; Wang, TT, 2013)	0.39
"To investigate the influence of olive (OO), groundnut (GNO), soybean (SBO), sunflower (SFO), rice bran (RBO), corn (CO), palm (PO) oil or mixed micelle (control) on absorption kinetics and bioavailability of lutein in lutein-deficient mice."	( Olive oil improves the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of lutein in lutein-deficient mice. Baskaran, V; Mamatha, BS; Nidhi, B, 2014)	0.4
"Dietary olive oil rich in oleic acid improves the bioavailability and accumulation of lutein in lutein-deficient mice by modifying the intestinal triacylglycerol lipase activity."	( Olive oil improves the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of lutein in lutein-deficient mice. Baskaran, V; Mamatha, BS; Nidhi, B, 2014)	0.4
" The review also lists major dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin and refers to newly developed foods, daily intake, bioavailability and physiological effects in relation to eye health."	( Dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids and their role in eye health. Abdel-Aal, el-SM; Akhtar, H; Ali, R; Zaheer, K, 2013)	0.39
"The low bioavailability of lipophilic micronutrients is mainly caused by their limited solubilization to an aqueous micelle, which hinders their ability to be taken up by the intestines."	( Effects of fats and oils on the bioaccessibility of carotenoids and vitamin E in vegetables. Hase, M; Kotake-Nara, E; Nagao, A, 2013)	0.39
" Lutein-LMWC nanoencapsules were prepared, characterized and bioavailability was studied in vitro and in vivo with lutein in mixed micelles (control)."	( Promising interaction between nanoencapsulated lutein with low molecular weight chitosan: characterization and bioavailability of lutein in vitro and in vivo. Arunkumar, R; Baskaran, V; Harish Prashanth, KV, 2013)	0.39
"A self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) has been developed for enhanced oral bioavailability of lutein."	( Development and characterization of lutein-loaded SNEDDS for enhanced absorption in Caco-2 cells. Niamprem, P; Rujivipat, S; Tiyaboonchai, W, 2014)	0.4
" Carotenoids may especially benefit because contributing foods vary in bioavailability and assessment validity."	( Food predictors of plasma carotenoids. Eliassen, AH; Hendrickson, SJ; Rosner, BA; Willett, WC, 2013)	0.39
"Health food (ready-mix) was prepared from maize and vegetables a source of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) and studied for its quality characteristics (moisture sorption isotherm, sensory, microbiological, chemical composition, and storage stability) on storage at varying temperatures for 3 months and L+Z bioavailability in mice."	( Quality characteristics and lutein bioavailability from maize and vegetable-based health food. Baskaran, V; Ranganathan, A; Sheshappa, MB, 2014)	0.4
" However, dietary fats and oils are composed of various types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids which may differentially impact the bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols from foods."	( Unsaturated fatty acids promote bioaccessibility and basolateral secretion of carotenoids and α-tocopherol by Caco-2 cells. Campbell, WW; Chitchumronchokchai, C; Failla, ML; Ferruzzi, MG; Goltz, SR, 2014)	0.4
" The bioavailability of lutein is assumed to display a high interindividual variability that has been hypothesized to be attributable, at least partly, to genetic polymorphisms."	( Interindividual variability of lutein bioavailability in healthy men: characterization, genetic variants involved, and relation with fasting plasma lutein concentration. Borel, P; Bott, R; Desmarchelier, C; Lesavre, N; Morange, S; Nowicki, M, 2014)	0.4
"We characterized the interindividual variability in lutein bioavailability in humans, assessed the relation between this variability and the fasting blood lutein concentration, and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in this phenomenon."	( Interindividual variability of lutein bioavailability in healthy men: characterization, genetic variants involved, and relation with fasting plasma lutein concentration. Borel, P; Bott, R; Desmarchelier, C; Lesavre, N; Morange, S; Nowicki, M, 2014)	0.4
"Clinical evidence suggests that the bioavailability of lutein is lower from infant formula than from human milk."	( Caco-2 accumulation of lutein is greater from human milk than from infant formula despite similar bioaccessibility. Banavara, D; Ferruzzi, MG; Jouni, ZE; Lipkie, TE; McMahon, RJ; Morrow, AL; Shah, B, 2014)	0.4
"These data suggest that the bioavailability of carotenoids is greater from human milk than infant formula primarily due to intestinal absorptive processes, and that absorption of lutein is potentiated by factors from human milk especially at low lutein concentration."	( Caco-2 accumulation of lutein is greater from human milk than from infant formula despite similar bioaccessibility. Banavara, D; Ferruzzi, MG; Jouni, ZE; Lipkie, TE; McMahon, RJ; Morrow, AL; Shah, B, 2014)	0.4
"0mg lutein per serving) to investigate lutein bioavailability in vitro."	( In vitro bioaccessibility and monolayer uptake of lutein from wholegrain baked foods. Abdel-Aal, el-SM; Read, A; Wright, A, 2015)	0.42
" Since microalgae are potent natural sources of these nutrients, their nutritional value should be evaluated based on the bioavailability of lutein and DHA for the retina via the plasmatic compartment."	( Incorporation of lutein and docosahexaenoic acid from dietary microalgae into the retina in quail. Acar, N; Baert, B; Bourdillon, A; Bretillon, L; Clerc, E; Depeint, F; Lecerf, JM; Mathiaud, A; Pouillart, P; Rodriguez, B; Schnebelen-Berthier, C; Thabuis, C, 2015)	0.42
"Lutein bioavailability is limited because of its poor aqueous solubility."	( Biodegradable Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid)-Polyethylene Glycol Nanocapsules: An Efficient Carrier for Improved Solubility, Bioavailability, and Anticancer Property of Lutein. Arunkumar, R; Baskaran, V; Dharmesh, SM; Hirata, T; Manabe, Y; Prashanth, KVH; Sugawara, T, 2015)	0.42
" We also provide a perspective on the chemistry, sources, bioavailability and safety of lutein."	( Lutein and cataract: from bench to bedside. Abdollahi, M; Daglia, M; Habtemariam, S; Manayi, A; Nabavi, SF; Nabavi, SM; Raman, T, 2016)	0.43
" The bioavailability of free lutein and PLGA-NP lutein in rats was assessed by determining plasma pharmacokinetics and deposition in selected tissues."	( Bioavailability and biodistribution of nanodelivered lutein. Astete, C; Blumberg, JB; Kamil, A; Oliver Chen, CY; Sabliov, C; Smith, DE, 2016)	0.43
" Hence, PC at a concentration used in this study can be considered to improve the lutein bioavailability in lutein deficiency."	( Dietary Components Affect the Plasma and Tissue Levels of Lutein in Aged Rats with Lutein Deficiency--A Repeated Gavage and Dietary Study. Bhatiwada, N; Ranganathan, A; Sheshappa, MB; Talahalli, RR; Vallikannan, B, 2015)	0.42
"Predicted plasma carotenoid scores were computed directly from food intake, assessed by repeated food frequency questionnaires at baseline and follow-up, using validated regression models to account for bioavailability and reporting validity of different foods, and associations between predicted plasma carotenoid scores and AMD were determined."	( Intakes of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Other Carotenoids and Age-Related Macular Degeneration During 2 Decades of Prospective Follow-up. Cho, E; Sastry, SM; Schaumberg, DA; Willett, WC; Wu, J, 2015)	0.42
" However, relative bioavailability (RBV) of lutein among lutein-rich feed ingredients that lead to lutein-enriched egg production has not been determined."	( Bioavailability of lutein in corn distillers dried grains with solubles relative to lutein in corn gluten meal based on lutein retention in egg yolk. Kil, DY; Kim, JW; Lee, DG; Lee, S; Shin, HS, 2016)	0.43
" Multiple regression analysis revealed that the bioavailability of lutein in DDGS was less (P < 0."	( Bioavailability of lutein in corn distillers dried grains with solubles relative to lutein in corn gluten meal based on lutein retention in egg yolk. Kil, DY; Kim, JW; Lee, DG; Lee, S; Shin, HS, 2016)	0.43
" However, controversy exists regarding whether PUFA may reduce the bioavailability of lutein."	( Oral Lutein Supplementation Enhances Macular Pigment Density and Contrast Sensitivity but Not in Combination With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Ebneter, A; Munk, MR; Wolf, S; Wolf-Schnurrbusch, UE; Zinkernagel, MS, 2015)	0.42
"Addition of PUFA may reduce the bioavailability of lutein and therefore lessen the beneficial effect on macular pigment and CS."	( Oral Lutein Supplementation Enhances Macular Pigment Density and Contrast Sensitivity but Not in Combination With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Ebneter, A; Munk, MR; Wolf, S; Wolf-Schnurrbusch, UE; Zinkernagel, MS, 2015)	0.42
" In conclusion, dietary α-tocopherol enhances bioavailability of lutein reflecting higher content in egg yolk and blood plasma."	( Effect of dietary α-tocopherol on the bioavailability of lutein in laying hen. Islam, KM; Khalil, M; Männer, K; Raila, J; Rawel, H; Schweigert, FJ; Zentek, J, 2016)	0.43
" The bioavailability of carotenoids from photoautotrophic-cultivated Chlorella vulgaris (C."	( Bioaccessibility of carotenoids from Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Briviba, K; Gille, A; Posten, C; Trautmann, A, 2015)	0.42
" The bioavailability of carotenoid from oral dosage formulations depends on their release, dissolution and its permeability through the gastrointestinal tract."	( Development and validation of a dissolution test for lutein tablets and evaluation of intestinal permeability. Anselmo, Cde S; Cabral, LM; de Sousa, VP; do Carmo, FA; Honorio, Tda S; Mendes, Tde C, 2016)	0.43
" Domestic culinary cooking practices probably increase the bioavailability of carotenes mainly by their diffusion to the oil phase, facilitating their in vivo transfer into micelles."	( Culinary practices mimicking a polysaccharide-rich recipe enhance the bioaccessibility of fat-soluble micronutrients. Achir, N; Amiot, MJ; Descalzo, A; Dhuique-Mayer, C; Mouquet-Rivier, C; Servent, A, 2016)	0.43
"It is not clear how oil-in-water nanoemulsions of lutein may affect bioavailability and consequently alter lipoprotein metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation."	( Compared with Powdered Lutein, a Lutein Nanoemulsion Increases Plasma and Liver Lutein, Protects against Hepatic Steatosis, and Affects Lipoprotein Metabolism in Guinea Pigs. Aguilar, D; Blesso, CN; DiMarco, DM; Fernandez, ML; Gannon, S; Hu, S; Luo, Y; Missimer, A; Murillo, AG; Norris, GH; Smyth, JA, 2016)	0.43
"The bioavailability as well as effects of a powdered lutein (PL) and an oil-in-water lutein nanoemulsion (NANO; particle size: 254."	( Compared with Powdered Lutein, a Lutein Nanoemulsion Increases Plasma and Liver Lutein, Protects against Hepatic Steatosis, and Affects Lipoprotein Metabolism in Guinea Pigs. Aguilar, D; Blesso, CN; DiMarco, DM; Fernandez, ML; Gannon, S; Hu, S; Luo, Y; Missimer, A; Murillo, AG; Norris, GH; Smyth, JA, 2016)	0.43
"001) than did the PL group, indicating greater bioavailability of this carotenoid."	( Compared with Powdered Lutein, a Lutein Nanoemulsion Increases Plasma and Liver Lutein, Protects against Hepatic Steatosis, and Affects Lipoprotein Metabolism in Guinea Pigs. Aguilar, D; Blesso, CN; DiMarco, DM; Fernandez, ML; Gannon, S; Hu, S; Luo, Y; Missimer, A; Murillo, AG; Norris, GH; Smyth, JA, 2016)	0.43
"Lutein-poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-phospholipid (PL) nanocapsules were prepared (henceforth referred as lutein nanocapsules) and studied for acute, subacute oral toxicity and bioavailability of lutein in mice."	( Biocompatible lutein-polymer-lipid nanocapsules: Acute and subacute toxicity and bioavailability in mice. Hindupur, R; Ranganathan, A; Vallikannan, B, 2016)	0.43
"The bioavailability of many carotenoids has been assessed, but little attention has been given to the metabolism of these antioxidant compounds during digestion."	( Are lutein, lycopene, and β-carotene lost through the digestive process? Borel, P; Caris-Veyrat, C; Desmarchelier, C; Gleize, B; Kopec, RE, 2017)	0.46
" The application of lutein was limited mainly due to its low oral bioavailability caused by poor aqueous solubility."	( Improved oral bioavailability for lutein by nanocrystal technology: formulation development, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Cao, G; Chang, D; Feng, J; Ma, Y; Wang, J; Wang, W; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.48
"Biofortification of maize with provitamin A (pro-VA) carotenoids has been successful, but the bioavailability of carotenoids needs to be explored."	( β-Carotene bioaccessibility from biofortified maize (Zea mays) is related to its density and is negatively influenced by lutein and zeaxanthin. Bharatraj, DK; Dube, N; Hossain, F; Mashurabad, PC; Pullakhandam, R; Thingnganing, L, 2018)	0.48
" Bioactives of Centella asiatica showed comparatively higher bioavailability in all phases with respect to its original content."	( Change of phenolics, carotenoids, and antioxidant capacity following simulated gastrointestinal digestion and dialysis of selected edible green leaves. Gunathilake, KDPP; Ranaweera, KKDS; Rupasinghe, HPV, 2018)	0.48
" that in infant formula by determining its bioavailability after gastric administration and whether the intestinal absorption of lutein can be improved by using new delivery vehicles."	( Effect of mono- and diglycerides on the digestion and absorption of lutein in lymph fistula rats. DeMichele, S; Ko, CW; Lee, D; Tso, P; Vurma, M, 2018)	0.48
" Various processing techniques can improve carotenoid bioavailability in relation to the food matrix."	( β-Cryptoxanthin is more bioavailable in humans from fermented orange juice than from orange juice. Cerrillo, I; Escudero-López, B; Fernández-Pachón, MS; Hornero-Méndez, D; Martín, F; Ortega, Á; Rodríguez-Griñolo, MR, 2018)	0.48
