Compounds > artemether
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artemether

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Description

Artemether is a semisynthetic antimalarial drug derived from artemisinin, a natural compound extracted from the sweet wormwood plant (Artemisia annua). It is synthesized by reacting artemisinin with sodium borohydride. Artemether exhibits rapid and potent antimalarial activity, particularly against Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly species of malaria parasite. It is effective in treating both uncomplicated and severe malaria. Artemether's mechanism of action involves generating free radicals that disrupt the parasite's heme detoxification pathway, leading to oxidative stress and cell death. Its rapid action and effectiveness against multidrug-resistant parasites have made it a crucial component of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), the current gold standard for malaria treatment. Artemether is studied extensively to understand its pharmacokinetic properties, optimize its therapeutic efficacy, and explore its potential applications in other diseases, such as cancer and viral infections.'
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Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID68911
CHEMBL ID566534
CHEBI ID195280
SCHEMBL ID1650501
MeSH IDM0102449

Synonyms (70)

Synonym
AB00698368-05
qinghao
artemisininelactol methyl ether
sm-224
artemos
artenam
artimist
paluther
artemetheri
artemether (jan/usan/inn)
D02483
nsc 665970
hsdb 7456
artemetero [inn-spanish]
3,12-epoxy-12h-pyrano(4,3-j)-1,2-benzodioxepin, decahydro-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-, (3-alpha,5a-beta,6-beta,8a-beta,9-alpha,12-beta,12ar)-, (+)-
beta-dihydroartemisinin methyl ether
artemetherum [inn-latin]
methyl-dihydroartemisinine
beta-artemether
sm 224
dihydroquinghaosu methyl ether
artemether
methoxy(trimethyl)[?]
3,12-epoxy-12h-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin, decahydro-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-, (3r,5as,6r,8as,9r,10s,12r,12ar)-
dihydroartemisinin methyl ether
MLS001424249
smr000469218
cpd000469218
NCGC00164591-01
HMS2052L09
DB06697
10-methoxy-1,5,9-trimethyl-(1r,4s,5r,8s,9r,10s,12r,13r)-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.04,13.08,13]hexadecane
dihydroqinghaosu methyl ether
(1r,4s,5r,8s,9r,10s,12r,13r)-10-methoxy-1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.0^{4,13}.0^{8,13}]hexadecane
CHEBI:195280 ,
(1r,4s,5r,8s,9r,10s,12r,13r)-10-methoxy-1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.0;{4,13}.0;{8,13}]hexadecane
(3r,5as,6r,8as,9r,10s,12r,12ar)-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyldecahydro-3,12-epoxypyrano[4,3-j][1,2]benzodioxepine
artemetero
artemetherum
CHEMBL566534
dihydroartemisinin impurity g
unii-c7d6t3h22j
artemether [usan:inn:ban]
dtxcid30819889
dtxsid7040651 ,
cas-71963-77-4
tox21_112217
HMS2232J21
CCG-101180
HY-N0402
NC00430
SCHEMBL1650501
AB00698368_06
AKOS026750084
artemether, >=98% (hplc)
cgp 56696
artemether, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
(3r,5as,6r,8as,9r,10s,12r,12ar)-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyldecahydro-3h-3,12-epoxy[1,2]dioxepino[4,3-i]isochromene
bdbm50248200
Q416199
2-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxypyridinehydrochloride
Z1541759910
SXYIRMFQILZOAM-HVNFFKDJSA-N
beta artemether
AMY25769
gtpl9955
EN300-122380
d8z ,
(3r,5as,6r,8as,9r,10s,12r,12ar)-decahydro-10methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12h-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2benzodioxepin
artemether 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile

Research Excerpts

Overview

Artemether (ATM) is a natural antimalarial drug that can also regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Artemether-lumefantrine is a first-line regimen for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Artemether (ART) is a lactone with antitumor properties, demonstrating low bioavailability and water solubility."( Artemether-loaded polymeric lipid-core nanocapsules reduce cell viability and alter the antioxidant status of U-87 MG cells.
Andrade, CMB; Branco, CLB; Costa, SA; Cruz, L; da Conceição, AGB; da Silva, KP; Ferrarini, SR; Pires, J; Reis, ÉM; Sinhorin, AP, 2022)		2.89
"Artemether (ATM) is a natural antimalarial drug that can also regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. "( Therapeutic role of Artemether in the prevention of hepatic steatosis through miR-34a-5p/PPARα pathway.
Cao, X; Chen, L; Hong, S; Li, Y; Lin, X; Xiao, H; Yu, S; Zhu, X, 2023)		2.68
"Artemether is a well‑known Chinese herbal medicine, and its pharmacological action is related to the regulation of mitochondrial function and redox status."( Artemether ameliorates adriamycin induced cardiac atrophy in mice.
Dong, Y; Han, P; Shao, M; Sun, H; Wang, T; Weng, W; Yu, X, 2023)		3.07
"Artemether-lumefantrine is an artemisinin-based combination therapy for the treatment of malaria, which are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. "( Determine the enzymatic kinetic characteristics of CYP3A4 variants utilizing artemether-lumefantrine.
Cai, J; Chen, G; Hu, G; Jin, L; Li, J; Li, Q; Li, S; Li, Y; Qian, J; Zhang, X; Zhou, Q, 2023)		2.58
"Artemether is a natural compound derived from Artemisia annua L."( Artemether attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory bone loss by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via suppression of MAPK signaling pathway.
Hu, B; Meng, J; Shi, Z; Wu, H; Yan, S; Yang, Y; Zhao, X; Zhou, C; Zhou, X, 2018)		2.64
"Artemether-lumefantrine is a first-line regimen for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. "( Artemether-Lumefantrine Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Response Are Minimally Altered in Pregnant Ugandan Women Treated for Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria.
Achan, J; Aweeka, F; Huang, L; Kajubi, R; Kiconco, S; Mwebaza, N; Mwima, MW; Nguyen, VK; Nyunt, MM; Parikh, S; Ssebuliba, J, 2015)		3.3
"β-artemether (ARM) is a widely used anti-malarial drug isolated from the Chinese antimalarial plant, Artemisia annua. "( Solvents effects on crystallinity and dissolution of β-artemether
Gui, S; Guo, T; Singh, P; Singh, V; Sun, L; Wu, L; Xu, J; Xu, X; Yin, X; Zhang, J, 2017)		1.42
"Artemether (ART) is a well-described antimalarial with efficacy against juvenile schistosomes, with 7-day-old schistosomula being particularly susceptible. "( Artemether treatment of prepatent Schistosoma japonicum induces resistance to reinfection in association with reduced pathology.
Bartley, PB; Duke, M; Glanfield, A; Jones, MK; Li, Y; McManus, DP; Stanisic, DI, 2008)		3.23
"Artemether is an artemisinin derivative that is used as an antimalarial drug, especially in situations where chloroquine resistance is suspected. "( Artemether shows promising female schistosomicidal and ovicidal effects on the Egyptian strain of Schistosoma mansoni after maturity of infection.
Abdul-Ghani, R; Hassan, A; Loutfy, N; Sheta, M, 2011)		3.25
"Artemether is an efficacious antimalarial drug that also displays antischistosomal properties. "( Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral artemether for the prevention of patent Schistosoma haematobium infections.
Chollet, J; Gnaka, HN; Kigbafori, SD; Lengeler, C; N'Goran, EK; N'Guessan, NA; Shuhua, X; Tanner, M; Utzinger, J; Yapi, A, 2003)		2
"Artemether-Lumefantrine is a newly developed artemisinin-based combination agent for the treatment of uncomplicated multi-drug resistant malaria."( [An imported case of falciparum malaria successfully treated with Artemether-Lumefantrine in Japan].
Hatabu, T; Ishizaki, A; Kano, S; Kikuchi, Y; Oka, S; Yasuoka, A, 2003)		1.28
"Artemether is a good alternative drug to quinine for P."( A comparative clinical trial of artemether and quinine in children with severe malaria.
Afzal, K; Ali, SM; Huda, SN; Khan, HM; Shahab, T, 2003)		1.32
"Artemether is an efficacious antimalarial drug that also displays antischistosomal properties. "( Effect of artemether alone and in combination with grapefruit juice on hepatic drug-metabolising enzymes and biochemical aspects in experimental Schistosoma mansoni.
Badawy, AA; Ebeid, FA; El-Lakkany, NM; Seif el-Din, SH, 2004)		2.17
"Artemether is a derivative of the Chinese traditional remedy ginghaosu, and is chemically unrelated to quinine or other existing antimalarials."( Rapid coma resolution with artemether in Malawian children with cerebral malaria.
Chisale, M; Kazembe, P; Molyneux, ME; Ratsma, EY; Taylor, TE; Wills, BA; Wirima, JJ, 1993)		1.2
"Artemether is a new antimalarial agent that clears parasites from the circulation more rapidly than quinine, but its effect on mortality is unclear."( A trial of artemether or quinine in children with cerebral malaria.
Bennett, S; Enwere, G; Forck, S; Frenkel, J; Greenwood, B; Jaffar, S; Kwiatkowski, D; Nusmeijer, A; Onyiorah, E; Palmer, A; Schneider, G; van Hensbroek, MB, 1996)		1.41
"Artemether is a satisfactory alternative to quinine for the treatment of severe malaria in adults."( A controlled trial of artemether or quinine in Vietnamese adults with severe falciparum malaria.
Day, NP; Dinh, XS; Ha, V; Ly, VC; Nguyen, HP; Nguyen, TH; Peto, TE; Pham, PL; Tran, TH; Waller, D; White, NJ, 1996)		2.05
"Coartemether is a fixed 1:6 ratio of artemether and lumefantrine (benflumetol), a joint development between Novartis Pharma and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences (Beijing, China). "( Positioning, labelling, and medical information control of co-artemether tablets (CPG 56697): a fixed novel combination of artemether and benflumetol. Novartis Co-Artemether International Development Team.
Mull, R; Skelton-Stroud, P, 1998)		1.26
"Artemether is a new and effective treatment for malaria, although relapse is a problem in monotherapy. "( The effect of grapefruit juice on the time-dependent decline of artemether plasma levels in healthy subjects.
Gupta, V; van Agtmael, MA; van Boxtel, CJ; van der Graaf, CA, 1999)		1.98
"Artemether-lumefantrine is a new fixed antimalarial combination effective against multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. "( No evidence of cardiotoxicity during antimalarial treatment with artemether-lumefantrine.
Ezzet, F; Gathmann, I; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; van Vugt, M; White, NJ; Wilairatana, P, 1999)		1.98
"Co-artemether is an oral tablet of artemether (20 mg) and lumefantrine (120 mg) for the treatment of falciparum malaria. "( Cardiac effects of co-artemether (artemether/lumefantrine) and mefloquine given alone or in combination to healthy volunteers.
Bindschedler, M; Ezzet, F; Lefèvre, G; Meyer, I; Schaeffer, N; Thomsen, MS, 2000)		1.24
"Artemether is an oil-soluble methyl ether of artemesinin (qinghaosu). "( Comparison of artemether and chloroquine for severe malaria in Gambian children.
Brewster, D; Chapman, D; Crawley, J; Greenwood, BM; Nosten, F; Waller, D; White, NJ, 1992)		2.09

Effects

Artemether has an active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin. Artemether-lumefantrine has a high cure rate irrespective of whether given under supervision with food or under conditions of routine clinic practice.

Artemether has the potential to be an alternative antimalarial for multiple drug resistant falciparum malaria. Artemether-lumefantrine has a high cure rate irrespective of whether given under supervision with food or under conditions of routine clinic practice.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Artemether has an active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine or darunavir/ritonavir and artemether/lumefantrine in healthy volunteers: a two-panel, two-way, two-period, randomized trial.
DeMasi, R; Kakuda, TN; Mohammed, P; van Delft, Y, 2013)		1.34
"Artemether-lumefantrine has a high cure rate irrespective of whether given under supervision with food or under conditions of routine clinic practice. "( Supervised versus unsupervised intake of six-dose artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mbarara, Uganda: a randomised trial.
Babigumira, J; Bajunirwe, F; Biraro, S; Checchi, F; Ferradini, L; Fogg, C; Grandesso, F; Guthmann, JP; Kigozi, I; Kiguli, J; Kyomuhendo, J; Piola, P; Ruzagira, E; Taylor, W, )		1.83
"Artemether has biological effects by targeting mitochondria and exhibits potential therapeutic value for kidney disease."( Artemether ameliorates kidney injury by restoring redox imbalance and improving mitochondrial function in Adriamycin nephropathy in mice.
Cai, Y; Chen, Y; Han, P; Shao, M; Sun, H; Wang, M; Wang, T; Wang, Y; Weng, W; Yu, X; Zhan, H, 2021)		2.79
"Artemether has an active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine or darunavir/ritonavir and artemether/lumefantrine in healthy volunteers: a two-panel, two-way, two-period, randomized trial.
DeMasi, R; Kakuda, TN; Mohammed, P; van Delft, Y, 2013)		1.34
"Artemether also has potential therapeutic effects against tumors."( Artemether combined with shRNA interference of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 significantly inhibited the malignant biological behavior of human glioma cells.
Hu, Y; Li, Z; Liu, YH; Wang, P; Wang, YB; Xue, YX; Yao, YL; Yu, B, 2013)		2.55
"Artemether has been used for a long time in the treatment of malaria as safe and non expensive drug. "( Preparation and optimization of transferrin-modified-artemether lipid nanospheres based on the orthogonal design of emulsion formulation and physically electrostatic adsorption.
Eltayeb, SE; Li, S; Ping, Q; Shi, Y; Su, Z; Xiao, Y, 2013)		2.08
"The artemether patch has long-releasing property."( [Studies on pharmacokinetics of artemether patch in mice].
He, C; Li, JS; Liang, BW; Wang, NJ; Yang, HS; Ye, ZG, 2008)		1.19
"Artemether-lumefantrine has become one of the most widely used antimalarial drugs in the world. "( Population pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine in pregnant women treated with artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
Annerberg, A; Ashley, EA; Day, NP; Kamanikom, B; Lindegardh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Pimanpanarak, M; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; Tarning, J; White, NJ, 2009)		2.03
"Artemether has also been developed as an antischistosomal agent, exhibiting highest activity against immature parasites."( Selection and reversal of Plasmodium berghei resistance in the mouse model following repeated high doses of artemether.
Cai, Y; Chollet, J; Tanner, M; Utzinger, J; Xiao, SH; Yao, JM, 2004)		1.26
"Artemether-lumefantrine has potential advantages over non-artemisinin regimens because of the faster clearance time and gametocyte clearance."( Artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated malaria: a systematic review.
Gamble, C; Garner, P; Omari, AA, 2004)		2.49
"Artemether-lumefantrine has a high cure rate irrespective of whether given under supervision with food or under conditions of routine clinic practice. "( Supervised versus unsupervised intake of six-dose artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mbarara, Uganda: a randomised trial.
Babigumira, J; Bajunirwe, F; Biraro, S; Checchi, F; Ferradini, L; Fogg, C; Grandesso, F; Guthmann, JP; Kigozi, I; Kiguli, J; Kyomuhendo, J; Piola, P; Ruzagira, E; Taylor, W, )		1.83
"Artemether has the potential to be an alternative antimalarial for multiple drug resistant falciparum malaria. "( Artemether in the treatment of multiple drug resistant falciparum malaria.
Bunnag, D; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J, 1992)		3.17

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Artemether could increase both DTH reaction and the production of hemagglutinating antibody in normal mice. "( Antitumor and immunomodulatory properties of artemether and its ability to reduce CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T reg cells in vivo.
Farsam, V; Hassan, ZM; Mahdavi, M; Noori, S; Ranjbar, M; Zavaran-Hosseini, A, 2011)		2.07

Treatment

Artemether treatment markedly aggravated anemia within 24 h. Artemether-treated mice showed lower FBG and HbA1c and reduced urinary albumin excretion.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Artemether-treated mice showed lower FBG and HbA1c and reduced urinary albumin excretion, as well as urinary NAG."( Artemether Alleviates Diabetic Kidney Disease by Modulating Amino Acid Metabolism.
Cai, Y; Chen, Y; Ge, N; Gu, X; Han, P; Huang, J; Rong, G; Shao, M; Sun, H; Weng, W; Wu, X; Yu, X; Yuan, R, 2022)		2.89
"Artemether treatment markedly aggravated anemia within 24 h."( Whole blood transfusion improves vascular integrity and increases survival in artemether-treated experimental cerebral malaria.
Ackerman, HC; Carvalho, LJM; Conceição, FG; Daniel-Ribeiro, CT; Gul, S; Moreira, AS; Ribeiro-Gomes, FL; Sanches, GS, 2021)		1.57
"Artemether treatment resulted in total and female worm burden reductions ranging between 71.1% and 85.3%, whereas mefloquine achieved total and female worm burden reductions of 80.4-97.8%."( Activity of artemether and mefloquine against juvenile and adult Schistosoma mansoni in athymic and immunocompetent NMRI mice.
Doenhoff, MJ; Keiser, J; Vargas, M, 2010)		1.46
"The artemether treatment (5 d intramuscular regimen) was effective and the drug was well tolerated."( The efficacy of artemether in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Sudan.
Abedelrahim, AM; Ali, AE; Elhassan, IM; Elkhalifa, AA; Fadul, I; Ming, C; Satti, GH; Theander, TG, )		0.96
"artemether treatment: 3.2 mg kg-1 on day 0 and 0.8 mg kg-1 on days 1-4 (treatment R)."( Dose-finding and efficacy study for i.m. artemotil (beta-arteether) and comparison with i.m. artemether in acute uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria.
Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Lugt, ChB; Oosterhuis, B; Peeters, PA; Peggins, JO; Schilizzi, BM; Sollie, FA; Wilairatana, P, 2002)		1.26
"Treatment with artemether was started when the parasite density exceeded 70,000/microL."( Laboratory evaluation of the ict malaria P.f./P.v. immunochromatographic test for detecting the panmalarial antigen using a rodent malaria model.
Arai, M; Ishii, A; Matsuoka, H, 2004)		0.66
"Treatment with artemether resulted in decreased worm body size, expansion of the pharynx and dilation of the gut with marked reduction in pigment."( Effect of artemether on Schistosoma mansoni: dose-efficacy relationship, and changes in worm morphology and histopathology.
Chollet, J; Guo, J; Tanner, M; Utzinger, J; Wu, JT; Xiao, SH, 2004)		1.07

Toxicity

Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and dihydroart Artemisinin-piperaquine (DP) No major adverse events were recorded for either treatment group. Five patients on artemether had a transient spike of temperature after clearance of parasitaemia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" No major adverse events were recorded for either treatment group although five patients on artemether had a transient spike of temperature after clearance of parasitaemia."( A comparative study of the schizontocidal efficacy and safety of artemether versus chloroquine in uncomplicated malaria.
Chandiwana, S; Mharakurwa, S; Mutetwa, S; Neill, P; Simooya, O; Stein, M, 1992)		0.74
" There were no major adverse events with either drug."( Efficacy and safety of CGP 56697 (artemether and benflumetol) compared with chloroquine to treat acute falciparum malaria in Tanzanian children aged 1-5 years.
Abdulla, S; Beck, HP; Gathmann, I; Hatz, C; Kibatala, P; Mull, R; Royce, C; Schellenberg, D; Tanner, M, 1998)		0.58
" Their toxicity may be due to an interaction of iron with the endoperoxide bridge of the derivative to produce toxic free radicals and/or other toxic metabolites."( The role of iron in neurotoxicity: a study of novel antimalarial drugs.
Edwards, G; Maggs, JL; McLean, WG; Park, BK; Smith, SL; Ward, SA, )		0.13
" In this assay, dihydroartemisinin is significantly more toxic than artemether or arteether."( In vitro neurotoxicity of artemisinin derivatives.
McLean, WG; Ward, SA, 1998)		0.54
" There was no difference in the incidence of possible adverse effects between the two drugs, and no evidence that either derivative caused allergic reactions, neurologic or psychiatric reactions, or cardiovascular or dermatologic toxicity."( Adverse effects in patients with acute falciparum malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives.
Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Kham, A; Luxemburger, C; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Phaipun, L; Price, R; Simpson, J; ter Kuile, F; van Vugt, M; White, NJ, 1999)		0.3
" The most commonly reported and possibly related adverse effects following A-L therapy involved the gastro-intestinal (abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea) and central nervous (headache, dizziness) systems."( An integrated assessment of the clinical safety of artemether-lumefantrine: a new oral fixed-dose combination antimalarial drug.
Alteri, E; Bakshi, R; Gathmann, I; Hermeling-Fritz, I, )		0.38
" Dihydroartemisinin (DQHS), a more toxic and active metabolite of AE, was also analyzed."( Neurotoxicity and efficacy of arteether related to its exposure times and exposure levels in rodents.
Gettayacamin, M; Kyle, DE; Li, QG; Milhous, WK; Mog, SR; Si, YZ, 2002)		0.31
"Proportion of treatment success and adverse drug effects that required discontinuation of treatment and/or follow-up."( Safety and efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ethiopia.
Argaw, D; Babaniyi, O; Jima, D; Kebede, A; Medhin, A; Tesfaye, G, 2005)		0.64
"8) and no adverse effects or complaints related to the drug that required discontinuation of treatment or withdrawal from follow-up was reported."( Safety and efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ethiopia.
Argaw, D; Babaniyi, O; Jima, D; Kebede, A; Medhin, A; Tesfaye, G, 2005)		0.64
"1%) clinical and parasitological cure for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with no reports of adverse reaction that required withdrawal of treatment or discontinuation of follow-up."( Safety and efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ethiopia.
Argaw, D; Babaniyi, O; Jima, D; Kebede, A; Medhin, A; Tesfaye, G, 2005)		0.64
" The main finding of this analysis is that the six-dose regimen of coartemether is safe and more efficacious than the four-dose regimen in children."( Efficacy and safety of the six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine in pediatrics with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a pooled analysis of individual patient data.
Andriano, K; De Palacios, PI; Falade, C; Hunt, P; Karbwang, J; Makanga, M; Mueller, EA; Premji, Z, 2006)		0.83
" Artemether was administered orally or intramuscularly; sheep were monitored for 8 h posttreatment and then once daily for adverse events, and drug efficacy was estimated by fecal egg count reductions and worm burden reductions."( Efficacy and safety of artemether against a natural Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep.
Cringoli, G; Keiser, J; Mezzino, L; Rinaldi, L; Tanner, M; Utzinger, J; Veneziano, V, 2008)		1.57
" Participants were actively monitored for adverse events for 28 days and then passively for up to 63 days after treatment."( Safety and tolerability of artemether-lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for malaria in young HIV-infected and uninfected children.
Arinaitwe, E; Bigira, V; Dorsey, G; Gasasira, A; Homsy, J; Kakuru, A; Kamya, MR; Katrak, S; Sandison, TG; Tappero, JW; Wanzira, H, 2009)		0.65
" Most adverse events were rare, with only cough, diarrhoea, vomiting, and anaemia occurring in more than 1% of treatments."( Safety and tolerability of artemether-lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for malaria in young HIV-infected and uninfected children.
Arinaitwe, E; Bigira, V; Dorsey, G; Gasasira, A; Homsy, J; Kakuru, A; Kamya, MR; Katrak, S; Sandison, TG; Tappero, JW; Wanzira, H, 2009)		0.65
"Both AL and DP were safe and well tolerated for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in young HIV-infected and uninfected children."( Safety and tolerability of artemether-lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for malaria in young HIV-infected and uninfected children.
Arinaitwe, E; Bigira, V; Dorsey, G; Gasasira, A; Homsy, J; Kakuru, A; Kamya, MR; Katrak, S; Sandison, TG; Tappero, JW; Wanzira, H, 2009)		0.65
" Large clinical studies and meta-analyses did not show serious side effects, although proper monitoring of adverse effects in developing countries might not be a trivial task."( Toxicity of the antimalarial artemisinin and its dervatives.
Efferth, T; Kaina, B, 2010)		0.36
"0%) adverse events in 849 patients assigned to pyronaridine-artesunate and 241 (57."( Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose oral combination of pyronaridine-artesunate compared with artemether-lumefantrine in children and adults with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a randomised non-inferiority trial.
Bedu-Addo, G; Bhatt, KM; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Bustos, DG; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Gaye, O; Kayentao, K; Sesay, SS; Shin, CS; Thompson, R; Tjitra, E; Tshefu, AK, 2010)		0.58
"5 mg/kg for 7-28 days, indicating that the safe dosing duration in monkeys should be longer than 7 days under the exposure."( Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (TK/TD) evaluation to determine and predict the neurotoxicity of artemisinins.
Hickman, M; Li, Q, 2011)		0.37
" The primary end point was parasitological cure on day 28 while the secondary end points included: improvement in haemoglobin levels and occurrence, and severity of adverse events."( Therapeutic efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in North-Eastern Tanzania.
Buza, J; Ishengoma, DS; Lemnge, MM; Mandara, CI; Shahada, F; Shayo, A, 2014)		0.68
" Reported adverse events included cough (49."( Therapeutic efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in North-Eastern Tanzania.
Buza, J; Ishengoma, DS; Lemnge, MM; Mandara, CI; Shahada, F; Shayo, A, 2014)		0.68
" Adverse events though common were similar between treatment arms and mostly related to the disease."( Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose artesunate-amodiaquine vs. artemether-lumefantrine for repeated treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Ugandan children.
Afizi, K; Fredrick, M; Kamya, MR; Lameyre, V; Lukwago, R; Talisuna, AO; Yeka, A, 2014)		0.64
"Plasmodium falciparum sporozite (PfSPZ) Vaccine is a metabolically active, non-replicating, whole malaria sporozoite vaccine that has been reported to be safe and protective against P falciparum controlled human malaria infection in malaria-naive individuals."( Safety and efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum via direct venous inoculation in healthy malaria-exposed adults in Mali: a randomised, double-blind phase 1 trial.
Abebe, Y; Billingsley, PF; Chakravarty, S; Diallo, H; Ding, K; Dolo, A; Doumbo, O; Duffy, PE; Fay, MP; Gabriel, EE; Guindo, MA; Gunasekera, A; Healy, SA; Hoffman, SL; James, ER; Kamate, B; Katile, A; Li, M; Manoj, A; Murshedkar, T; Niangaly, A; Niaré, K; Nutman, TB; O'Connell, EM; Omaswa, F; Richie, TL; Ruben, AJ; Samake, Y; Sim, BKL; Sissoko, K; Sissoko, MS; Thera, I; Walther, M; Wong-Madden, S; Zaidi, I; Zeguime, A, 2017)		0.46
" We detected no significant differences in local or systemic adverse events or laboratory abnormalities between the PfSPZ Vaccine and placebo groups, and only grade 1 (mild) local or systemic adverse events occurred in both groups."( Safety and efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum via direct venous inoculation in healthy malaria-exposed adults in Mali: a randomised, double-blind phase 1 trial.
Abebe, Y; Billingsley, PF; Chakravarty, S; Diallo, H; Ding, K; Dolo, A; Doumbo, O; Duffy, PE; Fay, MP; Gabriel, EE; Guindo, MA; Gunasekera, A; Healy, SA; Hoffman, SL; James, ER; Kamate, B; Katile, A; Li, M; Manoj, A; Murshedkar, T; Niangaly, A; Niaré, K; Nutman, TB; O'Connell, EM; Omaswa, F; Richie, TL; Ruben, AJ; Samake, Y; Sim, BKL; Sissoko, K; Sissoko, MS; Thera, I; Walther, M; Wong-Madden, S; Zaidi, I; Zeguime, A, 2017)		0.46
"0%) patients experienced at least one drug-related adverse event (AE)."( Safety and tolerability of artesunate-amodiaquine, artemether-lumefantrine and quinine plus clindamycin in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Fungula, B; Inocencio da Luz, R; Kalabuanga, M; Lula Ntamba, Y; Lutumba, P; Muhindo Mavoko, H; Ntamabyaliro Nsengi, PM; Tona Lutete, G; Van Geertruyden, JP, 2019)		0.77
" Reactive focal mass drug administration (rfMDA) may be safe and more effective."( Effectiveness and safety of reactive focal mass drug administration (rfMDA) using dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine to reduce malaria transmission in the very low-endemic setting of Eswatini: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial.
Baltzell, K; Benjamin-Chung, J; Bhangu, K; Dlamini, B; Dlamini, N; Dufour, MK; Gosling, R; Greenhouse, B; Helb, D; Hsiang, MS; Kalungero, M; Kunene, S; Malambe, C; Maphalala, G; Mngadi, N; Nhlabathi, N; Ntshalintshali, N; Pindolia, D; Prach, LM; Tesfa, G; Vilakati, S; Whittemore, B, 2021)		0.62
" No serious adverse events occurred."( Effectiveness and safety of reactive focal mass drug administration (rfMDA) using dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine to reduce malaria transmission in the very low-endemic setting of Eswatini: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial.
Baltzell, K; Benjamin-Chung, J; Bhangu, K; Dlamini, B; Dlamini, N; Dufour, MK; Gosling, R; Greenhouse, B; Helb, D; Hsiang, MS; Kalungero, M; Kunene, S; Malambe, C; Maphalala, G; Mngadi, N; Nhlabathi, N; Ntshalintshali, N; Pindolia, D; Prach, LM; Tesfa, G; Vilakati, S; Whittemore, B, 2021)		0.62
"In drug trials, clinical adverse events (AEs), concomitant medication and laboratory safety outcomes are repeatedly collected to support drug safety evidence."( Joint modelling of multivariate longitudinal clinical laboratory safety outcomes, concomitant medication and clinical adverse events: application to artemisinin-based treatment during pregnancy clinical trial.
Chapotera, G; Chirwa, T; D'Alessandro, U; Kazembe, L; Laufer, MK; Mathanga, D; Mukaka, M; Mwapasa, V; Patson, N, 2021)		0.62
" Safety was based on assessment of adverse events (AEs) and severe adverse events (SAEs) from day 1 to day 28."( Effectiveness and safety of artesunate-amodiaquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for home-based treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria among children 6-120 months in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a randomized trial.
Aboh, PM; Adzemye, LM; Akam, LF; Ali, IM; Alifrangis, M; Ambani, MCE; Ango, Z; Bigoga, JD; Chedjou, JPK; Dinza, G; Dongmo, CH; Douanla, A; Ewane, MS; Fomboh, CT; Fosah, DA; Kotcholi, GB; Ludovic, AJ; Mbacham, WF; Moyeh, MN; Nana, WD; Ndikum, VN; Ngu, JA; Niba, PTN; Nji, AM; Nna, DRA; Oben, OLA; Omgba, PAM; Selly-Ngaloumo, AA; Tatah, FM; Ticha, JT, 2022)		0.97
" Expected mild to moderate adverse events were reported in both arms [AS-AQ = 83 (84."( Effectiveness and safety of artesunate-amodiaquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for home-based treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria among children 6-120 months in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a randomized trial.
Aboh, PM; Adzemye, LM; Akam, LF; Ali, IM; Alifrangis, M; Ambani, MCE; Ango, Z; Bigoga, JD; Chedjou, JPK; Dinza, G; Dongmo, CH; Douanla, A; Ewane, MS; Fomboh, CT; Fosah, DA; Kotcholi, GB; Ludovic, AJ; Mbacham, WF; Moyeh, MN; Nana, WD; Ndikum, VN; Ngu, JA; Niba, PTN; Nji, AM; Nna, DRA; Oben, OLA; Omgba, PAM; Selly-Ngaloumo, AA; Tatah, FM; Ticha, JT, 2022)		0.97
"This study demonstrated that AS-AQ and AL are effective and safe for home management of malaria in Yaoundé."( Effectiveness and safety of artesunate-amodiaquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for home-based treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria among children 6-120 months in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a randomized trial.
Aboh, PM; Adzemye, LM; Akam, LF; Ali, IM; Alifrangis, M; Ambani, MCE; Ango, Z; Bigoga, JD; Chedjou, JPK; Dinza, G; Dongmo, CH; Douanla, A; Ewane, MS; Fomboh, CT; Fosah, DA; Kotcholi, GB; Ludovic, AJ; Mbacham, WF; Moyeh, MN; Nana, WD; Ndikum, VN; Ngu, JA; Niba, PTN; Nji, AM; Nna, DRA; Oben, OLA; Omgba, PAM; Selly-Ngaloumo, AA; Tatah, FM; Ticha, JT, 2022)		0.97
"25 mg/kg single-dose primaquine is safe and sufficient to reduce transmission of gametocytes in individuals with no, reduced, or increased CYP2D6 enzyme activity."( A single low dose of primaquine is safe and sufficient to reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes regardless of cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme activity in Bagamoyo district, Tanzania.
Kweka, E; Mårtensson, A; Mmbando, BP; Msolo, D; Mwaiswelo, RO; Ngasala, B, 2022)		0.72
" Separate network meta-analyses in the frequentist framework, using a random effects model, with quinine as reference, were conducted for adults and children, and rankings were produced using p-scores to assess mortality, parasite clearance, coma recovery, fever clearance, neurological sequela and adverse events."( Comparative efficacy and safety of the artemisinin derivatives compared to quinine for treating severe malaria in children and adults: A systematic update of literature and network meta-analysis.
Amoh, G; Amuzu, DSY; Andoh, NE; Ansong, M; Hirst, J; Nyaaba, N; Ordóñez-Mena, JM, 2022)		0.72
" The intervention was generally well tolerated, with two grade 3 adverse events of neutropenia, and no serious adverse events."( Safety, Tolerability, and Parasite Clearance Kinetics in Controlled Human Malaria Infection after Direct Venous Inoculation of Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoites: A Model for Evaluating New Blood-Stage Antimalarial Drugs.
Barnes, KI; Berghmans, PJ; Chalon, S; Chughlay, MF; El Gaaloul, M; Escoffier, E; Flynn, J; Gobeau, N; Izquierdo-Juncàs, D; Jansen, B; Kümmel, A; Marx, MW; Mitov, V; Möhrle, JJ; Rosanas-Urgell, A; Van Geertruyden, JP; Van Leuven, K, 2022)		0.72
" Besides, no adverse events occurred in both groups."( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of artemether emulsion on localized senile pruritus: A randomized pilot study.
Fei, JB; He, HQ; Pei, Q; Qin, HH; Shen, WT; Wang, GJ; Yu, Y, 2022)		0.99
" No serious adverse events were reported during the 28 days follow-up."( Safety and therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria at Shecha health centre, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
Abay, SM; Assefa, A; Assefa, G; Bekele, W; Gidey, B; Gubae, K; Haile, M; Hailgiorgis, H; Mare, AK; Mohammed, H; Sime, H; Tasew, G, 2023)		1.19
" Adverse events in both treatment arms were mild and similar to the symptoms of malaria infection."( Efficacy and safety of pyronaridine-artesunate versus artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria in children in South-West Nigeria: an open-labelled randomized controlled trial.
Adedapo, AD; Anjorin, OE; Falade, CO; Funwei, RI; Michael, OS; Mokuolu, OA; Olusanya, AL; Olusola, FI; Orimadegun, AE; Orimadegun, BE, 2023)		1.16
" Artemisinin-based combination treatments are generally well tolerated, safe and effective; the most used being artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP)."( Efficacy and safety of pyronaridine-artesunate (PYRAMAX) for the treatment of
D'Alessandro, U; Dabira, ED; Diakite, H; Djimde, M; Dorlo, TP; Erhart, A; González, R; Kabore, B; Kayentao, K; Keita, M; Macuacua, S; Menendez, C; Mens, P; Muhindo, HM; Piqueras, M; Sagara, I; Schallig, H; Sevene, E; Tinto, H; Traore, M; Tshiongo, JK; Vala, A, 2023)		1.12

Pharmacokinetics

There are sparse published data relating to the pharmacokinetic properties of artemether, lumefantrine, an antimalarial described as a substrate (and possible inhibitor) of CYP3A4. This article describes the clinically observedArtemether exposure data in pediatric populations across various age groups and body weights.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In theory, short half-life compounds reduce the selective pressure for resistance, which may be a major determinant of the useful therapeutic life of an antimalarial drug."( Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of new antimalarials.
Watkins, WM, 1995)		0.29
" Tmax was also delayed with the combination regimen [14 (5-24) vs 6 (4-16) h]."( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine, when given alone and in combination with artemether, in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria.
Banmairuroi, V; Karbwang, J; Molunto, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1995)		0.52
"The relatively short half-life of ARM may be one of the factors responsible for the poor radical cure rate of falciparum malaria with regimens employing daily dosing."( Single dose pharmacokinetics of oral artemether in healthy Malaysian volunteers.
Mansor, SM; Mordi, MN; Navaratnam, V; Wernsdorfer, WH, 1997)		0.57
" The resulting pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were substantially different not only between drugs but also between routes of administration for the same drug."( The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin, arteether, artemether, artesunic acid and artelinic acid in rats.
Brewer, TG; Fleckenstein, LL; Heiffer, MH; Li, QG; Masonic, K; Peggins, JO, 1998)		0.53
" Patients with ARF had significantly higher Cmax [2."( Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artemether in patients with severe falciparum malaria with or without acute renal failure.
Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Rimchala, W; Sukontason, K; Tin, T, 1998)		0.58
" Elimination of pyrimethamine was however, a relatively slow process compared with artemether, and thus resulted in a long terminal phase elimination half-life (50-106 hours)."( Pharmacokinetic interactions of artemether and pyrimethamine in healthy male Thais.
Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Tan-ariya, P; Thanavibul, A; Thipawangkosol, P; Ubalee, R, 1998)		0.81
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of artemether and benflumetol in a fixed combination tablet (CGP 56697) and to offer an explanation for the lower than expected cure rate in a Thai clinical trial."( Population pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response of CGP 56697 (artemether + benflumetol) in malaria patients.
Ezzet, F; Karbwang, J; Mull, R, 1998)		0.77
" Parasite clearance time and 28 day cure rate were correlated with the derived pharmacokinetic parameters."( Population pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response of CGP 56697 (artemether + benflumetol) in malaria patients.
Ezzet, F; Karbwang, J; Mull, R, 1998)		0.54
"Using a population-based approach it was confirmed that the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of benflumetol and artemether differ markedly."( Population pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response of CGP 56697 (artemether + benflumetol) in malaria patients.
Ezzet, F; Karbwang, J; Mull, R, 1998)		0.74
" The pharmacokinetics of benflumetol were highly variable, with coefficients of variation in pharmacokinetic parameters ranging from 14."( Pharmacokinetics of benflumetol given as a fixed combination artemether-benflumetol (CGP 56697) in Thai patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria.
Farkad, E; Karbwang, J; Mull, R; Na-Bangchang, K; Tasanor, U; Thanavibul, A, 1999)		0.54
"The objective of this study was to conduct a prospective population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of lumefantrine during blinded comparisons of artemether-lumefantrine treatment regimens in uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lumefantrine (benflumetol) in acute falciparum malaria.
Ezzet, F; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; van Vugt, M; White, NJ, 2000)		0.5
"Forty-two healthy subjects were randomized in a parallel three-group design trial to investigate potential electrocardiographic and pharmacokinetic interactions between the new antimalarial co-artemether, a combination of artemether and lumefantrine (both of which are predominantly metabolized through CYP3A4), and mefloquine, another antimalarial described as a substrate (and possible inhibitor) of CYP3A4."( Pharmacokinetic interaction trial between co-artemether and mefloquine.
Bindschedler, M; Ezzet, F; Lefèvre, G; Meyer, I; Schaeffer, N; Thomsen, MS, 2000)		0.76
"The study was carried out to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between artemether (ARTEM) and quinoline antimalarials namely mefloquine (MQ), quinine (QN) and primaquine (PQ) when given concurrently."( Absence of significant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between artemether and quinoline antimalarials.
Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Saenglertsilapachai, S; Thanavibul, A; Ubalee, R, )		0.57
" The pharmacokinetic curves of artemether and its metabolites dihydroartemisinin and furano acetate of artemether were determined and the results showed that the half-life of artemether under the conditions simulated the pH of plasma or small intestine was more than 150 min and that of stomach acid was 74."( [Pharmacokinetic studies on artemether under conditions simulated in vivo].
Chen, YG; Yu, BY, 2002)		0.89
"4 (range 5-108) months were recruited into the study and data from 90 of these children (30 with respiratory distress and 60 with no respiratory distress) were used in the population pharmacokinetic analysis."( Population pharmacokinetics of artemether and dihydroartemisinin following single intramuscular dosing of artemether in African children with severe falciparum malaria.
Aarons, L; Edwards, G; Kokwaro, GO; Majid, O; Marsh, K; Mithwani, S; Mohamed, S; Muchohi, S; Watkins, W, 2004)		0.61
"The first-dose pharmacokinetic properties of intramuscular (i."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artesunate and artemether in patients with severe falciparum malaria.
Agus, C; Chiswell, GM; Chuong, LV; Davis, TM; Farrar, J; Hien, TT; Ilett, KF; Phu, NH; Sinh, DX; White, NJ, 2004)		0.56
" Since beta-arthemeter is now available, an open-label pharmacodynamic analysis was performed in 73 adults with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria."( Pharmacodynamic analysis of antimalarials used in Plasmodium falciparum imported malaria in northern Italy.
Calleri, G; Canta, F; Caramello, P; Cavecchia, I; Di Perri, G; Gobbi, F; Lipani, F; Sergi, G, )		0.13
" According to the pharmacodynamic parameters measured, no significant differences were recorded among patients with or without prior exposure to malaria."( Pharmacodynamic analysis of antimalarials used in Plasmodium falciparum imported malaria in northern Italy.
Calleri, G; Canta, F; Caramello, P; Cavecchia, I; Di Perri, G; Gobbi, F; Lipani, F; Sergi, G, )		0.13
" Plasma carbamazepine levels were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated."( Effects of artemisinin, artemether, arteether on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine.
Medhi, B; Pandhi, P; Sukhija, M, 2006)		0.64
" Plasma phenytoin levels were assayed by HPLC, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."( Effects of artemisinin, artemether, and arteether on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin.
Medhi, B; Pandhi, P; Sukhija, M, 2006)		0.64
"A six-dose antimalarial regimen of artemether-lumefantrine (A/L) may soon become one of the most widely used drug combination in Africa, despite possible constraints with adherence and poor absorption due to inadequate nutrition, and a lack of pharmacokinetic and effectiveness data."( Supervised versus unsupervised antimalarial treatment with six-dose artemether-lumefantrine: pharmacokinetic and dosage-related findings from a clinical trial in Uganda.
Babigumira, J; Bajunirwe, F; Biraro, S; Checchi, F; Ferradini, L; Fogg, C; Grandesso, F; Guthmann, JP; Kigozi, I; Kiguli, J; Kyomuhendo, J; Piola, P; Ruzagira, E; Taylor, WR, 2006)		0.85
"To determine the pharmacokinetic properties of artemether and lumefantrine (AL) in pregnant women with recrudescent uncomplicated multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria."( The pharmacokinetics of artemether and lumefantrine in pregnant women with uncomplicated falciparum malaria.
Ashley, EA; La, Y; Lindegardh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2006)		0.9
" Serial blood samples were taken over a 7-day period, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."( The pharmacokinetics of artemether and lumefantrine in pregnant women with uncomplicated falciparum malaria.
Ashley, EA; La, Y; Lindegardh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2006)		0.64
"To establish a HPLC-MS-MS determination method of artemether (ARM) and active derivatives DHA, and compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of ARM after transdermal and oral administration."( [Studies on pharmacokinetics of artemether patch in mice].
He, C; Li, JS; Liang, BW; Wang, NJ; Yang, HS; Ye, ZG, 2008)		0.88
" For artemether, trends toward Cmax and AUC decreases (Cmax 14."( Lopinavir/ritonavir affects pharmacokinetic exposure of artemether/lumefantrine in HIV-uninfected healthy volunteers.
Aweeka, FT; Charlebois, E; Dorsey, G; German, P; Hanpithakpong, W; Havlir, D; Lawrence, J; Lindegardh, N; Parikh, S; Rosenthal, PJ, 2009)		1.11
" The objective of this study was to determine the population pharmacokinetic properties of lumefantrine in pregnant women with uncomplicated multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria on the northwestern border of Thailand."( Population pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine in pregnant women treated with artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
Annerberg, A; Ashley, EA; Day, NP; Kamanikom, B; Lindegardh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Pimanpanarak, M; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; Tarning, J; White, NJ, 2009)		0.58
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) data informing the optimum dosing of these drug regimens is limited, especially in children."( Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda.
Annerberg, A; Aweeka, F; Clark, TD; Dorsey, G; Drysdale, T; German, P; Kalyango, JN; Kamya, MR; Lindegardh, N; McGee, B; Mwesigwa, J; Parikh, S; Rosenthal, PJ, 2010)		0.68
" The validated method was successfully applied to determine the plasma concentrations of artemether and lumefantrine in healthy volunteers, in a one-dose pharmacokinetic study, over the course of 11 days."( Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantitation of artemether and lumefantrine in human plasma: application for a pharmacokinetic study.
Bellorio, KB; César, IC; Chellini, PR; de Abreu, FC; Moreira, JM; Pianetti, GA; Ribeiro, JA; Teixeira, Lde S, 2011)		0.82
"The overall pharmacokinetic properties of artemether and dihydroartemisinin in healthy Pakistani subjects are comparable to healthy subjects and patients from other populations."( Pharmacokinetics of artemether and dihydroartemisinin in healthy Pakistani male volunteers treated with artemether-lumefantrine.
Ali, S; Lindegardh, N; Najmi, MH; Tarning, J, 2010)		0.95
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a new pediatric formulation of artemether-lumefantrine, dispersible tablet, were determined within the context of a multicenter, randomized, parallel-group study."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of a new pediatric formulation of artemether-lumefantrine in African children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
Abdulla, S; Bassat, Q; Borrmann, S; Djimdé, AA; Lefèvre, G; Lyimo, J; Mandomando, I; Tekete, M, 2011)		0.82
"There are sparse published data relating to the pharmacokinetic properties of artemether, lumefantrine, and their active metabolites in children, especially desbutyl-lumefantrine."( Population pharmacokinetics of artemether, lumefantrine, and their respective metabolites in Papua New Guinean children with uncomplicated malaria.
Davis, TM; Griffin, S; Ilett, KF; Kose, K; Mueller, I; Page-Sharp, M; Salman, S; Siba, PM, 2011)		0.88
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of artesunate, artemether and their metabolites dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide (DHA-glucuronide) were determined in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica."( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profile of artesunate, artemether and their metabolites in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica.
Cringoli, G; Duthaler, U; Huwyler, J; Keiser, J; Rinaldi, L, 2012)		0.88
" Pregnancy has been reported to alter the pharmacokinetic properties of many anti-malarial drugs."( Population pharmacokinetics of Artemether and dihydroartemisinin in pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda.
Day, NP; Dhorda, M; Guerin, PJ; Kloprogge, F; Lindegardh, N; Muwanga, S; Nosten, F; Nuengchamnong, N; Piola, P; Tarning, J; Turyakira, E; White, NJ, 2012)		0.66
" A simultaneous drug-metabolite population pharmacokinetic model for artemether and dihydroartemisinin was developed taking into account different disposition, absorption, error and covariate models."( Population pharmacokinetics of Artemether and dihydroartemisinin in pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda.
Day, NP; Dhorda, M; Guerin, PJ; Kloprogge, F; Lindegardh, N; Muwanga, S; Nosten, F; Nuengchamnong, N; Piola, P; Tarning, J; Turyakira, E; White, NJ, 2012)		0.9
" The objective was to investigate pharmacokinetic interactions between darunavir/ritonavir or etravirine and arthemether/lumefrantrine."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine or darunavir/ritonavir and artemether/lumefantrine in healthy volunteers: a two-panel, two-way, two-period, randomized trial.
DeMasi, R; Kakuda, TN; Mohammed, P; van Delft, Y, 2013)		0.62
"Pregnancy alters the pharmacokinetic properties of many drugs used in the treatment of malaria, usually resulting in lower drug exposures."( Pharmacokinetic properties of artemether, dihydroartemisinin, lumefantrine, and quinine in pregnant women with uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda.
Dhorda, M; Guerin, PJ; Jullien, V; Kloprogge, F; Nosten, F; Piola, P; Tarning, J; White, NJ, 2013)		0.68
" Computed descriptors often used to predict absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET) were used to assess the pharmacokinetic profiles of the isolated compounds."( New antimalarial hits from Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae)--part I: isolation, in vitro activity, in silico "drug-likeness" and pharmacokinetic profiles.
Ngemenya, MN; Ntie-Kang, F; Tane, P; Tematio, EL; Tene, M; Titanji, VP; Zofou, D, 2013)		0.39
" Plasma artemether and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) levels were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the data were analyzed using established population compartmental pharmacokinetic models."( Pharmacokinetics of a novel sublingual spray formulation of the antimalarial drug artemether in African children with malaria.
Bendel, D; Davis, TM; Lee, TC; Salman, S; Templeton, D, 2015)		1.08
" Population compartmental pharmacokinetic models were developed."( Pharmacokinetics of a novel sublingual spray formulation of the antimalarial drug artemether in healthy adults.
Bendel, D; Davis, TM; Lee, TC; Salman, S; Templeton, D, 2015)		0.64
" The observation of a shorter terminal half-life for lumefantrine may have contributed to a higher frequency of reinfection or a shorter posttreatment prophylactic period in pregnant women than in nonpregnant adults."( Artemether-Lumefantrine Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Response Are Minimally Altered in Pregnant Ugandan Women Treated for Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria.
Achan, J; Aweeka, F; Huang, L; Kajubi, R; Kiconco, S; Mwebaza, N; Mwima, MW; Nguyen, VK; Nyunt, MM; Parikh, S; Ssebuliba, J, 2015)		1.86
" In vivo pharmacodynamic properties (parasite clearance time, parasite reduction ratio, dose and regimen determination) against multidrug resistant (MDR) rodent malaria parasite and toxicological parameters (median lethal dose, liver function test, kidney function test) were also investigated."( Pyrrolidine-Acridine hybrid in Artemisinin-based combination: a pharmacodynamic study.
Batra, S; Biswas, S; Chauhan, BS; Gunjan, S; Pandey, SK; Singh, S; Singh, SK; Srivastava, K; Tripathi, R, 2016)		0.43
" This article describes the clinically observed artemether exposure data in pediatric populations across various age groups (1 month to 12 years) and body weights (<5 or ≥5 kg) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) mechanistic models."( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Describe Artemether Pharmacokinetics in Adult and Pediatric Patients.
Awasthi, R; Hamed, K; He, H; Heimbach, T; Jain, JP; Lin, W; Sunkara, G, 2016)		0.93
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (area under the plasma concentration vs."( Concomitant nevirapine impacts pharmacokinetic exposure to the antimalarial artemether-lumefantrine in African children.
Aweeka, FT; Barlow-Mosha, L; Carey, V; Gingrich, D; Graham, B; Huang, L; Kamthunzi, P; Lindsey, JC; Marzan, F; Nachman, S; Parikh, S; Ssemambo, PK, 2017)		0.68
" Fifteen of the 16 (aged 4 to 11 years) on nevirapine-based ART were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis."( Concomitant nevirapine impacts pharmacokinetic exposure to the antimalarial artemether-lumefantrine in African children.
Aweeka, FT; Barlow-Mosha, L; Carey, V; Gingrich, D; Graham, B; Huang, L; Kamthunzi, P; Lindsey, JC; Marzan, F; Nachman, S; Parikh, S; Ssemambo, PK, 2017)		0.68
" The pharmacokinetic differences among blood cells and plasma still remain unclear."( Comparison of in vitro/in vivo blood distribution and pharmacokinetics of artemisinin, artemether and dihydroartemisinin in rats.
Dai, R; Dai, T; Guo, Z; Jiang, W; Xie, Y, 2019)		0.74
"We developed a population pharmacokinetic model of dolutegravir with data from 26 healthy volunteers in two Phase 2 studies with a total of 403 dolutegravir plasma concentrations at steady state."( Dolutegravir pharmacokinetics during co-administration with either artemether/lumefantrine or artesunate/amodiaquine.
Denti, P; Kawuma, AN; Khoo, S; Lamorde, M; Pillai, GC; Walimbwa, SI; Wasmann, RE, 2021)		0.86
"The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of artemether, lumefantrine and their active metabolites in Plasmodium knowlesi malaria."( The pharmacokinetic properties of artemether and lumefantrine in Malaysian patients with Plasmodium knowlesi malaria.
Davis, TME; Davis, WA; Hii, KC; Page-Sharp, M; Salman, S; Singh, B; Sugiarto, SR, 2022)		1.23
" Multi-compartmental population pharmacokinetic models were developed using plasma with or without DBS drug concentrations."( The pharmacokinetic properties of artemether and lumefantrine in Malaysian patients with Plasmodium knowlesi malaria.
Davis, TME; Davis, WA; Hii, KC; Page-Sharp, M; Salman, S; Singh, B; Sugiarto, SR, 2022)		1
" DBS lumefantrine concentrations can be used in pharmacokinetic studies but DBS technology is currently unreliable for the other analytes."( The pharmacokinetic properties of artemether and lumefantrine in Malaysian patients with Plasmodium knowlesi malaria.
Davis, TME; Davis, WA; Hii, KC; Page-Sharp, M; Salman, S; Singh, B; Sugiarto, SR, 2022)		1
" The major limitations of the artemisinin combination therapy are erratic absorption from the injection site and high dosing frequency due to a very short elimination half-life of the drug."( Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, and Antimalarial Efficacy of Artemether-Loaded Polymeric Nanorods.
Bhide, AR; Dighe, VD; Jindal, AB; Jirwankar, YB; Katnoria, S; Kaur, S; Suri, M, 2023)		1.14

Compound-Compound Interactions

Artemether combined with primaquine and single artemether showed good therapeutic effects in falciparum malaria cases. All the three compounds showed synergistic effects with Artemether, unlike slight antagonistic interactions of atranorin and 2β,3β,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid in combination with quinine.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"To compare the therapeutic efficacy of oral artesunate and artemether in combination with mefloquine for the treatment of multidrug resistant malaria, a trial was conducted in 540 adults and children on the Thai-Myanmar border."( Artesunate versus artemether in combination with mefloquine for the treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria.
Brockman, A; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Kham, A; Luxemburger, C; Nosten, F; Price, RN; White, NJ, )		0.71
"To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of artemether combined with primaquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria."( [A study of artemether combined with primaquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria].
Elie, N; Gao, YQ; Huang, JR, 2001)		0.95
" Sixty-one cases were treated with artemether combined with primaquine (Group A used artemether orally, Group B used artemether intramuscularly)."( [A study of artemether combined with primaquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria].
Elie, N; Gao, YQ; Huang, JR, 2001)		0.97
"Artemether combined with primaquine and single artemether(via both routes) showed good therapeutic effects in falciparum malaria cases, while artemether combined with primaquine was more effective than single artemether in reducing relapes rate of malaria."( [A study of artemether combined with primaquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria].
Elie, N; Gao, YQ; Huang, JR, 2001)		2.13
" Competitive uptake of radiolabeled chloroquine and dihydroartemisinin in combination with other antimalarials was observed."( Effects of piperaquine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine on drug uptake and of these in combination with dihydroartemisinin against drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.
Adagu, IS; Fivelman, QL; Warhurst, DC, 2007)		0.34
"The purpose of the study is to explore the efficacy of mefloquine administered orally at single, multiple doses, or in combination with artesuante, artemether, or praziquantel in mouse--Schistosoma japonicum model."( Effect of mefloquine administered orally at single, multiple, or combined with artemether, artesunate, or praziquantel in treatment of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum.
Jiao, PY; Mei, JY; Xiao, SH, 2011)		0.8
" All the three compounds showed synergistic effects with artemether, unlike the slight antagonistic interactions of atranorin and 2β,3β,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid in combination with quinine."( Antimalarial drug interactions of compounds isolated from Kigelia africana (Bignoniaceae) and their synergism with artemether, against the multidrug-resistant W2mef Plasmodium falciparum strain.
Tane, P; Tene, M; Titanji, VP; Zofou, D, 2012)		0.83
" This study also demonstrated the effectiveness of high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with an online H/D exchange LC/HR-MS(n) technique in rapid identification of drug metabolites."( Metabolite identification of artemether by data-dependent accurate mass spectrometric analysis using an LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer in combination with the online hydrogen/deuterium exchange technique.
Du, F; Liu, T; Xing, J; Zhu, F, 2011)		0.66
"To investigate the association between vasculopathy and survival during experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), and to determine whether targeting the endothelin-1 (ET-1) pathway alone or in combination with the anti-malaria drug artemether (a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin) will improve microvascular hemorrhage and survival."( The novel ETA receptor antagonist HJP-272 prevents cerebral microvascular hemorrhage in cerebral malaria and synergistically improves survival in combination with an artemisinin derivative.
Bruno, FP; Dai, M; Desruisseaux, MS; Freeman, B; Reznik, SE; Shikani, HJ; Stephani, RA; Tanowitz, HB; Weiss, LM, 2012)		0.56
" In this work, we investigated the role and mechanism of artemether combined with shRNA interference of VCAM-1 (shRNA-VCAM-1) on the migration, invasion and apoptosis of glioma cells."( Artemether combined with shRNA interference of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 significantly inhibited the malignant biological behavior of human glioma cells.
Hu, Y; Li, Z; Liu, YH; Wang, P; Wang, YB; Xue, YX; Yao, YL; Yu, B, 2013)		2.08
" We undertook two pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers, using standard adult doses of artemether-lumefantrine or artesunate-amodiaquine given with 50 mg once daily dolutegravir (DTG) to investigate the drug-drug interaction between artemether-lumefantrine or artesunate-amodiaquine and dolutegravir."( Drug Interactions between Dolutegravir and Artemether-Lumefantrine or Artesunate-Amodiaquine.
Amara, A; Byakika-Kibwika, P; Chiong, J; Else, L; Gini, J; Kaboggoza, J; Khoo, SH; Lamorde, M; Tarning, J; Waitt, C; Walimbwa, SI; Winterberg, M, 2019)		1
" The results highlighted the possibility of using (ω-3) PUFA combined with ART as a novel anti-schistosomal combination therapy."( Effect of omega-3 fatty acids administered as monotherapy or combined with artemether on experimental Schistosoma mansoni infection.
Abd El-Mageed, SA; Abdalla, HA; El-Beshbishi, SN; El-Nemr, HEE; Saleh, NE; Shebl, AM; Taman, A, 2019)		0.74
" Although the clinical importance remains unclear to date, clinicians should be aware of potential drug-drug interactions and monitor patients on ACT closely."( Drug-Drug Interactions of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies in Malaria Treatment: A Narrative Review of the Literature.
Grundmann, O; Hernandez Maldonado, J, 2022)		0.72

Bioavailability

Grapefruit juice significantly increases the oral bioavailability of artemether without an effect on the elimination half-life. The variability in bioavailability was large both between doses and between patients, but was less pronounced for benflumetol. The mean (95% CI) relative bioavailability compared with oral artem ether in the 6 h following administration AUC (0.01) was 0.02.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The mean (95% CI) relative bioavailability compared with oral artemether in the 6 h following administration AUC (0."( Comparative bioavailability of oral, rectal, and intramuscular artemether in healthy subjects: use of simultaneous measurement by high performance liquid chromatography and bioassay.
Brewer, TG; Kyle, DE; Luxemburger, C; Nosten, F; Peggins, JO; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1996)		0.77
" We conclude that the bioavailability of intramuscular AM in children with severe malaria may be highly variable, particularly in the presence of respiratory distress, and may be associated with an inadequate therapeutic response."( The disposition of intramuscular artemether in children with cerebral malaria; a preliminary study.
Crawley, J; English, M; Lowe, B; Marsh, K; Mberu, E; Muhia, D; Murphy, SA; Newton, CR; Waruiru, C; Watkins, WM; Winstanley, P, )		0.41
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of artemether and dihydroartemisinin were investigated in eight Thai males following the administration of single oral and intramuscular doses of artemether (300 mg) in a randomized two-way cross-over study."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral and intramuscular artemether.
Congpuong, K; Karbwang, J; Molunto, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1997)		0.8
" Mean oral bioavailability relative to intramuscular administration was 43."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral and intramuscular artemether.
Congpuong, K; Karbwang, J; Molunto, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1997)		0.54
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin (DQHS), artemether (AM), arteether (AE), artesunic acid (AS) and artelinic acid (AL) have been investigated in rats after single intravenous, intramuscular and intragastric doses of 10 mg kg(-1)."( The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin, arteether, artemether, artesunic acid and artelinic acid in rats.
Brewer, TG; Fleckenstein, LL; Heiffer, MH; Li, QG; Masonic, K; Peggins, JO, 1998)		0.76
" The variability in bioavailability of artemether and dihydroartemisinin was large both between doses and between patients, but was less pronounced for benflumetol."( Population pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response of CGP 56697 (artemether + benflumetol) in malaria patients.
Ezzet, F; Karbwang, J; Mull, R, 1998)		0.81
"Grapefruit juice significantly increases the oral bioavailability of artemether without an effect on the elimination half-life."( Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of artemether.
Gupta, V; Rutten, JP; van Agtmael, MA; van Boxtel, CJ; van der Wösten, TH, 1999)		0.79
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grapefruit juice on the decreasing bioavailability over time of artemether."( The effect of grapefruit juice on the time-dependent decline of artemether plasma levels in healthy subjects.
Gupta, V; van Agtmael, MA; van Boxtel, CJ; van der Graaf, CA, 1999)		0.75
"Grapefruit juice significantly increased the oral bioavailability of artemether but did not prevent the time-dependent reduction in bioavailability."( The effect of grapefruit juice on the time-dependent decline of artemether plasma levels in healthy subjects.
Gupta, V; van Agtmael, MA; van Boxtel, CJ; van der Graaf, CA, 1999)		0.78
" The aim of this study was to examine the relative oral antimalarial bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the two derivatives."( A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria.
Angus, B; Keeratithakul, D; Newton, PN; Pukrittayakamee, S; Rasameesoraj, M; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teja-Isavadharm, P; White, NJ, 2001)		0.59
" The mean (95% CI) oral antimalarial bioavailability of artemether, relative to oral artesunate, corrected for molar dose was 58 (40-76)%."( A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria.
Angus, B; Keeratithakul, D; Newton, PN; Pukrittayakamee, S; Rasameesoraj, M; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teja-Isavadharm, P; White, NJ, 2001)		0.83
"The oral antimalarial bioavailability following artemether was significantly lower than that after artesunate."( A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria.
Angus, B; Keeratithakul, D; Newton, PN; Pukrittayakamee, S; Rasameesoraj, M; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teja-Isavadharm, P; White, NJ, 2001)		0.84
"92 microg x h/ml) due to a higher bioavailability of AECM (74."( Neurotoxicity and efficacy of arteether related to its exposure times and exposure levels in rodents.
Gettayacamin, M; Kyle, DE; Li, QG; Milhous, WK; Mog, SR; Si, YZ, 2002)		0.31
" Further pharmacokinetic studies showed that the bioavailability in rats following oral administration was 25 times greater for 11b than for artemether 1b."( Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
Bégué, JP; Bonnet-Delpon, D; Charman, WN; Charneau, S; Chorki, F; Crousse, B; Grellepois, F; Grellier, P; McIntosh, KA; Ourévitch, M; Pradines, B, 2004)		0.53
" The combination of underdosing, poor-quality drug, and the intrinsic low bioavailability of artemether may have contributed to his poor clinical response."( Impaired clinical response in a patient with uncomplicated falciparum malaria who received poor-quality and underdosed intramuscular artemether.
Fernández, FM; Green, MD; Keoluangkhot, V; Mayxay, M; Newton, PN; Nyadong, L, 2008)		0.77
"81-fold enhancement in apparent bioavailability compared to artemether."( Artemether/hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin host-guest system: characterization, phase-solubility and inclusion mode.
Chen, Y; Lin, J; Liu, Y; Yang, B, 2009)		2.04
" Although artemether bioavailability was variable and its clearance increased by 67."( Population pharmacokinetics of artemether, lumefantrine, and their respective metabolites in Papua New Guinean children with uncomplicated malaria.
Davis, TM; Griffin, S; Ilett, KF; Kose, K; Mueller, I; Page-Sharp, M; Salman, S; Siba, PM, 2011)		1.06
"The objective of this study was to compare different methods of adjusted indirect comparisons that can be used to investigate the relative bioavailability of different generic products."( Statistical approaches to indirectly compare bioequivalence between generics: a comparison of methodologies employing artemether/lumefantrine 20/120 mg tablets as prequalified by WHO.
García-Arieta, A; Gordon, J; Gwaza, L; Hansson, H; Potthast, H; Stahl, M; Welink, J, 2012)		0.59
"Data from three bioequivalence studies conducted independently that compared three generics with the same reference product were used to indirectly determine the relative bioavailability between the generics themselves."( Statistical approaches to indirectly compare bioequivalence between generics: a comparison of methodologies employing artemether/lumefantrine 20/120 mg tablets as prequalified by WHO.
García-Arieta, A; Gordon, J; Gwaza, L; Hansson, H; Potthast, H; Stahl, M; Welink, J, 2012)		0.59
"Existence of anti-malarial generic drugs with low bioavailability marketed on sub-Saharan Africa raises a concern on patients achieving therapeutic concentrations after intake of such products."( Comparison of bioavailability between the most available generic tablet formulation containing artemether and lumefantrine on the Tanzanian market and the innovator's product.
Abdulla, S; Chemba, M; Juma, O; Marealle, IA; Minzi, OM; Ngaimisi, E; Rutaihwa, M; Sasi, P; Shekalaghe, S, 2013)		0.61
" The most widely available generic (Artefan®, Ajanta Pharma Ltd, Maharashtra, India) was sampled for bioavailability comparison with Coartem® (Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland)--the innovator's product."( Comparison of bioavailability between the most available generic tablet formulation containing artemether and lumefantrine on the Tanzanian market and the innovator's product.
Abdulla, S; Chemba, M; Juma, O; Marealle, IA; Minzi, OM; Ngaimisi, E; Rutaihwa, M; Sasi, P; Shekalaghe, S, 2013)		0.61
" Of the formulations tested, stability was highest for dry solid forms and bioavailability for hard gelatin capsules; AM release from AMAZ rectodispersible tablet was suboptimal due to a modification of its micro-crystalline structure."( Preliminary pharmaceutical development of antimalarial-antibiotic cotherapy as a pre-referral paediatric treatment of fever in malaria endemic areas.
Ba, BB; Boiron, JM; Fabre, JL; Fawaz, F; Gaubert, A; Gaudin, K; Grislain, L; Kauss, T; Lafarge, X; Lembege, M; Lindegardh, N; Marchivie, M; Millet, P; Olliaro, PL; White, NJ, 2014)		0.4
" The purpose of the research is to improve the solubility, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of lipophilic artemether using homolipid-based microparticles."( Formulation, characterization and anti-malarial activity of homolipid-based artemether microparticles.
Agubata, CO; Attama, AA; Mueller-Goymann, CC; Nzekwe, IT; Onunkwo, GC, 2015)		0.86
" Relative to the tablets, sublingual artemether had greater bioavailability (≥1."( Pharmacokinetics of a novel sublingual spray formulation of the antimalarial drug artemether in healthy adults.
Bendel, D; Davis, TM; Lee, TC; Salman, S; Templeton, D, 2015)		0.92
"Oral delivery and bioavailability of artemether and lumefantrine could be improved using SRMS-based SLMs."( Formulation design, in vitro characterizations and anti-malarial investigations of artemether and lumefantrine-entrapped solid lipid microparticles.
Agbo, C; Agubata, O; Attama, A; Chime, S; Kenechukwu, F; Lovelyn, C; Ofokansi, K; Ogbonna, J; Umeyor, C, 2016)		0.93
" There were no significant difference in area under the curve and bioavailability between DMNs group and intramuscular group (P>0."( Systemic delivery of artemether by dissolving microneedles.
Gao, Y; He, M; Li, C; Qiu, Y; Yang, G; Zhang, S, 2016)		0.75
" Age had a significant positive correlation with bioavailability in a model that included allometric scaling."( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lumefantrine in Young Ugandan Children Treated With Artemether-Lumefantrine for Uncomplicated Malaria.
Arinaitwe, E; Aweeka, FT; Bergqvist, Y; Bigira, V; Blessborn, D; Creek, DJ; Kakuru, A; McCormack, SA; Muhindo, M; Parikh, S; Sambol, NC; Sukumar, N; Tappero, JW; Tchaparian, E; Wanzira, H, 2016)		0.65
"Poor aqueous solubility is often linked with a poor dissolution rate and ultimately, limited bioavailability of pharmaceutical compounds."( Impact of processing methods on the dissolution of artemether from two non-ordered mesoporous silicas.
Hussain, T; Mahmood, T; Shahzad, Y; Sheikh, R; Tahir, H; Waters, LJ; Yousaf, AM, 2018)		0.73
"Artemether (ATM) cardiotoxicity, its short half-life and low oral bioavailability are the major limiting factors for its use to treat malaria."( Reduced cardiotoxicity and increased oral efficacy of artemether polymeric nanocapsules in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice.
Antunes, LR; Grabe-Guimarães, A; Guimarães, HN; Mosqueira, VCF; Richard, S; Silveira, APA; Souza, ACM, 2018)		2.17
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" In-vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed better absorption and long circulation of FPS and FAS, which further leads to increased relative bioavailability of drugs(13."( Fabrication and in vivo evaluation of ligand appended paclitaxel and artemether loaded lipid nanoparticulate systems for the treatment of NSCLC: A nanoparticle assisted combination oncotherapy.
Badanthadka, M; Chokshi, N; Khatri, H; Patel, BM; Patel, MM; Rawal, S, 2020)		0.79
" Artemether (ART) is a lactone with antitumor properties, demonstrating low bioavailability and water solubility."( Artemether-loaded polymeric lipid-core nanocapsules reduce cell viability and alter the antioxidant status of U-87 MG cells.
Andrade, CMB; Branco, CLB; Costa, SA; Cruz, L; da Conceição, AGB; da Silva, KP; Ferrarini, SR; Pires, J; Reis, ÉM; Sinhorin, AP, 2022)		3.07