" In vitro bioavailability showed 62."	( Poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide)-phospholipid nanocarrier for efficient delivery of macular pigment lutein: absorption pharmacokinetics in mice and antiproliferative effect in Hep G2 cells. Baskaran, V; Hirata, T; Manabe, Y; Ranganathan, A; Shivanna, N; Sugawara, T, 2019)	0.51
" Its bioavailability in humans is better from egg yolk than from dietary supplements."	( Effects of dietary marigold extract on lutein content, yolk color and fatty acid profile of omega-3 eggs. Galović, O; Grčević, M; Kralik, G; Kralik, Z, 2019)	0.51
"The objective of this study was to prepare lutein ester nanoparticles (LE-NPs) by liquid antisolvent precipitation techniques to improve the bioavailability of LE in vivo and improve eye delivery efficiency."	( Liquid antisolvent precipitation: an effective method for ocular targeting of lutein esters. Deng, Y; Feng, Z; Fu, Y; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Wu, M; Zhao, X; Zhong, C, 2019)	0.51
"Lutein is poorly absorbed owing to their high hydrophobicity and crystallinity."	( Randomized controlled trial of a water-soluble formulation of lutein in humans. Kobayashi, J; Miyazawa, T; Nakagawa, K; Okubo, T; Ozeki, M; Tominaga, E, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" However, its high hydrophobicity leads to low bioavailability and must be overcome if lutein is to be added in foods."	( Influence of nanoencapsulated lutein on acetylcholinesterase activity: In vitro determination, kinetic parameters, and in silico docking simulations. do Prado Silva, JT; Dos Santos, PDF; Ferreira Borges, B; Grella Miranda, C; Hess Gonçalves, O; Miguel Abreu, R; Porto Ineu, R; Vitória Leimann, F, 2020)	0.56
" Genetic improvement programs for biofortified lettuce varieties need to focus on increasing the carotenoid bioavailability from the food matrix."	( Thermal disruption of the food matrix of biofortified lettuce varieties modifies absorption of carotenoids by Caco-2 cells. Brychkova, G; de Oliveira, CL; de Souza Gomes, M; Esteves-Ferreira, AA; Gomes, LAA; Maluf, WR; McKeown, P; Spillane, C, 2020)	0.56
" Consumption of avocado, a highly bioavailable source of the xanthophyll lutein, has been shown to improve retinal lutein accumulation and cognitive function."	( Effects of 12-week avocado consumption on cognitive function among adults with overweight and obesity. Burd, NA; Edwards, CG; Erdman, JW; Holscher, HD; Khan, NA; Reeser, GE; Thompson, SV; Walk, AM, 2020)	0.56
" Its bioavailability following consumption, however, depends on its rate of degradation."	( Nutraceutical approach to enhance lutein bioavailability via nanodelivery systems. Bhat, I; Karunasagar, I; Mamatha, BS; Yathisha, UG, 2020)	0.56
" However, low aqueous solubility and bioavailability limit its clinical application."	( Chitosan-oleic acid-sodium alginate a hybrid nanocarrier as an efficient delivery system for enhancement of lutein stability and bioavailability. Jayapala, N; Toragall, V; Vallikannan, B, 2020)	0.56
" However, its poor chemical stability and low bioavailability limit the application of lutein in foods."	( Nanoparticles based on carboxymethylcellulose-modified rice protein for efficient delivery of lutein. Gong, W; Huang, HB; Li, X; Ma, XY; Xu, Y; Zhu, XM, 2020)	0.56
" Our study supports the earlier hypothesis that the predominant carotenoid type might shape the ultrastructural carotenoid deposition form, which is considered important for color, stability and bioavailability of the contained carotenoids."	( Carotenogenesis and chromoplast development during ripening of yellow, orange and red colored Physalis fruit. Carle, R; Han, Q; Heller, A; Ni, Y; Schweiggert, R; Wang, K; Wen, X, 2020)	0.56
" These results suggested that fabrication of biopolymer-based nanoparticles with PC could provide greater insight to improve lutein bioavailability at enterocyte levels, to avoid age-related macular degeneration and other chronic diseases."	( Fabrication of chitosan nanoparticles with phosphatidylcholine for improved sustain release, basolateral secretion, and transport of lutein in Caco-2 cells. Ambedkar, R; Lakshminarayana, R; Mukherjee, MB; Raichur, AM; Shilpa, S; Shwetha, HJ, 2020)	0.56
"The specific effect of the food matrix structure on fat-soluble micronutrient bioavailability is only partly understood."	( Food Structure Modulates the Bioavailability of Triglycerides and Vitamin D, and Partly That of Lutein: A Randomized Trial with a Crossover Design in Adults. Buffière, C; Caris-Veyrat, C; Gleize, B; Halimi, C; Hiolle, M; Meunier, N; Nau, F; Pereira, B; Peyron, MA; Reboul, E; Richard, R; Savary-Auzeloux, I, 2020)	0.56
" For these lipophilic compounds to be accurately evaluated for anticancer efficacy, it is necessary to increase their functional bioavailability using delivery vehicles."	( Comparative Encapsulation Efficiency of Lutein in Micelles Synthesized via Batch and High Throughput Methods. Cosby, LE; Knobloch, TJ; Lee, KH; Weghorst, CM; Winter, JO, 2020)	0.56
" This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of nanoscale delivery systems on improving lutein bioavailability in rodent models."	( Effectiveness of nanoscale delivery systems on improving the bioavailability of lutein in rodent models: a systematic review. Kong, L; Tan, L; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Aiming to enhance therapeutic efficiency of lutein, lutein loaded chitosan-sodium alginate (CS-SA) based nanocarrier system (LNCs) were prepared and evaluated for lutein bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in diabetic rats in comparison to micellar lutein (control)."	( Chitosan-sodium alginate-fatty acid nanocarrier system: Lutein bioavailability, absorption pharmacokinetics in diabetic rat and protection of retinal cells against H Baskaran, V; Toragall, V, 2021)	0.62
" The particle size, potential, microstructure, environmental stability, rheological properties, in vitro digestion stability, and bioavailability of the lutein-loaded NE, SLN, and NLC were compared."	( Nanoencapsulation of lutein within lipid-based delivery systems: Characterization and comparison of zein peptide stabilized nano-emulsion, solid lipid nanoparticle, and nano-structured lipid carrier. Liu, M; Pu, C; Sun, Q; Tang, W; Wang, F, 2021)	0.62
"This study investigated the differences in bioavailability and tissue accumulation efficiency between all-E- and Z-isomer-rich carotenoids after oral administration to rats."	( Differences in bioavailability and tissue accumulation efficiency of (all-E)- and (Z)-carotenoids: A comparative study. Honda, M; Nakagawa, K; Takasu, S; Tsuda, T, 2021)	0.62
" Our results highlight the potential use of HPMCAS-LF as an effective matrix to enhance lutein bioavailability during oral delivery and to provide novel insights into the eye-care supplement industry, with direct benefits for the health of patients."	( Preparation and Characterization of a Lutein Solid Dispersion to Improve Its Solubility and Stability. Choi, HG; Her, J; Jung, CE; Kang, JK; Kang, K; Lee, ES; Lim, C; Oh, KT; Sim, T; Youn, YS, 2021)	0.62
" However, the bioavailability of the orally consumed lutein largely depends on its gastrointestinal absorption and subsequent metabolism which is in turn governed by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors."	( Genetic factors involved in modulating lutein bioavailability. Bhat, I; Mamatha, BS, 2021)	0.62
" The former have a higher L & Z content than the latter, but their bioavailability is lower, due to the lipid matrix of the egg yolk, which improves absorption."	( [Involvement of egg antioxidant components in macular protection and vision improvement]. Aparicio, A; Bermejo López, LM; López-Sobaler, AM; Ortega Anta, RM; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, E, 2021)	0.62
" The presence of this carotenoid depends on fruit and vegetable intakes and its bioavailability is higher in breastmilk."	( Early Pediatric Benefit of Lutein for Maturing Eyes and Brain-An Overview. Bellettato, M; Gaiero, A; Gazzolo, D; Lista, G; Montrone, G; Pellegrini, G; Picone, S; Riccobene, F, 2021)	0.62
"Lutein is a carotenoid with several beneficial functions, but its poor water solubility, chemical instability, and low bioavailability limits its application."	( Development of composite nanoparticles from gum Arabic and carboxymethylcellulose-modified Stauntonia brachyanthera seed albumin for lutein delivery. Hu, Z; Jiang, C; Meng, X; Nie, X; Wang, J; Xiong, H; Ye, Q; Yu, N, 2022)	0.72
"This study demonstrated the combination of black pepper and a canola oil-based emulsion synergistically enhanced carotenoid bioavailability of raw vegetables in humans."	( Black pepper and vegetable oil-based emulsion synergistically enhance carotenoid bioavailability of raw vegetables in humans. Decker, EA; Huang, J; Li, Z; Lo, CY; Luo, H; McClements, DJ; Miller, MS; Straight, CR; Sun, Y; Sutherland, DZ; Wang, Q; Wolfe, W; Wu, Y; Xiao, H; Yi, L; Zhou, J, 2022)	0.72
" However, the current research on carotenoids is still mostly focused on the bioavailability and metabolism of carotenoids from foods and food supplements."	( What Is the Current Direction of the Research on Carotenoids and Human Health? An Overview of Registered Clinical Trials. Del Bo, C; Marino, M; Martini, D; Negrini, L; Porrini, M; Riso, P, 2022)	0.72
" Additionally, carotenoid bioavailability from the diet is influenced by many variables including food processing and cooking, meal composition, and individual characteristics of the host including age, digestive efficiency, nutritional status and genetic polymorphisms."	( Assessment of dietary carotenoid intake and biologic measurement of exposure in humans. Chitchumroonchokchai, C; Clinton, SK; Grainger, EM; Moran, NE; Riedl, K; Simpson, CM; Webb, MZ, 2022)	0.72
" However, its low stability and bioavailability have limited its application in the pharmaceutical and food industries."	( The remarkable enhancement of photo-stability and antioxidant protection of lutein coupled with carbon-dot. Chen, ZY; Ji, TH; Jv, DJ; Li, A; Xu, Z, 2023)	0.91
"A new amphiphilic oligosaccharide derivative, based on lutein modification onto the OH position of stachyose with facile and mild esterification, was prepared and used to improve the oral bioavailability of lutein."	( Lutein-stachyose (LS) amphiphilic oligosaccharide derivatives improve the oral bioavailability of lutein. Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, B; Liu, Y; Wang, S; Zhang, X; Zhao, X, 2023)	0.91
" However, its poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability and low bioavailability edge its application."	( Lutein loaded double-layered polymer nanocarrier modulate H Baskaran, V; Muzaffar, JC; Toragall, V, 2023)	0.91
" Different carotenoid delivery systems can improve the solubility, stability, permeability and bioavailability of carotenoids to a certain extent to achieve Alzheimer's disease efficacy."	( Improving the Treatment Effect of Carotenoids on Alzheimer's Disease through Various Nano-Delivery Systems. Liu, E; Polyakov, NE; Su, W; Xu, W, 2023)	0.91
" These findings identified a previously unknown carotenoid storage pathway that is regulated by BjPCs and BjFBN1b, while offering unique opportunities for improving the stability, deposition, and bioavailability of carotenoids."	( Xanthophyll esterases in association with fibrillins control the stable storage of carotenoids in yellow flowers of rapeseed (Brassica juncea). Fu, T; Ge, X; Jing, J; Li, R; Shen, J; Tu, J; Wen, J; Yi, B; Zeng, Q; Zhang, X; Zhao, L, 2023)	0.91
" The processed cheese added with the TG-induced emulsion gel had higher hardness and springiness compared with the processed cheese added with the other 2 kinds of emulsion gels, whereas the processed cheese added with the CA-induced emulsion gel had a lower density of network structure, showing porosity and a larger aggregated structure, but the highest bioavailability of lutein."	( Transglutaminase, glucono-δ-lactone, and citric acid-induced whey protein isolation-milk fat emulsion gel embedding lutein and its application in processed cheese. Li, D; Li, H; Li, M; Liu, T; Wang, X; Yu, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91
" To evaluate the bioavailability of neoxanthin, a raw young spinach leaf (100 g day-1 for 4 weeks) intake test was performed on 14 participants (36."	( Neoxanthin is undetectable in human blood after ingestion of fresh young spinach leaf. Sato, I; Sekiya, M; Suganuma, H; Suzuki, S; Ushida, Y, 2023)	0.91
"Lutein is a strong antioxidant with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and cardioprotective effects and could be a promising candidate for the treatment of hypertensive heart disease (HHD), but is not clinically appealing because of its low oral bioavailability and main distribution in the eyes."	( Biomimetic nanoparticles loaded lutein functionalized by macrophage membrane for targeted amelioration pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis. Cao, Y; Chen, L; Guo, T; Li, D; Li, F; Ling, Z; Xiong, Q, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The sensitivity dose-response was at its ceiling except for low doses in w;ora and zero supplementation in w sev;ora."	( Photoreceptor-specific efficiencies of beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein for photopigment formation deduced from receptor mutant Drosophila melanogaster. Bone, RA; Christianson, JS; Landrum, JT; Schilly, D; Stark, WS, 1990)	0.28
" Maximum plasma concentrations of beta-carotene occurred 24-48 h after dosing with beta-carotene (12 or 30 mg) or carrots (270 g)."	( Plasma carotenoids in normal men after a single ingestion of vegetables or purified beta-carotene. Beecher, G; Bieri, JG; Brown, ED; Craft, NE; Edwards, BK; Micozzi, MS; Rose, A; Smith, JC; Taylor, PR, 1989)	0.28