Dosage Studied

The high adherence to artemether-lumefantrine found in our study suggest that this drug is likely to be very effective in Mbarara provided that patients receive clear dosage explanations. Robust training on appropriate anti-malarial and dosage is needed.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" However, it has been associated with high recrudescent rates which may be due to incorrect dosage regimens."( Artemether in the treatment of multiple drug resistant falciparum malaria.
Bunnag, D; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J, 1992)		1.73
" The proper dosage regimen remains to be defined."( Comparison of oral artemether and mefloquine in acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria.
Bangchang, KN; Bunnag, D; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J; Thanavibul, A, 1992)		0.61
" When artemether was given ig or im to mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum for 32-35 d at the dosage of 1/10-1/2 LD50."( [Effect of artemether against Schistosoma japonicum].
Mei, JY; Xiao, SH; You, JQ, 1992)		1.15
" Further studies of artesunate and artemether should be carried out to find the optimum dosage regimen and to clarify the hematological effects."( Clinical trial of artesunate and artemether on multidrug resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. A preliminary report.
Bunnag, D; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J; Looareesuwan, S; Viravan, C, 1991)		0.84
" Results showed that after injection of Artemether for 15 successive days, the T, B, and T mu lymphocytes of the 19 and 32 MKD groups were markedly reduced and the T gamma lymphocytes of all 3 dosage groups were decreased to zero."( Effects of artemether on peripheral T, B, T mu and T gamma lymphocytes in beagle dog.
Cui, YF; Gu, YX; Shi, XC; Teng, XH; Wu, BA, 1989)		0.93
" Artemether fat emulsion was given intravenously at the dosage of 80 mg/kg."( [Assessment of absorption and distribution of artemether in rats using a thin layer chromatography scanning technique].
Jiang, JR; Shu, HL; Zeng, YL; Zou, CD, 1989)		1.45
" In infected mice treated ig with Art at the same dosage for 24 h, the inhibition rates of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in female and male worms were 30% and 25%, respectively."( [Effect of artemether on glycogen, protein, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase of Schistosoma japonicum].
Feng, J; Guo, H; Jiao, P; Mei, J; Xiao, S; Yao, M; You, J, 1994)		0.68
" In infected rabbits treated repeatedly with the above-mentioned dosage of Art at 2-wk intervals (i."( [Pathological changes in the livers of rabbits infected with schistosome cercariae and treated with artemether or praziquantel in the early stage of infection].
Xiao, S; Yang, Y; Zhang, C, 1995)		0.51
" This novel drug delivery system may be an easy and safe way to administer artemisinin-type antimalarials and also a good alternative dosage form for active compounds with solubility problems."( Antimalarial activity of dihydroartemisinin derivatives by transdermal application.
Ager, AL; Klayman, DL; Lin, AJ, 1994)		0.29
"kg-1 and followed by the repeated dosing at 2-3 wk intervals, the total and female worm reduction rates as compared with the control were evident."( Effect of early treatment of artemether against schistosomiasis in mice.
Jiao, PY; Mei, JY; Xiao, SH; You, JQ, 1994)		0.58
" We noted a progressive syndrome of clinical neurological defects with cardio-respiratory collapse and death in 5/6 dogs dosed daily for 8 d with intramuscular arteether (AE) at 20 mg/kg/d in a pharmacokinetic study."( Neurotoxicity in animals due to arteether and artemether.
Brewer, TG; Grate, SJ; Heiffer, MH; Levine, BS; Peggins, JO; Petras, JM; Schuster, BG; Swearengen, J; Weina, PJ, 1994)		0.55
" To reduce the side effects, another test was carried out in 3 monkeys and the dosage regimen was modified to pyronaridine 6 mg/kg-artemether 10 mg/kg-chloroquine 20 mg/kg (PAC-2) once daily for 3 days."( [Studies on the establishment of malarial animal model of short-term relapse. III. Combined therapy with pyronaridine-artemether-chloroquine for parasitemia clearance].
Fang, Y; Lin, BY; Pan, YR; Zhang, JX; Zheng, H, 1993)		0.7
" When the drug was given at a daily dosage of 200 mg/kg for 4 successive days from 46 days post-infection, a significant reduction in worm recovery was observed."( Studies on chemotherapy of parasitic helminths: efficacy of artemether on Japanese strain of Schistosoma japonicum in mice.
Akyol, CV; Ishih, A; Ito, M; Sano, M; Tungtrongchitr, A, 1993)		0.53
" In Art group, the first dose of 6 mg/kg was given in late August, followed by repeated dosing every 15 days for 3 times."( [Field studies on preventive effect of artemether against infection with Schistosoma japonicum].
Chen, M; Chu, B; Shi, Z; Wang, C; Xiao, S; Zhang, Z; Zheng, J; Zhuo, S, 1995)		0.56
" When rabbits were treated ig with artemether 10 mg kg-1 on day 7 after infection, followed by repeated dosing every week for 4 times, some parameters related to acute schistosomiasis, such as temperature, eosinophil count and eggs in the feces were negative, and low specific antigen and antibody levels in serum were seen."( Experimental studies on early treatment of schistosomal infection with artemether.
Wang, CZ; Xiao, SH; Yang, YQ; You, JQ, 1995)		0.8
" The results showed that in mice a promising effect was obtained when an initial dose of Art 300 mg/kg was given ig on d7 after infection with cercariae, followed by repeated dosing every wk for 4 times."( [Experimental studies on the preventive effect of artemether against schistosomal infection].
Guo, H; Jiao, P; Mei, J; Xiao, S; Yang, Y; You, J, 1995)		0.54
" There is potential advantage of this combination therapy in reducing the dosage and treatment period of artemisinin derivative, which is therefore likely to improve complaince in clinical practice."( Artemether-pyrimethamine in the treatment of pyrimethamine-resistant falciparum malaria.
Kanda, T; Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Suprakob, K; Tan-ariya, P; Thanavibul, A; Tipwangso, P, 1996)		1.74
" The clinical efficacy of artemether is dependent on the formulation, dosing scheme, duration of treatment, and the severity of the disease [1, 2]."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral and intramuscular artemether.
Congpuong, K; Karbwang, J; Molunto, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1997)		0.84
" Plasma was separated from blood samples collected at different times after dosing and analysed for parent drug."( The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin, arteether, artemether, artesunic acid and artelinic acid in rats.
Brewer, TG; Fleckenstein, LL; Heiffer, MH; Li, QG; Masonic, K; Peggins, JO, 1998)		0.53
"kg-1 on d 21 after infection, followed by the repeated dosing once every 1 or 2 wk for 2-4 times."( Microscopic observations on livers of rabbits and dogs infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae and early treatment with artemether or praziquantel.
Xiao, SH; Yang, YQ; You, JQ; Zhang, CW, 1996)		0.5
" on d 7-15 after infection, followed by repeated dosing once every 7-15 d for a total of 3 doses."( Preventive effect of artemether in rabbits infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae.
Feng, Z; Guo, HF; Jiao, PY; Mei, JY; Xiao, SH; You, JQ, 1998)		0.62
" Characterisation of these pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships provided the basis for dosage optimisation, an approach that could be applied to other antimalarial drugs."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine.
Ezzet, F; van Vugt, M; White, NJ, 1999)		0.54
"Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded before dosing and repeatedly thereafter."( Cardiac effects of co-artemether (artemether/lumefantrine) and mefloquine given alone or in combination to healthy volunteers.
Bindschedler, M; Ezzet, F; Lefèvre, G; Meyer, I; Schaeffer, N; Thomsen, MS, 2000)		0.62
"The RNA and DNA contents of female worms recovered from the host 48 h after dosing were markedly decreased by 51."( [Effect of artemether on nucleoside uptake and nucleic acid content in Schistosoma japonicum].
Mei, J; Xiao, S; Yao, M; You, J; Zhai, Z, 1999)		0.69
" The high adherence to artemether-lumefantrine found in our study suggest that this drug is likely to be very effective in Mbarara provided that patients receive clear dosage explanations."( Adherence to a six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda.
Bajunirwe, F; Biraro, S; Checchi, F; Fogg, C; Guthmann, JP; Kiguli, J; Kyomugisha, A; Musabe, J; Namiiro, P; Piola, P, 2004)		0.91
"The dose-response curves and effective concentration that resulted in a 50% inhibitory of parasitemia (IC50) of chloroquine, artemisinin, artemether and pyronaridine phosphate against Plasmodium falciparum strain FCC1/HN cultured in vitro were tested by microfluorimetric assay (MFA) and compared with those determined by microscopy-based assay."( [The microfluorimetric assay (MFA) in in vitro testing the sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs].
Hi, YC; Huang, F; Tang, LH; Wang, QM, 2006)		0.54
" Insufficient numbers of tablets and inadequate package inserts result in sub-optimal dosing and possible treatment failure."( Malaria treatment failures after artemisinin-based therapy in three expatriates: could improved manufacturer information help to decrease the risk of treatment failure?
Chappuis, F; Jackson, Y; Loutan, L; Taylor, W, 2006)		0.33
" The method has been successfully applied in the analysis of lipid based parenteral formulations and marketed oral solid dosage formulation."( Validated HPTLC method of analysis for artemether and its formulations.
Nagarsenker, MS; Tayade, NG, 2007)		0.61
"Two HPLC-UV methods are described for the separate determination of artemether (AM) and the combined preservatives, methylparaben and propylparaben in a pharmaceutical dosage form."( Assay of artemether, methylparaben and propylparaben in a formulated paediatric antimalarial dry suspension.
Atemnkeng, MA; Marchand, E; Plaizier-Vercammen, J, 2007)		0.99
"5 mg/kg artemether-treated group, but was significantly higher in infected rats than in uninfected rats dosed with 25."( Changes in the visceral functions of Plasmodium berghei-infected and -uninfected rats following administration of artemether.
Adeoshun, IO; Akanji, BO; Akomolafe, RO; Ayoka, AO; Fakunle, JB; Iwalewa, EO, 2006)		0.98
" Mothers/guardians of children were asked about fever in the last 14 days and related treatment actions including the timing, drugs used, dosing and adherence supported by visual aids of commonly available drug products."( The use of artemether-lumefantrine by febrile children following national implementation of a revised drug policy in Kenya.
Ajanga, A; Amin, AA; Gitonga, CW; Kangwana, BB; Noor, AM; Snow, RW, 2008)		0.74
" However, AL has several limitations, including a twice-daily dosing regimen, recommendation for administration with fatty food, and a high risk of reinfection soon after therapy in high transmission areas."( Artemether-lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for treating uncomplicated malaria: a randomized trial to guide policy in Uganda.
Bukirwa, H; Dorsey, G; Kamya, MR; Lugemwa, M; Rosenthal, PJ; Rwakimari, JB; Staedke, SG; Talisuna, A; Wabwire-Mangen, F; Yeka, A, 2008)		1.79
"DP is highly efficacious, and operationally preferable to AL because of a less intensive dosing schedule and requirements."( Artemether-lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for treating uncomplicated malaria: a randomized trial to guide policy in Uganda.
Bukirwa, H; Dorsey, G; Kamya, MR; Lugemwa, M; Rosenthal, PJ; Rwakimari, JB; Staedke, SG; Talisuna, A; Wabwire-Mangen, F; Yeka, A, 2008)		1.79
" PZQ given as a dosage of 60 mg/kg (1 day, 3 x 20 mg/kg doses at 4-5 hour intervals) may be as effective as a dosage of 120 mg/kg (6 days, 20 mg/kg for each day split into 3 doses at 4-5 hour intervals)."( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of combined praziquantel and artemether treatment for acute schistosomiasis japonica in China.
Balen, J; Ellis, M; Gray, DJ; He, YK; Hou, XY; Li, YS; Luo, XS; McManus, DP; Williams, GM, 2008)		0.56
" Whilst administration of tribendimidine at smaller but multiple doses given within 2-3 days at the same total dosage resulted in a slightly higher worm reduction (77."( [Effect of tribendimidine, artesunate, artemether and praziquantel, administered intragastrically at single, multiple or combined doses, to rats infected with Clonorchis sinensis].
Keiser, J; Liu, XY; Qiang, HQ; Tanner, M; Utzinger, J; Xiao, SH; Xue, J; Zhang, YN, 2008)		0.62
"5 and 7 mg/kg when dosed during organogenesis, the surviving fetuses showed fetal growth retardation without incidence of malformations, treatment during blastogenesis and fetal period had no lethal or teratogenic effect although the mean fetal body weight was significantly lower than control."( Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of artemether during different phases of rat pregnancy.
El-Dakdoky, MH, 2009)		0.61
" hepatica, dosed orally with artemether at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment (p."( Adult triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica: morphological changes in the tegument and gut following in vivo treatment with artemether in the rat model.
Brennan, GP; Fairweather, I; Halferty, L; Johnston, RC; Keiser, J; O'Neill, JF, 2009)		0.85
" Data from previous experiments were included, and negative binomial regression analyses were carried out to determine dose-response relationships and to study the effect of drug combination."( Combination chemotherapy against Clonorchis sinensis: experiments with artemether, artesunate, OZ78, praziquantel, and tribendimidine in a rat model.
Keiser, J; Smith, TA; Utzinger, J; Xiao, SH, 2009)		0.59
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) data informing the optimum dosing of these drug regimens is limited, especially in children."( Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda.
Annerberg, A; Aweeka, F; Clark, TD; Dorsey, G; Drysdale, T; German, P; Kalyango, JN; Kamya, MR; Lindegardh, N; McGee, B; Mwesigwa, J; Parikh, S; Rosenthal, PJ, 2010)		0.68
" sinensis, dosed orally with single agents or combination treatments and flukes recovered at 3 or 5 days post-treatment."( Effect of artemether, artesunate, OZ78, praziquantel, and tribendimidine alone or in combination chemotherapy on the tegument of Clonorchis sinensis.
Keiser, J; Vargas, M, 2010)		0.76
" The optimized spiroindolone NITD609 shows pharmacokinetic properties compatible with once-daily oral dosing and has single-dose efficacy in a rodent malaria model."( Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
Beck, HP; Brun, R; Cohen, SB; Dartois, V; Dharia, NV; Diagana, TT; Fidock, DA; Goh, A; González-Páez, GE; Jegla, T; Keller, TH; Lakshminarayana, SB; Lee, MC; McNamara, C; Nosten, F; Plouffe, DM; Renia, L; Rottmann, M; Russell, B; Schmitt, EK; Seitz, P; Spencer, KR; Suwanarusk, R; Tan, J; Winzeler, EA; Yeung, BK; Zou, B, 2010)		0.36
"5 mg/kg for 7-28 days, indicating that the safe dosing duration in monkeys should be longer than 7 days under the exposure."( Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (TK/TD) evaluation to determine and predict the neurotoxicity of artemisinins.
Hickman, M; Li, Q, 2011)		0.37
" Mice were treated on day 46 onwards with three dosing protocols (400 mg/kg/day for 2 days; 200 mg/kg/day for 4 days; 100 mg/kg/day for 6 days) after being infected."( Artemether shows promising female schistosomicidal and ovicidal effects on the Egyptian strain of Schistosoma mansoni after maturity of infection.
Abdul-Ghani, R; Hassan, A; Loutfy, N; Sheta, M, 2011)		1.81
" Patients were randomized to 3 different dosing groups (weights of 5 to <15 kg, 15 and <25 kg, and 25 to <35 kg)."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of a new pediatric formulation of artemether-lumefantrine in African children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
Abdulla, S; Bassat, Q; Borrmann, S; Djimdé, AA; Lefèvre, G; Lyimo, J; Mandomando, I; Tekete, M, 2011)		0.59
" Patients who remained Fasciola-positive following artemether dosing were treated with single 10 mg/kg oral triclabendazole."( Efficacy and safety of artemether in the treatment of chronic fascioliasis in Egypt: exploratory phase-2 trials.
Anani, S; Botros, S; el-Din, SS; el-Ghanam, M; el-Maadawy, W; el-Wakeel, A; Hatz, C; Keiser, J; Sabry, H; Sayed, H; Utzinger, J, 2011)		0.93
" In the three AL body weight dosing groups (5 to < 15 kg, 15 to < 25 kg and 25 to < 35 kg), 80% of patients were aged 10-50 months, 46-100 months and 90-147 months, respectively."( Similar efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem®) in African infants and children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria across different body weight ranges.
Bashraheil, M; Bassat, Q; González, R; Kipkeu, C; Lefèvre, G; Lyimo, J; Machevo, S; Maiga, H; Mårtensson, A; Menéndez, C; Nahum, A; Nwaiwu, O; Ogutu, B; Ouma, P; Ubben, D; Walter, V, 2011)		0.66
"Efficacy of AL in uncomplicated falciparum malaria is similar across body weight dosing groups as currently recommended in the label with no clinically relevant differences in safety or tolerability."( Similar efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem®) in African infants and children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria across different body weight ranges.
Bashraheil, M; Bassat, Q; González, R; Kipkeu, C; Lefèvre, G; Lyimo, J; Machevo, S; Maiga, H; Mårtensson, A; Menéndez, C; Nahum, A; Nwaiwu, O; Ogutu, B; Ouma, P; Ubben, D; Walter, V, 2011)		0.66
" The study clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of this novel alternative to existing artesunate dosage forms."( Intravenous β-artemether formulation (ARM NLC) as a superior alternative to commercial artesunate formulation.
Joshi, M; Pathak, S; Patil, S; Patravale, V; Sharma, S, 2012)		0.74
"In the first study, the toxicity of artemether was evaluated in juvenile rats dosed with 0, 10, 30, and 100mg/kg/day on postpartum days (ppds) 7 to 21."( Neurotoxicity assessment of artemether in juvenile rats.
Beckman, DA; Butt, MT; Youreneff, M, 2013)		0.96
" More studies with appropriate control groups in larger series are needed to characterize the degree to which pregnant women are underdosed with current antimalarial dosing regimens."( Pharmacokinetic properties of artemether, dihydroartemisinin, lumefantrine, and quinine in pregnant women with uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda.
Dhorda, M; Guerin, PJ; Jullien, V; Kloprogge, F; Nosten, F; Piola, P; Tarning, J; White, NJ, 2013)		0.68
"05013-14), the absorption of sublingual artemether was biphasic, and multiple dosing was associated with the autoinduction of the metabolism of artemether to DHA (which itself has potent antimalarial activity)."( Pharmacokinetics of a novel sublingual spray formulation of the antimalarial drug artemether in African children with malaria.
Bendel, D; Davis, TM; Lee, TC; Salman, S; Templeton, D, 2015)		0.91
"Specially created pediatric formulations have the potential to improve the acceptability, effectiveness, and accuracy of dosing of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in young children, a patient group that is inherently vulnerable to malaria."( Tailoring a Pediatric Formulation of Artemether-Lumefantrine for Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria.
Bassat, Q; Djimde, A; Hamed, K; Ogutu, B; Stricker, K, 2015)		0.69
" Rats infected with the triclabendazole (TCBZ)-resistant Sligo isolate were dosed orally with artemether at a concentration of 200mg/kg and flukes recovered at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment (pt)."( A comparative study on the impact of two artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate, on the female reproductive system of Fasciola hepatica.
Brennan, GP; Fairweather, I; Halferty, L; Hanna, RE; Johnston, RC; O'Neill, JF, 2015)		0.87
"Current artemether-lumefantrine dosing recommendations achieve day 7 lumefantrine concentrations ≥200 ng/ml and high cure rates in most uncomplicated malaria patients."( Artemether-lumefantrine treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of day 7 lumefantrine concentrations and therapeutic response using individual patient data.
, 2015)		2.29
" Rats infected with the triclabendazole (TCBZ)-resistant Sligo isolate were dosed orally with artemether at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered at 24, 48 and 72 h post treatment (pt)."( Disruption of spermatogenesis in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica by two artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate.
Brennan, GP; Fairweather, I; Halferty, L; Hanna, RE; Johnston, RC; O'Neill, JF, 2017)		0.89
" The safety profiles of artesunate-mefloquine and artemether-lumefantrine were similar, with low rates of early vomiting (71 [15·3%] of 463 patients in the artesunate-mefloquine group vs 79 [16·8%] of 471 patients in the artemether-lumefantrine group in any of the three dosing days), few neurological adverse events (ten [2·1%] of 468 vs five [1·1%] of 465), and no detectable psychiatric adverse events."( Comparison of artesunate-mefloquine and artemether-lumefantrine fixed-dose combinations for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children younger than 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa: a randomised, multicentre, phase 4 trial.
Ackermann, I; Aubin, F; Carn, G; Gesase, S; Lusingu, JPA; Mnkande, E; Mrango, Z; Mtoro, A; Ngocho, JS; Ogutu, B; Onyango, KO; Ouedraogo, A; Sirima, SB; Strub, N; Vanraes, J; Yaro, JB, 2016)		0.95
" Further refinement of artemether-lumefantrine dosing to improve exposure in infants and very young children may be warranted."( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lumefantrine in Young Ugandan Children Treated With Artemether-Lumefantrine for Uncomplicated Malaria.
Arinaitwe, E; Aweeka, FT; Bergqvist, Y; Bigira, V; Blessborn, D; Creek, DJ; Kakuru, A; McCormack, SA; Muhindo, M; Parikh, S; Sambol, NC; Sukumar, N; Tappero, JW; Tchaparian, E; Wanzira, H, 2016)		0.96
" However, the reduction in artemisinin exposure may warrant further study, and suggests that dosage adjustment of artemether-lumefantrine with nevirapine-based ART in children is likely warranted."( Concomitant nevirapine impacts pharmacokinetic exposure to the antimalarial artemether-lumefantrine in African children.
Aweeka, FT; Barlow-Mosha, L; Carey, V; Gingrich, D; Graham, B; Huang, L; Kamthunzi, P; Lindsey, JC; Marzan, F; Nachman, S; Parikh, S; Ssemambo, PK, 2017)		0.9
" These data suggest that malaria and HIV coinfected pregnant women may require adjustments in AL dosage or treatment duration to achieve exposure comparable with HIV-uninfected pregnant women."( Efavirenz-Based Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces Artemether-Lumefantrine Exposure for Malaria Treatment in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women.
Aweeka, F; Huang, L; Hughes, E; Kajubi, R; Mwebaza, N; Mwima, MW; Nguyen, V; Nyunt, MM; Orukan, F; Parikh, S, 2020)		0.82
"Good powder flow is critical for powders destined for inclusion into tablets - especially when employing direct compression as method of manufacture - in this case, lipid matrix tablets, which have demonstrated huge promise as a prospective dosage form for future use in malarial treatment."( Characterization of solid lipid dispersions prepared by hot fusion containing a double-fixed dose combination of artemether and lumefantrine.
du Plessis, LH; Viljoen, JM; Wilkins, CA, 2020)		0.77
" This study aimed to develop an intravenous dosage form of artemether using nanotechnology."( Artemether-Loaded Zein Nanoparticles: An Innovative Intravenous Dosage Form for the Management of Severe Malaria.
Boateng-Marfo, Y; Dong, Y; Lin, HS; Ng, WK, 2021)		2.31
"Industrial implementation of continuous oral solid dosage form manufacturing has been impeded by the poor powder flow properties of many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)."( Control of Drug-Excipient Particle Attributes with Droplet Microfluidic-based Extractive Solidification Enables Improved Powder Rheology.
Doyle, PS; Khan, SA; Lai, D; Nelson, AZ; Ng, DZL; Ward, G, 2022)		0.72
"Droplet-based extractive solidification is an attractive particle engineering technique for improving powder processing and may aid in the implementation of continuous solid dosage form manufacturing."( Control of Drug-Excipient Particle Attributes with Droplet Microfluidic-based Extractive Solidification Enables Improved Powder Rheology.
Doyle, PS; Khan, SA; Lai, D; Nelson, AZ; Ng, DZL; Ward, G, 2022)		0.72
" Dosing is suboptimal in young children."( The Impact of Extended Treatment With Artemether-lumefantrine on Antimalarial Exposure and Reinfection Risks in Ugandan Children With Uncomplicated Malaria: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Aweeka, FT; Colt, M; Goodwin, J; Huang, L; Kajubi, R; Li, F; Mwebaza, N; Orukan, F; Parikh, S; Richards, K; Wang, K; Whalen, ME, 2023)		1.18
" Participants were randomly allocated 1:1 to antimalarial chemoprophylaxis, a 3-day course of twice-daily artemether-lumefantrine followed by the same daily dosing once a week while travelling in the forest and for a further 4 weeks after leaving the forest (four tablets per dose; 20 mg of artemether and 120 mg of lumefantrine per tablet), or a multivitamin with no antimalarial activity."( Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis for forest goers in southeast Asia: an open-label, individually randomised controlled trial.
Callery, JJ; Chotthanawathit, P; Conradis-Jansen, F; Dondorp, AM; Duanguppama, J; Ean, M; Heng, C; Imwong, M; Jongdeepaisal, M; Khonputsa, P; Madmanee, W; Maude, RJ; Mukaka, M; Peerawaranun, P; Pell, C; Peto, TJ; Pongsoipetch, K; Rekol, H; Sokha, M; Sovannaroth, S; Soviet, U; Tarning, J; Tripura, R; von Seidlein, L; Waithira, N; White, NJ, 2023)		1.12
" However, the optimal choice of medication and dosing for many potential candidates is not clear."( Modelling the optimal dosing schedule for artemether-lumefantrine chemoprophylaxis against malaria.
Dondorp, AM; Maude, RJ; Tarning, J; von Seidlein, L; White, NJ, 2022)		0.99
" However, the most favourable exposure profile, and arguably most practical dosing scenario, was an initial 3 day full AL treatment course followed by twice daily dosing given once a week for the duration of chemoprevention."( Modelling the optimal dosing schedule for artemether-lumefantrine chemoprophylaxis against malaria.
Dondorp, AM; Maude, RJ; Tarning, J; von Seidlein, L; White, NJ, 2022)		0.99
" The major limitations of the artemisinin combination therapy are erratic absorption from the injection site and high dosing frequency due to a very short elimination half-life of the drug."( Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, and Antimalarial Efficacy of Artemether-Loaded Polymeric Nanorods.
Bhide, AR; Dighe, VD; Jindal, AB; Jirwankar, YB; Katnoria, S; Kaur, S; Suri, M, 2023)		1.14
" Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive single low-dose primaquine combined with either artemether-lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, dosed by bodyweight."( Safety of age-dosed, single low-dose primaquine in children with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency who are infected with Plasmodium falciparum in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, n
Abongo, G; Basara, BB; Baseke, J; Bongo, GS; Day, NJP; Dhorda, M; Dondorp, AM; Fanello, C; Kayembe, DK; Maitland, K; Muhindo, R; Mukaka, M; Namayanja, C; Ndjowo, PO; Okalebo, CB; Olupot-Olupot, P; Onyamboko, MA; Onyas, P; Peerawaranun, P; Tarning, J; Taya, C; Taylor, WR; Titin, H; Uyoga, S; Waithira, N; Weere, W; Williams, TN, 2023)		1.13
" Parasite regrowth occurred after dosing with 200 mg (3/3 participants) and 300 mg (3/4 participants) but not after 400 mg or 600 mg."( Characterizing the Blood-Stage Antimalarial Activity of Tafenoquine in Healthy Volunteers Experimentally Infected With Plasmodium falciparum.
Abd-Rahman, AN; Barber, BE; Birrell, GW; Edstein, MD; Leelasena, I; Llewellyn, S; Marquart, L; McCarthy, JS; Moehrle, JJ; Potter, AJ; Sahai, N; Shanks, GD; Webster, R; Wesche, D, 2023)		0.91
"This retrospective, observational study explored associations between changing malaria service point (health facility or CHW) density per 1000 people and severe malaria admissions or malaria inpatient deaths by district and month in a dose-response approach, using existing routine and programmatic data."( Effectiveness of community case management of malaria on severe malaria and inpatient malaria deaths in Zambia: a dose-response study using routine health information system data.
Ashton, RA; Bennett, A; Burnett, S; Eisele, TP; Hainsworth, M; Hamainza, B; Lungu, C; Miller, JM; Porter, T; Rutagwera, MI; Silumbe, K; Slater, H, 2023)		0.91
" Robust training on appropriate anti-malarial and dosage is needed, particularly given the recent change in recommendation for artemether-lumefantrine use in the first trimester."( Healthcare provider and drug dispenser knowledge and adherence to guidelines for the case management of malaria in pregnancy in the context of multiple first-line artemisinin-based combination therapy in western Kenya.
Dellicour, S; Gutman, JR; Hill, J; Ochodo, E; Osoro, CB; Ter Kuile, F; Young, T, 2023)		1.12
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
antimalarialA drug used in the treatment of malaria. Antimalarials are usually classified on the basis of their action against Plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
sesquiterpenoidAny terpenoid derived from a sesquiterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C15 skeleton of the parent sesquiterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
cyclic acetalAn acetal in the molecule of which the acetal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.
organic peroxideCompounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are organic groups.
artemisinin derivativeAny organic peroxide formally obtained from artemisinin.
semisynthetic derivativeAny organic molecular entity derived from a natural product by partial chemical synthesis.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Artemether Metabolism Pathway410

Protein Targets (15)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.07860.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.11320.000221.22318,912.5098AID743042
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency50.11870.01237.983543.2770AID1645841
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.84890.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346985
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.99590.000229.305416,493.5996AID743069
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency39.81070.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency16.20110.000323.4451159.6830AID743065; AID743067
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.00339.158239.8107AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.11007.190310.0000AID1473738
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (86)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independentHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergyHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacteriumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiationHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class IbHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate metabolic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (40)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (32)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complexHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
fibrillar centerInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (283)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1751422Antifungal activity against Candida albicans SC5314 assessed as inhibition of fungal filamentation in Spider medium at 100 uM incubated for 1 hr by microscopic analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID729046Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as suppression of blood parasitemia level at 6 mg/kg, po measured on day 3 relative to vehicle-treated control in presence of lumefantrine2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-28, Volume: 56, Issue:6
Synthesis and antimalarial efficacy of two-carbon-linked, artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers in combination with known antimalarial drugs.
AID247005Effective dose required to reduce the parasitemia in mice when compound administered with SSV after 3 day postinfection2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID497986Cmax in Ugandan children patient with uncomplicated malaria assessed as dihydroartemisin administered twice daily for 3 days as 20/120 mg tablets containing artemether-lumefantrine combination2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda.
AID443096Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as reduction of parasitemia treated perorally for 3 days measured on day 42010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
Modular synthesis and in vitro and in vivo antimalarial assessment of C-10 pyrrole mannich base derivatives of artemisinin.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID481435Therapeutic index, ratio of TD50 for HFF cells to IC50 for Toxoplasma gondii F22010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
Thiazole, oxadiazole, and carboxamide derivatives of artemisinin are highly selective and potent inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii.
AID496819Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1283271Inhibition of HMGCoA reductase in Dhcr7-deficient mouse Neuro2a cells assessed as decrease in 7-DHC levels at 1 uM by LC-MS/GC-MS analysis2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 59, Issue:3
The Effect of Small Molecules on Sterol Homeostasis: Measuring 7-Dehydrocholesterol in Dhcr7-Deficient Neuro2a Cells and Human Fibroblasts.
AID1304202Antimalarial activity against multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as inhibition of parasite proliferation after 96 hrs by SYBR Green I fluorescence based assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Straightforward conversion of decoquinate into inexpensive tractable new derivatives with significant antimalarial activities.
AID543627Antimicrobial activity against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces assessed as reduction in protoscoleces viability at 40 uM by trypan blue exclusion assay2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 52, Issue:9
In vitro and in vivo treatments of echinococcus protoscoleces and metacestodes with artemisinin and artemisinin derivatives.
AID1751431Antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis NL001 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to vehicle-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID158869In vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum W2 Indochina1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 38, Issue:5
Antimalarial activity of new dihydroartemisinin derivatives. 6. alpha-Alkylbenzylic ethers.
AID251473Antimalarial activity (100 mg/kg, subcutaneously) given 1 day post infection of mice (Mus musculus) with Plasmodium berghei is its ability to reduce parasitemia on day 3 post infection2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID285476Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium vinckei petteri infected subcutaneously dosed Swiss Albino mice (Mus musculus)2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Trioxaquines are new antimalarial agents active on all erythrocytic forms, including gametocytes.
AID1251274Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected in C57BL/6 mouse experimental cerebral model assessed as mouse survival rate at 25 mg/kg, ip qd for 5 days measured after 24 hrs2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19
NO-Donor Dihydroartemisinin Derivatives as Multitarget Agents for the Treatment of Cerebral Malaria.
AID158698In vitro inhibitory concentration against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum HB32002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 45, Issue:5
Mechanism-based design of parasite-targeted artemisinin derivatives: synthesis and antimalarial activity of new diamine containing analogues.
AID1751419Potentiation of micafungin-induced antifungal activity against Candida albicans SC5314 assessed as fungal growth at 100 microM measured after 24 hrs in presence of micafungin by absorbance based analysis relative to micafungin-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID748940Half life in human2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 23, Issue:10
Recent advances in malaria drug discovery.
AID276159Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum NF542006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21
Antimalarial activity of N-alkyl amine, carboxamide, sulfonamide, and urea derivatives of a dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane piperidine.
AID252957Ratio of concentration that reduced cell viability to inhibitory concentration for ConA-induced T cell proliferation2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 48, Issue:14
Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of new artemisinin derivatives. 1. [12(beta or alpha)-Dihydroartemisininoxy]phen(ox)yl aliphatic acids and esters.
AID317969Antiparasitic activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum by [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-13, Volume: 51, Issue:5
Antimalarial dual drugs based on potent inhibitors of glutathione reductase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1327393Cytotoxicity against CHO cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of non-hemiacetal ester derivatives of artemisinin.
AID285474Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium vinckei petteri infected intraperitoneally dosed Swiss Albino mice (Mus musculus)2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Trioxaquines are new antimalarial agents active on all erythrocytic forms, including gametocytes.
AID543629Antimicrobial activity against Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode assessed as increase in alkaline phosphatase activity at 40 uM within 4 days2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 52, Issue:9
In vitro and in vivo treatments of echinococcus protoscoleces and metacestodes with artemisinin and artemisinin derivatives.
AID323679Reduction of [3H]chloroquine uptake in chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected erythrocytes after 90 min2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Effects of piperaquine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine on drug uptake and of these in combination with dihydroartemisinin against drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.
AID383806Cytotoxicity against mouse Ehrlich Ascites carcinoma by trypan blue exclusion assay2008European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 43, Issue:2
Bioactive peroxides as potential therapeutic agents.
AID1751424Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Candida albicans SC5314 assessed as inhibition of fungal filamentation by measuring reduction in fungal hyphae growth in Spider medium at 100 uM incubated for 1 hr in presence of fluconazole 2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1175637Antimalarial activity Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as suppression of parasitemia at 6 mg/kg, po administered as single dose combined with 18 mg/kg mefloquine hydrochloride measured on day 3 after innfection2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 25, Issue:2
Antimalarial chemotherapy: orally curative artemisinin-derived trioxane dimer esters.
AID729112Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as average survival time at 6 mg/kg, po in presence of mefloquine (Rvb = 8.8 days)2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-28, Volume: 56, Issue:6
Synthesis and antimalarial efficacy of two-carbon-linked, artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers in combination with known antimalarial drugs.
AID1751429Antifungal activity against Candida auris NL002 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to vehicle-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID158856Inhibitory concentration against Plasmodium falciparum W2 Indochina1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3
Arteether, a new antimalarial drug: synthesis and antimalarial properties.
AID497988Cmax in Ugandan children patient with uncomplicated malaria administered twice daily for 3 days as 20/120 mg tablets containing artemether-lumefantrine combination2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda.
AID247016Effective dose required to reduce the parasitemia in mice when compound administered with Tween-80 after 3 day postinfection2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID113169In vivo antimalarial activity in mice (Mus musculus) against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei N after oral administration2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A short synthesis and biological evaluation of potent and nontoxic antimalarial bridged bicyclic beta-sulfonyl-endoperoxides.
AID753934Cytotoxicity against human JURKAT-TALL cells after 48 hrs by Alamar Blue assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Artemisinin-derived dimer phosphate esters as potent anti-cytomegalovirus (anti-CMV) and anti-cancer agents: a structure-activity study.
AID1751448Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring pdr10 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1751443Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring adp1 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1751461Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Candida albicans CNL002 harboring cdr1 delta mutant assessed as inhibition of fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID247108Effective dose required to reduce the parasitemia in mice when compound administered with SSV after 3 day postinfection2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1304203Antimalarial activity against multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as inhibition of parasite proliferation after 96 hrs by SYBR Green I fluorescence based assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Straightforward conversion of decoquinate into inexpensive tractable new derivatives with significant antimalarial activities.
AID323683Reduction of [3H]dihydroartemisinin uptake in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected erythrocytes after 90 min2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Effects of piperaquine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine on drug uptake and of these in combination with dihydroartemisinin against drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.
AID1751454Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring ybt1 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID113177In vivo antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei. Activity expressed as ED50.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4
Structure-activity relationships of lactone ring-opened analogs of the antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxane artemisinin.
AID444495Anticancer activity against human XF498 cells by sulforhodamine B assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel amide derivatives of non-acetal deoxoartemisinin.
AID236289Volume distribution after intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID248452In vitro inhibition of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum NF542005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID1327394Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human WI38 cells to IC50 for chloroquine-sensitive asexual erythrocyte stage form Plasmodium falciparum NF542016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of non-hemiacetal ester derivatives of artemisinin.
AID560761Stability of compound in presence of oxyhemoglobin assessed as pseudo-first order degradation rate constant at 10 uM at 20degC over 24 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Stability of peroxide antimalarials in the presence of human hemoglobin.
AID276164Partition coefficient, logP of the compound2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21
Antimalarial activity of N-alkyl amine, carboxamide, sulfonamide, and urea derivatives of a dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane piperidine.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1751434Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis NL001 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs in presence of fluconazole by absorbance based analysis relative to vehicle treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID13116Volume of distribution following 10 mg/kg intravenous or 50 mg/kg oral dosing in rats was determined2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID1698017Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum NF54 by LDH assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID511098Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as survival at 10 mg/kg, perorally administered through 7% Tween80/3% Ethanol formulation 24 hrs post infection for 3 days measured 96 hrs post infecti2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID323682Reduction of [3H]dihydroartemisinin uptake in chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum FC27 infected erythrocytes after 90 min2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Effects of piperaquine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine on drug uptake and of these in combination with dihydroartemisinin against drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.
AID1327389Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive asexual erythrocyte stage form Plasmodium falciparum NF54 measured after 48 hrs by pLDH assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of non-hemiacetal ester derivatives of artemisinin.
AID1751442Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1698023Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for CHO cells to IC50 for antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani 9515 by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1751462Inhibition of PDR5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 assessed as inhibition of R6G efflux incubated for 4 hrs followed by R6G addition and measured after 1.5 hrs by fluorescence based analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID248451In vitro concentration of compound required to inhibit ConA-induced T cell proliferation to 50% in BALB/c mice2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 48, Issue:14
Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of new artemisinin derivatives. 1. [12(beta or alpha)-Dihydroartemisininoxy]phen(ox)yl aliphatic acids and esters.
AID1751440Antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans H99 assessed as inhibition of fungal growth at 0.2 uM measured every 15 mins for 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID510649Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 assessed as parasite growth inhibition at 8 nM after 6 hrs by [3H]hypoxanthin incorporation assay2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID21492Solubility in oral formulation was determined after incubation at 25 degree C2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID19205Partition coefficient between octanol and water (logP)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID1163255Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected in human O positive erythrocyte assessed as reduction in parasitemia after 72 hrs2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
From human immunodeficiency virus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors to potent and selective antitrypanosomal compounds.
AID1251266Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA early trophozoite stage by parasite LDH assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19
NO-Donor Dihydroartemisinin Derivatives as Multitarget Agents for the Treatment of Cerebral Malaria.
AID323678Reduction of [3H]chloroquine uptake in chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum FC27 infected erythrocytes after 90 min2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Effects of piperaquine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine on drug uptake and of these in combination with dihydroartemisinin against drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.
AID1751456Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring ynr070w delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1251272Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected in C57BL/6 mouse experimental cerebral model with body temperature >32 deg C assessed as mouse survival rate at 25 mg/kg, ip qd for 5 days2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19
NO-Donor Dihydroartemisinin Derivatives as Multitarget Agents for the Treatment of Cerebral Malaria.
AID1327387Thermal stability of the compound assessed as onset of decomposition temperature by thermogravimetric analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of non-hemiacetal ester derivatives of artemisinin.
AID481433Antiparasitic activity against Toxoplasma gondii 2F infected in HFF cells assessed as beta galactosidase activity after 5 days2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
Thiazole, oxadiazole, and carboxamide derivatives of artemisinin are highly selective and potent inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii.
AID1751421Antifungal activity against Candida albicans SC5314 assessed as inhibition of fungal filamentation in YEPD containing 10% serum medium at 100 uM incubated for 1 hr by microscopic analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID510909Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as reduction in parasitaemia at 10 mg/kg, perorally administered as single dose 24 hrs post infection for 1 day measured 72 hrs post infection2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID444496Anticancer activity against human SK-MEL-2 cells by sulforhodamine B assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel amide derivatives of non-acetal deoxoartemisinin.
AID510925Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as cure rate at 50 mg/kg, perorally administered through 0.5% MCM/0.1%solutol HS15 formulation 24 hrs post infection for 3 days measured on day 30 post2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID444497Anticancer activity against human A549 cells by sulforhodamine B assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel amide derivatives of non-acetal deoxoartemisinin.
AID1751417Antifungal activity against Candida albicans SC5314 assessed as inhibition of fungal growth by measuring decrease in OD600 at 100 microM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1751418Potentiation of amphotericin B-induced antifungal activity against Candida albicans SC5314 assessed as fungal growth at 100 microM measured after 24 hrs in presence of amphotericin B by absorbance based analysis relative to amphotericin B-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1751437Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis NL001 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs in presence of fluconazole by absorbance based analysis relative to fluconazole-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID323680Reduction of [3H]chloroquine uptake in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum RSA11 infected erythrocytes after 90 min2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Effects of piperaquine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine on drug uptake and of these in combination with dihydroartemisinin against drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.
AID251256Survival of mice to 30-day postinfection with Plasmodium berghei upon 100 mg/kg upon subcutaneous dose was determined2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID1751455Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring ycf1 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1327395Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for CHO cells to IC50 for chloroquine-sensitive asexual erythrocyte stage form Plasmodium falciparum NF542016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of non-hemiacetal ester derivatives of artemisinin.
AID285475Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium vinckei petteri infected orally dosed Swiss Albino mice (Mus musculus)2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Trioxaquines are new antimalarial agents active on all erythrocytic forms, including gametocytes.
AID1751463Inhibition of PDR5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 assessed as inhibition of R6G efflux at 400 uM incubated for 4 hrs followed by R6G addition and measured after 1.5 hrs by fluorescence based analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1751432Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 assessed as inhibition of fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to vehicle-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1751420Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Candida albicans SC5314 assessed as fungal growth at 100 microM measured after 24 hrs in presence of fluconazole by absorbance based analysis relative to fluconazole-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID119665Number of mice survived in a group of 18 mice after injecting single intraperitoneal dose of 1000 mg/kg (single dose of 250 mg/kg did not cause mice mortality)2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A short synthesis and biological evaluation of potent and nontoxic antimalarial bridged bicyclic beta-sulfonyl-endoperoxides.
AID1327390Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant asexual erythrocyte stage form Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 measured after 48 hrs by pLDH assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of non-hemiacetal ester derivatives of artemisinin.
AID119666Number of mice survived in a group of 18 mice after injecting single intraperitoneal dose of 500 mg/kg (single dose of 250 mg/kg did not cause mice mortality)2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A short synthesis and biological evaluation of potent and nontoxic antimalarial bridged bicyclic beta-sulfonyl-endoperoxides.
AID248408In vitro inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K12005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID510914Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as survival at 100 mg/kg, perorally administered as single dose 24 hrs post infection for 1 day measured 72 hrs post infection2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID1751430Antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis NL001 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to vehicle-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1327391Resistance index, ratio of IC50 for chloroquine-resistant asexual erythrocyte stage form Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 to IC50 for chloroquine-sensitive asexual erythrocyte stage form Plasmodium falciparum NF542016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of non-hemiacetal ester derivatives of artemisinin.
AID158198In vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum HB32001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-04, Volume: 44, Issue:1
Synthesis, antimalarial activity, biomimetic iron(II) chemistry, and in vivo metabolism of novel, potent C-10-phenoxy derivatives of dihydroartemisinin.
AID1751464Inhibition of PDR5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 assessed as intracellular accumulation of fluconazole at 400 uM measured per gm of cells after 4 hrs by HPLC analysis (Rvb = 11.3 nmol)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID158686In vitro inhibitory activity against the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 Indochina2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-24, Volume: 13, Issue:6
Alkylation of manganese(II) tetraphenylporphyrin by antimalarial fluorinated artemisinin derivatives.
AID251434Antimalarial activity is its ability to reduce survival days (100 mg/kg, subcutaneously) of mice (Mus musculus) infected with Plasmodium berghei2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID323685Reduction of [3H]dihydroartemisinin uptake in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum RSA11 infected erythrocytes after 90 min2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Effects of piperaquine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine on drug uptake and of these in combination with dihydroartemisinin against drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.
AID158868In vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum D6 (Sierra Leone I)1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 38, Issue:5
Antimalarial activity of new dihydroartemisinin derivatives. 6. alpha-Alkylbenzylic ethers.
AID1751445Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring bpt1 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1698019Cytotoxicity against CHO cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1304204Resistance index, ratio of IC50 for multi-drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected in human erythrocytes to IC50 for chloroquine-sensitive asexual Plasmodium falciparum NF54 infected in human erythrocytes2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Straightforward conversion of decoquinate into inexpensive tractable new derivatives with significant antimalarial activities.
AID497984Half life in Ugandan children patient with uncomplicated malaria assessed as dihydroartemisin administered twice daily for 3 days as 20/120 mg tablets containing artemether-lumefantrine combination2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda.
AID158195In vitro anti-protozoal activity against Plasmodium falciparum Ghana2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-16, Volume: 13, Issue:12
1,4-Dihydroxy-2,3-dioxatricyclo[8.4.0.0(4,9)]tetradecane and derivatives with in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanasoma b brucei, Trypanasoma cruzi, and Leishmaniasis infantum.
AID1751449Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring pdr11 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID417432Inhibition of beta-hematin formation at drug to heme molar equivalent ratio of 15 by infrared spectra measured after 18 hrs2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 51, Issue:10
Trioxaquines and heme-artemisinin adducts inhibit the in vitro formation of hemozoin better than chloroquine.
AID1751438Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis NL001 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs in presence of fluconazole by absorbance based analysis relative to fluconazole-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID510922Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as survival at 50 mg/kg, perorally administered through 0.5% MCM/0.1%solutol HS15 formulation 24 hrs post infection for 3 days measured 96 hrs post inf2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID510912Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as survival at 10 mg/kg, perorally administered as single dose as single dose 24 hrs post infection for 1 day measured 72 hrs post infection2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID1698025Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for CHO cells to IC50 for antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major IR-173 by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID543630Antimicrobial activity against Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode assessed as increase in alkaline phosphatase activity at 10 uM2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 52, Issue:9
In vitro and in vivo treatments of echinococcus protoscoleces and metacestodes with artemisinin and artemisinin derivatives.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1751436Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Candida auris NL002 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs in presence of fluconazole by absorbance based analysis relative to fluconazole-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1175636Antimalarial activity Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as mouse survival at 6 mg/kg, po administered as single dose combined with 18 mg/kg mefloquine hydrochloride2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 25, Issue:2
Antimalarial chemotherapy: orally curative artemisinin-derived trioxane dimer esters.
AID117773Percent survival of mice (Mus musculus) after 20 days post infection of malarial parasite in out of 5 mice (Mus musculus)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID323681Reduction of [3H]chloroquine uptake in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum RSA11 infected erythrocytes after 90 min2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Effects of piperaquine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine on drug uptake and of these in combination with dihydroartemisinin against drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.
AID1327392Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by SRB assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of non-hemiacetal ester derivatives of artemisinin.
AID520092Induction of heme alkylation of Fe(II) heme assessed as loss of heme at 10 uM in presence of 50% ACN-H2O with excess sodium dithionite under argon at 20 degC by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Relationship between antimalarial activity and heme alkylation for spiro- and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane antimalarials.
AID276160Antimalarial activity in Plasmodium berghei infected MORO mice (Mus musculus) at 10 mg/kg peroral dose2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21
Antimalarial activity of N-alkyl amine, carboxamide, sulfonamide, and urea derivatives of a dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane piperidine.
AID251470Antimalarial activity (10 mg/kg, subcutaneously) given 1 day post infection of mice (Mus musculus) with Plasmodium berghei is its ability to reduce parasitemia on day 3 post infection2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID418051Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected type A+ human erythrocytes after 24 hrs by [G-3H]hypoxanthine uptake2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 19, Issue:7
Semi-synthetic and synthetic 1,2,4-trioxaquines and 1,2,4-trioxolaquines: synthesis, preliminary SAR and comparison with acridine endoperoxide conjugates.
AID252956Ratio of concentration that reduced cell viability to inhibitory concentration for LPS-induced B cell proliferation2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 48, Issue:14
Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of new artemisinin derivatives. 1. [12(beta or alpha)-Dihydroartemisininoxy]phen(ox)yl aliphatic acids and esters.
AID1751450Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring pdr12 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID13323Oral bioavailability in rat (dose 10 mg/kg i.v. and 50 mg/kg p.o.)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID560762Stability of compound in presence of methoxyhemoglobin assessed as pseudo-first order degradation rate constant at 10 uM at 20degC over 24 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Stability of peroxide antimalarials in the presence of human hemoglobin.
AID1304206Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Straightforward conversion of decoquinate into inexpensive tractable new derivatives with significant antimalarial activities.
AID403421Antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90113 by modified NCCLS method2005Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 68, Issue:8
Antifungal activity of artemisinin derivatives.
AID276162Survival of MORO mice (Mus musculus) infected with Plasmodium berghei at 10 mg/kg, perorally after 30 day post-infection2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21
Antimalarial activity of N-alkyl amine, carboxamide, sulfonamide, and urea derivatives of a dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane piperidine.
AID113170In vivo antimalarial activity in mice (Mus musculus) against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei N after subcutaneous administration2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A short synthesis and biological evaluation of potent and nontoxic antimalarial bridged bicyclic beta-sulfonyl-endoperoxides.
AID1751446Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring nft1 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID368231Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 by [3H]hypoxanthine uptake2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of extraordinarily potent C-10 carba artemisinin dimers against P. falciparum malaria parasites and HL-60 cancer cells.
AID246938Effective dose required to reduce the parasitemia in mice by suppressive test after 4 day postinfection2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID1751466Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae YNL013 harboring pdr5 delta mutant assessed as inhibition of fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID251433Antimalarial activity is its ability to reduce survival days (100 mg/kg, peroral) of mice (Mus musculus) infected with Plasmodium berghei2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID1546521Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells at 50 nM in presence of doxorubicin relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Artemisia: a promising plant for the treatment of cancer.
AID118005In vivo antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei NK173 in mice (Mus musculus) by intraperitoneal route at a concentration of 35.5 uM/kg at day 112004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID1751423Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Candida albicans SC5314 assessed as inhibition of fungal filamentation by measuring reduction in fungal hyphae growth in YEPD containing 10% serum medium at 100 uM incubated for 1 hr in prese2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID772517Antimalarial activity against sporozoite stage of Plasmodium yoelii assessed as invasion of human HepG2 cells expressing CD81 incubated for 2 hrs prior to inoculation measured after 1 hr by immunofluorescence assay in presence of penicillin/streptomycin2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 56, Issue:20
Using genetic methods to define the targets of compounds with antimalarial activity.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID276161Antimalarial activity in Plasmodium berghei infected MORO mice (Mus musculus) at 10 mg/kg subcutaneous dose2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21
Antimalarial activity of N-alkyl amine, carboxamide, sulfonamide, and urea derivatives of a dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane piperidine.
AID276163Survival of MORO mice (Mus musculus) infected with Plasmodium berghei at 10 mg/kg, subcutaneously after 30 day post-infection2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21
Antimalarial activity of N-alkyl amine, carboxamide, sulfonamide, and urea derivatives of a dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane piperidine.
AID112562In vivo antimalarial activity in mice (Mus musculus) against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei N after oral administration2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A short synthesis and biological evaluation of potent and nontoxic antimalarial bridged bicyclic beta-sulfonyl-endoperoxides.
AID418052Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected type A+ human erythrocytes after 24 hrs by [G-3H]hypoxanthine uptake2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 19, Issue:7
Semi-synthetic and synthetic 1,2,4-trioxaquines and 1,2,4-trioxolaquines: synthesis, preliminary SAR and comparison with acridine endoperoxide conjugates.
AID319193Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D72008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Two-step synthesis of achiral dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes with outstanding antimalarial activity, low toxicity, and high-stability profiles.
AID444498Anticancer activity against human SKOV3 cells by sulforhodamine B assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel amide derivatives of non-acetal deoxoartemisinin.
AID118008In vivo antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei NK173 in mice (Mus musculus) by intraperitoneal route at a concentration of 35.5 uM/kg at day 42004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID19456Partition coefficient (logP)2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-24, Volume: 13, Issue:6
Alkylation of manganese(II) tetraphenylporphyrin by antimalarial fluorinated artemisinin derivatives.
AID314497Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D72008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 18, Issue:5
An efficient route into synthetically challenging bridged achiral 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes with antimalarial activity.
AID323684Reduction of [3H]dihydroartemisinin uptake in chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected erythrocytes after 90 min2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Effects of piperaquine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine on drug uptake and of these in combination with dihydroartemisinin against drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains.
AID144637Evaluated for the neurotoxicity against NB2a Neuroblastoma cells.2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Synthesis and antimalarial activity of sixteen dispiro-1,2,4, 5-tetraoxanes: alkyl-substituted 7,8,15,16-tetraoxadispiro[5.2.5. 2]hexadecanes.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1304201Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive asexual Plasmodium falciparum NF54 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as inhibition of parasite proliferation after 96 hrs by SYBR Green I fluorescence based assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Straightforward conversion of decoquinate into inexpensive tractable new derivatives with significant antimalarial activities.
AID338840Cell cycle arrest in mouse EAC assessed as accumulation at S phase by FACS analysis1993Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 56, Issue:6
Cytotoxicity of artemisinin-related endoperoxides to Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
AID1751435Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis NL001 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs in presence of fluconazole by absorbance based analysis relative to vehicle-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1698018Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 by LDH assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID368232Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 by [3H]hypoxanthine uptake2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of extraordinarily potent C-10 carba artemisinin dimers against P. falciparum malaria parasites and HL-60 cancer cells.
AID1751444Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring aus1 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID414407Antimalarial activity after 48 hrs against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 by [3H]hypoxanthine uptake2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 19, Issue:7
Antitumour and antimalarial activity of artemisinin-acridine hybrids.
AID13114Plasma clearance following 10 mg/kg intravenous or 50 mg/kg oral dosing in rats2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID245962In vitro concentration of compound required to reduced spleen cell viability to 50% in BALB/c mice2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 48, Issue:14
Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of new artemisinin derivatives. 1. [12(beta or alpha)-Dihydroartemisininoxy]phen(ox)yl aliphatic acids and esters.
AID497995AUC (0-infinity) in Ugandan children patient with uncomplicated malaria administered twice daily for 3 days as 20/120 mg tablets containing artemether-lumefantrine combination2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda.
AID444500Anticancer activity against human HCT15 cells by sulforhodamine B assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel amide derivatives of non-acetal deoxoartemisinin.
AID251469Antimalarial activity (10 mg/kg, peroral) given 1 day post infection of mice (Mus musculus) with Plasmodium berghei is its ability to reduce parasitaemia on day 3 post infection2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1751465Increase in intracellular fluconazole accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae YNL032 harboring pdr5 deletion mutant at 400 uM measured after 4 hrs by HPLC analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID443013Therapeutic index, ratio of IC50 for human KB cells to IC50 for Plasmodium falciparum 3D72010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
Modular synthesis and in vitro and in vivo antimalarial assessment of C-10 pyrrole mannich base derivatives of artemisinin.
AID1751457Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring yol075c delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID158197In vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum FCR32003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-06, Volume: 13, Issue:1
Synthesis and antimalarial activity of 2-methoxyprop-2-yl peroxides derivatives.
AID251472Antimalarial activity (100 mg/kg, peroral) given 1 day post infection of mice (Mus musculus) with Plasmodium berghei is its ability to reduce parasitaemia on day 3 post infection2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID510949Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as reduction in parasitaemia at 10 mg/kg, perorally administered through 7% Tween80/3% Ethanol formulation 24 hrs post infection for 3 days measured 962010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID366933Antiplasmodial activity in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) at 54 mg/kg peroral dose as reduced parasitaemia2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Malaria-infected mice are cured by a single oral dose of new dimeric trioxane sulfones which are also selectively and powerfully cytotoxic to cancer cells.
AID338836Cytotoxicity against mouse EAC at >125 uM after 3 days by MTT assay1993Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 56, Issue:6
Cytotoxicity of artemisinin-related endoperoxides to Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
AID403422Antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 at 50 ug/mL by modified NCCLS method2005Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 68, Issue:8
Antifungal activity of artemisinin derivatives.
AID1698020Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani 1S promastigotes assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID338835Cytotoxicity against mouse EAC after 3 days by MTT assay1993Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 56, Issue:6
Cytotoxicity of artemisinin-related endoperoxides to Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID247109Effective dose required to reduce the parasitemia in mice when compound administered with Tween-80 after 3 day postinfection2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID1751458Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring yor1 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID26470Half-life in plasma2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-24, Volume: 13, Issue:6
Alkylation of manganese(II) tetraphenylporphyrin by antimalarial fluorinated artemisinin derivatives.
AID158862Intrinsic equimolar activity against Plasmodium falciparum D6 (Sierra Leone) relative to QHS1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3
Arteether, a new antimalarial drug: synthesis and antimalarial properties.
AID510911Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as reduction in parasitaemia at 100 mg/kg, perorally administered as single dose 24 hrs post infection for 1 day measured 72 hrs post infection2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID497987Half life in Ugandan children patient with uncomplicated malaria administered twice daily for 3 days as 20/120 mg tablets containing artemether-lumefantrine combination2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda.
AID1751426Antifungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans CNL012 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to vehicle-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID753935Antiviral activity against Cytomegalovirus infected in HFF after 72 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Artemisinin-derived dimer phosphate esters as potent anti-cytomegalovirus (anti-CMV) and anti-cancer agents: a structure-activity study.
AID1698024Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for CHO cells to IC50 for antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani 1S by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1251270Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected in C57BL/6 mouse experimental cerebral model assessed as mouse survival rate at 25 mg/kg, ip qd for 5 days2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19
NO-Donor Dihydroartemisinin Derivatives as Multitarget Agents for the Treatment of Cerebral Malaria.
AID510913Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as survival at 30 mg/kg, perorally administered as single dose 24 hrs post infection for 1 day measured 72 hrs post infection2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID158709In vitro inhibitory concentration against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum FcB12004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID520093Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Relationship between antimalarial activity and heme alkylation for spiro- and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane antimalarials.
AID510918Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as reduction in parasitaemia at 30 mg/kg, perorally administered through 0.5% MCM/0.1%solutol HS15 formulation 24 hrs post infection for 3 days measure2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID10468Half-life following 10 mg/kg intravenous or 50 mg/kg oral dosing in rats was determined2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID21358Solubility in PBS AT pH 7.4 was determined after incubation at 25 degree C2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID1751427Recovery of fluconazole susceptibility against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans CNL011 assessed as inhibition of fungal growth at 100 uM measured every 15 mins for 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID248433In vitro concentration of compound required to inhibit LPS-induced B cell proliferation to 50% in BALB/c mice2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 48, Issue:14
Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of new artemisinin derivatives. 1. [12(beta or alpha)-Dihydroartemisininoxy]phen(ox)yl aliphatic acids and esters.
AID158380In vitro antimalarial activity for Plasmodium falciparum W-21998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 41, Issue:21
Synthesis and antimalarial activities of fluoroalkyl derivatives of dihydroartemisinin.
AID1304207Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human WI38 cells to IC50 chloroquine-sensitive asexual Plasmodium falciparum NF54 infected in human erythrocytes2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Straightforward conversion of decoquinate into inexpensive tractable new derivatives with significant antimalarial activities.
AID481434Cytotoxicity against HFF after 5 days by Cell titer glo assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-13, Volume: 53, Issue:9
Thiazole, oxadiazole, and carboxamide derivatives of artemisinin are highly selective and potent inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii.
AID560760Stability of compound in presence water assessed as pseudo-first order degradation rate constant at 10 uM at 20degC over 24 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Stability of peroxide antimalarials in the presence of human hemoglobin.
AID443094Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 (Thailand) assessed as growth inhibition by [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation assay relative to artemisinin2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
Modular synthesis and in vitro and in vivo antimalarial assessment of C-10 pyrrole mannich base derivatives of artemisinin.
AID443011Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 assessed as growth inhibition by [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
Modular synthesis and in vitro and in vivo antimalarial assessment of C-10 pyrrole mannich base derivatives of artemisinin.
AID366935Antiplasmodial activity as reduced parasitaemia in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) at 144 mg/kg peroral dose2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Malaria-infected mice are cured by a single oral dose of new dimeric trioxane sulfones which are also selectively and powerfully cytotoxic to cancer cells.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1348370Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected in human O-positive erythrocytes assessed as decrease in parasitaemia after 72 hrs by NBT dye-based spectrophotometric method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Novel triazine dimers with potent antitrypanosomal activity.
AID1751439Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 assessed as inhibition of fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs in presence of fluconazole by absorbance based analysis relative to fluconazole-treated2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1751447Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring pdr5 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1546462Cytotoxicity against human PG100 cells assessed as cell viability at 955.2 ug/mL after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 28, Issue:1
Artemisia: a promising plant for the treatment of cancer.
AID21490Solubility in iv formulation was determined after incubation at 25 degree C2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.
AID663124Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei NS infected in po dosed CD1 mouse assessed as decrease in parasitemia measured on day 42012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Identification, design and biological evaluation of heterocyclic quinolones targeting Plasmodium falciparum type II NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (PfNDH2).
AID729111Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as average survival time at 6 mg/kg, po in presence of lumefantrine (Rvb = 8.8 days)2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-28, Volume: 56, Issue:6
Synthesis and antimalarial efficacy of two-carbon-linked, artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers in combination with known antimalarial drugs.
AID276158Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K12006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21
Antimalarial activity of N-alkyl amine, carboxamide, sulfonamide, and urea derivatives of a dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane piperidine.
AID158855Inhibitory concentration against Plasmodium falciparum D6 (Sierra Leone)1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3
Arteether, a new antimalarial drug: synthesis and antimalarial properties.
AID772516Antimalarial activity against mature gametocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum assessed as inhibition of mature gamete exflagellation at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs prior to exflagellation induction at 21 degC measured after 20 mins by microscopic analysi2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 56, Issue:20
Using genetic methods to define the targets of compounds with antimalarial activity.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID251234Survival of mice to 30-day postinfection with Plasmodium berghei upon 100 mg/kg peroral dose was determined2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID112571In vivo antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei. Activity expressed as ED90.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4
Structure-activity relationships of lactone ring-opened analogs of the antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxane artemisinin.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1698022Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major IR-173 promastigotes assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID158700In vitro inhibitory concentration against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K12002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 45, Issue:5
Mechanism-based design of parasite-targeted artemisinin derivatives: synthesis and antimalarial activity of new diamine containing analogues.
AID510921Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as survival at 30 mg/kg, perorally administered through 0.5% MCM/0.1%solutol HS15 formulation 24 hrs post infection for 3 days measured 96 hrs post inf2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID348882Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected human erythrocytes after 24 hrs by [3H]hypoxanthine uptake2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21
Piperidine dispiro-1,2,4-trioxane analogues.
AID729110Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as suppression of blood parasitemia level at 6 mg/kg, po measured on day 3 relative to vehicle-treated control in presence of mef-HCl2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-28, Volume: 56, Issue:6
Synthesis and antimalarial efficacy of two-carbon-linked, artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers in combination with known antimalarial drugs.
AID1751453Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring vmr1 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID366929Antiplasmodial activity as survival in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) at 54 mg/kg peroral dose2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Malaria-infected mice are cured by a single oral dose of new dimeric trioxane sulfones which are also selectively and powerfully cytotoxic to cancer cells.
AID1751433Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Candida auris NL002 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs in presence of fluconazole by absorbance based analysis relative to vehicle-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID132761In vivo antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-04, Volume: 44, Issue:1
Synthesis, antimalarial activity, biomimetic iron(II) chemistry, and in vivo metabolism of novel, potent C-10-phenoxy derivatives of dihydroartemisinin.
AID1698021Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani 9515 promastigotes assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID236182Plasma clearance after intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID1751441Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans H99 assessed as inhibition of fungal growth at 0.2 uM measured every 15 mins for 24 hrs in presence of fluconazole by absorbance based analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID562277Antiparasitic activity against Schistosoma mansoni assessed as parasite death at 300 ug/ml2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 53, Issue:11
In vitro activities of trioxaquines against Schistosoma mansoni.
AID1327388Thermal stability of the compound assessed as melting point by thermogravimetric analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of non-hemiacetal ester derivatives of artemisinin.
AID11005350% effective dose for antimalarial activity (in vivo) against Plasmodium berghei2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 45, Issue:5
Mechanism-based design of parasite-targeted artemisinin derivatives: synthesis and antimalarial activity of new diamine containing analogues.
AID1751451Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring pdr15 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID729109Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as suppression of blood parasitemia level at 6 mg/kg, po measured on day 3 relative to vehicle-treated control in presence of mefloquine2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-28, Volume: 56, Issue:6
Synthesis and antimalarial efficacy of two-carbon-linked, artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers in combination with known antimalarial drugs.
AID510919Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as reduction in parasitaemia at 50 mg/kg, perorally administered through 0.5% MCM/0.1%solutol HS15 formulation 24 hrs post infection for 3 days measure2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID1440393Antibiofilm activity against Candida albicans SC5314 after 24 hrs in presence of miconazole by Cell-Titer Blue assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-23, Volume: 60, Issue:6
Tackling Fungal Resistance by Biofilm Inhibitors.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID520094Induction of heme alkylation of Fe(II) heme assessed as adduct A472 absorbance change at completion of reaction at 10 uM in presence of 50% ACN-H2O with excess sodium dithionite under argon at 20 degC by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Relationship between antimalarial activity and heme alkylation for spiro- and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane antimalarials.
AID1751428Recovery of fluconazole susceptibility against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans CNL012 assessed as inhibition of fungal growth at 100 uM measured every 15 mins for 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID247107Effective dose required to reduce the parasitemia in mice by suppressive test after 4 day postinfection2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1751460Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae YNL033 overexpressing PDR5 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to fluconazole-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID443012Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs by alamar blue assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
Modular synthesis and in vitro and in vivo antimalarial assessment of C-10 pyrrole mannich base derivatives of artemisinin.
AID443095Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected Swiss CD1 mice (Mus musculus) assessed as reduction of parasitemia at 30 mg/kg, perorally administered after 3 hrs of infection for 3 days measured on day 4 relative to control2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
Modular synthesis and in vitro and in vivo antimalarial assessment of C-10 pyrrole mannich base derivatives of artemisinin.
AID158199In vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K12001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-04, Volume: 44, Issue:1
Synthesis, antimalarial activity, biomimetic iron(II) chemistry, and in vivo metabolism of novel, potent C-10-phenoxy derivatives of dihydroartemisinin.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID729115Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as average survival time at 6 mg/kg, po in presence of Mef-HCl (Rvb = 7.3 days)2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-28, Volume: 56, Issue:6
Synthesis and antimalarial efficacy of two-carbon-linked, artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers in combination with known antimalarial drugs.
AID237221Plasma half life period after intravenous administration ( 10 mg/kg )2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID366930Antiplasmodial activity as survival in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) at 72 mg/kg peroral dose2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Malaria-infected mice are cured by a single oral dose of new dimeric trioxane sulfones which are also selectively and powerfully cytotoxic to cancer cells.
AID510910Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei GFP ANKA infected in NMRI mice (Mus musculus) assessed as reduction in parasitaemia at 30 mg/kg, perorally administered as single dose 24 hrs post infection for 1 day measured 72 hrs post infection2010Science (New York, N.Y.), Sep-03, Volume: 329, Issue:5996
Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria.
AID443015Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 (Thailand) assessed as growth inhibition by [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
Modular synthesis and in vitro and in vivo antimalarial assessment of C-10 pyrrole mannich base derivatives of artemisinin.
AID131169Compound was tested in vivo for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in the mice (Mus musculus) model.1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-30, Volume: 42, Issue:26
Novel, potent, semisynthetic antimalarial carba analogues of the first-generation 1,2,4-trioxane artemether.
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1348371Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 SV2 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 72 hrs by resazurin dye-based fluorometric method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Novel triazine dimers with potent antitrypanosomal activity.
AID112564In vivo antimalarial activity in mice (Mus musculus) against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei N after subcutaneous administration2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A short synthesis and biological evaluation of potent and nontoxic antimalarial bridged bicyclic beta-sulfonyl-endoperoxides.
AID662967Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 after 72 hrs by MSF assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 22, Issue:12
Coumarin-trioxane hybrids: synthesis and evaluation as a new class of antimalarial scaffolds.
AID1751425Antifungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans CNL011 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to vehicle-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID158699In vitro inhibitory concentration against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K12002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 45, Issue:5
Mechanism-based design of parasite-targeted artemisinin derivatives: synthesis and antimalarial activity of new diamine containing analogues.
AID366931Antiplasmodial activity as survival in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) at 144 mg/kg peroral dose2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Malaria-infected mice are cured by a single oral dose of new dimeric trioxane sulfones which are also selectively and powerfully cytotoxic to cancer cells.
AID1304205Resistance index, ratio of IC50 for multi-drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 infected in human erythrocytes to IC50 for chloroquine-sensitive asexual Plasmodium falciparum NF54 infected in human erythrocytes2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Straightforward conversion of decoquinate into inexpensive tractable new derivatives with significant antimalarial activities.
AID1500572Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium yoelii N67 infected in Swiss mouse assessed as parasitaemia in blood at 5 mg/kg, ip qd for 4 consecutive days measured on day 4 post last dose by Giemsa staining based light microscopic method (Rvb = 9.8 to 16.6%
AID158863Intrinsic equimolar activity against Plasmodium falciparum W2 Indochina relative to QHS1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3
Arteether, a new antimalarial drug: synthesis and antimalarial properties.
AID236027Oral bioavailability (dose 50 mg/kg)2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Spiro and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes as antimalarial peroxides: charting a workable structure-activity relationship using simple prototypes.
AID366934Antiplasmodial activity as reduced parasitaemia in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) at 72 mg/kg peroral dose2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Malaria-infected mice are cured by a single oral dose of new dimeric trioxane sulfones which are also selectively and powerfully cytotoxic to cancer cells.
AID1751459Potentiation of fluconazole-induced antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 assessed as fungal growth at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to fluconazole-treated control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID753933Cytotoxicity against PHA-stimulated human PBMC cells after 48 hrs by Alamar Blue assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Artemisinin-derived dimer phosphate esters as potent anti-cytomegalovirus (anti-CMV) and anti-cancer agents: a structure-activity study.
AID497985AUC (0-infinity) in Ugandan children patient with uncomplicated malaria assessed as dihydroartemisin administered twice daily for 3 days as 20/120 mg tablets containing artemether-lumefantrine combination2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda.
AID1751452Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring snq2 delta mutant assessed as fungal growth at 1600 uM measured after 24 hrs by absorbance based analysis relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 44Evaluation of artemisinin derivative artemether as a fluconazole potentiator through inhibition of Pdr5.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (995)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199050 (5.03)18.7374
1990's160 (16.08)18.2507
2000's299 (30.05)29.6817
2010's309 (31.06)24.3611
2020's177 (17.79)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 73.71