" In a dose-response curve of AFB1, the mutagenic potency was 1,031 revertants/nmol."	( Antimutagenic activity of natural xanthophylls against aflatoxin B1 in Salmonella typhimurium. González de Mejía, E; Loarca-Piña, G; Ramos-Gómez, M, 1997)	0.3
" Further specification of intake data into quartiles of antioxidant intake and lutein/zeaxanthine intake showed a clear dose-response relationship."	( Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake. Cruysberg, JR; Hoyng, CB; Snellen, EL; Van Den Hoogen, GW; Verbeek, AL, 2002)	0.31
" Plasma concentration-time profiles on days 1 and 42, concentrations immediately before zeaxanthin intake during the dosing period, and concentrations after the last dose until day 76 were monitored."	( Plasma kinetics of zeaxanthin and 3'-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of synthetic zeaxanthin. Cohn, W; Hartmann, D; Manner, B; Schalch, W; Spitzer, V; Thürmann, PA, 2004)	0.32
" The study comprises 11 oral dosage forms, including 9 soft gelatin capsules, 1 dragée, and 1 effervescent tablet formulation."	( Determination of carotenoid stereoisomers in commercial dietary supplements by high-performance liquid chromatography. Aman, R; Bayha, S; Carle, R; Schieber, A, 2004)	0.32
" Even as the evidence for a role of lutein and zeaxanthin in disease prevention continues to evolve, particularly from human studies directed to their bioavailability, metabolism, and dose-response relationships with intermediary biomarkers and clinical outcomes, it is worth noting that recommendations to consume foods rich in xanthophylls are consistent with current dietary guidelines."	( Lutein and zeaxanthin and their potential roles in disease prevention. Blumberg, JB; Ribaya-Mercado, JD, 2004)	0.32
"Adequate intake of lutein is postulated to reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration, but kinetic information for developing a dosing regimen is sparse."	( Plasma kinetics of lutein, zeaxanthin, and 3-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of a lutein supplement. Aebischer, JC; Cohn, W; Schalch, W; Tenter, U; Thürmann, PA, 2005)	0.33
"The objective was to characterize lutein plasma kinetics in a multiple dosing design and to assess the effects of lutein intake on concentrations of other plasma carotenoids."	( Plasma kinetics of lutein, zeaxanthin, and 3-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of a lutein supplement. Aebischer, JC; Cohn, W; Schalch, W; Tenter, U; Thürmann, PA, 2005)	0.33
" The time profiles of plasma xanthophyll concentrations were monitored over the dosing phase, and samples were collected frequently on day 42 and for 24 d after dosing."	( Plasma kinetics of lutein, zeaxanthin, and 3-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of a lutein supplement. Aebischer, JC; Cohn, W; Schalch, W; Tenter, U; Thürmann, PA, 2005)	0.33
" Therefore, we conducted a feasibility study where we dosed a normal adult woman with 14C-lutein (125 nmol, 36 nCi 14C), dissolved in olive oil (0."	( Kinetics of 14C distribution after tracer dose of 14C-lutein in an adult woman. Clifford, AJ; de Moura, FF; Getachew, G; Hickenbottom, S; Ho, CC, 2005)	0.33
"To examine the dose-response relationship between oral lutein supplementation and serum lutein concentrations in persons aged 60 years and older, with or without age-related macular degeneration (AMD)."	( Dose-ranging study of lutein supplementation in persons aged 60 years or older. Bone, RA; Chen, H; Chew, EY; de Monastario, F; de Monasterio, F; de Moura, FF; Ferris, FL; Khachik, F; Kim, J; Landrum, JT; Rosenthal, JM; Schleicher, RL; Thompson, DJ, 2006)	0.33
" Further work is required to establish optimum dosage levels."	( Effect of lutein and antioxidant dietary supplementation on contrast sensitivity in age-related macular disease: a randomized controlled trial. Bartlett, HE; Eperjesi, F, 2007)	0.34
" Lutein extracts from corn inhibited the mutagenicity of AFB1 in a dose-response manner more efficiently than lutein standard."	( Lutein from ozone-treated corn retains antimutagenic properties. King, JM; Losso, J; Prudente, A; Wang, Y; Xu, Z, 2008)	0.35
" Blood was collected from the children in Group I (n 19) who were not dosed with RAG."	( A new approach to the assessment of marginal vitamin A deficiency in children in suburban Guwahati, India: hydrolysis of retinoyl glucuronide to retinoic acid. Barua, AB; Bhattacharjee, H; Gogoi, K; Goswami, BC; Sarma, PC, 2009)	0.35
" Serum lutein responded positively, except in the placebo group, reaching a plateau that, averaged for each dosage group, was linearly dependent on dose."	( Dose-dependent response of serum lutein and macular pigment optical density to supplementation with lutein esters. Bone, RA; Landrum, JT, 2010)	0.36
" There was a significant dose-response effect for lutein supplementation, and the changes in MPOD from baseline to 48 weeks were correlated negatively with baseline MPOD in all active treatment groups (r = -0."	( Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Dong, PC; Dou, HL; Huang, YM; Lin, XM; Lu, XR; Ma, L; Pang, HL; Qian, F; Sun, TT; Wang, X; Xiao, X; Xu, XR; Yan, SF; Zou, ZY, 2012)	0.38
"In this study, we investigated the dose-response effect of LUT and ZEA in protecting retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from oxidative stress, a common underlying pathology in AMD."	( Lutein protects retinal pigment epithelium from cytotoxic oxidative stress. Balaiya, S; Brar, VS; Chalam, KV; Murthy, RK; Ravi, K, 2014)	0.4
" The dose-response relationships were assessed by using generalized least-squares trend estimation."	( A dose-response meta-analysis of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake in relation to risk of age-related cataract. Hao, ZX; Liu, RR; Ma, L; Pan, JP; Shi, Q; Yu, RB, 2014)	0.4
"Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake is associated with a reduced risk of ARC, especially nuclear cataract in a dose-response manner, indicating a beneficial effect of lutein and zeaxanthin in ARC prevention."	( A dose-response meta-analysis of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake in relation to risk of age-related cataract. Hao, ZX; Liu, RR; Ma, L; Pan, JP; Shi, Q; Yu, RB, 2014)	0.4
" Biphasic responses were also recorded for some dose-response set-ups and are tentatively explained by a 'balance hypothesis' for the redoxome."	( Intricacies of redoxome function demonstrated with a simple in vitro chemiluminescence method, with special reference to vitamin B12 as antioxidant. Benestad, HB; Bøyum, A; Forstrøm, RJ; Sand, KL; Sefland, I, 2014)	0.4
"Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation is a safe strategy for improving visual performance of AMD patients, which mainly showed in a dose-response relationship."	( Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation and association with visual function in age-related macular degeneration. Li, Q; Liu, R; Ma, L; Qin, L; Wang, T; Wu, C; Zhang, B, 2014)	0.4
" 10 mg lutein daily might be an advisable long-term dosage for early AMD treatment."	( Effect of supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin on serum, macular pigmentation, and visual performance in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Dou, HL; Huang, FF; Huang, YM; Lin, XM; Xu, XR; Zou, ZY, 2015)	0.42
" The present study aimed to examine the dose-response curve between fruit and vegetable consumption and carotenoid (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin), folate and vitamin C concentrations."	( Prediction of fruit and vegetable intake from biomarkers using individual participant data of diet-controlled intervention studies. Boshuizen, HC; Brazionis, L; Bub, A; Castenmiller, JJ; Chopra, M; de Vries, JH; Dragsted, LO; Freese, R; Itsiopoulos, C; Karlsen, A; Miller, ER; Naber, TH; O'Dea, K; Pasman, WJ; Souverein, OW; van der Voet, H; van Het Hof, K; van Loo-Bouwman, CA; Watzl, B; Winkels, R, 2015)	0.42
" However, no clear dose-response effect was observed."	( Comparative validity of vitamin C and carotenoids as indicators of fruit and vegetable intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Butterworth, A; Johnson, L; Moore, C; Pennant, M; Steur, M, 2015)	0.42
"Lutein is a carotenoid with antioxidant activity that is present in various dosage forms."	( Development and validation of a dissolution test for lutein tablets and evaluation of intestinal permeability. Anselmo, Cde S; Cabral, LM; de Sousa, VP; do Carmo, FA; Honorio, Tda S; Mendes, Tde C, 2016)	0.43
" This meta-analysis revealed that lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin supplementation improved MPOD both in AMD patients and healthy subjects with a dose-response relationship."	( Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-zeaxanthin Supplementation Associated with Macular Pigment Optical Density. Du, JH; Liu, R; Liu, T; Liu, XH; Ma, L; Wu, SS, 2016)	0.43
" The method is applicable to carotenoid ester concentrates used as ingredients in oil suspensions and dosage forms."	( Determination of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Esters and Their Geometric Isomers in Carotenoid Ester Concentrates Used as Ingredients in Nutritional Supplements: Validation of a Combined Spectrophotometric-HPLC Method. Levy, LW; Lombeida, WO; Rubio, F, 2016)	0.43
" There was a significant inverse dose-response relationship between alpha-carotene intake and NHL risk (13% lower risk per 1000 μg/day increment of intake)."	( Carotenoid intake and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Chen, F; Hu, J; Li, J; Liu, P; Wei, Z, 2017)	0.46
" These criteria include: (1) an accepted definition; (2) a reliable analysis method; (3) a food database with known amounts of the bioactive; (4) cohort studies; (5) clinical trials on metabolic processes; (6) clinical trials for dose-response and efficacy; (7) safety data; (8) systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses; (9) a plausible biological rationale."	( Dietary guidance for lutein: consideration for intake recommendations is scientifically supported. Erdman, JW; Griffiths, JC; Jeon, S; Johnson, EJ; Mohn, ES; Ranard, KM, 2017)	0.46
" The dose-response study showed that 20 mg/kg lutein was the saturable level of lymphatic lutein absorption with no lutein detected in portal circulation at any dosage level tested."	( Effect of mono- and diglycerides on the digestion and absorption of lutein in lymph fistula rats. DeMichele, S; Ko, CW; Lee, D; Tso, P; Vurma, M, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, in the present study, tablet and dosage formulations from different manufacturers were tested following general methods outlined in the Brazilian and American Pharmacopeias."	( Physicochemical quality profiles of commercial oral tablets and capsules containing lutein - impact of insufficient specific sanitary regulations. Anselmo, CS; Cabral, LM; Mendes, TC; Sousa, VP, )	0.13
" However, there are also conflicting data concerning lutein efficacy in inducing favorable effects on human health and there are no univocal data concerning the most appropriate dosage for daily lutein supplementation."	( The Effect of Lutein on Eye and Extra-Eye Health. Buscemi, S; Corleo, D; Di Pace, F; Marchesini, G; Petroni, ML; Satriano, A, 2018)	0.48
" We also performed a dose-response meta-analysis using the Greenland and Longnecker method and random-effects models."	( Carotenoid Intake and Circulating Carotenoids Are Inversely Associated with the Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis. Liu, Y; Mansour, AM; Mesa, RA; Michalek, JE; Parma, DL; Ramirez, AG; Rodriguez, R; Svatek, R; Tucker, TC; Wu, S, 2020)	0.56
" The studies have to recruit preterm neonates ≤32 completed weeks of gestation and to compare the administration of oral L/Z at any dosage or duration, versus placebo in order to prevent ROP."	( Lutein supplementation and retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis. Catenazzi, P; Costa, S; Cota, F; Giannantonio, C; Purcaro, V; Vento, G, 2022)	0.72
" Dose-response analysis indicated that nonlinear relations were observed for circulating concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, and total carotenoids (all P-nonlinearity < 0."	( Dietary Intake and Circulating Concentrations of Carotenoids and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies. Guo, KQ; Jiang, YW; Liu, G; Pan, A; Sun, ZH; Tong, WW; Yang, K, 2021)	0.62
" Dose-response analyses revealed that, per 100 g/d GLV intake was associated with a decreased risk (ca."	( Green leafy vegetable and lutein intake and multiple health outcomes. Chen, Y; Du, L; Li, N; Rao, Z; Wan, Q; Wang, Y; Wu, C; Wu, X; Xia, L; Yi, M; Zhao, R; Zhou, Y; Zhuang, W, 2021)	0.62
" Such an understanding of nutrigenetics could not only pave a way to decipher mechanisms that modulate lutein bioavailability but also help in setting the dosage requirements of each patient."	( Genetic factors involved in modulating lutein bioavailability. Bhat, I; Mamatha, BS, 2021)	0.62
" In addition, a dose-response relation was examined between antioxidant intake and PD risk."	( Dietary Antioxidants and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Ghoreishy, SM; Jayedi, A; Mohammadi, H; Talebi, S; Travica, N, 2022)	0.72
" Continued research is necessary to improve dietary intake assessment and establish biologically relevant dose-response relationships in the context of individual variability to advance our understanding of diet, disease risk, and health promotion."	( Assessment of dietary carotenoid intake and biologic measurement of exposure in humans. Chitchumroonchokchai, C; Clinton, SK; Grainger, EM; Moran, NE; Riedl, K; Simpson, CM; Webb, MZ, 2022)	0.72
" For supplementation, the optimized dosage of these xanthophylls includes doses of 10 mg for lutein and 2 mg for zeaxanthin, and it is recommended to consume along with fats or meals rich in fats."	( Lutein and zeaxanthin - radio- and chemoprotective properties. Mechanism and possible use. Dobrzynska, MM; Fiedorowicz, J, 2023)	0.91