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index73.71 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.16 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.06 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index129.85 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (73.71)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials237 (22.57%)5.53%
Reviews88 (8.38%)6.00%
Case Studies49 (4.67%)4.05%
Observational4 (0.38%)0.25%
Other672 (64.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (163)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Multicentre Randomised Comparative Clinical Trial of the Efficacy of Artesunate + Amodiaquine Versus Artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem®) for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Childhood Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Zanzibar [NCT03768908]Phase 4359 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-05Completed
Surveillance for the Effectiveness and Safety of Artemether-lumefantrine in Pediatric and Adult Patients With Malaria [NCT01228344]324 participants (Actual)Observational2010-05-01Completed
Effectiveness and Safety Evaluation of the Riamet® Versus Malarone® in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria : a Multicentric Study [NCT01150344]Phase 4317 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
A Phase 2, Multi-center, Randomized, Open-label, Dose-escalation Study to Determine Safety of Single (QD) and Multiple (3 QD) Doses of KAE609, Given to Adults With Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria. [NCT03334747]Phase 2188 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-16Completed
Artemether-lumefantrine vs Chloroquine in Patients With Acute Non-severe P. Vivax Malaria in Sabah, Malaysia [NCT02348788]Phase 398 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of a Single Low-dose Primaquine Added to Standard Artemether-lumefantrine Treatment for the Clearance of Plasmodium Falciparum Gametocytes. [NCT02090036]Phase 4220 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
A Four-arm Trial Comparing Artemether-lumefantrine With or Without Single-dose Primaquine and Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine/Amodiaquine With or Without Single-dose Tafenoquine to Reduce P. Falciparum Transmission in Mali [NCT05081089]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-12Completed
Host and Parasites Factors Contributing to Risk of Plasmodium Re-infection and Morbidity in Elementary School Children in Maprik, East Sepik Province [NCT02143934]Phase 4524 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
A Randomized Clinical Trial to Measure the Impact of Retreatment With an Artemisinin-based Combination on Malaria Incidence and Its Potential Selection of Resistant Strains [NCT01374581]Phase 32,117 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Artemether-lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in the Philippines in 2017-2018 [NCT05958810]80 participants (Actual)Observational2017-01-02Completed
Optimizing the Dose of Tafenoquine for the Radical Cure of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria in Southeast Asia [NCT04704999]Phase 4700 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-18Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of the Safety of Primaquine in Combination With Artemether-lumefantrine in Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogynase Deficient Males With an Asymptomatic Malaria Infection in Burkina Faso (SAFEPRIM) [NCT02174900]Phase 2/Phase 370 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Clinical Efficacy of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy for Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in North Sumatera, Indonesia and the Association of Molecular Markers With Treatment Outcomes [NCT02325180]Phase 4338 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
An Open-label Randomised Trial to Assess the Therapeutic Efficacy and Tolerability of Arterolane-piperaquine Plus Single Low Dose Primaquine Versus Arterolane-piperaquine Plus Mefloquine and Single Low Dose Primaquine Versus Artemether-lumefantrine Plus S [NCT03452475]Phase 3219 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-07Completed
A Randomised, Open-label Non-inferiority Trial of Artemether-lumefantrine Versus Quinine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria During Pregnancy, Mbarara, Uganda (2006-2007) [NCT00495508]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Efficacy of Antimalarial Drugs Used for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria, Plasmodium Falciparum, at the Agadez, Gaya and Tessaoua Sentinel Sites [NCT05070520]Phase 4259 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-01Completed
Treatment Outcomes for Non-malarial Febrile Illness in Children Aged 6-59 Months in Areas of Perennial Malaria Transmission [NCT01043744]1,000 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Artemether-lumefantrine and Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in Children With Uncomplicated Clinical Malaria in Rural Rwanda [NCT04767217]Phase 4528 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-14Recruiting
Safety and Feasibility of a Malaria Transmission Model in Semi-immune Kenyan Adults Using Plasmodium Falciparum Sporozoites [NCT04280692]Phase 1/Phase 244 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-08-22Active, not recruiting
A Phase 1/2a Study of LON002 (Sublingual Artemether Spray) in Subjects With Advanced Solid Tumours. [NCT02263950]Phase 1/Phase 287 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-10-31Recruiting
A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Artemether-Lumefantrine Alone and in Combination With Ivermectin to Reduce Post-Treatment Malaria Transmission [NCT01603251]Phase 1/Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Phase I, Randomized, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Effect of Multiple Oral Doses of Eurartesim on the QT/QTc Interval Compared to Riamet, Placebo and Moxifloxacin in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers [NCT01103830]Phase 1287 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Phase 2/3, Open-Label, Comparative Trial Of Azithromycin Plus Chloroquine Versus Artemether-Lumefantrine For The Treatment Of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria In Children In Africa [NCT00677833]Phase 2/Phase 3361 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Impact Tanzania in Vivo Efficacy 2010: Assessing the Efficacy of Artemisinin Combination Therapies for Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria Infection in Children Aged 6-59 Months [NCT01082705]Phase 3323 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
A Multi-center, Open-label, Randomized Trial of Chloroquine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Mefloquine-Artesunate for the Treatment of Uncomplicated P. Vivax Malaria in Pregnant Women in Brazil [NCT01107145]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Extremely slow enrollment)
An Adaptive, Randomized, Active-controlled, Open-label, Sequential Cohort, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Cipargamin (KAE609) in Adult and Pediatric Participants With Severe Plasmodium [NCT04675931]Phase 2252 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-07Recruiting
Antioxidant Micronutrients in Malaria:a Randomised Clinical Trial [NCT01152931]Phase 310 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Randomized Study of the Tolerability and Efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine Versus Artesunate Plus Amodiaquine Coadministered for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Zanzibar [NCT03764527]Phase 4408 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-11-01Completed
Assessing the Effectiveness of Targeted Active Case Detection Among High Risk Populations in Southern Lao PDR [NCT03783299]Phase 439,968 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-28Completed
A Cluster Randomized, Single-centre, Controlled, Parallel,12-month Prospective Study and Additional 12-month Follow-up in Africa of Malaria Incidence in a Community Setting Following Systematic Treatment of P. Falciparum Asymptomatic Carriers With Artemet [NCT01256658]Phase 414,075 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
Open Label, Multicenter Study for Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine Tablets (6-Dose Regimen) in African Infants and Children in the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria [NCT00709969]Phase 3310 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Artemether-Lumefantrine and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria Among Children in the North Region of Cameroon [NCT05340153]Phase 4184 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-11Not yet recruiting
Assessment of Use of Rapid Diagnostic Testing in the Context of Home Management With ACTs [NCT00720811]6,456 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Evaluation of the Effect of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies on Urinary Schistosoma Haematobium When Administered for the Treatment of Malaria Co-infection [NCT04264130]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-31Completed
In Vivo and in Vitro Efficacy of the Recommended First Line Antimalarial Treatments (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amodiaquine-Artesunate) in Children With Uncomplicated Malaria in Burkina Faso [NCT00808951]Phase 4440 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
Safety and Protective Efficacy of Chemoprophylaxis and Sporozoite Immunization With Plasmodium Falciparum NF135 Against Homologous and Heterologous Challenge Infection in Healthy Volunteers in the Netherlands [NCT03813108]43 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-01Terminated(stopped due to Subject withdrawals after temporal suspension of the trial (for personal, logistic reasons). At time of reinitiation the number of enrolled subjects did not meet the predefined threshold for continuation of the trial.)
[NCT00868465]600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Artesunate-amodiaquine and Artemether-lumefantrine in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a Randomized Controlled Trial (TES2022) [NCT06076213]Phase 41,408 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-01Recruiting
Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Used to Treat Uncomplicated Malaria in Breastfeeding Mother-infant Pairs: An Observational Pharmacokinetic Study [NCT05676645]30 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-03-20Recruiting
A Five-arm Trial Comparing Artesunate-amodiaquine and Artemether-lumefantrine-amodiaquine With or Without Single-dose Primaquine to Reduce P. Falciparum Transmission in Mali [NCT05550909]Phase 2100 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-10-17Completed
Open Label Randomized Study Evaluating the in Vivo Efficacies of Artemether-lumefantrine and Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Children Under Five Years of Age in Western Kenya [NCT05060198]340 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-17Completed
Improving Neonatal Health Through Rapid Malaria Testing in Early Pregnancy With High-Sensitivity [NCT05757167]Phase 42,500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-06Recruiting
Evaluation of Dolutegravir Interactions With Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amodiaquine-Artesunate [NCT02242799]Phase 146 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
Efficacy of Artemether/Lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Children Five Years After Wide Scale Use of the Drug in Tanzania. [NCT02089841]Phase 4140 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
In Vivo Efficacy of Artemether-lumefantrine and Amodiaquine-artesunate for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Children: A Multisite, Open-label, Two-cohort Clinical Trial in Mozambique. [NCT02168569]Phase 4700 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
A Five-cohort, Randomized, Open-label, Parallel-group Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dose of Tafenoquine (SB252263) 300mg When Co-administered With the Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACT) Artemether + Lumefantrine (AL) and Di [NCT02184637]Phase 1120 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Artemether Lumefantrine Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Malaria Due to Plasmodium Ovale, Plasmodium Malariae, and Mixed Plasmodium Infections in Gabon [NCT00725777]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
A Multi-center, Open-label, Randomized, Phase 4, Trial of Artemether-Lumefantrine and Mefloquine-Artesunate for the Treatment of Uncomplicated P. Falciparum Malaria Parasitemia in Pregnant Women in Brazil [NCT01082731]Phase 46 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Extremely slow enrollment)
An Open-label, Randomized, Single-center, Parallel Group Study of the Effects of Artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem®) Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone®) and Artesunate-mefloquine on Auditory Function Following the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Plasmodium F [NCT00444106]Phase 4265 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Extended Duration Artemether-lumefantrine Treatment for Malaria in Children [NCT03453840]Phase 4305 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-19Completed
Ethiopia In-vivo Efficacy Study 2009: Evaluating the Efficacy of Artemether-lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Infection and Either Artemether-lumefantrine or Chloroquine for P. Vivax Infection [NCT01052584]354 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
A Multi-site Cohort Observational Study for Molecular Assessment of Artemisinin Resistance Falciparum Malaria in Myanmar [NCT02792816]550 participants (Actual)Observational2009-06-30Completed
Targeting Malaria High-risk Populations With Tailored Intervention Packages: A Study to Assess Feasibility and Effectiveness in Northern Namibia [NCT04094727]Phase 43,302 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-Label Study to Evaluate Potential Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Orally Administered Artemether-lumefantrine, Amodiaquine and Primaquine in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT02696954]Phase 1/Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-18Terminated
In Vivo Efficacy of Artesunate-amodiaquine and Artemether-lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria: an Open-randomised, Non-inferiority Clinical Trial in South Kivu, DR Congo [NCT02741024]Phase 4288 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Coartem® and Either Nevirapine, Efavirenz or Rifampicin in HIV Positive Ugandan Patients [NCT00620438]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-02-29Active, not recruiting
Evaluation of the Effect of Targeted Mass Drug Administration and Reactive Case Detection on Malaria Transmission and Elimination in East Hararghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia [NCT04241705]48,960 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-20Recruiting
Study of Therapeutic Efficacy, Safety and Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Artemether-lumefantrine and Nevirapine-based Antiretrovirals in HIV-infected Patients With Uncomplicated Falciparum-malaria in Muheza, Northeastern Tanzania [NCT00885287]Phase 4830 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
A Pilot, Double-blind, Randomized, Parallel-group, Placebo-controlled, Exploratory Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic Acid Hydrochloride (5-ALA HCl) and Sodium Ferrous Citrate (SFC) Added on Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy ( [NCT04020653]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-06Withdrawn(stopped due to Considering the Thai FDA requirement, changes of Malaria cases in Thailand and EC recommendation, the decision to withdrawal the study was made.)
Programmatic Implementation of ACTs in Malawi: Safety and Effectiveness of Combination Therapies With Repeated Treatments for Uncomplicated P. Falciparum Malaria Over a Three-year Period [NCT01038063]Phase 41,200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-10-31Recruiting
Artemether-lumefantrine Vs Co-formulated Amodiaquine + Artesunate for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria: a Randomized Open-label Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Burkina Faso New Drug Policy [NCT01017770]Phase 4340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Effectiveness and Safety of Artemether + Lumefantrine and Dihydroartemisinin + Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria in Guinea-Bissau [NCT04897919]Phase 4474 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-01Completed
A Randomized Trial of Azithromycin + Artesunate v Artemether-lumefantrine in Uncomplicated Malaria in Tanzanian Children. [NCT00694694]Phase 3261 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Antiretroviral Agents, Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Efavirenz and Antimalarial Drug Combinations, Artesunate/Amodiaquine and Artemether/Lumefantrine. [NCT00697892]Phase 138 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Artemether-lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in the Philippines in 2015 [NCT05958693]82 participants (Actual)Observational2015-01-05Completed
An Open-label, Randomised, Controlled, Non-inferiority Trial to Compare the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of a Fixed Dose Triple Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (TACT) Artemether-lumefantrine-amodiaquine Versus First-line Artemisinin-based Combi [NCT05951595]Phase 31,440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-01Not yet recruiting
Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between the Antimalarial Combination Artemether/Lumefantrine and Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Including Nevirapine in HIV-infected Adults [NCT00790881]Phase 436 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Safe and Efficacious Artemisinin-based Combination Treatments for African Pregnant Women With Malaria [NCT00852423]Phase 33,428 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
A Multi-centre Randomised Controlled Non-inferiority Trial to Compare the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Triple Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies Versus First-line ACTs + Placebo for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria [NCT03939104]Phase 31,368 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-30Recruiting
A Multi-centre Randomised Controlled Non-inferiority Trial to Compare the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Triple Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies Versus First-line ACTs + Placebo for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria [NCT03923725]Phase 33,240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-01Recruiting
Evaluation of 4 Artemisinin-based Combinations for Treating Uncomplicated Malaria in African Children [NCT00393679]Phase 34,112 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
[NCT01075945]Phase 4140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-02-28Recruiting
A Phase 1 Clinical Trial To Evaluate The Safety and Infectivity Of Direct Venus Inoculation of Aseptic, Purified, Cryopreserved Plasmodium Falciparum 7G8 And NF54 Challenge Strains (PfSPZ) in a Head-To-Head Comparative Study [NCT04203186]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Funding was lost due to the COVID19 Pandemic)
A Study to Assess Safety of Current Standard Malaria Treatment and an Assessment of Glucose-6-dehydrogenase Status in South-east Bangladesh [NCT02389374]Phase 4181 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
Comparison of Lumefantrine Concentrations Measured in Venous Plasma Versus in Dried Capillary Blood Spot Samples in Healthy Volunteers. [NCT02742285]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-31Completed
In-vivo Efficacy and Safety of Artemether/Lumefantrine Vs Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria and Assessment of Parasite Genetic Factors Associated With Parasite Clearance or Treatment Failure [NCT02590627]Phase 4509 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
An Open-label, Single-center Study of the Effects of Co-artemether, Atovaquone-proguanil, and Artesunate-mefloquine on Auditory Function Following the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Patients 12 Years of Age or Older. [NCT00386750]Phase 4265 participants Interventional2005-06-30Terminated
A Randomized Open-Label Trial of the Efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine Suspension Compared With Artemether-Lumefantrine Tablets for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Children Less Than Five Years in Western Kenya [NCT00529867]Phase 4267 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Interactions Between HIV and Malaria in African Children [NCT00527800]Phase 3351 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
Optimizing Malaria Treatment for HIV-Malaria Co-Infected Individuals by Addressing Drug Interactions Between Artemether-Lumefantrine and Efavirenz; a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04708496]Phase 4888 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-18Recruiting
Effectiveness of Oral Quinine and Artemether-Lumefantrine in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria in Ugandan Children [NCT00540202]Phase 4302 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-09-30Recruiting
A Phase III Comparative (Double-blind, Double-dummy) Randomised, Multi-centre Study to Assess the Efficacy of Pyronaridine Artesunate (180:60mg) Versus Coartem® (Artemether Lumefantrine) in Children & Adult Patients With Falciparum Malaria [NCT00422084]Phase 31,272 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
Phase III Clinical Trials of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy in Cameroon [NCT00297882]Phase 3816 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of the Dispersible Formulation of Artemether-lumefantrine, Co-formulated Artesunate-amodiaquine and Co-formulated Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Machinga District, Mal [NCT01326754]498 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
A Phase I, Partially Randomized, Open Label, Two-way, Two Period Cross-over Study to Investigate the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Etravirine or Darunavir/Rtv and Artemether/Lumefantrine at Steady-state in Healthy HIV-negative Subjects [NCT01876966]Phase 133 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
THE OPTIMAL TIMING OF PRIMAQUINE TO PREVENT MALARIA TRANSMISSION AFTER ARTEMISININ-COMBINATION THERAPY [NCT01906788]Phase 4250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-05-31Recruiting
Comparison of Two Regimens of Artemether-lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Pregnant Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo [NCT01916954]Phase 396 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Low Dose Primaquine for Clearance of Gametocytes in Asymptomatic Individuals Infected With P. Falciparum in Burkina Faso [NCT01935882]Phase 2/Phase 3360 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
Treatment Efficacy and Malaria TRANSmission After Artemisinin Combination Therapy 2 (TRANSACT2) [NCT01939886]Phase 3219 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Community-based Scheduled Screening and Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy for Improved Maternal and Infant Health: a Cluster-randomized Trial in The Gambia, Burkina Faso and Benin [NCT01941264]4,265 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Open-label, Multi-center, Non-comparative Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Study of Co-artemether in the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Malaria in Non-immune Patients [NCT00233337]Phase 40 participants Interventional2001-05-31Completed
Efficacy and Bio-availability of Artemether-Lumefantrine Fixed Combination in Severely Malnourished Children Compared to Non-severely Malnourished Children [NCT01958905]399 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Adherence to Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy (ACT) for the Treatment of Malaria in Sierra Leone [NCT01967472]1,145 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-16Completed
In Vivo and In Vitro Efficacy of Artemisinin Combination Therapy in Kisumu County, Western Kenya [NCT01976780]Phase 4118 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Parasite Clearance Time and Time to Recurrent Infection Following Treatment With Artemether/Lumefantrine Among Children With Uncomplicated P. Falciparum Malaria Five Years After Wide Scale Use of the Drug in Tanzania [NCT01998295]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Artemether-lumefantrine vs Chloroquine in Patients With Acute Uncomplicated P. Knowlesi Malaria: a Randomized Open Label Trial in Sabah, Malaysia (CAN KNOW Trial) [NCT02001012]Phase 3123 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
An Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of a 3 Day Versus 5 Day Course of Artemether-lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Myanmar [NCT02020330]Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-25Completed
A Randomized, Investigator-Blinded, Multicenter, Parallel-Group Study to Compare Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Arthemeter/ Lumefantrine Dispersible Tablet Formulation vs. Artemether/ Lumefantrine 6-Dose Crushed Tablet in the Treatment of Acute Unco [NCT00386763]Phase 3890 participants Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Monitoring the Effectiveness and Safety of Artesunate-Amodiaquine and Artemether-Lumefantrine During the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria Among Children in Yaounde, Cameroon [NCT04565184]Phase 4242 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-09Completed
Impact of a School-based Programme of Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment on School Attendance in Southern Malawi [NCT02213211]3,667 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
Efficacy of Chloroquine + Sulfadoxine Pyrimethamine Versus Artemether + Lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in the Philippines [NCT00229775]560 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between the Antimalarial Combination Artemether/Lumefantrine and Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Including Lopinavir/Ritonavir in HIV-infected Adults [NCT00869700]Phase 418 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
In Vivo Efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine and Artesunate-Amodiaquine for Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Malawi, 2014 [NCT02637128]Phase 4452 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
Multicenter, Open-label, Single-arm Study to Evaluate the PK, Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of a New Artemether:Lumefantrine (2.5 mg:30 mg) Dispersible Tablet in the Treatment of Infants and Neonates <5 kg Body Weight With Acute Uncomplicated Plasmodi [NCT04300309]Phase 2/Phase 328 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-21Active, not recruiting
A Multi-centre, Randomised, Double-blind, Double Dummy Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Chlorproguanil-dapsone-artesunate Versus Artemether-lumefantrine in the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Children and Adoles [NCT00344006]Phase 31,395 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Effectiveness of Artemether-Lumefantrine Treatment Provided by Community Health Worker Against Uncomplicated Malaria in Children Under 5 Years of Age in Tanzania [NCT00454961]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-04-30Completed
Malaria as a Risk Factor for COVID-19 in Western Kenya and Burkina Faso [NCT04695197]Phase 3142 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-08Recruiting
An Individually Randomised Trial of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention Versus a Long-acting Artemisinin Combination Therapy for the Prevention of Malaria and Anaemia in Children Living in an Area of Extended Seasonal Transmission in Ghana. [NCT01651416]Phase 42,400 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Longitudinal Comparison of Combination Antimalarial Therapies in Ugandan Children: Evaluation of Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy [NCT00123552]Phase 3601 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-11-30Completed
Characterization of Novel Molecular Tools for the Epidemiological Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Mali [NCT00127998]1,011 participants Interventional2005-07-31Completed
Chloroquine and Coartem for Treatment of Symptomatic Children With Plasmodium Falciparum in Guinea Bissau. [NCT00426439]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Versus Artemether-Lumefantrine Versus Amodiaquine-Artesunate Coformulation in Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria : an Open Randomized Study [NCT00460369]240 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Completed
Randomized Trial of the Safety and Effectiveness of Lapdap and Coartemether for Uncomplicated Malaria in Operational Settings [NCT00118794]Phase 31,200 participants Interventional2004-09-30Completed
Assessing and Monitoring the Efficacy of Sulfadoxine/ Pyrimethamine (SP) and the Combination of SP Plus Artesunate for Uncomplicated Malaria Infections Among Children [NCT00140361]Phase 4390 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-01-31Completed
[NCT00406146]Phase 30 participants Interventional2004-10-31Active, not recruiting
Can Triple Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy for Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria, Delay Drug Resistance Development of Plasmodium Falciparum in Tanzania: a Randomized Three Arm Clinical Trial [NCT05764746]Phase 2/Phase 3384 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-01Not yet recruiting
Assessment of Adherence to a 6-Dose Regimen of Coartem for Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria in Children Under 5 Years in Tanzania [NCT00153491]300 participants Observational2002-08-31Completed
Open Label Study to Evaluate Combination Anti-malarial Therapy,in Terms of Efficacy, Prevalence of Gametocyte Carriage and Molecular Markers Associated With Sulfadoxine Pyrimethamine Resistance in Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum [NCT00203801]700 participants Interventional2002-01-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Artesunate-amodiaquine, Artemether-lumefantrine and Dihydroartemisinine-piperaquine in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02940756]Phase 41,615 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-15Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) and Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in the Center Region of Cameroon [NCT04829695]Phase 4184 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-05Not yet recruiting
An Open Randomised Trial of the Efficacy of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP), Amodiaquine + SP (AQ-SP), AQ + Artesunate (AQ-Art), Chlorproguanil-Dapsone + Art (CD-Art), and Lumefantrine-Artemether (LA) for Uncomplicated Malaria in Malawi [NCT00164710]Phase 4365 participants Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Pharmacology of Artemisinin-Based Antimalarial Therapy Within the Context of Antiretroviral Therapy [NCT01728961]Phase 419 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-02-29Terminated(stopped due to Slow accrual and funding limitations.)
Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Antiretroviral Agents, Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Efavirenz and Antimalarial Drug Combination, Artemether/Lumefantrine [NCT00266058]Phase 133 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
Effect of Atazanavir-ritonavir on the Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Lumefantrine in People Living With HIV Attending Lagos University Teaching Hospital [NCT04531072]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-18Completed
Ethiopia Antimalarial in Vivo Efficacy Study 2012: Evaluating the Efficacy of Artemether-lumefantrine Alone Compared to Artemether-lumefantrine Plus Primaquine and Chloroquine Alone Compared to Chloroquine Plus Primaquine for Plasmodium Vivax Infection [NCT01680406]Phase 4398 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Comparative Evaluation of the Safety and the Efficacy of Artemether + Lumefantrine (Coartem™) vs. Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine (SP) in Both HIV+ and HIV- Adults With Uncomplicated P. Falciparum Malaria in Zambia [NCT00304980]3,000 participants Interventional2003-03-31Terminated
[NCT00451139]Phase 40 participants InterventionalCompleted
Treatment of Uncomplicated Childhood Malaria by an Artemisinin Derivative in Combination With Lumefantrine. Efficacy, Safety and Genotyping. [NCT00336375]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Artemether/Lumefantrine in the Treatment of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria in Eastern Sudan [NCT01625871]Phase 338 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Efficacy of Amodiaquine-Artesunate (ASAQ) and Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Nanoro, Burkina Faso [NCT01697787]Phase 4150 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Artemether + Lumefantrine and Dihydroartemisinin + Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria in Guinea-Bissau. [NCT01704508]Phase 4346 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Efficacy of Artesunate-amodiaquine, Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and Artemether-lumefantrine Combination Therapies for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Children Aged 6 to 59 Months in Maradi, Niger 2012-13 [NCT01755559]Phase 4663 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Field Study of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy for Gametocyte Clearance and Post-treatment Chemoprotection in Zambian Children With Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria [NCT04009343]Phase 2/Phase 3182 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-06-19Active, not recruiting
Phase III Study to Study the Clinical Response to ACT Fixed Dose Combination in 42 Days in Uncomplicated Malaria in Cameroon [NCT01845701]Phase 3720 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
A Comparative Assessment of the Effectiveness of Artemether Plus Lumefantrine Versus Artesunate Plus Amodiaquine for the Treatment of Children With Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria [NCT00374205]Phase 4245 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Interim analysis showed more LCFs in one of the treatment arms)
A Single Centre, Open Label, Pilot Phase Ib Study to Investigate Blood Stage Malaria Infection After Direct Venous Inoculation of Cryopreserved P. Falciparum (NF54 Strain) Sporozoites (PfSPZ-DVI) in Malaria naïve Healthy Adult Volunteers [NCT04310085]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-19Completed
A Proof-of-concept Study to Assess the Effect of ACT-451840 Against Early Plasmodium Falciparum Blood Stage Infection in Healthy Subjects [NCT02223871]Phase 18 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Cluster Randomized Trial of Malaria Seasonal IPTc Combined With Community Case Management in Saraya District, SE Senegal [NCT01449045]Phase 34,554 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Efficacy of Dried Leaf Artemisia (DLA) Versus Coartem (ACT): A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial for Comparing DLA vs. ACT to Treat Malaria [NCT03199755]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-20Withdrawn(stopped due to Withdrawn in 2018 because clinicians did not follow protocols, issues with communication and also with tablet processing, nearby Ebola outbreak in 2018 (in the N Kivu area) confounded efforts.)
Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Maytenus Senegalensis for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria Episodes in Adult Patients as Compared to Artemether-lumefantrine [NCT04944966]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-02Completed
Evaluation of Three Artemisinin-based Combinations for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria in Childreen in Burkina Faso (CHIMIO2) [NCT04778813]Phase 41,050 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-01Not yet recruiting
Ivermectin-artemisinin Combination Therapy for Eradication of Malaria [NCT05605925]Phase 4138 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-04Recruiting
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Pyronaridine-Artesunate Versus Artemether-Lumefantrine in The Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Malaria Among Children In South-West Nigeria [NCT05192265]Phase 2/Phase 3172 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-20Completed
Pyronaridine-artesunate and Artemether-lumefantrine for the Treatment of Paediatric Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Western Kenya [NCT02411994]Phase 3197 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
Epidemiology of Malaria in Malawi: Human Hosts and Parasites in Three Districts Part 2: Cross-sectional Surveillance (School-based Cohorts) [NCT04858087]786 participants (Actual)Observational2015-03-24Completed
A Randomized, Open-Label Study to Evaluate Potential Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Orally Administered Artemether-lumefantrine and Amodiaquine in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT04080895]Phase 116 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-01Recruiting
In Vivo Efficacy of Artemether-lumefantrine and Amodiaquine-artesunate for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Children: A Multisite Open Label, Two-cohort Clinical Trial in Mozambique [NCT04370977]Phase 4630 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-21Completed
Reducing the Burden of Malaria by Targeting Hotspots of Transmission and Improving Malaria Control Measures in the Highlands of Western Kenya: Simultaneous Rollout of Four Malaria Control Interventions and Evaluation by Cross-sectional Surveys [NCT01575613]17,506 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
Artemether-Lumefantrine Clinical Effectiveness Study [NCT01599000]Phase 4159 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Phase 2 Proof of Concept Study of a Candidate Aminoquinoline Antimalarial (AQ-13) [NCT01614964]Phase 266 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
The Impact of Intermittent Preventive Malaria Treatment With Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) on Hemoglobin, Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and School Attention Among Primary Schoolchildren in the Kassena-Nankana Districts, Ghana [NCT01459146]Phase 4345 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-12-31Recruiting
Evaluating the Efficacy of Artemether-lumefantrine for Treatment of Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil [NCT02600767]79 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
A Randomised, Single Blind, Placebo Controlled, Phase 1 Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Activity of Ruxolitinib When Co-administered With Artemether-lumefantrine in Healthy Participants [NCT04456634]Phase 18 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-10Completed
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study to Assess Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protective Efficacy of Two Regimens of Radiation Attenuated Plasmodium Falciparum NF54 Sporozoites (PfSPZ Vaccine) During Natural Transmission Season in Healthy Afric [NCT03510481]Phase 1478 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-14Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Artesunate-amodiaquine and Artemether-lumefantrine in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04618523]Phase 41,117 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-26Completed
"Aiming at Prolonging the Therapeutic Life Span of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACT) in an Era of Imminent Plasmodium Falciparum Resistance in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania - New Strategies With Old Tools" [NCT03241901]Phase 4280 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-27Completed
An Open-label, Single-arm Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and PK of Artemether-lumefantrine Dispersible Tablet in the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Infants <5 kg Body Weight [NCT01619878]Phase 2/Phase 320 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
An Open-label Individually Randomised Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Artemether-lumefantrine Prophylaxis for Malaria Among Forest Goers in Cambodia [NCT04041973]1,480 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-11Completed
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Artemisinin Combination Therapy in Kenya [NCT01899820]Phase 32,100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-04-30Active, not recruiting
An Open Label Randomised Comparative Trial to Establish the Efficacy of 3 mg/kg ArTiMist™ When Compared to Intravenous Quinine in Children With Severe or Complicated Falciparum Malaria, or Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria With Gastrointestinal Complicatio [NCT01047436]Phase 231 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
A Phase III, Randomised, Open Labelled, Active Controlled, Multi Centre, Superiority Trial of ArTiMist™ Versus Intravenous Quinine in Children With Severe or Complicated Falciparum Malaria, or Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria With Gastrointestinal Complic [NCT01258049]Phase 3151 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
Efficacy of Artemether Lumefantrine (AL) and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DHP) for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Siaya and Bungoma Counties, Kenya [NCT04767191]Phase 4400 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-15Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Artemether Lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria in Tanzania [NCT03387631]344 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2016-04-30Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00297882 (2) [back to overview]Cure Rate Day 14
NCT00297882 (2) [back to overview]Cure Rate on Day 28
NCT00422084 (8) [back to overview]PCR-corrected Adequate Clinical and Parasitological Response (ACPR) on Day 14
NCT00422084 (8) [back to overview]Crude ACPR (Non-PCR Corrected ACPR) on Day 14 and Day 28
NCT00422084 (8) [back to overview]Adverse Events and Clinically Significant Laboratory Results
NCT00422084 (8) [back to overview]PCR-Corrected Adequate Clinical and Parasitological Response (ACPR) Rate on Day 28
NCT00422084 (8) [back to overview]Parasite Clearance Time
NCT00422084 (8) [back to overview]Fever Clearance Time
NCT00422084 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Fever Clearance at Day 1, 2 and 3
NCT00422084 (8) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients With Parasite Clearance at Day 1, 2 and 3
NCT00444106 (4) [back to overview]Auditory Changes Following 3 Days of Treatment at Days 3, 7, 28, and 42 Days as Assessed by Pure Tone Thresholds Assessments (a Type of Hearing Test)
NCT00444106 (4) [back to overview]Efficacy of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Adjusted Malaria Cure Rates of the Three Treatment Regimens at Days 14, 28 and 42
NCT00444106 (4) [back to overview]Relationship Between Changes in Auditory Function and Treatment Groups
NCT00444106 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Auditory Abnormalities at Day 7 Assessed by Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Wave III Latency Changes on Day 7(a Type of Hearing Test)
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Early Treatment Failure (ETF) in the mITT Population (PCR-corrected)
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Asexual Plasmodium Falciparum Parasite Clearance Time
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Fever Clearance Time
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Nadir Hemoglobin Level
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With ETF in PP Population (PCR-corrected)
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With PCR-corrected ACPR at Day 28 in Per-Protocol (PP) Population
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Corrected Adequate Clinical and Parasitologic Response (ACPR) at Day 28 in the Modified Intent-to-treat (mITT) Population
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Time to Recurrence of Parasitemia
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Change From Nadir Hemoglobin Level at Days 14, 28, and 42
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Asexual Parasitologic Response (PCR-corrected)
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Gametocytologic Response
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Late Clinical Failure (LCF) in the mITT Population (PCR-corrected)
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Late Parasitologic Failure (LPF) in the mITT Population (PCR-corrected)
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With LCF in PP Population (PCR-corrected)
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With LPF in PP Population (PCR-corrected)
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With PCR-corrected ACPR in PP Population
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With PCR-corrected ACPR in the mITT Population
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With PCR-uncorrected ACPR in PP Population
NCT00677833 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With PCR-uncorrected ACPR in the mITT Population
NCT01047436 (6) [back to overview]Parasite Clearance Time
NCT01047436 (6) [back to overview]Time for Parasite Count to Fall by 50% PCT(50)
NCT01047436 (6) [back to overview]Parasite Reduction Ratio (PRR) at 12 Hours After the First Dose
NCT01047436 (6) [back to overview]Parasite Reduction Ratio (PRR) at 24 h (Hours) After the First Dose
NCT01047436 (6) [back to overview]Parasitological Success Defined as a Reduction in Parasite Count of ≥ 90% of Baseline at 24 Hours After the First Dose
NCT01047436 (6) [back to overview]Time for Parasite Count to Fall by 90% PCT(90)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Microscopy Confirmed Asymptomatic Carriers of P. Falciparum at Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4) (Per Cluster)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Number of Asymptomatic Carriers With Increase in Hemoglobin Levels by at Least 0.5 g/dL From Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1) Infants and Children (>6 Months and <5 Years)- Individual Data
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Number of Asymptomatic Carriers With Increase in Hemoglobin Levels by at Least 0.5 g/dL From Day 1 to Day 28 of Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1) in Infants and Children (>6 Months and <5 Years)- Cluster Data
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Number of Symptomatic Malaria Episode, RDT-confirmed, With Parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000s) Per Person-year in Infants and Children (<5 Years) in Post Community Screening Campaign (CSC) at Month 12 (Per Cluster)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Number of Symptomatic Malaria Episode, RDT-confirmed, With Parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000s) Per Person-year in Post Community Screening Campaign (CSC)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Anemia Status Based on Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1)/Day 1 in Infants and Children (>6 Months and <5 Years)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Anemia Status Based on Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4)/Day 1 in Infants and Children (>6 Months and <5 Years)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin Level (g/dL) From Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1)/Day 1 to CSC1/Day 28 in Infants and Children (>6 Months and <5 Years) for Asymptomatic Carriers at CSC1
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin Level (g/dL) From Community Screening Campaign 1(CSC1)/Day 1 to Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4)/Day 1 (Per Cluster)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin Level (g/dL) in Asymptomatic Carriers >6 Months of Age (Per Cluster)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Cumulative Number of Subjects With Symptomatic Malaria Episode, RDT-confirmed, With Parasitemia ≥5000/μL From Week 1 to Week 50
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Hemoglobin Level (g/dL) in Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1)/Day 1 and CSC4/Day 1 by Study Arm and Age Group (Per Cluster)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Microscopy-confirmed Gametocyte Carriers at Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4) (Per Cluster)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Mean of Microscopy-confirmed Asymptomatic Carriers From Community Screening Campaigns 1, 2, 3 and 4 (CSC1, CSC2, CSC3 and CSC4) (Per Cluster)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Number of Asymptomatic Carriers With Complicated and Uncomplicated Episodes Combined
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Number of Microscopy and qRT-PCR-confirmed Gametocyte Carriers at Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants (Infants and Children (> 6 Months and < 5 Years)) With Hospitalizations, Severe Malaria Episodes or Death Post Community Screening Campaign (CSC)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Hospitalizations, Severe Malaria Episodes or Death Post Community Screening Campaign (CSC)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Number of Symptomatic Malaria Episode, RDT-confirmed, With Parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000) in Asymptomatic Carriers at Any Time of Diagnosis (Per Cluster)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Mean Number of Microscopy-confirmed Gametocyte Carriers at Day 1 of Community Screening Campaign 1,2,3,4 (CSC1, CSC2, CSC3 and CSC4) (Per Cluster)
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Percentage of Microscopy-confirmed Gametocyte Carriers Treated With COA566 for Asymptomatic Carriers
NCT01256658 (22) [back to overview]Percentage of COA566-treated Microscopy-confirmed Asymptomatic Carriers at Community Screening Campaign 1, 2 and 3 (CSC1, CSC2 and CSC3) With Parasitological Cure Rate at Day 7
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Parasite Clearance Time (PCT) [MITT Population]
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]PCT 50 [MITT Population]
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]PCT 90 [MITT Population]
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]PRR 12 [MITT Population]
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]PRR 24 [MITT Population]
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Time to Return to Full Consciousness
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Time to Return to Normal Per os Status
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Complete Cure Rate
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Parasitological Success (MITT)
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Parasitological Success (PP)
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Early Treatment Failure
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Fever Clearance Time (FCT)
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Late Clinical Failure
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Late Parasitological Failure
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Number of Deaths or Neurological Sequelae at Day 28
NCT01258049 (16) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events, of Possible, Probably and Definite Causalities
NCT01619878 (9) [back to overview]Time to Parasite Clearance (PCT)
NCT01619878 (9) [back to overview]Time to Gametocyte Clearance (GCT)
NCT01619878 (9) [back to overview]Time to Fever Clearance (FCT)
NCT01619878 (9) [back to overview]Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Corrected 28 Day Parasitological Cure Rate
NCT01619878 (9) [back to overview]Percent Change of Parasite Count From Baseline at 24 Hours
NCT01619878 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Parasitaemia at 72 Hours After Treatment Initiation Greater Than or Equal to 25 Percent of Count at Baseline
NCT01619878 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Parasitaemia at 48 Hours After Treatment Initiation Greater Than at Baseline
NCT01619878 (9) [back to overview]Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Corrected Parasitological Cure Rate at Day 14 and 42
NCT01619878 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Parasitological Uncorrected Cure Rate at Day 3, 7, 14, 28 and 42
NCT02223871 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Respiratory Rate to End of Study (EOS)
NCT02223871 (9) [back to overview]Drug-specific Parasite Reduction Ratio (PRR48) of ACT-451840 Over 48 Hours Using a New Approach
NCT02223871 (9) [back to overview]Drug-specific Parasite Reduction Ratio (PRR48) of ACT-451840 Over 48 Hours Using a Standardized Approach
NCT02223871 (9) [back to overview]Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of ACT-451840
NCT02223871 (9) [back to overview]Terminal Half-life [t(1/2)]
NCT02223871 (9) [back to overview]Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of ACT-451840
NCT02223871 (9) [back to overview]Areas Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve of ACT-451840
NCT02223871 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Blood Pressure to End of Study (EOS)
NCT02223871 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Temperature up to End of Study (EOS)
NCT02389374 (9) [back to overview]Recurrence of Parasitaemia Within 16 Days of Follow up
NCT02389374 (9) [back to overview]Fractional Change in Hb Between Baseline and Day 9 and 16
NCT02389374 (9) [back to overview]The Proportion of Adverse and Serious Adverse Events Following Unsupervised Primaquine Treatment
NCT02389374 (9) [back to overview]The Distribution of G6PD Activity Measured in U/gHb Among All Malaria Patients
NCT02389374 (9) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients With Fever on Day 2 After Treatment
NCT02389374 (9) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients With Any Parasitemia on Day 3 After Treatment
NCT02389374 (9) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients With Anaemia Less Than 8g/dl on Day 2
NCT02389374 (9) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients Receiving Blood Transfusion and With Severe Anaemia (Hb<7g/dl)
NCT02389374 (9) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients Adhering to 14 Days of Primaquine Treatment in the Vivax Cohort as Measured by Pill Count
NCT02600767 (1) [back to overview]Absence of Malaria Parasites in Blood.
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Half-life (T^1/2)
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Maximum Peak Observed Concentration (Cmax)
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Corrected and Uncorrected Adequate Clinical and Parasitological Response (ACPR) at Day 15 and Day 29
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Maximum Peak Observed Concentration (Cmax)
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Fever Clearance Time (FCT)
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Tmax
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Tmax
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Time to Recrudescence and Reinfection at Study Day 29
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Time to Recrudescence and Reinfection at Study Day 29
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With at Least 2 CTCAE Grades Increase From Baseline in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) or Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Parasite Clearance Time (PCT)
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]AUC0-24
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]AUC0-24
NCT03334747 (14) [back to overview]Half-life (T^1/2)
NCT03510481 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Local and Systemic Adverse Events in Year Two
NCT03510481 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Local and Systemic Adverse Events in Year One
NCT03813108 (5) [back to overview]Frequency of Adverse Events After NF135.C10 CPS Immunization
NCT03813108 (5) [back to overview]Magnitude of Adverse Events After NF135.C10 CPS Immunization
NCT03813108 (5) [back to overview]Break Through Infections
NCT03813108 (5) [back to overview]Break Through Infections
NCT03813108 (5) [back to overview]Time to Parasitemia
NCT04310085 (9) [back to overview]Time to First PCR Positivity.
NCT04310085 (9) [back to overview]Time to First Dose of Treatment With Artemether-lumefantrine (Riamet®) (Cohorts 1 and 2)
NCT04310085 (9) [back to overview]Parasitaemia at the Time Parasitaemia ≥5000 Parasites Per mL Blood (Cohorts 1 and 2)
NCT04310085 (9) [back to overview]Parasitaemia at First PCR Positivity
NCT04310085 (9) [back to overview]Incidence and Severity of Observed or Self-reported Adverse Events (AEs) Considered PfSPZ-DVI Challenge Inoculum-related.
NCT04310085 (9) [back to overview]Time to Parasitaemia of ≥5000 Parasites Per mL Blood (Cohorts 1 and 2)
NCT04310085 (9) [back to overview]Change in Malaria Clinical Score From PfSPZ-DVI Challenge Until Parasite Clearance.
NCT04310085 (9) [back to overview]Incidence of Positive PCR and Parasitaemia of ≥5000 Parasites Per mL Blood.
NCT04310085 (9) [back to overview]Parasitaemia at First Dose of Treatment With Riamet® (Cohorts 1 and 2)
NCT04456634 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With ECG Changes
NCT04456634 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Changes in Heart Rate
NCT04456634 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participant With Treatment-Related Adverse Events as Assessed by CTCAE V4.03, All of Observed and Self-reported AEs Affected, by Treatment Regimen.
NCT04456634 (5) [back to overview]AUECt of pSTAT3 Inhibition
NCT04456634 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Changes of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure

Cure Rate Day 14

To evaluate antimalarial efficacy of AL and AQ-AS on day 14 post-treatment (NCT00297882)
Timeframe: Day 0-14

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
1 Artemether-Lumefantrine192
2 Amodiaquine-Artesunate563

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Cure Rate on Day 28

To evaluate the safety and antimalarial efficacy of two drug combinations: Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) and Amodiaquine-Artesunate (AQ - AS) in Camaroonian patients in Mutengene, Bangolan and Garoua (NCT00297882)
Timeframe: Day 0 - 28

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
1 Artemether-Lumefantrine AL197
2 Amodiaquine-Artesunate AQ-AS603

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PCR-corrected Adequate Clinical and Parasitological Response (ACPR) on Day 14

Percentage of subjects with PCR-corrected adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) on Day 14, defined as absence of parasitaemia on Day 14 without the subject's meeting any of the criteria of early treatment failure, late clinical failure, or late parasitological failure. (NCT00422084)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
PA Group99.9
AL Group100

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Crude ACPR (Non-PCR Corrected ACPR) on Day 14 and Day 28

Percentage of subjects with adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) on Day 28, without correction by PCR, defined as absence of parasitaemia on Day 28 without the subject's meeting any of the criteria of early treatment failure, late clinical failure, or late parasitological failure. (NCT00422084)
Timeframe: Day 14 and 28

,
Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Cure rate (%) at Day 14Cure rate (%) at Day 28
AL Group10097.2
PA Group10098.9

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Adverse Events and Clinically Significant Laboratory Results

Incidence of adverse events and of clinically significant laboratory results, ECG, vital signs or physical examination abnormalities. (NCT00422084)
Timeframe: Day 0 to 42. Subjects experiencing AEs at Day 42 were followed for up to 30 days after the end of study or resolution of the event, whichever was earlier

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nr subj. with ≥1 AENr subj. with ≥1 treatment-related AENr subj. with ≥1 SAENr pat with ≥1 treatment-related SAENr subj. with ≥1 severe or life-threatening AENr subj. with ≥1 AE leading to deathNr subj. ≥1 AE leading to drug discontinuationNr subj. with ≥1 AE leading to study withdrawal
AL Group241123205056
PA Group509275301001619

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PCR-Corrected Adequate Clinical and Parasitological Response (ACPR) Rate on Day 28

Percentage of subjects with PCR-corrected adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) on Day 28, defined as absence of parasitaemia on Day 28 without the subject's meeting any of the criteria of early treatment failure, late clinical failure, or late parasitological failure. (NCT00422084)
Timeframe: Day 28

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
PA Group99.5
AL Group99.2

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Parasite Clearance Time

Parasite clearance time is defined as the time from first dosing to the time of first blood draw with parasite clearance. Parasite clearance is defined as zero presence of asexual parasites for 2 consecutive negative readings taken between 7 and 25 hours apart. (NCT00422084)
Timeframe: Days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 (or on any other day if the subject spontaneously returned)

Interventionhours (Median)
PA Group23.9
AL Group24.0

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Fever Clearance Time

Fever clearance time is defined as the time from first dosing to first normal reading of temperature for 2 consecutive normal temperature readings taken between 7 and 25 hours apart (NCT00422084)
Timeframe: Day 0 and every 8 hours over ≥72 hours following first study drug administration or temperature normalization for ≥2 readings between 7 and 25 hours apart, then at each visit and as clinically indicated

Interventionhours (Median)
PA Group7.9
AL Group8.0

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Percentage of Patients With Fever Clearance at Day 1, 2 and 3

Fever clearance time is defined as the time from first dosing to first normal reading of temperature for 2 consecutive normal temperature readings taken between 7 and 25 hours apart. (NCT00422084)
Timeframe: Days 1, 2, 3

,
Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Clearance rate (%) at Day 1 (24h after first dose)Clearance rate (%) at Day 2 (48h after first dose)Clearance rate (%) at Day 3 (72h after first dose)
AL Group87.098.799.3
PA Group88.799.099.5

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Proportion of Patients With Parasite Clearance at Day 1, 2 and 3

Parasite clearance time is defined as the time from first dosing to the time of first blood draw with parasite clearance. Parasite clearance was defined as zero presence of asexual parasites for 2 consecutive negative readings taken between 7 and 25 hours apart. (NCT00422084)
Timeframe: Days 1, 2, 3

,
Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Clearance rate (%) at Day 1 (24h after first dose)Clearance rate (%) at Day 2 (48h after first dose)Clearance rate (%) at Day 3 (72h after first dose)
AL Group52.897.299.7
PA Group68.198.199.5

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Auditory Changes Following 3 Days of Treatment at Days 3, 7, 28, and 42 Days as Assessed by Pure Tone Thresholds Assessments (a Type of Hearing Test)

Audiometric measurements such as pure-tone threshold (air conduction tested at 250 to 8000 HZ) day 3, 7, 28 and 42 following initiation of treatment, including changes from baseline. Pure-tone average (PTA) calculated for each ear by averaging the pure-tone threshold values at 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 HZ. (NCT00444106)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1), 3, 7, 28 and Day 42

,,
InterventiondB (Mean)
Baseline Right EarChange from baseline to Day 3 Right EarChange from baseline to Day 7 Right EarChange from baseline to Day 28 Right EarChange from baseline to Day 42 Right EarBaseline Left EarChange from baseline to Day 3 Left EarChange from baseline to Day 7 Left EarChange from baseline to Day 28 Left EarChange from baseline to Day 42 Left Ear
Artemether-lumefantrine12.2-2.5-2.2-2.7-3.011.4-1.2-1.7-2.0-1.5
Artesunate-mefloquine12.7-1.9-2.6-3.6-3.112.5-1.2-1.4-2.5-3.0
Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone)12.0-2.4-2.6-2.6-3.311.3-1.5-1.3-1.8-2.1

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Efficacy of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Adjusted Malaria Cure Rates of the Three Treatment Regimens at Days 14, 28 and 42

Percentage of patients with clearance of asexual parasitemia (observed by optical microscopy) within 7 days of initiation of trial treatment without recrudescence within 14, 28 and 42 days respectively after initiation of treatment. Patients with recurrent parasitemia and paired PCR results were classified as either a new infection (different paired genotypes) or a recrudescence (matching paired genotypes). Patients without paired PCR results or ambiguous results were classified as treatment failures. (NCT00444106)
Timeframe: Days 14, 28 and 42

,,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Day 14Day 28Day 42
Artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem)99.498.797.5
Artesunate-mefloquine98.198.198.1
Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone)100.098.198.1

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Relationship Between Changes in Auditory Function and Treatment Groups

ABR Wave III latency (ms) changes from baseline to Day 7 in the three drug exposure groups. (NCT00444106)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Day 7

,,
Interventionms (Mean)
Baseline Right EarChange from baseline to Day 7 Right EarBaseline Left EarChange from baseline to Day 7 Left Ear
Artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem)3.860.013.850.01
Artesunate-mefloquine3.86-0.043.82-0.03
Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone)3.89-0.013.88-0.01

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Percentage of Participants With Auditory Abnormalities at Day 7 Assessed by Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Wave III Latency Changes on Day 7(a Type of Hearing Test)

"To demonstrate the safety of artemether-lumefantrine after 3 days of treatment in patients with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria by testing the null hypothesis that the rate of auditory abnormalities is ≥ 15% in the population treated with artemether-lumefantrine as assessed by ABR at Day 7 following initiation of treatment compared with their baseline values. An auditory nerve abnormality is here defined as a greater than 0.30 ms change in Wave III latency from baseline to Day 7. Exact Pearson-Clopper two-sided 95% confidence limits were constructed for all three treatment groups." (NCT00444106)
Timeframe: 7 days

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem)2.6

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Percentage of Participants With Early Treatment Failure (ETF) in the mITT Population (PCR-corrected)

"ETF defined as participants who met the following criteria:~Developed signs of severe malaria or clinical deterioration that required rescue medication on Days 0, 1, 2 or 3, in the presence of P. falciparum parasitemia~Last available asexual P. falciparum parasite count on Day 2 greater than the first available parasite count on Day 0 (Baseline), irrespective of axillary, oral or rectal temperature.~Parasitemia (P. falciparum) on Day 3 with fever or~Last available P. falciparum parasite count on Day 3 >=25% of the first available parasite count on Day 0 (Baseline).~PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation." (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Day 0 up to Day 3

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine5.83
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine0.79

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Asexual Plasmodium Falciparum Parasite Clearance Time

Defined as time to first of two consecutive zero asexual P. falciparum parasite (PCR-corrected) counts, regardless of recurrence of parasitemia later. PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 42

InterventionHours (Median)
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine48.000
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine24.000

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Fever Clearance Time

Calculated as time of first occurrence of two consecutive time points with temperature less than (<) 38.0 degrees C/100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (F) (rectal), 37.2 degrees C/99.0 degrees F (axillary), or <37.5 degrees C/99.5 degrees F (oral). (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 42

InterventionHours (Median)
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine24.000
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine24.000

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Nadir Hemoglobin Level

Nadir hemoglobin for each participant was defined as the minimum hemoglobin values obtained from Day 0 through Day 3. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Day 0 through Day 3

Interventiongrams per deciliter (g/dL) (Mean)
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine9.63
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine9.82

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Percentage of Participants With ETF in PP Population (PCR-corrected)

"ETF defined as participants who met the following criteria:~Developed signs of severe malaria or clinical deterioration that required rescue medication on Days 0, 1, 2 or 3, in the presence of P.falciparum parasitemia~Last available asexual P.falciparum parasite count on Day 2 greater than the first available parasite count on Day 0 (Baseline), irrespective of axillary, oral or rectal temperature.~Parasitemia (P.falciparum) on Day 3 with fever or~Last available P.falciparum parasite count on Day 3 >=25% of the first available parasite count on Day 0 (Baseline).~PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation." (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Day 0 up to Day 3

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine1.75
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine0

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Percentage of Participants With PCR-corrected ACPR at Day 28 in Per-Protocol (PP) Population

ACPR (PCR-corrected) was defined as asexual P.falciparum parasitologic clearance at Day 28 irrespective of axillary, oral, rectal, or tympanic temperature, without previously meeting the criteria of ETF (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8) or PCR-corrected LTF (which includes PCR-corrected LCF - see measure description in secondary outcome measure 9 and 10, and PCR-corrected LPF - see measure description in secondary outcome measure 11 and 12). PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Day 28

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine93.08
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine99.16

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Percentage of Participants With Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Corrected Adequate Clinical and Parasitologic Response (ACPR) at Day 28 in the Modified Intent-to-treat (mITT) Population

ACPR (PCR-corrected) was defined as asexual Plasmodium falciparum (P.falciparum) parasitologic clearance at Day 28 irrespective of axillary, oral, rectal, or tympanic temperature, without previously meeting the criteria of Early Treatment Failure (ETF) (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8) or PCR-corrected Late Treatment Failure (LTF) (which includes PCR-corrected Late Clinical Failures [LCF] - see measure description in secondary outcome measure 9 and 10, and PCR-corrected Late Parasitologic Failures (LPF)- see measure description in secondary outcome measure 11 and 12). PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Day 28

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine89.27
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine98.37

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Time to Recurrence of Parasitemia

Time from the day of clearance to the time of recurrence of asexual P.falciparum parasitemia (PCR-uncorrected). (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0) to Day 42

InterventionDays (Median)
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine34
Cohort 2: Artemether + LumefantrineNA

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Change From Nadir Hemoglobin Level at Days 14, 28, and 42

Change from nadir = observation minus nadir. Nadir defined as the minimum value for each participant on Days 0-3. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Day 14, 28, 42

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Change at Day 14 (n=122, 127)Change at Day 28 (n=122, 127)Change at Day 42 (n=122, 128)
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine0.440.961.14
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine0.521.151.29

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Percentage of Participants With Asexual Parasitologic Response (PCR-corrected)

Percentage of participants who were cleared of asexual parasites. Asexual parasite clearance - clearance of asexual P.falciparum parasitemia within 7 days of initiation of treatment without subsequent recurrence (PCR-corrected) through the day of consideration. PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Day 7 (n=120, 128)Day 14 (n=120, 127)Day 21 (n=120, 128)Day 28 (n=120, 127)Day 35 (n=120, 128)Day 42 (n=120, 127)
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine99.2299.2198.4498.4396.8896.85
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine93.3391.6790.8389.1789.1788.33

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Percentage of Participants With Gametocytologic Response

Gametocyte response/absence/clearance: Clearance of P.falciparum gametocytemia (PCR-uncorrected) (attainment of 2 consecutive zero gametocyte counts) without subsequent recurrence through the day of consideration. PCR-uncorrected: not adjusted for molecular testing which determined recrudescence or true failures from reinfection. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Day 7 (n=122, 129)Day 14 (n=122, 130)Day 21 (n=122, 130)Day 28 (n=122, 130)Day 35 (n=122, 130)Day 42 (n=122, 130)
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine91.4791.5493.0893.0892.3191.54
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine81.9781.1580.3381.9781.9780.33

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Percentage of Participants With Late Clinical Failure (LCF) in the mITT Population (PCR-corrected)

"LCF included participants who met any of the following criteria:~Development of signs of severe malaria or clinical deterioration requiring rescue medication after Day 3 in the presence of P.falciparum parasitemia, without previously meeting any of the criteria of ETF (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8)~Presence of P.falciparum parasitemia and fever on any day from Day 4 onward, without previously meeting any of the criteria of ETF (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8). PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation." (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Day 7Day 14Day 21Day 28Day 35Day 42
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine000000
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine000000

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Percentage of Participants With Late Parasitologic Failure (LPF) in the mITT Population (PCR-corrected)

LPF: Presence of P. falciparum parasitemia in the mITT population on any day from Day 7 onward and the absence of fever without previously meeting any of the criteria of ETF (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8) or LCF (see measure description in secondary outcome measure 9 and 10). PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Day 7Day 14Day 21Day 28Day 35Day 42
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine000.790.792.382.38
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine01.672.504.174.175.00

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Percentage of Participants With LCF in PP Population (PCR-corrected)

"LCF included participants who met any of the following criteria:~Development of signs of severe malaria or clinical deterioration requiring rescue medication after Day 3 in the presence of P.falciparum parasitemia, without previously meeting any of the criteria of ETF (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8)~Presence of P.falciparum parasitemia and fever on any day from Day 4 onward, without previously meeting any of the criteria of ETF (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8). PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation." (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Day 7Day 14Day 21Day 28Day 35Day 42
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine000000
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine000000

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Percentage of Participants With LPF in PP Population (PCR-corrected)

LPF: Presence of P.falciparum parasitemia in the PP population on any day from Day 7 onward and the absence of fever without previously meeting any of the criteria of ETF (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8) or LCF (see measure description in secondary outcome measure 9 and 10). PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Day 7Day 14Day 21Day 28Day 35Day 42
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine000.810.812.422.42
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine01.752.634.394.395.26

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Percentage of Participants With PCR-corrected ACPR in PP Population

ACPR (PCR-corrected) was defined as asexual P.falciparum parasitologic clearance on Days 7, 14, 21, 35, 42 irrespective of axillary, oral, rectal, or tympanic temperature, without previously meeting the criteria of ETF (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8) or PCR-corrected LTF (which includes PCR-corrected LCF - see measure description in secondary outcome measure 9 and 10, and PCR-corrected LPF - see measure description in secondary outcome measure 11 and 12). PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Days 7, 14, 21, 35, 42

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Day 7Day 14Day 21Day 35Day 42
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine100.00100.0099.1696.9696.96
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine98.2596.4695.5393.0891.29

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Percentage of Participants With PCR-corrected ACPR in the mITT Population

ACPR (PCR-corrected) was defined as asexual P.falciparum parasitologic clearance on Days 7, 14, 21, 35, 42 irrespective of axillary, oral, rectal, or tympanic temperature, without previously meeting the criteria of ETF (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8) or PCR-corrected LTF (which includes PCR-Corrected LCF- see measure description in secondary outcome measure 9 and 10, and PCR-corrected LPF - see measure description in secondary outcome measure 11 and 12). PCR-corrected refers to the use of molecular testing to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in the context of an efficacy evaluation. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Days 7, 14, 21, 35, 42

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Day 7Day 14Day 21Day 35Day 42
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine99.2199.2198.3796.1996.19
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine94.1792.4791.5989.2787.55

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Percentage of Participants With PCR-uncorrected ACPR in PP Population

ACPR (PCR-uncorrected) was defined as asexual P.falciparum parasitologic clearance on Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 irrespective of axillary, oral, rectal, or tympanic temperature, without previously meeting the criteria of ETF (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8) or PCR-uncorrected LTF (which includes PCR-uncorrected LCF - see measure description in secondary outcome measure 9 and 10, and PCR-uncorrected LPF - see measure description in secondary outcome measure 11 and 12). PCR-uncorrected: not adjusted for molecular testing which determined recrudescence or true failures from reinfection. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Day 7Day 14Day 21Day 28Day 35Day 42
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine100.0097.5683.6273.9063.4156.74
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine98.2592.8970.5654.2847.0439.80

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Percentage of Participants With PCR-uncorrected ACPR in the mITT Population

ACPR (PCR-uncorrected) was defined as asexual P.falciparum parasitologic clearance on Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 irrespective of axillary, oral, rectal, or tympanic temperature, without previously meeting the criteria of ETF (see measure description in secondary outcome measures 7 and 8) or PCR-uncorrected LTF (which includes PCR-uncorrected LCF - see measure description in secondary outcome measure 9 and 10, and PCR-uncorrected LPF - see measure description in secondary outcome measure 11 and 12). PCR-uncorrected: not adjusted for molecular testing which determined recrudescence or true failures from reinfection. (NCT00677833)
Timeframe: Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Day 7Day 14Day 21Day 28Day 35Day 42
Cohort 2: Artemether + Lumefantrine99.2196.7982.9673.3162.9156.29
Cohort 2: Azithromycin + Chloroquine94.1789.0867.8751.5544.6737.80

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Parasite Clearance Time

Time in hours from the initiation of therapy until the first of two successive parasite-negative smears were obtained (NCT01047436)
Timeframe: 3h (hours), 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h, 30h, 36h, 48h, 54h, 60h

InterventionHours (Mean)
ArTiMist35.7
Intravenous Quinine51.2

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Time for Parasite Count to Fall by 50% PCT(50)

The time taken for the parasite count to fall 50% from baseline (NCT01047436)
Timeframe: 3 h (hours) , 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h, 30h, 36h, 48h, 54h, 60h

Interventionhours (Mean)
ArTiMist12.0
Intravenous Quinine10.8

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Parasite Reduction Ratio (PRR) at 12 Hours After the First Dose

Reduction in parasitaemia from baseline at 12 hours after the first dose of study medication (NCT01047436)
Timeframe: 12 h (hours) after first dose

InterventionPercent reduction (Median)
ArTiMist79.6
Intravenous Quinine75.9

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Parasite Reduction Ratio (PRR) at 24 h (Hours) After the First Dose

Reduction in parasitaemia from baseline at 24 h after the first dose of study medication (NCT01047436)
Timeframe: 24 hours after first dose

InterventionPercent reduction (Median)
ArTiMist100.0
Intravenous Quinine96.9

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Parasitological Success Defined as a Reduction in Parasite Count of ≥ 90% of Baseline at 24 Hours After the First Dose

(NCT01047436)
Timeframe: 24 hours after first dose

Interventionparticipants (Number)
ArTiMist14
Intravenous Quinine10

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Time for Parasite Count to Fall by 90% PCT(90)

The time taken for the parasite count to fall 90% from baseline (NCT01047436)
Timeframe: 3h (hours), 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h, 30h, 36h, 48h, 54h, 60h

Interventionhours (Mean)
ArTiMist17.6
Intravenous Quinine19.8

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Microscopy Confirmed Asymptomatic Carriers of P. Falciparum at Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4) (Per Cluster)

"Data is presented per cluster. Microscopy confirmation of asymptomatic carriers of P. falciparum at Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4) was conducted at month 12. Blood films were histologically treated and examined microscopically. When it was ascertained that P. falciparum was present, a count of the asexual forms against leukocytes was made using a tally counter." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Month 12 - period 1

Interventionparticipants (Mean)
Intervention34.6
Control37.6

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Number of Asymptomatic Carriers With Increase in Hemoglobin Levels by at Least 0.5 g/dL From Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1) Infants and Children (>6 Months and <5 Years)- Individual Data

Individual data of number of asymptomatic carriers with increase in hemoglobin levels by at least 0.5 g/dL from Day 1 to Day 28 from Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1) infants and children (>6 months and <5 years). Hemoglobin levels were measured using the HemoCue® rapid test. This test was performed with a drop of blood collected from the fingertip at Day 1 and at Day 28. (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 28- period 1

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Intervention288
Control79

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Number of Asymptomatic Carriers With Increase in Hemoglobin Levels by at Least 0.5 g/dL From Day 1 to Day 28 of Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1) in Infants and Children (>6 Months and <5 Years)- Cluster Data

"Data is presented per cluster. Cluster data of number of asymptomatic carriers with increase in hemoglobin levels by at least 0.5 g/dL from Day 1 to Day 28 of Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1) in infants and children (>6 months and <5 years) was measured by Hemoglobin levels based on microscopy reading.~Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) percent were measured indicating the mean and SD of percentages of cluster frequencies under the study arm for that particular category." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Day 1 to day 28 - period 1

Interventionparticipants (Mean)
Intervention66.1
Control43.2

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Number of Symptomatic Malaria Episode, RDT-confirmed, With Parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000s) Per Person-year in Infants and Children (<5 Years) in Post Community Screening Campaign (CSC) at Month 12 (Per Cluster)

"Data is presented per cluster. Number of Symptomatic malaria episode, RDT-confirmed, with parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000s) per person-year in infants and children (<5 years) in post Community Screening Campaign (CSC) at month 12 was detected by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) (using a blood sample from each participant) and later confirmed to have a parasite density ≥5000/uL by microscopy.~Number of SMRC5000: sum of all SMRC5000 for all infants and children (<5 years) in post CSC.~Person-year observed: sum of duration (in days) for all infants and children (<5 years) in post CSC present in study /365.25.~Number of SMRC5000 per person-year = number of SMRC5000/person-year observed." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Month 12 of period 1

InterventionSMRC5000 per person-year (Mean)
Intervention1.69
Control1.60

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Number of Symptomatic Malaria Episode, RDT-confirmed, With Parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000s) Per Person-year in Post Community Screening Campaign (CSC)

"Number of Symptomatic malaria episode, RDT-confirmed, with parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000s) per person-year in post Community Screening Campaign (CSC), by study arm (individual level data) was detected by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) (using a blood sample from each participant) and later confirmed to have a parasite density ≥5000/uL by microscopy.~Number of SMRC5000: sum of all SMRC5000 for all subjects in post CSC. Person-year observed: sum of duration (in days) in post CSC for all subjects present in study /365.25.~Number of SMRC5000 per person-year = number of SMRC5000/person-year observed." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: 12 months - period 1

InterventionSMRC5000 per person-year (Number)
Intervention0.45
Control0.39

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Anemia Status Based on Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1)/Day 1 in Infants and Children (>6 Months and <5 Years)

Anemia status based on Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1)/Day 1 in infants and children (>6 months and <5 years) was measured via hemoglobin levels using the HemoCue® rapid test. This test was performed using a drop of blood collected from the fingertip of each participant. The anemic status is defined as follows: hemoglobin (Hb) <5 g/dL = severe anemia, Hb 5 to <8 g/dL = moderate anemia, Hb 8 to <11 g/dL = mild anemia, Hb ≥11 g/dL = no anemia). (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Day 1 (CSC1/day 1) - period 1

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CSC1/Day 1 SevereCSC1/Day 1 ModerateCSC1/Day 1 MildCSC1/Day 1 No symptoms
Control136195116
Intervention380458278

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Anemia Status Based on Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4)/Day 1 in Infants and Children (>6 Months and <5 Years)

Anemia status based on Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4/Day 1) in infants and children (>6 months and <5 years) was measured via hemoglobin levels using the HemoCue® rapid test. This test was performed using a drop of blood collected from the fingertip of each participant. The anemic status is defined as follows: hemoglobin (Hb) <5 g/dL = severe anemia, Hb 5 to <8 g/dL = moderate anemia, Hb 8 to <11 g/dL = mild anemia, Hb ≥11 g/dL = no anemia). (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Month 12 (CSC4/day 1) - period 1

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CSC4/Day 1 SevereCSC4/Day 1 ModerateCSC4/Day 1 MildCSC4/Day 1 No
Control19117194
Intervention129349448

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Change in Hemoglobin Level (g/dL) From Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1)/Day 1 to CSC1/Day 28 in Infants and Children (>6 Months and <5 Years) for Asymptomatic Carriers at CSC1

Change in hemoglobin level (g/dL) from Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1)/Day 1 to CSC1/Day 28 in infants and children (>6 Months and <5 Years) for asymptomatic carriers at CSC1 was measured via hemoglobin levels using the HemoCue® rapid test. This test was performed using a drop of blood collected from the fingertip of each participant. The anemic status is defined as follows: hemoglobin (Hb) <5 g/dL = severe anemia, Hb 5 to <8 g/dL = moderate anemia, Hb 8 to <11 g/dL = mild anemia, Hb ≥11 g/dL = no anemia). (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Day 1 and day 28 - period 1

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
CSC1/Day 1 (n=432 ; 179 )CSC1/Day 28 (n=406 ; 174 )
Control9.6710.17
Intervention9.7810.95

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Change in Hemoglobin Level (g/dL) From Community Screening Campaign 1(CSC1)/Day 1 to Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4)/Day 1 (Per Cluster)

"Data is presented per cluster. Comparison of hemoglobin level (g/dL) from Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1)/Day 1 to Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4)/Day 1 in infants and children (>6 months and <5 years) by study arm was measured using the HemoCue® rapid test. This test was performed using a drop of blood collected from the fingertip of each participant." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Day 1 (CSC1/day 1) and month 12 (CSC4/day 1) - period 1

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
CSC1/Day 1 (n= 819, 827)CSC4/Day 1 (n= 348,321)
Control10.0411.13
Intervention10.2410.99

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Change in Hemoglobin Level (g/dL) in Asymptomatic Carriers >6 Months of Age (Per Cluster)

"Data is presented per cluster. Change in hemoglobin levels from day 1 to day 28 was measured using the HemoCue® rapid test. This test was performed using a drop of blood collected from the fingertip of each asymptomatic carrier from Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1), > 6 months of age, at day 1 and at day 28." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Day 1 and day 28 of period 1