Product Category	Products
Vitamins & Supplements	71
Active Lifestyle & Fitness	19
Professional Supplements	13
Beauty & Personal Care	3
Pet Supplies	2

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
1Life Science NAD+ Longevity Cognition & Vision Support -- 60 Veggie Caps	1Life Science	Vitamins & Supplements	Apigenin, Lutein, NAD +, NMN, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Nutrition Amazing Formulas Daily Multivitamin -- 500 Tablets	Amazing Nutrition	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chloride, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Nickel, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Nutrition Lutein with Zeaxanthin -- 20 mg - 240 Softgels	Amazing Nutrition	Vitamins & Supplements	Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Nutrition Lutein with Zeaxanthin -- 40 mg - 60 Softgels	Amazing Nutrition	Vitamins & Supplements	Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
AMEN Eyes Lutein Zeaxanthin - Red Beet Root - Black Pepper - Macular Health Vitamins Formala -- 90 Vegetable Capsules	AMEN	Vitamins & Supplements	Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
AMEN Vegan Collagen Builder Beauty Nutrition Vitamin C Biotin Organic Fruits -- 30 Vegetable Capsules	AMEN	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Lutein	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Daily Greens Pill Packs -- 30 Packs	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, Lutein, Lycopene, Phosphorus	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal PAK - The Ultimate Training Pack -- 30 Packs	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Carnitine, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Inositol, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lutein, Lycopene, Lysine, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Methionine, Niacin, Ornithine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Serine, L-Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal PAK - The Ultimate Training Pack -- 44 Packs	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Carnitine, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Inositol, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lutein, Lycopene, Lysine, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Methionine, Niacin, Ornithine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Serine, L-Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Pak Ultimate Foundation Powder Cherry Bomb -- 30 Servings	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, Vitamin C, Betaine Anhydrous, Biotin, dicalcium phosphate, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, L-Histidine, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, L-Taurine, Thiamin, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Pak Ultimate Foundation Powder Fruit Punch -- 14.7 oz	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, Vitamin C, Betaine Anhydrous, Biotin, dicalcium phosphate, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, L-Histidine, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, L-Taurine, Thiamin, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Pak Ultimate Foundation Powder Orange Crushed -- 14.5 oz	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, Vitamin C, Betaine Anhydrous, Biotin, dicalcium phosphate, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, L-Histidine, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, L-Taurine, Thiamin, L-Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bausch & Lomb Ocuvite Eye Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Adult 50 Plus -- 50 Softgels	Bausch & Lomb	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bausch & Lomb Ocuvite® Eye Vitamin & Mineral Supplement -- 120 Tablets	Bausch & Lomb	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein, Vitamin A, Selenium	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bausch & Lomb PreserVision Eye Vitamin & Mineral Supplement AREDS 2 Patented Formula -- 120 Softgels	Bausch & Lomb	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bausch & Lomb PreserVision Eye Vitamin & Mineral Supplement AREDS Lutein -- 120 Softgels	Bausch & Lomb	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bluebonnet Nutrition Multi One Single Daily Multiple -- 120 Vegetable Capsules	Bluebonnet Nutrition	Vitamins & Supplements	PABA, Vitamin C, Biotin, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bluebonnet Nutrition Targeted Choice EyeCare Macular & Blue -- 60 Vegetable Capsules	Bluebonnet Nutrition	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Centrum Silver Adults 50 Plus Multivitamin Tablets -- 220 Tablets	Centrum	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Chloride, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Centrum Silver Men 50 Plus Multivitamin-Multimineral Tablets -- 200 Tablets	Centrum	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Chloride, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Centrum Silver Women 50 Plus Multivitamin-Multimineral Tablets -- 100 Tablets	Centrum	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Chloride, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Childlife Healthy Vision SoftMelts Natural Berry -- 27 Tablets	Childlife	Vitamins & Supplements	Lutein, Vitamin A, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Childlife MultiVitamin Gummy Gluten Free Sugar Free Strawberry Lemon -- 90 Gummies	Childlife	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Codeage Teen Daily Multivitamin - Vitamins A B C D E K Zinc Biotin & Probiotics Vegan Supplement -- 60 Capsules	Codeage	Professional Supplements	Vitamin C, Astaxanthin, Biotin, Boron, Omega-3, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Codeage Teen Daily Multivitamin - Vitamins A B C D E K Zinc Biotin & Probiotics Vegan Supplement -- 60 Capsules Each / Pack of 2	Codeage	Professional Supplements	Vitamin C, Astaxanthin, Biotin, Boron, Omega-3, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Country Life Carotenoid Complex -- 60 Softgels	Country Life	Vitamins & Supplements	Astaxanthin, Lutein, Lycopene, Carrot Seed Oil, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Culturelle Kids Probiotics Multivitamin Plus Probiotic -- 60 Gummies	Culturelle	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Daily Best™ Ultra Multivitamin -- 60 Capsules	DaVinci Laboratories	Professional Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Healthy Eyes -- 90 Capsules	DaVinci Laboratories	Professional Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Taurine, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Spectra™ Senior Multi -- 180 Tablets	DaVinci Laboratories	Professional Supplements	lipase, Octacosanol, PABA, Vitamin C, L-Aspartic Acid, Betaine HCl, Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, L-Cysteine, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Gamma Linolenic Acid, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Hesperidin, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Silicon, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K1	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Derma E Pure Biome Balancing Cleanser -- 6 fl oz	Derma E	Beauty & Personal Care	allantoin, decyl glucoside, panthenol, glycerin, xanthophyll, stearyl alcohol, sucrose	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Deva Vegan Multivitamin & Mineral Supplement -- 90 Coated Tablets	Deva	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Beta Carotene, Betaine HCL, Biotin, Boron, Choline, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Calcium Carbonate, Lutein, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Rutin, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin D2	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Deva Vegan Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement Iron Free -- 90 Coated Tablets	Deva	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Beta Carotene, Biotin, Boron, Choline, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Rutin, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin D2	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Deva Vegan Prenatal One Daily Multivitamin and Mineral -- 90 Coated Tablets	Deva	Vitamins & Supplements	Chamomile, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Choline, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin D2, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Douglas Laboratories Ultra Preventive® Kids Natural Grape -- 60 Tablets	Douglas Laboratories	Professional Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Choline, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Molybdenum, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, beta, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Dr. Mercola Eye Support with Lutein -- 30 Capsules	Dr. Mercola	Professional Supplements	Astaxanthin, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Ecco Bella Night Rebuilder 5 -- 2 fl oz	Ecco Bella	Beauty & Personal Care	geranium, ascorbyl palmitate, vitamin C, astaxanthin, beta-carotene, calendula, glyceryl stearate, glycerine, lutein, lycopene	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Emerald Labs CoEnzymated Complete plus 2-Daily Multi -- 60 Vegetable Capsules	Emerald Labs	Vitamins & Supplements	Lipase, Beta Carotene, Biotin, Boron, Cellulase, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, P-5-P, Pyridoxine HCl, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, R-5-P, Rutin, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Emerald Labs Complete Clinical Plus Multi -- 120 Vegetable Capsules	Emerald Labs	Vitamins & Supplements	Beta Carotene, Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Chromium, CoQ10, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, P-5-P, Pyridoxine HCl, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, R-5-P, Rutin, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Emerald Labs Prenatal 1-Daily Multi -- 30 Vegetable Capsules	Emerald Labs	Vitamins & Supplements	Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Rutin, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Emerald Labs Prenatal 1-Daily Multi -- 60 Vegetable Capsules	Emerald Labs	Vitamins & Supplements	Lipase, Beta Carotene, Biotin, Boron, cellulase, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Rutin, Selenium, Vitamin B1, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K1	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition VitaMode -- 120 Tablets	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, PABA, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Choline, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Fitcode Fit Multi Complete Multivitamin Complex -- 90 Tablets	Fitcode	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Chloride, Choline, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Inositol, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Force Factor AREDS 2+ Eye Health Formula Tropical Fruit -- 60 Soft Chews	Force Factor	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Saffron, Vitamin E, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Force Factor Complete Eye Health - Advanced Vitamin & Mineral Formula -- 60 Vegetable Capsules	Force Factor	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin E, Saffron, Vitamin E, Lutein, Vitamin A, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Force Factor Forebrain Focus -- 60 Vegetable Capsules	Force Factor	Vitamins & Supplements	Lutein, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Force Factor Lutein -- 20 mg - 60 Vegetable Capsules	Force Factor	Vitamins & Supplements	Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Genestra HMF Neuro Cognition -- 60 Vegetarian Capsules	Genestra	Professional Supplements	Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Healthy Origins Astaxanthin -- 4 mg - 150 Softgels	Healthy Origins	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin E, Vitamin E, glycerin, Lutein, Vitamin A	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Healthy Origins Astaxanthin Triple Strength -- 12 mg - 150 Softgels	Healthy Origins	Vitamins & Supplements	Astaxanthin, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, glycerin, Lutein, Vitamin A	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Healthy Origins Astaxanthin Triple Strength -- 12 mg - 60 Softgels	Healthy Origins	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin E, Vitamin E, glycerin, Lutein, Vitamin A	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Irwin Naturals Vision Sharp® Multi-Nutrient Eye Health -- 42 Liquid Softgels	Irwin Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, glycerin, Lutein, Manganese, Vitamin A, Citrus, titanium dioxide, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jarrow Formulas CarotenALL -- 60 Softgels	Jarrow Formulas	Vitamins & Supplements	Alpha Carotene, Astaxanthin, Gamma Tocopherol, glycerin, Lutein, Lycopene, Vitamin A, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jarrow Formulas Lutein -- 120 Softgels	Jarrow Formulas	Vitamins & Supplements	glycerin, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jarrow Formulas Lutein -- 60 Softgels	Jarrow Formulas	Vitamins & Supplements	glycerin, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jarrow Formulas MaculaPF -- 60 Softgels	Jarrow Formulas	Vitamins & Supplements	Astaxanthin, Choline, glycerin, Lutein, meso-Zeaxanthin, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kiss My Face Face Factor Mineral Sunscreen SPF 50 -- 2 fl oz	Kiss My Face	Beauty & Personal Care	butylene glycol, citric acid, chamomile, ascorbic acid, citric acid, vitamin E, decyl glucoside, ethylhexylglycerin, vitamin E, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, hydroxyethylcellulose, lutein, phenoxyethanol	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Klean Athlete Klean Focus - NSF Certified for Sport -- 90 Vegetarian Capsules	Klean Athlete	Professional Supplements	Biotin, Alpha-GPC, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Alpha Lipoic Acid	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Klean Athlete Klean Multivitamin - NSF Certified for Sport -- 60 Tablets	Klean Athlete	Professional Supplements	L-methylfolate, Vitamin C, Astaxanthin, Biotin, Cellulose, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, leaf, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, glycerin, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Molybdenum, Pantothenic