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Day 1 (n = 2387, 2116)Day 28 (n = 1136, 1091)
Control12.0611.86
Intervention11.8112.33

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Cumulative Number of Subjects With Symptomatic Malaria Episode, RDT-confirmed, With Parasitemia ≥5000/μL From Week 1 to Week 50

"Cumulative number of asymptomatic carriers having Symptomatic malaria episode, RDT-confirmed, with parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000) from Week 1 to Week 50, was measured from group of participants diagnosed as asymptomatic carriers at Community Screening Campaign (CSC1)/Day1. Number of participants affected before and after diagnosed with ≥1 symptomatic malaria episode, RDT-confirmed, with parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000) (complicated and uncomplicated episodes combined). Number of SMRC5000s was detected by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) using a blood sample from each participant and later confirmed to have a parasite density > or = 5000/uL by microscopy.~Week (1-2) indicates day1 to day14, week (3-4) indicates day 15 to day 28, week (5-6) indicates day 29 to day 42, etc. After first diagnosis of asymptomatic carriers at CSC1/Day1." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Week 1 to Week 50

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week (1-2) n at risk= 2397, 1138Week (3-4) n at risk= 2396, 1133Week (5-6) n at risk= 2391, 1129Week (7-8) n at risk= 2390, 1124Week (9-10) n at risk= 2390, 1123Week (11-12) n at risk= 2390, 1121Week (13-14) n at risk= 2390, 1103Week (15-16) n at risk= 2390, 1102Week (17-18) n at risk= 2390, 1102Week (19-20) n at risk= 2390, 1102Week (21-22) n at risk= 2337, 1083Week (23-24) n at risk= 2311, 1077Week (25-26) n at risk= 2246, 1063Week (27-28) n at risk= 2148, 1041Week (29-30) n at risk= 2047, 1020Week (31-32) n at risk= 1979, 996Week (33-34) n at risk= 1931, 979Week (35-36) n at risk= 1894, 968Week (37-38) n at risk= 1868, 956Week (39-40) n at risk= 1837, 935Week (41-42) n at risk= 1816, 927Week (43-44) n at risk= 1805, 920Week (45-46) n at risk= 1785, 913Week (47-48) n at risk= 1773, 910Week (49-50) n at risk= 1758, 904
Control4812131517181818202438597998114121130144149154158159161161
Intervention13444444473092188287347391421440460477483486490492493

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Hemoglobin Level (g/dL) in Community Screening Campaign 1 (CSC1)/Day 1 and CSC4/Day 1 by Study Arm and Age Group (Per Cluster)

"Data is presented per cluster. Hemoglobin levels at Community Screening Campaign 1 and 4 (CSC1 and CSC4) on day 1 per age group (5-9 years, 10-14 years, and ≥15 years) in the intervention versus the control arm was measured using the HemoCue® rapid test. This test was performed using a drop of blood collected from the fingertip of each participant." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Day 1 (CSC1/day 1) and month 12 (CSC4/day 1) - period 1

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
CSC1 5- 9 years (n= 899, 431)CSC4 5 - 9 years (n= 900, 396)CSC1 10 - 14 years (n= 873, 380)CSC4 10 - 14 years (n= 837, 359)CSC1 >= 15 years (n= 2904, 1279)CSC4 >= 15 years (n= 2760, 1136)
Control11.5912.1312.7112.7213.4913.42
Intervention11.6311.9712.3212.5813.1313.25

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Microscopy-confirmed Gametocyte Carriers at Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4) (Per Cluster)

"Data is presented per cluster. Microscopy confirmed gametocyte carriers at Community Screening Campaign 4(CSC4) were assessed via microscopy at month 12 of period 1. Blood films were histologically treated and examined microscopically." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Month 12 - period 1

Interventionparticipants (Mean)
Intervention4.9
Control5.1

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Mean of Microscopy-confirmed Asymptomatic Carriers From Community Screening Campaigns 1, 2, 3 and 4 (CSC1, CSC2, CSC3 and CSC4) (Per Cluster)

"Data is presented per cluster. Mean number of asymptomatic carriers from Community Screening Campaigns 1, 2, 3 and 4 (CSC1, CSC2, CSC3 and CSC4) was measured by confirmed positive microscopy for P. falciparum asexual forms in participants with absence of clinical signs and symptoms of malaria.~Mean measured in this analysis is the mean percent indicting the mean of percentages of cluster frequencies under the study arm for that particular category." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: 12 months - period 1

,
Interventionparticipants (Mean)
CSC1/ day 1 (n= 2428, 1153)CSC2/ day 1 (n= 237, 833)CSC3/ day 1 (n= 171, 741)CSC4/ day 1 (n= 2023, 815)
Control47.535.732.237.8
Intervention42.84.12.834.4

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Number of Asymptomatic Carriers With Complicated and Uncomplicated Episodes Combined

Number of asymptomatic carriers diagnosed with 1 Symptomatic malaria episode, RDT-confirmed, with parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000), 2 SMRC5000, 3 SMRC5000 and >3 SMRC5000 (complicated and uncomplicated episodes combined). Number of SMRC5000s is measured by Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and later confirmed to have a parasite density ≥ 5000/uL by microscopy. (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: 12 months - period 1

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
1 SMRC50002 SMRC50003 SMRC5000>3 SMRC5000
Control13638125
Intervention413963417

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Number of Microscopy and qRT-PCR-confirmed Gametocyte Carriers at Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4)

Number of gametocyte carriers at Community Screening Campaign 4 (CSC4) was measured via microscopy and confirmed using Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) at day 1 of CSC4. (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Month 12 (CSC4/day 1) - period 1

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
PositiveNegativeNot evaluable
Control4625113
Intervention5085141

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Number of Participants (Infants and Children (> 6 Months and < 5 Years)) With Hospitalizations, Severe Malaria Episodes or Death Post Community Screening Campaign (CSC)

Total number of participants (infants and children (> 6 months and < 5 years)) with hospitalizations, severe malaria episodes or death after Community Screening Campaign (CSC) was assessed. (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: 12 months - period 1

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
HospitalizationsSevere malaria episodesDeath
Control2152
Intervention2042

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Number of Participants With Hospitalizations, Severe Malaria Episodes or Death Post Community Screening Campaign (CSC)

Total number of participants (all ages) with hospitalizations, severe malaria episodes or death after Community Screening Campaign (CSC) was assessed. (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: 12 months - period 1

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
HospitalizationsSevere malaria episodesDeath
Control57931
Intervention681031

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Number of Symptomatic Malaria Episode, RDT-confirmed, With Parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000) in Asymptomatic Carriers at Any Time of Diagnosis (Per Cluster)

"Data is presented per cluster. Number of Symptomatic malaria episode, RDT-confirmed, with parasitemia ≥5000/μL (SMRC5000) in asymptomatic carriers by study arm from all inhabitants diagnosed at any time for asymptomatic carriers. Number of SMRC5000s is measured by Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and later confirmed to have a parasite density ≥ 5000/uL by microscopy." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: 12 months - period 1

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Mean)
1 SMRC50002 SMRC50003 SMRC5000>3 SMRC5000
Control9.492.780.970.31
Intervention15.253.561.280.67

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Mean Number of Microscopy-confirmed Gametocyte Carriers at Day 1 of Community Screening Campaign 1,2,3,4 (CSC1, CSC2, CSC3 and CSC4) (Per Cluster)

"Data is presented per cluster. Mean number of gametocyte carriers at Day 1 for Community Screening Campaign 1,2,3,4 (CSC1, CSC2, CSC3 and CSC4) was measured using gametocyte assessments (prevalence and density) via microscopy.~Mean measured in this analysis is the mean percent indicating the mean of percentages of cluster frequencies under the study arm for that particular category." (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: 12 months - period 1

,
Interventionparticipants (Mean)
CSC1/Day 1 (n= 543, 246)CSC2/Day 1 (n= 33, 130)CSC3/Day 1 (n= 23, 144)CSC4/Day 1 (n= 279, 113)
Control10.25.55.85.1
Intervention9.50.60.44.8

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Percentage of Microscopy-confirmed Gametocyte Carriers Treated With COA566 for Asymptomatic Carriers

Percentage of microscopy-confirmed gametocyte asymptomatic carriers treated with COA566 for asymptomatic carriers in Community Screening Campaign 1, 2 and 3 (CSC1, CSC2 and CSC3). (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Day 1, day 7 and day 28 - period 1

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
CSC1 Day 1 (n= 3045)CSC 1 Day 7 (n= 3045)CSC 1 Day 28 (n= 3045)CSC2 Day 1 (n= 850)CSC2 Day 7 (n= 850)CSC3 Day 1 (n= 75)CSC3 Day 7 (n= 75)
Intervention15.71.40.12.60.14.00

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Percentage of COA566-treated Microscopy-confirmed Asymptomatic Carriers at Community Screening Campaign 1, 2 and 3 (CSC1, CSC2 and CSC3) With Parasitological Cure Rate at Day 7

Percentage of participants with parasitological cure confirmed via microscopy at day 7 after treatment with COA566. This assessment was done on asymptomatic carriers from Community Screening Campaigns 1, 2 and 3 (CSC1, CSC2 and CSC3) from the intervention group only. (NCT01256658)
Timeframe: Day 7 of CSC1, CSC2 and CSC3 - period 1

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
CSC1 (n= 2151)CSC2 (n=182)CSC3 (n=117)
Intervention99.510096.7

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Parasite Clearance Time (PCT) [MITT Population]

Parasite clearance time (PCT). Time in hours from the initiation of therapy until the first of two successive parasite negative smears (zero parasite counts) are obtained (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after start of treatment

Interventionhours (Mean)
ArTiMist30.29
Quinine68.30

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PCT 50 [MITT Population]

Time for parasite counts to fall by 50% (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after start of treatment

Interventionhours (Mean)
ArTiMist9.42
Quinine18.58

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PCT 90 [MITT Population]

Time for parasite counts to fall by 90% (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after start of treatment

Interventionhours (Mean)
ArTiMist15.02
Quinine27.93

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PRR 12 [MITT Population]

The percentage reduction in parasite counts 12 hours after first dose (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after start of treatment

Interventionpercentage of baseline (Mean)
ArTiMist47.6
Quinine-132.2

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PRR 24 [MITT Population]

The percentage reduction in parasite counts 24 hours after first dose (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after start of treatment

Interventionpercentage of baseline (Mean)
ArTiMist98.2
Quinine44.5

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Time to Return to Full Consciousness

"Time in hours to return to full consciousness (Blantyre Coma Scale = 5), if level of consciousness is reduced (Blantyre Coma Scale <5) prior to dosing or within 24hours of first dosing.~For the Blantyre Coma Scale~Total - maximum 5, eye movement - maximum 1, best motor response - maximum 2, best verbal response - maximum 2" (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after start of treatment

Interventionhours (Mean)
ArTiMist20.8
Quinine23.0

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Time to Return to Normal Per os Status

Time in hours to return to normal per os status. Normal per os was when the investigator considered the patient to be able to eat and drink normally. (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after start of treatment

Interventionhours (Mean)
ArTiMist22.1
Quinine25.3

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Complete Cure Rate

The complete resolution of clinical signs and symptoms, malaria-related laboratory abnormalities, and elimination of asexual parasites by Day 7, with no recurrence up to Day 28 (+/- 2 days), and the 48h parasite count to be < 25% of baseline with no clinical deterioration (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after the start of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CureNo Cure
ArTiMist4114
Quinine4617

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Parasitological Success (MITT)

Parasitological success defined as a reduction in parasite count of ≥ 90% of baseline at 24 hours after the first dose (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 24 hours after start of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
SuccessNot Success
ArTiMist664
Quinine2843

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Parasitological Success (PP)

Parasitological success defined as a reduction in parasite count of ≥ 90% of baseline at 24 hours after the first dose (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 24 hours after start of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
SuccessNot Success
ArTiMist653
Quinine2841

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Early Treatment Failure

"Early treatment failure is indicated by one or more of the following:~Parasite count on Day 2 > Day 0, irrespective of temperature~Parasite count on Day 3 > 0 with tympanic temperature ≥ 38.0°C~Parasite count on Day 3 ≥ 25% of baseline~Administration of rescue antimalarial treatment" (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: Three days after the start of treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
ArTiMist0
Quinine14

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Fever Clearance Time (FCT)

Time in hours from the initiation of therapy until the disappearance of fever (tympanic temperature < 38.0) that lasted at least 24 hours. (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after start of treatment

Interventionhours (Mean)
ArTiMist42.6
Quinine41.6

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Late Clinical Failure

"Signs of severe malaria on any day between Day 4 and Day 28 in the presence of parasitaemia, without previously meeting any of the criteria of early treatment failure~Presence of parasitaemia and tympanic temperature ≥ 38.0°C (or history of fever), on any day between Day 4 and Day 28, without previously meeting any of the criteria of early treatment failure" (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after the start of treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
ArTiMist3
Quinine1

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Late Parasitological Failure

o Parasitaemia on any day from Day 7 to Day 28 and tympanic temperature ≤ 38.0°C (NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after the start of treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
ArTiMist12
Quinine14

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Number of Deaths or Neurological Sequelae at Day 28

(NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after start of treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
ArTiMist0
Quinine0

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Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events, of Possible, Probably and Definite Causalities

(NCT01258049)
Timeframe: 28 days after start of treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
ArTiMist5
Quinine6

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Time to Parasite Clearance (PCT)

Time from first dose until first total and continued disappearance of asexual parasite forms which remains at least a further 48 hours. (NCT01619878)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

Interventionhours (Mean)
Cohort 129.1

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Time to Gametocyte Clearance (GCT)

Time from first dose until first total and continued disappearance of gametocytes which remains at least a further 48 hours. (NCT01619878)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

Interventionhours (Mean)
Cohort 136.32

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Time to Fever Clearance (FCT)

Time from first dose to the first time the axillary body temperature decreased below and remained below 37.5° C for at least 48 hours. (NCT01619878)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

Interventionhours (Mean)
Cohort 14.02

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Corrected 28 Day Parasitological Cure Rate

Number of participants with clearance of asexual parasites by day 7 after initiating study treatment without recrudescence at day 28, corrected for re-infection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay. (NCT01619878)
Timeframe: 28 days

Interventionnumber of participants (Number)
Cohort 116

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Percent Change of Parasite Count From Baseline at 24 Hours

Percent change of parasite count from baseline at 24 hours (NCT01619878)
Timeframe: baseline, 24 hours

InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Cohort 1-99.4

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Number of Participants With Parasitaemia at 72 Hours After Treatment Initiation Greater Than or Equal to 25 Percent of Count at Baseline

Number of participants with parasite density at 72 hours after treatment initiation greater than or equal to 25 percent of parasite density at baseline. (NCT01619878)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cohort 10

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Number of Participants With Parasitaemia at 48 Hours After Treatment Initiation Greater Than at Baseline

Number of participants with parasite density at 48 hours after treatment initiation greater than parasite density at baseline. (NCT01619878)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cohort 10

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Corrected Parasitological Cure Rate at Day 14 and 42

Number of participants with clearance of asexual parasites by day 7 after initiating study treatment without recrudescence at day 14 and day 42, corrected for re-infection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay. (NCT01619878)
Timeframe: Day 14 and 42

InterventionNumber of participants (Number)
Day 14Day 42
Cohort 11616

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Number of Participants With Parasitological Uncorrected Cure Rate at Day 3, 7, 14, 28 and 42

Number of patients with clearance of asexual parasites at day 3, 7, 14, 28 and 42 after initiating study treatment. (NCT01619878)
Timeframe: Day 3, 7, 14, 28 and 42

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Day 3Day 7Day 14Day 28Day 42
Cohort 1201616107

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Change From Baseline in Respiratory Rate to End of Study (EOS)

(NCT02223871)
Timeframe: Day 28 (EOS)

InterventionBreaths/min (Median)
Respiratory rate at baseline (Day 0)Respiratory rate at EOS (Day 28)Change from Day 0 to Day 28 in respiratory rate
ACT-451840 500 mg14161.5

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Drug-specific Parasite Reduction Ratio (PRR48) of ACT-451840 Over 48 Hours Using a New Approach

"After the blood stage Plasmodium falciparum challenge (BSPC), malaria parasitemia was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in regularly collected blood samples.~The subject-specific and drug-specific parasite reduction rates over a 48 h period (PRR48) were calculated following the data-driven method by Marquart et al. (2015), removing potential lag and tail phases prior to log-linear regression modeling." (NCT02223871)
Timeframe: 48 hours after study drug administration

InterventionRatio (Mean)
ACT-451840 500 mg73.6

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Drug-specific Parasite Reduction Ratio (PRR48) of ACT-451840 Over 48 Hours Using a Standardized Approach

"After the blood stage Plasmodium falciparum challenge (BSPC), malaria parasitemia was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in regularly collected blood samples.~The subject-specific and drug-specific parasite reduction rates over a 48 h period (PRR48) were calculated using an objective standardized approach (observed data over 48 h)" (NCT02223871)
Timeframe: 48 hours after study drug administration

InterventionRatio (Mean)
ACT-451840 500 mg234.5

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Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of ACT-451840

Cmax was directly derived from the plasma concentrations-time curves of ACT-451840. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic characterization were drawn at pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 144 hours post-dose. (NCT02223871)
Timeframe: From pre-dose to 144 hours after study drug adminsitration

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
ACT-451840 500 mg121.7

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Terminal Half-life [t(1/2)]

Blood samples for pharmacokinetic characterization were drawn at pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 144 hours post-dose (NCT02223871)
Timeframe: From pre-dose to144 hours after study drug adminsitration

InterventionHours (Geometric Mean)
ACT-451840 500 mg36.4

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Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of ACT-451840

tmax was directly derived from the plasma concentration-time curves of ACT-451840. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic characterization were drawn at pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 144 hours post-dose. (NCT02223871)
Timeframe: From pre-dose to144 hours after study drug administration

InterventionHours (Median)
ACT-451840 500 mg4.0

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Areas Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve of ACT-451840

"Two AUCs were calculated using non-compartmental analysis: AUC(0-t) from pre-dose to last time-point of measure and AUC(0-inf) from pre-dose and extrapolated to infinity.~Blood samples for pharmacokinetic characterization were drawn at pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 144 hours post-dose" (NCT02223871)
Timeframe: From pre-dose to144 hours after study drug administration

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
AUC(0-t)AUC(0-inf)
ACT-451840 500 mg1254.81284.4

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Change From Baseline in Blood Pressure to End of Study (EOS)

Vital signs, including diastolic and systolic blood pressure (DBP/SBP), were measured at each outpatient visit up to 7 days after ACT-451840 administration, every day during confinement or when malaria symptoms were presented and at the end of study visit (EOS). Other measures were performed if required. (NCT02223871)
Timeframe: Day 28 (EOS)

InterventionmmHg (Median)
SBP at baseline (Day 0)SBP at EOS (Day 28)Change from Day 0 to Day 28 in SBPDBP at baseline (Day 0)DBP at EOS (Day 28)Change from Day 0 to Day 28 in DBP
ACT-451840 500 mg121.0125.52.566.070.50.5

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Change From Baseline in Body Temperature up to End of Study (EOS)

Body temperature was measured orally (NCT02223871)
Timeframe: Day 28 (EOS)

InterventionDegree Celsius (Median)
Temperature at baseline (Day 0)Temperature at EOS (Day 28)Change from Day 0 to Day 28 in temperature
ACT-451840 500 mg36.335.9-0.2

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Recurrence of Parasitaemia Within 16 Days of Follow up

(NCT02389374)
Timeframe: day 16

InterventionRecurrences of Parsitaemia (Number)
Chloroquine Primaquine 14days0
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 1day0
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 14days0

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Fractional Change in Hb Between Baseline and Day 9 and 16

(NCT02389374)
Timeframe: day 0 and 16

,,
Interventionpercent change Hb (Mean)
baseline to day 9baseline to day 16
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 14days-13.8-8.3
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 1day-7.7NA
Chloroquine Primaquine 14days-2.3-0.5

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The Proportion of Adverse and Serious Adverse Events Following Unsupervised Primaquine Treatment

The proportion of adverse and serious adverse events following unsupervised primaquine treatment until day 28 (NCT02389374)
Timeframe: during follow up (day 28)

Interventionevents (Number)
Chloroquine Primaquine 14days0
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 1day0
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 14days0

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The Distribution of G6PD Activity Measured in U/gHb Among All Malaria Patients

(NCT02389374)
Timeframe: day 0

InterventionU/gHb (Median)
All Malaria Patients7.82

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Proportion of Patients With Fever on Day 2 After Treatment

(NCT02389374)
Timeframe: day 2

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Chloroquine Primaquine 14days0
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 1day0
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 14days0

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Proportion of Patients With Any Parasitemia on Day 3 After Treatment

(NCT02389374)
Timeframe: day 3

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Chloroquine Primaquine 14days0
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 1day2
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 14days0

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Proportion of Patients With Anaemia Less Than 8g/dl on Day 2

(NCT02389374)
Timeframe: on day 2

Interventionparticipants with Hb under 8g/dl (Number)
Chloroquine Primaquine 14days0
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 1day2
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 14days0

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Proportion of Patients Receiving Blood Transfusion and With Severe Anaemia (Hb<7g/dl)

(NCT02389374)
Timeframe: day 28

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Chloroquine Primaquine 14days0
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 1day0
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 14days0

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Proportion of Patients Adhering to 14 Days of Primaquine Treatment in the Vivax Cohort as Measured by Pill Count

(NCT02389374)
Timeframe: day 16

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Chloroquine Primaquine 14days34
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 1dayNA
Artemether-lumefantrine Primaquine 14days7

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Absence of Malaria Parasites in Blood.

Investigators will evaluate the percentage of patients who remain free of malaria parasites in the blood during the 28-day follow-up period. (NCT02600767)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Artemether-Lumefantrine73

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Half-life (T^1/2)

Half-life (T^1/2) (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Upto day 15 post dose

,,
InterventionHour (Mean)
Day 1Day 3
KAE609 10 mg QD 3 Days18.532.4
KAE609 25 mg QD 3 Days17.430.1
KAE609 50 mg QD 3 Days32.829.9

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Maximum Peak Observed Concentration (Cmax)

Maximum Peak Observed Concentration (Cmax) (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 3

,,,,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 1
KAE609 75 mg SD1270
KAE609 10 mg SD179
KAE609 150 mg SD2360
KAE609 50 mg SD773
KAE609 25 mg SD379

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Percentage of Participants With Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Corrected and Uncorrected Adequate Clinical and Parasitological Response (ACPR) at Day 15 and Day 29

PCR-corrected and PCR-uncorrected were evaluated at Days 15 and 29 (i.e., 14 and 28 days post-dose). The presence of parasitaemia after 7 days due to reinfection was considered as PCR-corrected ACPR. Missing blood smear data at Day 15 visit and thereafter were not considered as responder for the visit unless there was a later blood smear test indicating no parasitaemia. (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 15, Day 29

,,,,,,,,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Day 15: PCR correctedDay 15: PCR uncorrectedDay 29: PCR correctedDay 29: PCR uncorrected
KAE609 10 mg QD 3 Days90.090.090.090.0
KAE609 10 mg SD90.090.080.080.0
KAE609 150 mg SD77.377.368.259.1
KAE609 25 mg QD 3 Days95.095.090.080.0
KAE609 25 mg SD83.383.383.366.7
KAE609 50 mg QD 3 Days84.284.273.768.4
KAE609 50 mg SD95.295.285.781.0
KAE609 75 mg SD90.585.781.071.4
Pooled Coartem Control96.196.194.192.2

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Maximum Peak Observed Concentration (Cmax)

Maximum Peak Observed Concentration (Cmax) (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 3

,,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 1Day 3
KAE609 25 mg QD 3 Days503655
KAE609 50 mg QD 3 Days8281210
KAE609 10 mg QD 3 Days185235

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Fever Clearance Time (FCT)

Fever Clearance Time (FCT) is defined as the time from the first dose until the first time the axillary body temperature decreased below and remained below 37.5°C axillary or 38.0°C oral/tympanic/rectal for at least a further 24 hours. In case a patient received rescue medication before (fever) clearance, the time to event was censored at the first use of rescue medication. (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 29

InterventionHours (Mean)
KAE609 10 mg SD3.9
KAE609 10 mg QD 3 Days2.0
KAE609 25 mg SDNA
KAE609 25 mg QD 3 Days22.0
KAE609 50 mg SD2.4
KAE609 50 mg QD 3 Days7.2
KAE609 75 mg SD5.7
KAE609 150 mg SD9.9
Pooled Coartem Control13.0

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Tmax

Tmax (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 3

,,
InterventionHour (Median)
Day 1Day 3
KAE609 10 mg QD 3 Days3.9252.7
KAE609 25 mg QD 3 Days4.2552.1
KAE609 50 mg QD 3 Days4.1252.0

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Tmax

Tmax (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 3

,,,,
InterventionHour (Median)
Day 1
KAE609 10 mg SD4.00
KAE609 150 mg SD8.07
KAE609 25 mg SD4.01
KAE609 50 mg SD4.12
KAE609 75 mg SD6.01

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Time to Recrudescence and Reinfection at Study Day 29

Time to recrudescence is calculated from the date of first study medication to the date of first event. Participants without recrudescence/reinfection after Day 7 are censored at the time of treatment failure or at the time of last parasite assessment if no treatment failure occured. (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 29

,,,,,,
InterventionEvent probability (Number)
RecrudescenceReinfection
KAE609 150 mg SD32.513.3
KAE609 25 mg QD 3 Days10.014.3
KAE609 25 mg SD16.725.0
KAE609 50 mg QD 3 Days26.310.0
KAE609 50 mg SD16.05.0
KAE609 75 mg SD15.910.3
Pooled Coartem Control2.42.4

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Time to Recrudescence and Reinfection at Study Day 29

Time to recrudescence is calculated from the date of first study medication to the date of first event. Participants without recrudescence/reinfection after Day 7 are censored at the time of treatment failure or at the time of last parasite assessment if no treatment failure occured. (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 29

,
InterventionEvent probability (Number)
Recrudescence
KAE609 10 mg QD 3 Days10.0
KAE609 10 mg SD12.5

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Number of Participants With at Least 2 CTCAE Grades Increase From Baseline in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) or Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

The occurrence of at least 2 CTCAE grades increase from baseline in ALT or AST during the 4 weeks study period was evaluated to characterize hepatic safety aspects of single and multiple ascending doses of KAE609 in adult malaria subjects for treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by plasmodium falciparum. If 2 patients in a 10 patient cohort (Cohorts 1 and 2) or 3 patients in a 20 patient cohort (Cohorts 3, 4 and 5) had at least 2 CTCAE grades increase from Baseline in ALT or AST, recruitment was suspended and a review of liver safety (and any other relevant data) by safety review committee was initiated. Any further progression of the study was based on the decision by the safety review committee. (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 29

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
KAE609 10 mg SD11.1
KAE609 10 mg QD 3 Days0
KAE609 25 mg SD0
KAE609 25 mg QD 3 Days0
KAE609 50 mg SD0
KAE609 50 mg QD 3 Days0
KAE609 75 mg SD0
KAE609 150 mg SD4.5
Pooled Coartem Control3.9

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Parasite Clearance Time (PCT)

Parasite Clearance Time (PCT) is defined as the time from the first dose until the first total and continued disappearance of asexual parasite forms which remained at least a further 48 hours. In case a patient received rescue medication before (parasite) clearance, the time to event was censored at the first use of rescue medication. (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 29

InterventionHours (Mean)
KAE609 10 mg SD26.8
KAE609 10 mg QD 3 Days27.7
KAE609 25 mg SD14.0
KAE609 25 mg QD 3 Days11.4
KAE609 50 mg SD11.1
KAE609 50 mg QD 3 Days9.8
KAE609 75 mg SD8.7
KAE609 150 mg SD8.0
Pooled Coartem Control36.2

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AUC0-24

AUC0-24 (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 3

,,,,
Interventionh*ug/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 1
KAE609 10 mg SD2.77
KAE609 150 mg SD40.4
KAE609 25 mg SD5.14
KAE609 50 mg SD11.6
KAE609 75 mg SD21.4

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AUC0-24

AUC0-24 (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 3

,,
Interventionh*ug/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 1Day 3
KAE609 10 mg QD 3 Days2.593.90
KAE609 25 mg QD 3 Days8.3910.9
KAE609 50 mg QD 3 Days15.621.6

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Half-life (T^1/2)

Half-life (T^1/2) (NCT03334747)
Timeframe: Upto day 15 post dose

,,,,
InterventionHour (Mean)
Day 1
KAE609 10 mg SD24.4
KAE609 150 mg SD29.9
KAE609 25 mg SD35.1
KAE609 50 mg SD31.5
KAE609 75 mg SD25.3

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Number of Participants With Local and Systemic Adverse Events in Year Two

Incidence of local and systemic adverse events (AEs) graded by severity occurring within 7 days after vaccine administration during year two (booster dose) (NCT03510481)
Timeframe: Within 7 days after each vaccination in year two

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Experimental Arm 1: Dosing Interval 0, 8, 16, and 54 Weeks5
Experimental Arm 2: Dosing Interval 0, 1, 4, and 42 Weeks12
Placebo Comparator 3a: Dosing Interval 0, 8, 16, and 54 Weeks3
Placebo Comparator 3b: Dosing Interval 0, 1, 4, and 42 Weeks2

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Number of Participants With Local and Systemic Adverse Events in Year One

Incidence of local and systemic adverse events (AEs) graded by severity occurring within 7 days after each vaccine administration in year one (NCT03510481)
Timeframe: Within 7 days after each vaccination in year one

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Experimental Arm 1: Dosing Interval 0, 8, 16, and 54 Weeks39
Experimental Arm 2: Dosing Interval 0, 1, 4, and 42 Weeks27
Placebo Comparator 3a: Dosing Interval 0, 8, 16, and 54 Weeks19
Placebo Comparator 3b: Dosing Interval 0, 1, 4, and 42 Weeks11

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Frequency of Adverse Events After NF135.C10 CPS Immunization

The number of adverse events will be recorded by the trial clinicians for all participants. (NCT03813108)
Timeframe: Cohort A: Inclusion until 35 days after challenge infection (35 weeks) Cohort B: Inclusion - premature end of study (22 weeks)

InterventionAdverse events (Number)
1: NF135 CPS-immunization Challenged by NF135139
2: Low Dose NF135 CPS-immunization Challenged by NF135173
3: NF135 CPS-immunization (A/L) Cohort B172

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Magnitude of Adverse Events After NF135.C10 CPS Immunization

The severity of adverse events will be recorded (mild/moderate/severe) for each adverse event (NCT03813108)
Timeframe: Cohort A: Inclusion until 35 days after challenge infection (35 weeks) Cohort B: Inclusion - premature end of study (22 weeks)

,,
InterventionAdverse events (Number)
Mild adverse events (grade 1)Moderate adverse events (grade 2)Severe adverse events (grade 3)Serious adverse events (grade 4)
1: NF135 CPS-immunization Challenged by NF13510820110
2: Low Dose NF135 CPS-immunization Challenged by NF13512835100
3: NF135 CPS-immunization (A/L) Cohort B12131191

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Break Through Infections

Number of subjects that required rescue treatment with atovaquone/proguanil due to a positive thick smear in combination with symptoms following NF135.C10 immunizations despite mefloquine prophylaxis (Cohort A) or presumptive artemether/lumefantrine treatment (Cohort B). (NCT03813108)
Timeframe: From day 0 until 28 days after each immunization (28 days)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Break through following immunization 1Break through following immunization 2Break through following immunization 3
1: NF135 CPS-immunization Challenged by NF1351034
2: Low Dose NF135 CPS-immunization Challenged by NF1351035

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Break Through Infections

Number of subjects that required rescue treatment with atovaquone/proguanil due to a positive thick smear in combination with symptoms following NF135.C10 immunizations despite mefloquine prophylaxis (Cohort A) or presumptive artemether/lumefantrine treatment (Cohort B). (NCT03813108)
Timeframe: From day 0 until 28 days after each immunization (28 days)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Break through following immunization 1
3: NF135 CPS-immunization (A/L) Cohort B2

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Time to Parasitemia

The effectiveness of CPS-immunization with NF135 sporozoites to protect against malaria challenge infection with homologous N135.C10 or heterologous NF54 sporozoites will be determined by the time to parasitemia in immunized versus non-immunized volunteers after the challenge infection. (NCT03813108)
Timeframe: Day 1 - 28 after malaria challenge infection (28 days)

Interventiondays to parasitaemia (Median)
1: NF135 CPS-immunization Challenged by NF1359
2: Low Dose NF135 CPS-immunization Challenged by NF1357
5: Control Group Challenged by NF135.C10 Cohort A7

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Time to First PCR Positivity.

For the purpose of this study, 'PCR positivity' is used for the 'protocol-defined PCR positivity' (NCT04310085)
Timeframe: Day 1 to day 21

InterventionDays (Geometric Mean)
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 19.76
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 29.60

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Time to First Dose of Treatment With Artemether-lumefantrine (Riamet®) (Cohorts 1 and 2)

(NCT04310085)
Timeframe: Day 1 to day 21

InterventionDays (Geometric Mean)
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 112.09
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 212.04

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Parasitaemia at the Time Parasitaemia ≥5000 Parasites Per mL Blood (Cohorts 1 and 2)

(NCT04310085)
Timeframe: Day 1 to day 21

InterventionPARASITES/mL (Geometric Mean)
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 112807.4
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 218831.7

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Parasitaemia at First PCR Positivity

POSITIVE PARASITAEMIA IS DEFINED AS qPCR OUTCOME >=250 PARASITES per mL BLOOD. (NCT04310085)
Timeframe: Day 1 to day 21

InterventionPARASITES/mL (Geometric Mean)
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 1367.2
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 2711.7

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Incidence and Severity of Observed or Self-reported Adverse Events (AEs) Considered PfSPZ-DVI Challenge Inoculum-related.

Based on their start date(time), AEs will be allocated to the phase during which they started (Screening, Challenge, Rescue). Each AE will therefore be reported in only one phase. (NCT04310085)
Timeframe: Screening until end of study, day 28.

,
InterventionIncidence (Number)
Adverse eventsAny grade 3 or more adverse eventScreening Adverse eventsChallenge adverse eventsChallenge adverse events grade 3 or aboveRescue adverse eventsRescue adverse events grade 3 or above
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 113107061
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 212205072

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Time to Parasitaemia of ≥5000 Parasites Per mL Blood (Cohorts 1 and 2)

(NCT04310085)
Timeframe: Day 1 to day 21

InterventionDays (Median)
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 111.19
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 211.46

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Change in Malaria Clinical Score From PfSPZ-DVI Challenge Until Parasite Clearance.

"Malaria Clinical Score~14 signs/symptoms frequently associated with malaria will be graded using a 4-point scale (absent: 0; mild: 1; moderate: 2; severe: 3): headache, myalgia (muscle ache), arthralgia (joint ache), fatigue/lethargy, malaise (general discomfort/uneasiness), chills/shivering/rigors, sweating/hot spells, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, fever, tachycardia and hypotension.~Malaria clinical score is calculated as the sum of all (14) malaria sign and symptoms scores (maximum score is 42)." (NCT04310085)
Timeframe: Day 1 until end of study, day 28.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 19.63
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 213.0

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Incidence of Positive PCR and Parasitaemia of ≥5000 Parasites Per mL Blood.

(NCT04310085)
Timeframe: Day 1 with PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Day 28 (per cohort).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 18
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 28

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Parasitaemia at First Dose of Treatment With Riamet® (Cohorts 1 and 2)

(NCT04310085)
Timeframe: Day 1 to day 21

InterventionPARASITES/mL (Geometric Mean)
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 13936.7
PfSPZ-DVI Challenge and Artemether Lumefantrine Cohort 29454.3

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Number of Participants With ECG Changes

Safety signals, trends or significant differences in QT, QTcB and QTcF, QRS between treatment groups were were reported during the study up to 28 days after AL+Rux and AL+Placebo administration in all participants by treatment regimens. (NCT04456634)
Timeframe: up to 28 days after AL+Rux and AL+placebo administration

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AL&RUX2
AL& Placebo0

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Number of Participants With Changes in Heart Rate

Safety signals, trends or significant differences in heart rate ( beats / min)between treatment groups were were reported during the study up to 28 days after AL+Rux and AL+Placebo administration in all participants by treatment regimens. (NCT04456634)
Timeframe: up to 28 days after AL+Rux and AL+placebo administration

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AL&RUX1
AL& Placebo0

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AUECt of pSTAT3 Inhibition

Area under the effect curve (AUECt) of pSTAT3 inhibition levels (NCT04456634)
Timeframe: up to 28 days after AL+Rux and AL+placebo administration

Interventionng.hr/mL (Mean)
AL&RUX551
AL& Placebo186

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Number of Participants With Changes of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure

Safety signals, trends or significant differences in blood pressure between treatment groups were were reported during the study up to 28 days after AL+Rux and AL+Placebo administration in all participants by treatment regimens. (NCT04456634)
Timeframe: up to 28 days after AL+Rux and AL+placebo administration

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AL&RUX2
AL& Placebo0

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		2.0110C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.0610monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.0510acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
carbamates
[no description available]		7.110amino-acid anion
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.4620monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		2.0510amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
choline
[no description available]		7.3110cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.1510tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.78302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		3.3911aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.0610alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		3.3911pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		3.3911pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.0510methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
phenytoin
[no description available]		7.4420imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0810acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		2.0510aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.7530acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.4720monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0510acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
albendazole
[no description available]		9.0640aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		2.4720phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		2.0510organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.0810secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0810acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.4720dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
theophylline
[no description available]		2.4720dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		2.47201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.4720carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.4720dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		14.916227aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		2.0810dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0810acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0810anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.0810pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aprindine
Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0510indanes
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		2.730benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.0810benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.4720ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		2.4720aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
baclofen
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		3.61201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.0810benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.0510pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.5120biphenyls;
imidazoles
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		2.0810diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		2.0510secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0510quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.0510organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810benzamides
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
broxyquinoline
broxyquinoline: structure		3.2510organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bumetanide
[no description available]		2.4720amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
busulfan
[no description available]		2.0810methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		2.0810purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.4720aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		7.7430dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.4720N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0810carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.0510quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		2.0810carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		2.0810organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		2.0810aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		2.4720benzodiazepine
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		13.59113aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chloroxine
chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.		3.6420monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
antiseborrheic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		8.8821monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.7530organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		2.4720monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		2.4720isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.08101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.0810diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0810cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.0810aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol
[no description available]		2.0810lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		2.4720aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.0810cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.0810aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.47202-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.8830monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.08101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		2.4720aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		2.5120tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.4720dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0510clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.1310conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		3.2510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dapsone
[no description available]		11.5451substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.0510carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.8130acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dequalinium
Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.		2.110quinolinium ionantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		2.4720dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		2.0310primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.0310alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.47201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.4720benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.520amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510benzoic acids
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.0510monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		2.0510dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.0810piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.0810organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.4720benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.0810aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		2.5120dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
ebastine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.1310dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.08101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		2.4720aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		2.4720dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
brl 42810
[no description available]		2.08102-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.4720dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.0810aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.0510resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.0510anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0810difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		2.0810aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.4920N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.0810ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		2.0810benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.0810nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		2.4720(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.0510fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.4720(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.4720chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0810N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		2.0810sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0810aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.0510piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		7.0310
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		2.0510azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		2.0810acetamides
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.5120aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		3.6420bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		3.9330phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.4720benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		2.0810benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.4720one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.4920hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.0510monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		2.0510primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		2.4720benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		2.0810ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.4720dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.4720bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
incadronate
[no description available]		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.4720indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.7930aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0810benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.0810carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0810azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.0810carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		2.0810benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		2.0810piperazines
nsc 664704
kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).		2.0510indolobenzazepine;
lactam;
organobromine compound		cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		2.4720cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.4720aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.4720dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		2.0510benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		2.0510benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		2.08101,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		2.4720benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.4720aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomustine
[no description available]		2.4720N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		2.0810benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.0510benzodiazepine
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		2.4720anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		2.4820aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		2.0510nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		3.1250organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		2.4520imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		2.0810guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methoxyamine
methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510organooxygen compound
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.0510beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		2.4720benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.0810aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.3841C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		2.4720aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.0510dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.1310dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.0810imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.4720dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		2.0810benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.0810benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.0810acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0510methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		2.0810tetralins
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.08101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		2.0810aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.0810benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0810quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.5370cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		2.0810benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		2.4720C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		2.0810aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.76302-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.08101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.4720C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.4720nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		2.0510isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.4720fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		2.4720organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.08103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		2.05102,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.4720aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.0810carbazoles
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.2110aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.08101,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.0510aromatic ether
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.5320acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0510phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		2.0510phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		2.4720benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		2.08101,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		2.4720aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.0310barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		2.0810oxopurine
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.7830N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.4720acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.0510aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0310barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		2.0510primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.0510pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		2.0310benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		2.0810indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.0810aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0810pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		9.49372isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.0810aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		11.27259aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		2.0810pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.0810benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.4720benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.0510benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0510benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.5120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		2.0810pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		2.4720phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.0810aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.4720naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		7.3110
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		13.445620aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.13101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.4720aralkylamine
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		2.0810benzothiazoles
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		2.08101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.0810butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		2.0810pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		2.0510pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0810ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
imatinib
[no description available]		2.5120aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		2.0810dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.0810isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.0810
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0810isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.0510isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		2.0810sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.110naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0810acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
temozolomide
[no description available]		2.0810imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		2.0810furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4720phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.4720diarylmethane
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		2.0510phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		2.0810aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.0810aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		2.0810imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		2.0810benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.4720N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0810monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		2.5120monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		2.4720pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		2.0510triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.4920N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.1310trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		2.0510oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		6.3662aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.0810chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.110aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		2.0810piperazines
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		2.0810cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vigabatrin
[no description available]		2.0810gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0810aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0810nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.08101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.4720monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.4720alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.05104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		2.0810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.0510fluorinated steroid
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		7.5320chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		7.1110L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.		2.0410C-nitro compound;
quinoline N-oxide		carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.7430C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		7.0210aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		7.0510glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.081017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.0810bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.0810aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.0810kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.1310monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.4720amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.37201,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		9.0740organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		1.9910methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		2.0810alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		3.5520antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
mannitol
[no description available]		2.0510mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.4720beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.081020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		2.0510organic sodium saltdye
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		1.9610aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl chloride
Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.		2.0110chloromethanes;
methyl halides		marine metabolite;
mutagen;
refrigerant
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.7330aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		2.2510fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.1310stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		2.77306-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.0810organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.0510pyrrolidin-2-ones
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		7.0310benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		7.0310parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.0610alkane
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.0810pyrrole;
secondary amine
di-tert-butyl peroxide
tert-butyl peroxide: structure in first source		2.0310
carbitol
carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.		2.110diether;
glycol ether;
hydroxypolyether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.4720biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
scoparone
scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.		3.3510aromatic ether;
coumarins		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antilipemic drug;
immunosuppressive agent;
plant metabolite
benzethonium chloride
benzethonium chloride : A (synthetic) quaternary ammonium salt that is benzyldimethylamine in which the nitrogen is quaternised by a 2-{2-[p-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethoxy}ethyl group, with chloride as the counter-ion. An antiseptic and disinfectant, it is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, moulds and viruses.		3.2510aromatic ether;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
antiviral agent;
disinfectant
suramin sodium
suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.		2.0110organic sodium saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
sterogenol
hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source. cetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.		2.0510bromide salt;
pyridinium salt		antiseptic drug;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
surfactant
sulfalene
Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.		10.0333pyrazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
cycloguanil
cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.		3.8330triazinesantifolate;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.1310acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		3.1650adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
thiazoles
[no description available]		4.08401,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0810mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		2.0810benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0810hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride
trans-1,4-Bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane Dihydrochloride: An anti-cholesteremic agent that inhibits delta 7-reductase, delta 14 reductase, and sterol biosynthesis.		2.1310
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.472011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		2.05101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		3.2150isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
melarsoprol
Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.		2.5320triazines
benzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
capillin
capillin: insecticidal principle of Artemisia nilagirica Clarke		3.3510aromatic ketone;
ynone
ascaridole
ascaridole: monoterpene endoperoxide with anthelmintic properties; structure given in first source. ascaridole : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that is p-menth-2-ene with a peroxy group across position 1 to 4.		1.9810organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic peroxide;
p-menthane monoterpenoid		antileishmanial agent;
antinematodal drug;
plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.0410furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		2.051017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		2.0810diarylmethane
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.0340dialdehydebiomarker
lucanthone hydrochloride
Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.		12.1877
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		3.2510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.0810isothiocyanateinsecticide
fluoromethane
fluoromethane: RN given refers to parent cpd. fluorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.. fluoromethane : A member of the class of fluoromethanes that is methane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a fluorine atom.		2.0110fluorohydrocarbon;
fluoromethanes;
methyl halides		refrigerant
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.472020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
2-anthramine
2-anthramine: structure		2.0410anthracenamine
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		7.0610acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.4720cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
hexafluoroisopropanol
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.		2.0110organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol		drug metabolite
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.0410enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.4420alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.0810aliphatic nitrile
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810aromatic ketone
stearylamine
stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.0810primary aliphatic aminefilm-forming compound
diallyl disulfide
diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.		2.0610organic disulfideantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		12.614114pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.0510N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.0810dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		2.0810dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.0810fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		3.7921thujeneplant metabolite
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.110D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.01101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
nitroxoline
nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.		3.2510C-nitro compound;
monohydroxyquinoline		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
renal agent
cladribine
[no description available]		2.0810organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
pyrodifenium bromide
pyrodifenium bromide: was heading 1976-94 (see under PYRROLIDINES 1976-90); PRIFINIUM BROMIDE was see PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94: use PYRROLIDINES to search PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94; quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent more specific for the gastrointestinal tract than atropine		2.0510organic molecular entity
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		210diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.0810isoquinolines
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		2.0610dioxolane
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
molindone
Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)		2.1310indoles
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		2.0310elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		7.2510copper group element atom;
elemental gold
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.0810pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		2.0110iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		2.0110diatomic bromine
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.0210diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
amopyroquine
amopyroquine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
2-aminoadamantane
2-aminoadamantane: inhibits lymphocyte proliferation; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2510
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0810anthraquinone
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.46206-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.0810bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		2.472017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
decoquinate
Decoquinate: A coccidiostat for poultry.		3.6120
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		2.0810nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		2.0510indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.7230benzenes;
phenyl acetates
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		2.1310azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.610bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		3.0140C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		2.5520
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		2.0510chlorphenamine
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		2.4920penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		2.4720timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0810tryptamines
1,2-didodecanoylglycerol
1,2-didodecanoylglycerol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.1310
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0810cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.0810catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		2.0510amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.5220azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0810organic molecular entity
levormeloxifene
levormeloxifene: RN refers to (trans)-isomer		2.1310
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.0810amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.9960taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		2.4720beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		4.7190phenanthrenes
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.08101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.0810alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
hydroxymaprotilin
hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.0510L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.0510
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.47205-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
pinazepam
pinazepam: structure		2.0510benzodiazepine
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		4.120[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
butibufen
butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		4.0640benzamides;
carboxylic ester
acarbose
[no description available]		2.0810tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.4720alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.4720indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0810one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0810nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0810cephalosporinantibacterial drug
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0810benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
triclabendazole
[no description available]		2.7330aromatic ether
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0810cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.0810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		1.9810aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		2.0810
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.5120delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0810aminopyridine
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.0810aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.5120delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.0810benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.0810dimethoxybenzene
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.13103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		2.0810N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.0510carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0810dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.4720naphthoic acid
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		2.08103-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.0810imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0810heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0810adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
aromasil
[no description available]		2.081017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		2.08101-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		2.0810phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		2.0810aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		2.5120aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.5220monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		2.0810duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.0810biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		2.0510
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		2.0810oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.08106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		2.0810monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		2.0310inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0810hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ketone
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		2.0510
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		9.8261acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		2.0810aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.2110D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.51202-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.7730
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
propamidine
propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
guanidines;
polyether		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0810organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		2.0810azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		2.0810carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		2.0810acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination: combination drug containing fanasil & pyrimethamine		11.452511
sinefungin
[no description available]		2.0510adenosines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		2.0510organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
etofibrate
etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		2.0810piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.0810benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.0510fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
synthalin a
synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.		2.0510guanidineshepatotoxic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
nephrotoxin
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
ibopamine
ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source		2.0510benzoate ester;
phenols
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		2.47201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
pirlindole
pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812		2.0510carbazoles
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		14.5610712organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.0810sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
uk 68798
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.08101,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.0810succinate saltgeroprotector
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
rexigen
clobenzorex: RN given refers to (+)-isomer; structure		2.0510
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		2.4720amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
tebuquine
[no description available]		2.0510
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
magnolol
[no description available]		3.2510biphenyls
honokiol
[no description available]		3.2510biphenyls
sesamin
(+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		3.3510benzodioxoles;
furofuran;
lignan		antineoplastic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		3.2510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
isoalantolactone
isoalantolactone: RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure. isoalantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.		3.3510eudesmane sesquiterpenoid;
sesquiterpene lactone		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		2.0810carbapenems
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		12.65141hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		2.0810aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
cryptolepine
cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
bexarotene
[no description available]		2.0810benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.0810organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		2.0810macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.08103-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
nsc-172755
butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)		4.0221
cinchonine
[no description available]		2.0510(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
prochlorperazine edisylate salt
[no description available]		3.2510
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810isoquinolines
chlorfenapyr
chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.		7.610hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine acaricide;
organofluorine insecticide;
pyrroles		proacaricide;
proinsecticide
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.0510
lopinavir
[no description available]		5.5151amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
fast red ta
Fast Red TA: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
quinidine gluconate
quinidine gluconate: RN given refers to (9S)-isomer & ratio of [1:1]		3.0910D-gluconate adduct
desethylchloroquine
desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine		2.0510aminoquinoline
eupatorin
eupatorin: a flavonoid from the East Asian medicinal plant Orthosiphon spicatus; prevents oxidative inactivation of 15-lipoxygenase; structure given in first source. eupatorin : A trimethoxyflavone that is 6-hydroxyluteolin in which the phenolic hydogens at positions 4', 6 and 7 have been replaced by methyl groups.		3.3510dihydroxyflavone;
polyphenol;
trimethoxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Brassica napus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
P450 inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
wr 159412
[no description available]		2.0510
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
cinchonidine
cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.		2.0510(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
benzyloxyamine
benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
alexidine dihydrchloride
[no description available]		3.2510
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		2.512017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.0810imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0810amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		2.0810primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
artesunic acid
[no description available]		18.5717145
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
pyronaridine
[no description available]		7.5391aminoquinoline
triptolide
[no description available]		3.3510diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
tadalafil
[no description available]		2.0810benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tafenoquine
tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.		3.9130(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
secondary amino compound
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		2.0810adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		2.0810benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		2.0810isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
desethylamodiaquine
desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine		2.0510
piperaquine
piperaquine : An aminoquinoline that is 1,3-di(piperazin-1-yl)propane in which the nitrogen at position 4 of each of the piperazine moieties is replaced by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group.		13.563416aminoquinoline;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		antimalarial
n,n-dideethylchloroquine
[no description available]		2.0510
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.0810bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		2.0810benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
furamidine
furamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; WR 199385 refers to di-HCl; pafuramidine is a prodrug of this		2.0310
methotrexate
[no description available]		2.4520dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
3,6-diamino-9-(4-(methylsulfonyl)aminophenyl)aminoacridine
[no description available]		2.0510
n-formyl-13-dihydrocarminomycin
N-formyl-13-dihydrocarminomycin: isolated from Actinomadura roseoviolacea; structure in first source		2.610
ne 58051
NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source		2.0510
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.0810penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		2.0810biphenyls
n-methylchlorphentermine
N-methylchlorphentermine: structure given in first source		2.610
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
wr 242511
WR 242511: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		2.08101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0810secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.08109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.0810azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		2.0810amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone
5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone: isolated from Artemisia argyi		3.3510
bazedoxifene
[no description available]		2.1310phenylindole
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.0810morpholines
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		2.4720methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
telbivudine
[no description available]		2.0810pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
cirsiliol
cirsiliol: potent inhibitor of arachidonate lipooxygenase. cirsiliol : A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 3' and 4' respectively.		3.3510dimethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		plant metabolite
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.05102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
cirsilineol
cirsilineol: isolated from Thymus carnosus Boiss.. cirsilineol : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 3' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.		3.3510dihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leucodin
leucodin: structure in first source		3.3510sesquiterpene lactone
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.4720
yomogin
yomogin: eudesmane sesquiterpene from Artemisia princeps; inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase production in macrophages; structure in first source		3.3510
aspterric acid
aspterric acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,4alpha,6aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; isolated from Aspergillus terreus; structure in first source		7.4110
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
etravirine
[no description available]		9.821aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
olpadronic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		2.0810indanes
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		9.3911carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine
Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission		2.110
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		2.0810benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.0810
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0810benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
lenalidomide
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
lasofoxifene
Lasofoxifene: structure in first source. lasofoxifene : A member of the class of tetralins that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 6 are replaced by 4-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl and phenyl groups, respectively (the 5R,6S-stereoisomer). It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator indicated for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.		2.1310aromatic ether;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
naphthols;
tetralins		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
estrogen receptor agonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
cortisone
[no description available]		1.981011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		2.0810acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		2.420monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
lupeol
[no description available]		3.6120pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.0810acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		5.731
bortezomib
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
neocryptolepine
neocryptolepine: isolated from the roots of the African plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta; structure in first source		2.0510
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		6.69621,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0510
cimadronate
cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source		2.0510
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0510
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.8940
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		2.4420heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		2.0810coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		3.8230cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.0810alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.4720cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.0810L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		2.0810piperidines
dicyclomine hydrochloride
dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2510hydrochlorideantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
mefloquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
linezolid
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
canaline
canaline: structure		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0810organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.4920cyclodextrin
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.0810retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.3110docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		2.0810macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.0510butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0810alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.0440
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		7.1473macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
decitabine
[no description available]		2.08102'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
purvalanol a
6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;		2.0510purvalanol
artenimol
[no description available]		4.4730
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.4720L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
posaconazole
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		210flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		2.4720acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
Tetrahydropiperine
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxoles
artemisin
[no description available]		7.4320
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.4720isomethyleugenol
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		2.0510benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
ilepcimide
ilepcimide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation		2.0510benzodioxoles
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		2.0810flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		2.0810vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
chloramphenicol succinate
chloramphenicol succinate: inactive precursor (PRODRUGS) of chloramphenicol; used for parenteral administration of chloramphenicol; RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*))-isomer		2.0310amphetamines;
hemisuccinate
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0510oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.0510
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.0810pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0510
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		20.05358106
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		2.0810aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0810sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
parthenolide, (1ar-(1ar*,4e,7as*,10as*,10br*))-isomer
[no description available]		2.1310germacranolide
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.0510diarylmethane
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		2.0810zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		7.2510aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.08101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.0810diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.4720monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810isoquinolines
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.3510cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.0510cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.5120stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.0510pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.081011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
artemotil
artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		10.28401artemisinin derivative
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.0810cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
uc-781
[no description available]		2.110
hmr 3647
[no description available]		2.0810
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		2.0810tropane alkaloid
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		3.6120stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		2.1310aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		2.0810beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.4720steroidestrogen
glucametacin
glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure		2.0510
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		2.0810beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		15.510133cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		2.08101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tribendimidine
tribendimidine: structure given in first source		4.460
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.0310
Artemin
[no description available]		3.3510sesquiterpene lactone
ferrostatin-1
ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.		2.1110ethyl ester;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		antifungal agent;
antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		4.8940
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.0810triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.1310organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.08102-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
alsterpaullone
alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
caprolactams;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		anti-HIV-1 agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
eupatilin
eupatilin: isolated from Artemisia argyi. eupatilin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-7 and methoxy groups at C-6, C-3' and C-4' respectively. Isolated from Citrus reticulata and Salvia tomentosa, it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antineoplastic activities.		3.3510dihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.49207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.0410biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
acacetin
5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.		3.3510dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		anticonvulsant;
plant metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		3.3510trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		3.35103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.0810D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
scopoletin
[no description available]		4.2220hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
daphnetin
[no description available]		7.0210hydroxycoumarin
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.4720prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		2.0810hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.1107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.7630antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.512011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		2.0810
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		2.0810dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810maleate saltanti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.0810carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		2.08102-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
capillarisin
capillarisin: from Artemisiae capillaris Herba.; structure		3.3510coumarins
usambarensine
usambarensine: structure given in first source		2.0510harmala alkaloid
eupatoriopicrine
[no description available]		1.9810germacranolide
genkwanin
genkwanin: structure. genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated.		3.3510dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		metabolite
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		3.35107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
pterostilbene
[no description available]		3.2510diether;
methoxybenzenes;
stilbenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
neurotransmitter;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
ginkgolic acid
[no description available]		2.0610hydroxybenzoic acid
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0810amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0810enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		2.0810retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.0810organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.0510N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		2.1310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
codeine
[no description available]		2.0510morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.4520homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
perhexiline maleate
[no description available]		3.2510
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0810antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		2.0810acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.0810pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		2.0510carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.0810morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.4720morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.2510antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		2.0810cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0810
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
lacidipine
[no description available]		2.0510cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0810isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0810phenylalanine derivative
vinorelbine
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
andrographolide
[no description available]		7.3110carbobicyclic compound;
gamma-lactone;
labdane diterpenoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
isofraxidin
isofraxidin: also see fraxidin		3.3510hydroxycoumarin
Kumatakenin
[no description available]		3.3510ether;
flavonoids
licochalcone a
licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510chalcones
licochalcone b
licochalcone B: isolated from Glycyrrhiza inflata; inhibits phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65 in LPS signaling pathway; structure in first source		7.3110chalcones
artemetin
[no description available]		3.3510ether;
flavonoids
ergosterol-5,8-peroxide
ergosterol-5,8-peroxide: also inhibits sulfatase; isolated from fungus Cercospora kikuchii; structure given in first source. ergosterol peroxide : An ergostanoid that is ergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol with a peroxy group between positions 5 and 8 (the 3beta,5alpha,8alpha,22E stereoisomer). Isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps sinensis, it exhibits antimycobacterial, trypanocidal and antineoplastic activities.		3.14103beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
organic peroxide;
phytosterols		antimycobacterial drug;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
trypanocidal drug
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
guttiferone e
guttiferone E: isolated from the fruits of Garcinia pyrifera collected in Malaysia; structure in first source		3.2510
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		2.0810dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0810ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		2.0810morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		2.0810cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0810dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		2.0810azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		2.0810dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
piperic acid
piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzodioxoles		plant metabolite
jaceosidin
jaceosidin : A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone with hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' and methoxy groups at positions 3' and 6. Isolated from Salvia tomentosa and Artemisia asiatica, it exhibits anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis inducing activties.		3.3510dimethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0810maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		7.4220cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		2.0810dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0810dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		2.0810gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		2.0810peptide
famotidine
[no description available]		2.08101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.08101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		9.33122biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.0810cephalosporin
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
arteflene
arteflene: structure in first source		2.0110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
rifaximin
[no description available]		2.0810acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
lumefantrine
Lumefantrine: A fluorene derivative that is used in combination with ARTEMETHER for the treatment of MALARIA (see ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE DRUG COMBINATION).. lumefantrine : A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		20.225798fluorenes;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amine		antimalarial
concanamycin a
concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.		2.0510carbamate ester;
concanamycin		antifungal agent;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
metabolite
s72055
S72055: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3720
everolimus
[no description available]		2.0810cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
cgp-56697
Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.		17.7514341
nifuroxime
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source		2.0510
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0810carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		2.0510ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
arteannuin b
[no description available]		7.4420
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		2.0810imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.9840nitrofuran antibiotic
6 beta-hydroxycortisol
6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.		3.391111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
6beta-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
probe
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0510
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.4720roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		2.0810cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.0810
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		11.74230artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
temsirolimus
[no description available]		2.0810macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
dihydroartemisinin
[no description available]		2.2510sesquiterpenoidantimalarial
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		3.2510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0810
chlorproguanil
chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		11.3541dichlorobenzene
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		2.0810benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.0810aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide
N1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide: a potent, selective antimitotic agent against kinetoplastid parasites; structure in first source		2.0510
hki 272
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
desbutylbenflumetol
desbutylbenflumetol: structure in first source		2.0610
tan 67
[no description available]		2.1310quinolines
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		2.0810aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetroxane
[no description available]		210
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		16.7313133
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate: has antiparasitic activity; structure in first source		2.0510
artelinic acid
artelinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; benzyl ether of artemether		9.250
artemisitene
artemisitene: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,12beta,12aR*))-isomer; structure in first source		2.1110
arterolane
arterolane: a trioxolane with antimalarial activity; structure in first source. arterolane : An oxaspiro compound that is dispiro[cyclohexane-1,3'-[1,2,4]trioxolane-5',2''-tricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane] substituted by a 2-[(2-amino-2-methylpropyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl group at position 4s. Its maleic acid salt is used as an antimalarial drug in combination with piperaquine.		11.76101
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
artemisic acid
artemisic acid: isolated from Artemisia annua; MF: C28-H58-O; RN from Toxline. (+)-artemisinic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group (the 1S,4R,4aS,8aR diastereoisomer). It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of artemisinin, obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua.		1.9810carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
octahydronaphthalenes;
sesquiterpenoid		metabolite
marizomib
marizomib: a proteasome inhibitor from a marine bacterium Salinospora; structure in first source		3.1810beta-lactone;
gamma-lactam;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organochlorine compound;
salinosporamide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
artemisone
artemisone: second-generation semi-synthetic artemisinin derivative for antimalarial therapy devoid of neurotoxicity		3.1810
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.0810
diflucortolone
Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.		2.051021-hydroxy steroid
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.0510
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		3.811
deoxyartemisinin
[no description available]		1.9710
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		6.9810
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		13.455426
cladosporin
cladosporin: antifungal metabolite from Cladosporium cladosporioides; toxic, minor metabolite of Aspersillus flavus; inhibits tRNA synthetase in Plasmodium falciparum		3.1810
ludartin
ludartin: a TRPA1 channel activator; structure in first source		3.3510
deoxoartemisinin
deoxoartemisinin: structure given in first source		2.0510
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
rrx-001
RRx-001: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.1110
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		5.0570
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		2.0810polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		2.4110peptide hormone
ly-146032
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.1110glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.0710
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.51201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.1310chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
uk 453,061
UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source		2.110aromatic ether
du1301
DU1301: an antimalarial drug that is effective against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains		2.0310
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.0510organic sodium saltgeroprotector
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
chitosan
[no description available]		2.520
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		2.0810organosulfonic acid
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0810potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.0810organic sodium salt
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.0310
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		2.0710
oz 439
artefenomel: an antimalarial ozonide; structure in first source		7.1351
incb-018424
[no description available]		4.7211nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
bix 01294
[no description available]		3.1810piperidines
sodium artesunate
[no description available]		4.91110
nitd 609
NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source		7.2761
rka 182
RKA 182: structure in first source		3.1810
kaf156
ganaplacide: antimalarial		3.9911
butyrolactone i
butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source		2.0510butenolide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		2.0310
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		8.0340ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.3341
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.0510
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.0510
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.0610monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		2.4720benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.0810aromatic amide
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.08101,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.4720heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0810benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pyrvinium pamoate
[no description available]		3.2510naphthoic acidanticoronaviral agent
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0510
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
tigecycline
[no description available]		2.0810
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dolutegravir
[no description available]		4.0640difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
7-chloro-3-methyl-2-(4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)phenyl)quinolin-4(1h)-one
7-chloro-3-methyl-2-(4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)phenyl)quinolin-4(1H)-one: an antimalarial; structure in first source		2.0710
sybr green i
SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.		2.0610benzothiazolium ion;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
pyrethrins
[no description available]		2.610
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.3110
peoniflorin
peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa		2.2110
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		4.5651
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		2.08102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.08102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		1.9610nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		7.930folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.1310
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.9940cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.4720benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0810dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		2.0810purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.49202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0810benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.4720nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		2.0810tetrahydrofolic acid
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		2.0810N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		2.0510
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source		2.0510benzenetriol
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0810citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
rifabutin
[no description available]		2.0810
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		1.9910nitroso compoundalkylating agent
alpha-cyclopiazonic acid
[no description available]		2.0510alpha-cyclopiazonic acids
ferroquine
ferroquine: an antimalarial agent; structure in first source		4.7211
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.0310
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.0510
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		4.680
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		018.8125441
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		120.8125441
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		01.9810
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		07.7130
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.7330
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		022.2396180
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		124.2396180
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		06.33350
Cystic Echinococcosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		011.58262
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		06.58262
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		012.5673
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		02.0510
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.0810
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.0810
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.0810
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.0810
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.0810
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.5220
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		05.0530
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.5220
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		05.0530
Cerebral Malaria
[description not available]		013.274416
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.1110
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		03.0610
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		03.0610
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1710
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1710
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		15.1710
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		03.1630
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		013.58459
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.3110
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.3110
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.3110
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.8530
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.8530
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.4920
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.4920
Recrudescence
[description not available]		010.492711
Emesis
[description not available]		06.132
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		011.132
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		05.6361
Pyrexia
[description not available]		010.42196
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		112.42196
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.11150
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		013.746020
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.0430
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.9830
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.4110
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.9830
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.4110
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.4110
HbS Disease
[description not available]		03.9721
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		03.9721
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		05.650
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		05.650
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.6920
Infection Reactivation
[description not available]		06.3242
Itching
[description not available]		04.6322
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		09.6322
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.4110
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.4110
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		010.01188
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		112.01188
Schistosoma haematobia Infection
[description not available]		06.2772
Schistosomiasis haematobia
A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.		18.2772
Stillbirth
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.		05.4740
Plasmodium vivax Malaria
[description not available]		010.412510
Malaria, Vivax
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.		112.412510
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		06.4755
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		06.4755
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.610
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.610
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.4110
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.5220
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.5220
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.5220
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.5220
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.6920
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		07.610
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.6920
Co-infection
[description not available]		03.5170
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		05.1221
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		05.1221
A-Thalassemia
[description not available]		03.9911
alpha-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.		03.9911
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.9630
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.9630
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		05.6431
Acne
[description not available]		08.711
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		08.711
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.2510
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.2510
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.2510
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.2510
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.6320
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.2510
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.6320
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.2510
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.7930
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		03.0140
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.5420
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.7930
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		03.0140
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		04.3841
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		04.3841
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.6320
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.6320
Metastase
[description not available]		02.3110
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.3110
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.3110
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy
[description not available]		06.9452
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		02.1510
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		02.1510
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		04.8321
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		03.0610
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		09.8321
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		03.0610
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.1510
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.4120
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.1510
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.7230
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.4320
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.7230
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.4320
Black Water Fever
[description not available]		08.1150
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.1710
Keratosis Seborrheica
[description not available]		03.5611
Keratosis, Seborrheic
Benign eccrine poromas that present as multiple oval, brown-to-black plaques, located mostly on the chest and back. The age of onset is usually in the fourth or fifth decade.		03.5611
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		03.0910
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		02.2110
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.520
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		02.2110
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		02.2110
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		06.65150
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		06.65150
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		03.5911
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		08.5911
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		012.41105
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		03.3920
Icterus
[description not available]		02.0710
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		02.0710
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.0810
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		07.0810
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		09.291610
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.0652
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.0652
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.110
Schistosoma japonicum Infection
[description not available]		014.34334
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.5120
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.5120
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		02.0810
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		02.0810
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.110
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.		02.9340
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.110
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		03.4811
Psychoses
[description not available]		03.4811
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		03.4811
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		02.110
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.110
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.110
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.5120
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		02.110
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		07.5120
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		04.411
Abscess, Amebic
[description not available]		02.1110
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba
[description not available]		02.1110
Amebiasis
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.		02.1110
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.		02.1110
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.1110
Asymptomatic Colonization
[description not available]		04.4311
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4920
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		02.4920
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		05.9691
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		010.9691
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.4620
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.4620
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		03.1150
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		03.1150
Splenic Rupture
Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.		02.1510
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.1510
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		07.1510
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		02.9610
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.9610
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		03.4311
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		03.4311
Clonorchiasis
Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.2260
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		03.821
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		03.821
Body Weight, Fetal
[description not available]		02.0510
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		02.3920
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.0510
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.0510
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.0510
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		03.4311
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		08.4311
Fasciolopsiasis
[description not available]		02.9610
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		04.3511
Insect Bites
[description not available]		02.0510
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		02.0510
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.0510
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		02.4620
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		02.4620
Parasitic Diseases, Animal
Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.		02.0610
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.0610
Central Nervous System Schistosomiasis
[description not available]		02.9910
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.0610
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.0610
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0610
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.4520
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.4620
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		02.0710
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		02.0710
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		02.0710
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.0710
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.0710
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.1150
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		02.0110
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.0110
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.4220
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.4220
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.940
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.940
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		02.0210
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.420
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.420
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.4320
Lassa Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		02.0310
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.0310
Lassa Fever
An acute febrile human disease caused by the LASSA VIRUS.		02.0310
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		02.0310
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.0310
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.0310
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.0210
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		03.8221
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		03.8221
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.4111
Ancylostomiasis
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.		02.9410
Infections, Nematomorpha
[description not available]		02.9410
Anguilluliasis
[description not available]		02.9410
Infections, Taenia
[description not available]		02.9410
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		02.9410
Helminthiasis
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.		02.9410
Strongyloidiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.		02.9410
Taeniasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.		02.9410
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.0310
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.0310
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		07.0310
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.0310
Oliguria
Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.		02.0310
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.4120
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.4120
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		02.0310
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		02.0310
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		02.0310
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		02.0310
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0410
Paragonimiasis
Infection with TREMATODA of the genus PARAGONIMUS.		02.0410
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		03.3120
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		03.3120
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.0731
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.0731
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		04.0731
Asystole
[description not available]		01.9810
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		04.0731
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		01.9810
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		01.9810
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		01.9810
Choked Disk
[description not available]		03.3711
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		03.3711
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		02.3920
P carinii Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Pneumocystis Infections
Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.		01.9910
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		01.9910
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		01.9910
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		01.9910
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		01.9910
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.3811
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.3811
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		0210
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		0210
Action Tremor
[description not available]		0210
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		0210
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		03.3611
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		03.3611