Acid, Pterostilbene, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, stearic acid, Thiamine, titanium dioxide, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lifetime Brite Eyes™ Antioxidant Formula -- 60 Capsules	Lifetime	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein, Vitamin A, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert Drink Mix EcoSport Hydration Blueberry Acai -- 24 Stick Packs	Lily of the Desert	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert Drink Mix EcoSport Hydration Lemon Lime -- 24 Stick Packs	Lily of the Desert	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert Drink Mix EcoSport Hydration Watermelon -- 24 Stick Packs	Lily of the Desert	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert EcoDrink Nutrient Support Caffeine Free Blueberry Pomegranate -- 24 Stick Packs	Lily of the Desert	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert EcoDrink Nutrient Support Caffeine Free Fruit Punch -- 24 Stick Packs	Lily of the Desert	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert EcoDrink Nutrient Support Caffeine Free Peach Mango -- 24 Stick Packs	Lily of the Desert	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lily of the Desert EcoDrink Nutrient Support Caffeine Free Strawberry Lemomade -- 24 Stick Packs	Lily of the Desert	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natrol Biotin Plus -- 60 Tablets	Natrol	Vitamins & Supplements	Biotin, Dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, Lutein, stearic acid	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutrex Hawaii BioAstin EyeAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin -- 6 mg - 60 Softgels	Nutrex Hawaii	Vitamins & Supplements	vitamin E, vitamin E, glycerin, Lutein, Quercetin, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutri Lutein Zeaxanthin & Meso-Zeaxantin Triple Caretenoid Vision Complex -- 20/12 mg - 60 Vegan Capsules	Nutri	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin D3, Copper Gluconate, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Lutein, Meso-Zeaxanthin, Vitamin A, Selenium, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriCology Ocudyne II -- 200 Capsules	NutriCology	Vitamins & Supplements	N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Vitamin C, Boron, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutricost Zeaxanthin with Lutein -- 120 Softgels	Nutricost	Vitamins & Supplements	glycerin, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Ocuvite Adult 50+ Eye Vitamin & Mineral -- 90 Mini Softgels	Ocuvite	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, carmine, Vitamin E, EPA, Vitamin E, glycerin, Lutein	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Optimum Nutrition Opti-Men Multivitamin for Men -- 150 Tablets	Optimum Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, PABA, Alpha-Carotene, Vitamin C, beta carotene, Biotin, Boron, Choline, Chromium, Cryptoxanthin, L-Cystine, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, Microcrystalline cellulose, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, Lutein, Lycopene, L-Lysine, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, stearic acid, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, L-Valine, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Optimum Nutrition Opti-Men Multivitamin for Men -- 240 Tablets	Optimum Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Lipase, PABA, Alpha-Carotene, Vitamin C, beta carotene, Biotin, Boron, Choline, Chromium, Cryptoxanthin, L-Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, Microcrystalline cellulose, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, stearic acid, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, L-Valine, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Optimum Nutrition Opti-Men Multivitamin for Men -- 90 Tablets	Optimum Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	PABA, Alpha-Carotene, Vitamin C, beta carotene, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Cryptoxanthin, L-Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, glycerine, Microcrystalline cellulose, Inositol, Iodine, L-Isoleucine, Lutein, Lycopene, L-Lysine, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, stearic acid, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, L-Valine, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Optimum Nutrition Opti-Women Multivitamin for Women -- 120 Capsules	Optimum Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Alpha-Carotene, Vitamin C, kelp, Biotin, Chromium, Cryptoxanthin, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, Isoflavone, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, vitamin A palmitate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, citrate, sodium selenate, citrate, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, calcium phosphate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Optimum Nutrition Opti-Women Multivitamin for Women -- 60 Capsules	Optimum Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Alpha-Carotene, Vitamin C, kelp, Biotin, Chromium, Cryptoxanthin, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, potassium iodide, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, citrate, citrate, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
SmartyPants Teen Girl Multi & Omegas Gummies -- 120 Gummies	SmartyPants	Vitamins & Supplements	citric acid, L-methylfolate, Vitamin C, Biotin, Choline, Chromium, citric acid, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacin, Vitamin B6, retinyl palmitate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
SmartyPants Teen Guy Multi & Omegas Gummies -- 120 Gummies	SmartyPants	Vitamins & Supplements	citric acid, L-methylfolate, Vitamin C, Biotin, Choline, Chromium, citric acid, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacin, Vitamin B6, retinyl palmitate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Solgar Formula VM-75® Iron-Free -- 180 Tablets	Solgar	Vitamins & Supplements	alpha carotene, Vitamin C, Betaine HCl, Biotin, Boron, Choline, Chromium, cryptoxanthin, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Hesperidin, Microcrystalline cellulose, Inositol, Iodine, calcium carbonate, lutein, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Thiamin, titanium dioxide, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, zeaxanthin, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals Life Force™ Multiple No Iron -- 180 Capsules	Source Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Vitamin C, Astaxanthin, Biotin, Boron, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, DMAE, Folate, Vitamin E, microcrystalline cellulose, Inositol, Iodine, calcium carbonate, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Pantethine, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K1	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals Zeaxanthin with Lutein -- 10 mg - 60 Capsules	Source Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Lutein, Maltodextrin, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sun Chlorella A Tablets -- 200 mg - 300 Tablets	Sun Chlorella	Vitamins & Supplements	Alpha-Carotene, Chlorophyll, Folate, Lutein, Niacin, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sun Chlorella A Tablets -- 500 mg - 600 Tablets	Sun Chlorella	Vitamins & Supplements	Alpha-Carotene, Chlorophyll, Folate, Lutein, Niacin, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thorne Research Basic Nutrient 2-Day -- 60 Capsules	Thorne Research	Professional Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Calcium Pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, d-Gamma Tocopherol, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thorne Research Basic Nutrients 2 Day - NSF Certified for Sport -- 60 Capsules	Thorne Research	Professional Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Calcium Pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, d-Gamma Tocopherol, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twinlab OcuGuard Plus -- 120 Veggie Capsules	Twinlab	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Chromium, Vitamin E, eriocitrin, Vitamin E, hesperidin, Lutein, Quercetin Dihydrate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twinlab OcuGuard® Plus -- 60 Veggie Caps	Twinlab	Vitamins & Supplements	N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Vitamin C, Chromium, Vitamin E, eriocitrin, Vitamin E, Lutein, naringin, Quercetin Dihydrate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Taurine, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitacost-Synergy 3000 Multivitamin -- 180 Capsules	Vitacost-Synergy	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, d-beta tocopherol, Biotin, Boron, calcium citrate, cholecalciferol, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, d-delta tocopherol, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, retinyl palmitate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitacost-Synergy Basic® Multivitamin -- 60 Capsules	Vitacost-Synergy	Vitamins & Supplements	d-alpha tocopheryl succinate, Vitamin C, d-beta tocopherol, Biotin, dicalcium phosphate, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, d-delta tocopherol, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitacost-Synergy Eye Defense Formula† -- 120 Capsules	Vitacost-Synergy	Vitamins & Supplements	N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Vitamin C, Chromium, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein, Quercetin Dihydrate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Rutin, Selenium, Taurine, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitacost-Synergy Lutein with Zeaxanthin Featuring FloraGLO® Lutein -- 20 mg - 120 Softgels	Vitacost-Synergy	Vitamins & Supplements	Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitacost-Synergy Lutein with Zeaxanthin Featuring FloraGLO® Lutein -- 20 mg - 240 Softgels	Vitacost-Synergy	Vitamins & Supplements	Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitacost-Synergy Once Daily® Multivitamin -- 60 Capsules	Vitacost-Synergy	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitacost-Synergy Twice Daily Energy† Multivitamin -- 60 Capsules	Vitacost-Synergy	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Benfotiamine, Biotin, cholecalciferol, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Menaquinone-7, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitafusion MultiVites Adult Complete Multivitamin Gummy Assorted Fruit -- 70 Gummies	Vitafusion	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Choline, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Inositol, lactic acid, Lutein, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, sucrose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Nutrients Once Daily Multivitamin Complete Daily Vegan For Overall Wellness -- 60 Vegan Capsules	Vital Nutrients	Professional Supplements	Vitamin C, Biotin, Cellulose, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacinamide, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Viteyes Areds 2 Based Formula Zinc Free -- 60 Capsules	Viteyes	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Viteyes Blue Light Defender plus -- 30 Capsules	Viteyes	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Viteyes Classic Areds 2 Based Formula -- 60 Capsules	Viteyes	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, dicalcium phosphate, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, microcrystalline cellulose, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Viteyes Classic AREDS 2 Based Formula -- 60 Softgels	Viteyes	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, glycerin, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Viteyes Classic plus Omega-3 Ared 2 Based Formula -- 90 Softgels	Viteyes	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Omega-3, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, glycerin, Lutein, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Viteyes Complete Eye & Total Body Health Multivitamin -- 180 Capsules	Viteyes	Vitamins & Supplements	N-Acetyl Cysteine, Vitamin C, Biotin, Boron, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Inositol, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Nickel, Pantothenic Acid, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Zeaxanthin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zahler Multivitamin Brainfood -- 60 Capsules	Zahler	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, Lutein, Manganese, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, Molybdenum, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zesty Paws Senior Advanced 11-in-1 Multivitamin Glucosamine Supplement for Dogs Chicken -- 90 Soft Chews	Zesty Paws	Pet Supplies	lipase, Vitamin C, Biotin, cellulase, Vitamin D3, Coenzyme Q10, Vitamin E, methylsulfonylmethane, folic acid, vitamin E, powdered cellulose, Lutein, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, sorbic acid, vitamin B1, vitamin B12, vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zesty Paws Senior Advanced Vision Bites Supplement Dogs Chicken -- 90 Soft Chews	Zesty Paws	Pet Supplies	Vitamin C, Astaxanthin, Beta Carotene, Vitamin E, Docosahexaenoic Acid, Vitamin E, powdered cellulose, Lutein	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zhou Screen Eyes™ Tropical Berry -- 60 Vegan Gummies	Zhou	Vitamins & Supplements	citric acid, citric acid, Lutein	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Role	Description
food colouring	A food additive that imparts colour to food. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food colours are from E 100 to E 199, divided into yellows (E 100-109), oranges (E 110-119), reds (E 120-129), blues and violets (E 130-139), greens (E 140-149), browns and blacks (E 150-159), and others (E 160-199).
plant metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
carotenol
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
carotenoid cleavage	6	20
lutein biosynthesis	2	9
superpathway of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants	4	31
carotenoid cleavage	4	22
lutein biosynthesis	3	9
superpathway of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants	24	32
Carotenoid biosynthesis	0	12
Vitamin A and carotenoid metabolism	0	20
Carotenoid biosynthesis	5	25

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	26.6086	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	22.7996	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID743042; AID743063
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.9145	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID720692
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	43.4515	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID743069; AID743075
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.9145	0.0010	19.4141	70.9645	AID743094
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	22.8847	0.0003	23.4451	159.6830	AID743065; AID743067
Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	33.4915	0.0023	19.5956	74.0614	AID651631; AID720552
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
retinoic acid receptor alpha isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	25.1000	0.0084	0.0084	0.0084	AID1159612
retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha isoform a	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	5.7400	0.0189	2.8794	5.7400	AID1159611
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replication	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespan	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substance	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-ray	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
viral process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behavior	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-C	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin D	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processing	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protease binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nuclear body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replication fork	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
centrosome	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
PML body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand break	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID155434	Ratio in baked paprika was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID161923	Ratio in bottled plum was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID44721	Ratio in raw blackberries was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID403810	Octanol-water partition coefficient, log POW of the compound	2005	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 68, Issue:9	Efficiency of foam fractionation for the enrichment of nonpolar compounds from aqueous extracts of plant materials.
AID1353354	Antioxidant activity in mouse 661W cells assessed as inhibition of antimycin-induced mitochondrial ROS production at 10 uM by fluorescence assay relative to control	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-10, Volume: 147	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of hybrid nitroxide-based non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
AID203742	Ratio in raw sorrel was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID161924	Ratio in raw plum was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID203746	Ratio in stewed sorrel was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID44720	Ratio in botteled blackberries was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID155435	Ratio in pickled paprika was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID203741	Ratio in microwaved sorrel was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID155436	Ratio in raw paprika was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID56040	Ratio in pickled dill was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID203740	Ratio in boiled sorrel was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
AID203745	Ratio in steamed sorrel was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-23, Volume: 14, Issue:4	Epimerisation of lutein to 3'-epilutein in processed foods.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	246 (9.18)	18.7374
1990's	222 (8.28)	18.2507
2000's	707 (26.38)	29.6817
2010's	1065 (39.74)	24.3611
2020's	440 (16.42)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	267 (9.64%)	5.53%
Reviews	233 (8.41%)	6.00%
Case Studies	13 (0.47%)	4.05%
Observational	10 (0.36%)	0.25%
Other	2,247 (81.12%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.42	2	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.02	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carbamates [no description available]	2.41	2	0	amino-acid anion
choline [no description available]	6.96	7	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.5	2	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.35	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.36	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.11	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	3.01	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	2.06	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
trimetaphosphoric acid trimetaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclotriphosphoric acid : The cyclic anhydride of triphosphoric acid.	2.6	1	0	cyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; inorganic heterocyclic compound; phosphorus oxoacid
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.59	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.47	2	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.17	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.46	2	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	1.93	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.41	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.9	4	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2.37	2	0	inositol phosphate
melatonin [no description available]	8.89	3	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.31	1	1	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	9.55	5	1	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	3.15	5	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.46	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	1.92	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	4.39	3	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
putrescine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	2.76	3	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	1.99	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	2.63	2	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.35	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermine [no description available]	7.11	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
taurine [no description available]	3.42	1	1	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.61	2	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.35	2	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	3.3	6	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	7.67	3	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.21	1	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.	1.99	1	0	prenol phosphate	antigen; antioxidant; epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.41	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.06	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	4.57	9	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	7.08	1	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	4.33	4	1	monoazo compound
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	4.58	4	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	7.46	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
celecoxib [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.51	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	2.41	1	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	1.99	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	9.08	3	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.02	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	3.47	1	1	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	7.02	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.21	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.11	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.13	1	0	methoxybenzenes
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	3.99	1	1	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	1.99	1	0	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2	1	0
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	7.21	1	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.39	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.31	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.05	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.04	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.17	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.17	1	0
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.45	1	1	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nilvadipine [no description available]	3.45	1	1	dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester; nitrile
nylidrin Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.	3.11	1	0	alkylbenzene
roxarsone Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.	1.96	1	0	2-nitrophenols; organoarsonic acid	agrochemical; animal growth promotant; antibacterial drug; coccidiostat
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	1.98	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
succinylsulfathiazole succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure	1.92	1	0	1,3-thiazoles
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	1.96	1	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.41	1	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
corticosterone [no description available]	7.76	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.31	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
thymidine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.17	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.63	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	7.31	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	7.46	2	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	7.42	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	1.94	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	1.95	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.03	1	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	9.76	7	1	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.01	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.38	2	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	1.93	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	3.7	1	1	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.75	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	1.98	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	1.93	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.36	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	1.99	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.17	1	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	1.94	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	3.62	9	0
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.43	2	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	1.99	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.17	1	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	1.94	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	1.94	1	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.05	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.11	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	3.11	5	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	4.4	1	1	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	7.61	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.08	1	0
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	2	1	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.25	1	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.21	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.52	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	2.6	1	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	1.95	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2	1	0	xanthene
benzotrifluoride alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: structure in first source. (trifluoromethyl)benzene : A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	7.11	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; fluorohydrocarbon	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
acrolein [no description available]	7.52	2	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.96	4	0	alkane
succinic anhydride [no description available]	2.1	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	1.95	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.71	3	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.11	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	1.94	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.1	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
pregnenolone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.	1.98	1	0	20-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	11.08	8	1	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.81	3	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
thiazoles [no description available]	2.95	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
beta-cyclocitral beta-cyclocitral: structure in first source. beta-cyclocitral : A monoterpenoid formally derived from citral by cyclisation. It is a volatile compound produced by a cyanobacteria.	2.1	1	0	monoterpenoid	bacterial metabolite
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.49	2	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.17	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.1	1	0
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	1.94	1	0	quinone imine	dye
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.45	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2	1	0
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.47	1	1	organic molecular entity
acetylsalicylsalicylic acid acetylsalicylsalicylic acid: potential immunogenic impurity in aspirin; structure	3.21	1	0	carbonyl compound
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	2.7	3	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	7.22	34	3	dialdehyde	biomarker
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	4.16	3	1	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.52	2	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	5.73	3	2
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	1.94	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.47	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	7.21	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	2.42	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.03	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	6.48	3	3	zinc molecular entity
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	2.52	2	0
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.5	2	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	17.85	203	32	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	11.1	40	5
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.93	4	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.08	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3.15	5	0	thujene	plant metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	8.24	6	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
ecdysone [no description available]	3.04	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	1.94	1	0	carbon oxoanion
Brilliant Blue brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.2	5	0	organic molecular entity
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	3.21	1	0	aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.48	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
1-nitropyrene [no description available]	1.99	1	0	nitroarene	carcinogenic agent
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.06	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.13	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.31	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	1.94	1	0	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	7	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	1.97	1	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.51	2	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	3.39	1	1	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.71	3	0	dihydrogen
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.01	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.21	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	7.92	4	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.11	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
rhamnose [no description available]	1.94	1	0	L-rhamnose
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.08	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.92	4	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
keracyanin cyanidin 3-rutinoside: an anthocyanin compound. cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride : A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside as the cationic counterpart.	3.35	1	1	anthocyanin chlorides
dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11h)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide: Inhibits the activity of prostaglandins.	2	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3.07	5	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	3.56	2	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
alkenes [no description available]	1.94	1	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.6	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.02	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.07	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
norflurazone norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.	2	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; organochlorine compound; pyridazinone; secondary amino compound	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; herbicide
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.7	3	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2	1	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	2.17	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	7.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	7.02	5	2	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.48	2	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	2.11	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.41	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	2	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.97	36	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.6	8	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.45	2	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	5.65	5	1	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	2.6	1	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	2.99	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	2	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.46	2	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lathosterol lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	4.4	1	1	3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid; Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	3.03	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
epicatechin (-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.02	1	0	catechin; polyphenol	antioxidant
gallocatechol (-)-epigallocatechin : A flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.02	1	0	catechin; flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol	antioxidant; food component; plant metabolite
hesperetin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.1	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
methiin methiin: distributed in Liliaceae(garlic, onions, etc.) & Cruciferae (cabbage, radish, etc.); one of greater sources of sulfur-containing amino acids in Japan; studied for nutritional value; increased splenic iron decrease erythrocyte counts; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	alpha-amino acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	3.7	1	1	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	1.95	1	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	2.04	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile): free radical initiator in liposome systems	2.42	2	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	4.92	4	2	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	9.02	19	6	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2.05	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3.47	1	1	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
aurofusarin aurofusarin: from Fusarium graminearum; structure given in first source	2	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	7.77	3	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	2.05	1	0
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	3.21	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
laurdan laurdan: RN from CA Index Guide	2.03	1	0
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.05	1	0
beauvericin beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.	2.63	2	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.07	1	0	proanthocyanidin
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	2.02	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	1.99	1	0
anecortave acetate anecortave acetate: derived from cortisone (11 OH replaced by 9-11 double bond)	3.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
12-(1-pyrene)dodecanoic acid 12-(1-pyrene)dodecanoic acid: induces lipid storage in cultured leukemic myeloid cells	1.98	1	0
ah 6809 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD	2	1	0	xanthones
octenyl succinate octenyl succinate: octenyl succinate-modified food starch used as emulsion stabilizer for various food items; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	7.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.78	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.46	2	0	fullerene	geroprotector
ribulose-1,5 diphosphate ribulose-1,5 diphosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate : A ribulose phosphate that is D-ribulose attached to phosphate groups at positions 1 and 5. It is an intermediate in photosynthesis.	2	1	0	ribulose phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
methotrexate [no description available]	2.53	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
delphinidin delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.	2.52	2	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; plant metabolite
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	2.17	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
zinquin zinquin: zinquin is an ethyl ester in second source; specific chelator for zinc(II)	2.05	1	0
tempol [no description available]	2.17	1	0	aminoxyls; hydroxypiperidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; catalyst; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
phytol [no description available]	7.9	4	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.69	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.31	1	0
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	7.46	2	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	8.36	2	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
edotreotide Edotreotide: DOTA - 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetracetic acid; structure given in first source; may be labelled with various radioisotopes	2.25	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	4.08	4	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.11	1	0	carbodiimide
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	7.21	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	7.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure	5.83	2	2	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols	mouse metabolite
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.42	2	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
(-)-gallocatechin gallate (-)-gallocatechin gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-gallocatechin. A natural product found in found in green tea.	2.02	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.45	2	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
lupeol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
calendula Calendula: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.	3.54	7	0
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.	1.99	1	0	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	mouse metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.33	2	0
xylulose-5-phosphate, (d)-isomer D-xylulose 5-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of xylulose 5-phosphate.	2.1	1	0	xylulose 5-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	2.72	2	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	2.04	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	4.3	6	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.46	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.21	1	0
dithioerythritol [no description available]	2	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
stachyose stachyose: RN given refers to parent cpd. stachyose : A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose.	7.6	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; tetrasaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
pelargonidin pelargonidin: influences flower phenotype. pelargonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'.	2.17	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	plant metabolite
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.21	1	0	cellotriose
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	2.82	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
naringin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	2.15	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.11	1	0
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.74	3	0	cyclodextrin
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	4.31	4	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	4.18	3	1	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	10.87	6	1	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	16.4	164	15	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.15	1	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.77	6	1	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.8	3	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	4.13	3	1	D-galactopyranuronic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	18.29	33	16	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.01	1	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
lycopene [no description available]	19.4	321	45	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.21	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.1	1	0
epothilone b [no description available]	2	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-stabilising agent
violaxanthin violaxanthin: a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution); 3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin & antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as ''violaxanthin cycle''; structure; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of ABSCISIC ACID biosynthesis. violaxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants.. all-trans-violaxanthin : The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin.	6.74	73	0	violaxanthin	food colouring
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	2	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	7.15	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.1	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	4.87	2	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	4.56	7	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
sodium thiocyanate sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.	2.25	1	0	organic sodium salt
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	1.95	1	0
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.06	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-n-oxyl 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-N-oxyl: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
glycosides [no description available]	3.09	5	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.45	2	0	isomethyleugenol
beta-ionone beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.	8.32	6	0	ionone	antioxidant; fragrance
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.4	2	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	4.14	5	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	4.11	4	0	stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	1.99	1	0
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	3.47	2	0	diphosphate ion
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.03	1	0	benzamides
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	1.95	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.13	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.4	2	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	6.23	9	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	8.04	4	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	1.99	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.7	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	3.47	1	1	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
nadp [no description available]	1.94	1	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	3.17	5	0
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	1.99	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	1.95	1	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.03	4	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	1.99	1	0	nitrogen oxide
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	3.89	2	1	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	6.2	4	3
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.3	3	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2	1	0
alpha-carotene alpha-carotene: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer; see also related record beta-carotene. alpha-carotene : A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively.	17.14	175	27	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	plant metabolite; provitamin A
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.42	2	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
quercetin [no description available]	3.61	8	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.67	3	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	3.88	4	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.72	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.06	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.27	6	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.15	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	6.99	7	2
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	22.94	792	70	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	6.39	4	1	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	6.69	6	1	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
alprostadil [no description available]	2	1	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
(all-e) phytoene (all-E) phytoene: C40 carotenoid biosynthesized in bacteria; minor descriptor (75-84); EP to CAROTENOIDS (85); on-line & Index Medicus search CAROTENOIDS (75-85); RN given refers to (all-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-phytoene : The all-trans-isomer of phytoene.	3	4	0	phytoene	plant metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	3.79	3	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.61	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	4.96	2	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.68	3	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
dehydroretinal all-trans-dehydroretinal : A retinal which contains an additional double bond between the 3 and 4 positions of the six-membered ring, and in which all of the double bonds in the side chain have the E-configuration.	2.02	1	0	retinals
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	25.22	1,007	147	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	4.2	6	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
tentoxin tentoxin: cyclic peptide from fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct.; structure	1.99	1	0	lactam
antheraxanthin antheraxanthin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. antheraxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is beta-carotene-3,3'-diol in which one of the one of the endocyclic double bonds has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide. It is a neutral yellow plant pigment found in Euglenophyta.	4.49	22	0	epoxycarotenol	biological pigment; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	17.87	68	5	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.	8.95	40	1	carotenone	biological pigment; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fungal metabolite
capsanthin [no description available]	4.85	10	0	carotenone	plant metabolite
capsorubin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	carotenone
gardenia yellow gardenia yellow: extract of gardenia fruit; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF. crocin-1 : A diester that is crocetin in which both of the carboxy groups have been converted to their gentiobiosyl esters. It is one of the water-soluble yellow-red pigments of saffron and is used as a spice for flavouring and colouring food. Note that in India, the term 'Crocin' is also used by GlaxoSmithKline as a brand-name for paracetamol.	2.11	1	0	diester; disaccharide derivative; diterpenoid	antioxidant; food colouring; histological dye; plant metabolite
zeinoxanthin zeinoxanthin: structure in first source. zeinoxanthin : A carotenol, the structure of which is (6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene hydroxy-substituted at C-3 with R-stereochemistry.	3	4	0	carotenol
cryptoxanthins Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.	15.56	191	13	carotenol	antioxidant; biomarker; plant metabolite; provitamin A
echinenone echinenone: structure in first source. echinenone : A carotenone that is beta-carotene in which the 4 position has undergone formal oxidation to afford the corresponding ketone. Isolated as orange-red crystals, it is widely distributed in marine invertebrates.	7.72	3	0	carotenone	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; cofactor; marine metabolite
fucoxanthin fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.	3.56	8	0
xanthophyll dipalmitate xanthophyll dipalmitate: RN given refers to (3R,3'R,6'R)-isomer	5.49	9	2	xanthophyll
polydatin zeaxanthin dipalmitate: from fruit of Lycium chinense; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	xanthophyll
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
ellagic acid [no description available]	7.05	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
retinoyl beta-glucuronide retinoyl glucuronide: metabolite of retinoic acid in bile. 9-cis-retinoyl-beta-D-glucuronide : A retinoid that is 9-cis-retinoic acid in which the carboxy proton has been replaced by a beta-D-glucuronyl group. It is a major metabolite of 9-cis-retinoic acid.	3.43	1	1	glucuronic acids; retinoid	human metabolite
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	4.65	4	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.72	3	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
menatetrenone menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	2	1	0	menaquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	2	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2	1	0
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	5.4	5	1	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
peridinin peridinin: structure	2.47	2	0
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.95	4	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
biliverdine [no description available]	2.39	2	0
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.02	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	1.95	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	1.95	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.95	4	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.96	4	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
beta-damascenone beta-damascenone: from Ipomoea pes-caprea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; RN 23726-93-4 refers to beta-damascenone; structure given in first source. beta-damascenone : A cyclic monoterpene ketone that is 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene substituted at position 1 by a crotonoyl group.	2.13	1	0	apo carotenoid monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone; enone	fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
plastoquinone [no description available]	2.4	2	0	plastoquinone
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	7.92	4	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.01	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	7.41	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	3.31	6	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	4.94	8	0
apocarotenal apocarotenal: structure. 8'-apo-beta,psi-caroten-8'-al : An apo carotenoid triterpenoid compound arising from oxidative degradation of the beta,beta-carotene skeleton at the 8'-position.	2.45	2	0	apo carotenoid triterpenoid; enal
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	3.46	2	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.94	4	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	7.44	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
coomassie brilliant blue [no description available]	4.83	2	1
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	7.48	14	3	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	1.95	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol [no description available]	3.19	6	0
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.42	2	0
vitamin a2 vitamin A2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinol : A retinoid derived from 3,4-desaturation of the beta-ionone ring of all-trans-retinol.	1.96	1	0	retinoid; vitamin A	human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
retinyl stearate all-trans-retinyl stearate : A fatty acid ester formed between stearic acid and all-trans-retinol.	2.46	2	0	fatty acid ester
zeta carotene zeta Carotene: A carotenoid produced in most carotenogenic organisms. It is one of several sequentially synthesized molecules that are precursors to BETA CAROTENE.	2.08	1	0	zeta-carotene
diatoxanthin diatoxanthin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to all-trans isomer	2.88	3	0	triterpenoid
zeacarotene zeacarotene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	6.96	1	0
meso-zeaxanthin meso-zeaxanthin: diastereomer of zeaxanthin. meso-zeaxanthin : A carotenol that is beta,beta-carotene carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3R,3'S-diastereomer). It is rarely found in diet and is believed to be formed at the macula by metabolic transformations of ingested carotenoids.	15.66	57	14	carotenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite
alloxanthin alloxanthin: do not confuse with alloxanthine which is a pyrazolopyrimidine; do not confuse with alloxantin which is a barbiturate; structure	2.13	1	0	diterpenoid
diadinoxanthin diadinoxanthin: RN given refers to (beta,beta)-(3S,3'R,5R,6S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.72	3	0	triterpenoid
3-hydroxyretinol 3-hydroxyretinol: RN given refers to all-trans isomer	2.02	1	0	diol; retinoid
beta-escin [no description available]	3.43	7	0
beta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.46	2	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food component; plant metabolite
phytofluene phytofluene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.68	3	0	phytofluene
eleutherobin eleutherobin: structure in first source	2	1	0
dalcetrapib dalcetrapib: inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)	2.1	1	0	anilide
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.41	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	2.17	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
2-hexyl-1-cyclopentanone thiosemicarbazone 2-hexyl-1-cyclopentanone thiosemicarbazone: inhibits HDL receptor SR-B1; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
tocol tocol: synthetic with antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects; structure in first source. tocol : A chromanol with a chroman-6-ol skeleton that is substituted at position 2 by a saturated or triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units.	2.6	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.1	5	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	3.11	4	0	diterpenoid
zeolites [no description available]	2.03	1	0
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2.1	1	0
homocarnosine homocarnosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. homocarnosine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-amino group has been replaced by a 4-aminobutanoyl group.	2.11	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; homocarnosine; L-histidine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
trans-sodium crocetinate trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma	2.06	1	0
3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene 3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene: isolated from Streptomyces mediolani; structure in first source	3.85	3	0
digalactosyldiacylglycerol digalactosyldiacylglycerol: two Galactoses bound to diacylglycerol; the mono Gal MGDG is also available; constitutes 20% of plant chloroplast lipids; see also 1,2-distearoyldigalactosyldiglyceride	2.41	2	0
fucoxanthinol fucoxanthinol: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
anacetrapib [no description available]	2.1	1	0
chlorophyll b [no description available]	9.34	19	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene oleocanthal: newly pressed extra-virgin olive oil contains oleocanthal, acting as a natural anti-inflammatory compound that has a potency and profile strikingly similar to that of ibuprofen; structure in first source. oleocanthal : A carboxylic ester that is the 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of (3S)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoic acid. Oleocanthal is found in olive oil but it is not clear whether the natural product is a mixture of E/Z isomers or a single isomer as the two isomers readily interconvert in solution; most pharmacological studies will have been performed using a mixture.	2.08	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.49	2	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
gentiodelphin gentiodelphin: RN given for (E,E)-isomer; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	anthocyanidin glycoside
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	1.96	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	13.32	9	6
rutundic acid rutundic acid: isolated from the leaves of Hex pupurea; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
neoxanthin neoxanthin: one of the main carotenoids in chloroplasts of higher plants and algae; RN given refers to (9'-cis)-isomer. neoxanthin : An epoxycarotenoid that is 6,7-didehydro-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5',6'-epoxy-beta,beta-carotene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3, 3', and 5 positions.	5.07	40	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.21	1	0
tyrosyl-proline [no description available]	3.18	1	0	dipeptide
butaprost butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
discodermolide discodermolide: a lactone-bearing polyhydroxylated alkatetraene from the marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta; microtubule-stabilizing agent like taxol	2	1	0
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	2.55	2	0
desmosine Desmosine: A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amino acid
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.01	4	0
gw 4869 GW 4869: inhibits neutral sphingomyelinase; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.41	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
ganirelix [no description available]	2	1	0	polypeptide
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.17	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.69	2	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	1.94	1	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	3.85	2	1	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	3.06	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	5.51	21	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
feaox-6 FeAOX-6: antioxidant derived from a molecular combination of the chromanyl and polyisoprenyl moieties; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	8.4	135	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	4.9	6	0
chitosan [no description available]	4.43	17	0
1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine 1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-(5-oxovaleryl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine having palmitoyl and 5-oxovaleryl groups at the 1- and 2-positions respectively; major species at pH 7.3.	2.15	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; aldehyde	apoptosis inducer
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.04	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium iodate sodium iodate: RN given refers to iodic acid, Na salt	2.25	1	0	organic molecular entity
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.03	1	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.57	2	0
arabinogalactan [no description available]	7.81	3	0
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	2	1	0
cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.	2	1	0	oligopeptide	antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist
mannans [no description available]	3.38	1	1
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.02	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	4.73	9	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	3.15	5	0
kahalalide f kahalalide F: a cyclodepsipeptide toxin; isolated from a mollusk, Elysia rubefescens; exhibits antitumoral activity against cell lines of colon cancer and prostatic cancer; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
salinixanthin salinixanthin: from Salinibacter ruber, an extremely halophilic eubacterium; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	7.85	3	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2	1	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.04	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	15.45	91	16	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	1.94	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.41	1	0
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	1.98	1	0	peptide
sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride [no description available]	2	1	0
staphyloxanthin staphyloxanthin: Staph aureus pigment; glucose esterified with both a triterpenoid carotenoid carboxylic acid & a C15 fatty acid. staphyloxanthin : A xanthophyll that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6 have been acylated by an all-trans-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22-decaenoyl group and a 12-methyltetradecanoyl group, respectively. Staphyloxanthin is responsible for the characteristic yellow-golden colour which gives the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus its name.	1.96	1	0	apo carotenoid triterpenoid; D-aldohexose derivative; fatty acid ester; triol; xanthophyll	antioxidant; biological pigment; metabolite; virulence factor
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.02	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	1.94	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.48	2	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.8	10	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.17	1	0
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	3.08	4	0
neochrome neochrome: structure in first source	8.1	4	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	8.06	8	2
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	4.61	5	1
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.72	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.07	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.06	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.08	1	0
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	7.15	1	0
bixin bixin: structure. bixin : A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid.	2.68	3	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	4.32	4	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	14.23	20	2	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	4.77	30	0
neopterin [no description available]	2.96	1	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	8.08	4	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	4.32	4	1	guanosines	biomarker
eye [no description available]	8.77	35	0
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	3.5	1	1	oligosaccharide
quillaja saponins Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.	7.13	1	0
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.89	3	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	1.99	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	7.47	2	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	2.02	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	6.05	5	1
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	6.05	5	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	1	13.53	69	3
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	7.79	3	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	3.43	6	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	3	4	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	2.79	3	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	3.43	6	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	3	4	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	16.57	57	41
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	23.51	398	110
Dry Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	12.95	22	15
Drusen, Retinal [description not available]	0	11.7	19	12
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	1	28.28	796	220
Geographic Atrophy A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.	0	12.95	22	15
Tetraploid [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Anodontia Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.41	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	3.28	6	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	3.53	2	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	3.28	6	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	3.53	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	15.9	101	6
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	4.56	5	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	4.56	5	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	0	6.68	7	3
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	0	6.68	7	3
Cyst [description not available]	0	4.01	15	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	0	8.32	7	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	7.59	2	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	3.55	9	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	0	3.32	7	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	7.59	2	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	2.41	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	3.55	9	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	3.82	3	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	3.82	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	7.59	16	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	7.59	16	1
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	2.41	1	0
Pseudophakia Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.	0	4.75	6	1
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	0	6.36	8	1
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	0	6.36	8	1
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	7.55	2	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	2.55	2	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	7.41	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	15.66	84	5
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	15.66	84	5
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	0	3.33	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	10.13	32	4
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	10.13	32	4
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	9.34	19	3
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	8.09	15	2
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	8.09	15	2
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	2.72	2	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	2.72	2	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	8.31	11	4
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	8.31	11	4
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	3.53	2	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	3.53	2	0
Dental Fluoroses [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Fluorosis, Dental A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)	0	2.41	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	7.69	3	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	5.04	9	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	2.41	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	2.86	3	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	7.86	3	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	7.47	2	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	3.99	4	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	3.99	4	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	4.89	4	2
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	9.7	6	1
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	4.89	4	2
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	4.7	6	1
Debility [description not available]	0	3.93	2	0
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	0	3.52	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	10.12	3	1
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	5.12	3	1
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	0	3.52	4	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	4.61	6	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	2.72	2	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	2.72	2	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.6	1	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	4.2	6	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	4.2	6	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	7.32	22	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	2.6	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	4.54	3	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	9.54	3	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	2.93	3	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	5.38	4	1
Amentia [description not available]	0	3.73	3	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	3.73	3	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	5.38	4	1
Acne [description not available]	0	7.6	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	0	2.6	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	2.57	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	7.91	48	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	0	7.33	8	3
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.33	8	3
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	11.44	20	9
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	2.69	2	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	11.44	20	9
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	0	3.99	1	1
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	0	3.99	1	1
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	0	5.39	24	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	0	5.39	24	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	3.25	5	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	8.25	5	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	0	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	3.66	9	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	3.66	9	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	8.01	4	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	11.08	21	3
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	11.08	21	3
Malnourishment [description not available]	0	3.52	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	0	3.52	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	7.82	2	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	2.82	2	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	2.48	2	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	0	9.83	16	4
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	1	11.83	16	4
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	3	4	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	3	4	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.82	2	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	0	7.82	2	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	12.72	28	7
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	0	7.19	11	1
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	0	12.5	29	18
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	2.21	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	7.32	12	2
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	7.32	12	2
Epiretinal Membrane A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)	0	5.13	3	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	8.17	12	2
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	13.17	12	2
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	3.45	2	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	3.45	2	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	0	12.51	7	3
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	0	2.25	1	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	0	3.17	1	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	0	6.2	3	2
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.96	14	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	11.61	19	6
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	10	24	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	15	24	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	7.4	18	1
Dry Eye [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Asthenopia Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.	0	9.83	2	1
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	0	3.17	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	3.94	12	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.25	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	7.69	19	2
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	7.69	19	2
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	7.25	1	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	0	2.25	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	2.25	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	2.94	4	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	2.58	2	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.31	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	6.41	22	2
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.11	5	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	0	3.11	5	0
Acoustic Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	7.31	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Ache [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	2.31	1	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	2.66	2	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	6.29	7	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	6.29	7	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	3.53	2	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	3.53	2	0
Aura [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	7.31	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	7.76	3	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	3.77	10	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	2.76	3	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	3.77	10	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	3.9	4	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	8.9	4	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	9.3	12	3
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	0	4.45	1	1
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	0	3.84	2	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	0	3.84	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	9.04	25	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	2.15	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	5.43	2	2
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	3.88	4	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	8.88	4	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	2.15	1	0
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	0	2.15	1	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	0	4.81	2	1
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	3.04	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	3.04	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	4.57	5	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	2.15	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	4.57	5	1
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	5.67	10	2
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	5.67	10	2
Bruise [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	0	3.06	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	6.52	6	3
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	6.52	6	3
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	5.48	5	1
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	2.17	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	4.48	1	1
Leanness [description not available]	0	4.77	2	1
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	4.48	1	1
MODS [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	2.17	1	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	2.17	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	2.17	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	5.06	3	1
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	0	6.04	10	1
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	0	7.74	3	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	7.64	30	0
Coats Disease [description not available]	0	3.36	6	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	0	5.29	4	1
Albinism, Ocular Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.	0	2.17	1	0
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	0	5.29	4	1
Retinal Telangiectasis A group of rare, idiopathic, congenital retinal vascular anomalies affecting the retinal capillaries. It is characterized by dilation and tortuosity of retinal vessels and formation of multiple aneurysms, with different degrees of leakage and exudates emanating from the blood vessels.	0	3.36	6	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	3.69	3	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	8.69	3	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	1	6.68	4	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	7.46	9	2
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	0	5.89	13	2
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	0	5.89	13	2
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	0	2.53	2	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	3.68	3	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	8.68	3	0
Complex and Mixed Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Fibromatosis [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	4.95	15	0
Theca Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	0	2.48	2	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	4.95	15	0
Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed Neoplasms composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.	0	2.21	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	3.5	2	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	3.5	2	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	0	2.21	1	0
Hemoperitoneum Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.	0	2.64	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	5.06	3	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	2.57	2	0
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	0	5.48	5	3
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	0	5.48	5	3
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	3	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	3.91	4	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	8.91	4	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	2.08	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	0	3.41	2	0
Ocular Infections [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	8.41	2	0
Eye Infections Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.	0	3.01	1	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	0	7.5	2	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	5.46	8	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	0	3.35	7	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	3.92	13	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	2.15	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	2.1	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	2.11	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	4.79	2	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	4.79	2	1
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	2.13	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	2.13	1	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	2.13	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	2.11	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	3.39	2	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	4.12	3	1
Corneal Endothelial Cell Damage [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	2.11	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	2.71	3	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	2.11	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	6.02	5	2
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	11.02	5	2
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	0	3.37	2	0
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	0	7.11	1	0
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	0	2.13	1	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	0	4.37	4	1
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	0	9.37	4	1
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Congenital Icthyosis Mental Retardation Spasticity Syndrome [description not available]	0	3	4	0
Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome An autosomal recessive neurocutaneous disorder characterized by severe ichthyosis MENTAL RETARDATION; SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA; and congenital ICHTHYOSIS. It is caused by mutation of gene encoding microsomal fatty ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE leading to defect in fatty alcohol metabolism.	0	3	4	0
Melena The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.	0	2.13	1	0
Pus [description not available]	0	7.13	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	7.13	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	0	2.49	2	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	3.06	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	4.77	4	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	4.77	4	0
Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.	0	2.15	1	0
Spider Veins [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	0	2.74	3	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	2.04	1	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	0	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	2.45	2	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	2.04	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	3.87	4	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	2.04	1	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	0	2.05	1	0
Uveitis, Posterior Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.	0	2.05	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	0	2.05	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	0	8.43	1	1
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	4.74	2	1
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	2.05	1	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	2.05	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	0	2.86	4	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.72	3	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	5.21	6	2
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	0	3.44	1	1
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	0	2.05	1	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.06	1	0
Fundus Flavimaculatus [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Stargardt Disease A juvenile-onset macular dystrophy characterized by progressive loss of VISUAL ACUITY with normal acuity in peripheral VISUAL FIELDS. Other associated clinical features may include LIPOFUSCIN fundus autofluorescence, atrophy of the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM, loss of color vision, PHOTOPHOBIA and PARACENTRAL SCOTOMA. Germline mutations in the ABCA4 gene have been identified in recessive and dominant diseases.	0	2.06	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	0	3.04	5	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	0	2.07	1	0
Drusen, Optic Disc [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Bone Spur [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Osteophytosis, Spinal [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	0	2.06	1	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	0	3.46	1	1
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	0	2.98	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	4.2	6	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	4.2	6	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	0	2.07	1	0
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Blepharospasm Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.	0	2.07	1	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	2.07	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Androgenization [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	7.37	2	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	0	2.07	1	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	0	3.47	1	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	2.41	2	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.48	2	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	2.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	2.07	1	0
Adenosis of Breast [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Fibrocystic Breast Disease A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.	0	2.07	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	0	2.08	1	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	2.08	1	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2.1	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	4.75	4	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.01	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	3.28	2	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	3.28	2	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Progressive Tapetochoroidal Dystrophy [description not available]	0	3.8	2	1
Choroideremia An X chromosome-linked abnormality characterized by atrophy of the choroid and degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium causing night blindness.	0	8.8	2	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	2.42	2	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	0	2.01	1	0
Infection [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	2.42	2	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	2.01	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	2.62	3	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	0	7.62	3	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	2.62	3	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	0	2.62	3	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	0	2.62	3	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	0	1.93	1	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	0	2.36	2	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	0	6.93	1	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	0	2.62	3	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	0	2.85	4	0
Placental Abruption [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Abruptio Placentae Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.	0	6.93	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	1.93	1	0
Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid Marked developmental anomalies of a fetus or infant.	0	1.93	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	2.62	3	0
Edema, Fetal [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	2.62	3	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	7.37	2	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	0	2.33	2	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	0	1.93	1	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	0	1.93	1	0
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	0	1.93	1	0
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.	0	1.93	1	0
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Struma Ovarii A rare teratoid tumor of the ovary composed almost entirely of thyroid tissue, with large follicles containing abundant colloid. Occasionally there are symptoms of hyperthyroidism. 5-10% of struma ovarii become malignant, the only absolute criterion for which is the presence of metastasis. (Dorland, 27th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	6.93	1	0
Endometrial Hyperplasia Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.	0	6.93	1	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	0	1.93	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	0	6.93	1	0
Chorioadenoma [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	2.93	4	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	0	2.41	2	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	0	2.7	3	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Latent Stage Syphilis [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	0	6.92	1	0
Echinostomiasis Infection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.	0	2.02	1	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	0	2.02	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	7.41	2	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	3.4	1	1
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	0	2.02	1	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	0	2.94	1	0
Fifth Phacomatosis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant.	0	2.02	1	0
Icterus [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	0	2.02	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	7.03	1	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	0	2.03	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.94	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	0	2.03	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	2.03	1	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	2.04	1	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	4.37	2	2
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.35	1	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	1.98	1	0
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.	0	1.98	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	2.67	3	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	0	1.98	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	1.98	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	0	2.4	2	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	1.99	1	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	2.39	2	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	4.71	2	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	4.71	2	1
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Adenomatous Polyps Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2	1	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2	1	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	0	2	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	7	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	7.39	2	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2	1	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	2	1	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	0	2	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	2	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	0	2.88	4	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	0	1.98	1	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	0	1.98	1	0
Fungus Poisoning [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	0	1.94	1	0

lutein

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (108)

Research Excerpts

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Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (108 Product(s))

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Roles (2)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (5)

Protein Targets (9)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (124)

Molecular Functions (34)

Ceullar Components (19)

Bioassays (21)

Research

Studies (2,680)

Study Types

lutein

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (108)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (108 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (2)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (5)

Protein Targets (9)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (124)

Molecular Functions (34)

Ceullar Components (19)

Bioassays (21)

Research

Studies (2,680)

Study Types

Related Drugs (530)

Related Conditions (559)