berberine profile

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Hydrastis	genus	A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain BERBERINE.[MeSH]	Ranunculaceae	The buttercup plant family of the order RANUNCULALES, class MAGNOLIOPSIDA. The leaves are usually alternate and stalkless. The flowers usually have two to five free sepals and may be radially symmetrical or irregular.[MeSH]
Hydrastis canadensis	species	[no description available]	Ranunculaceae	The buttercup plant family of the order RANUNCULALES, class MAGNOLIOPSIDA. The leaves are usually alternate and stalkless. The flowers usually have two to five free sepals and may be radially symmetrical or irregular.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	2353
CHEMBL ID	295124
CHEBI ID	16118
SCHEMBL ID	25632
MeSH ID	M0002396

Synonym
BRD-K14796088-003-06-0
berberone
CHEMBL295124
9,10-dimethoxy-2,3-(methylenedioxy)-7,8,13,13a-tetradehydroberbinium
7,8,13,13a-tetradehydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3-[methylenebis(oxy)]berbinium
CHEBI:16118 ,
9,10-dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-7-ium
DIVK1C_000265
KBIO1_000265
NCIMECH_000354
NCI60_004319
SDCCGMLS-0066718.P001
benzo(g)-1,3-benzodioxolo(5,6-a)quinolizinium, 5,6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxy-
berbinium, 7,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3-(methylenedioxy)-
c20h18no4
einecs 218-229-1
brn 3570374
SPECTRUM_001110
NCGC00016526-01
IDI1_000265
MEGXP0_001923
BPBIO1_000476
SPECTRUM5_001458
SMP1_000298
ACON1_001957
PRESTWICK2_000586
PRESTWICK3_000586
9,10-dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-7lambda~5~-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline
berberin
berbinium
berberal
berbinium, 7,8,13,13a-tetradehydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3-(methylenedioxy)-
thalsine
majarine
benzo[g]-1,3-benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinolizinium, 5,6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxy- (9ci)
5,6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxy-benzo[g]-1,3-benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinolizinium
7,8,13,13a-tetradehydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3-(methylenedioxy)berbinium
9,10-dimethoxy-2,3-(methylenedioxy)-7,8,13,13a-tetrahydroberbinium
berbericine
umbellatine (6ci)
umbellatin
34md1011dm
inchi=1/c20h18no4/c1-22-17-4-3-12-7-16-14-9-19-18(24-11-25-19)8-13(14)5-6-21(16)10-15(12)20(17)23-2/h3-4,7-10h,5-6,11h2,1-2h3/q+
UPCMLD-DP032:001
umbellatine
2086-83-1
berberine ,
C00757
UPCMLD-DP032
DB04115
BER ,
BSPBIO_002156
NCGC00091896-03
NCI60_001050
KBIOSS_001590
KBIO2_004158
KBIO2_001590
KBIO3_001656
KBIOGR_001230
NCI60_001224
KBIO2_006726
SPBIO_002651
SPECTRUM2_000894
SPBIO_000708
SPECTRUM4_000785
PRESTWICK0_000586
PRESTWICK1_000586
SPECTRUM3_000618
NINDS_000265
BCBCMAP01_000112
BSPBIO_000432
AC-117
AKOS002141363
3,4-dimethoxy-6,7-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-5-ylium
9,10-dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-7-ylium chloride
berberine dimer
bdbm50203126
9,10-dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-7-ylium
cid_12456
9,10-dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-7-ylium; chloride
STK870320
ST055798
0i8y3p32uf ,
unii-0i8y3p32uf
YBHILYKTIRIUTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
S9046
CCG-35898
NCGC00016526-08
NCGC00016526-04
NCGC00016526-03
NCGC00016526-05
NCGC00016526-06
5,6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxybenzo[g]-1,3-benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinolizinium
FT-0603587
NCGC00016526-11
berberine (constituent of goldenseal) [dsc]
berberine [who-dd]
5,6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxybenzo(g)-1,3-benzodioxolo(5,6-a)quinolizinium
9,10-dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro(1,3)dioxolo(4,5-g)isoquino(3,2-a)isoquinolin-7-ium
berberine [vandf]
berberine [mart.]
5,6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3-benzodioxolo(5,6-a)benzo(g)quinolizinium
berberine [mi]
BBL029198
SCHEMBL25632
DTXSID9043857 ,
benzylpenicillin benzathine, antibiotic for culture media use only
Q-200702
Q-200701
9,10-dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-7-ium
HMS3561D13
16,17-dimethoxy-5,7-dioxa-13$l^{5}-azapentacyclo[11.8.0.0^{2,10}.0^{4,8}.0^{15,20}]henicosa-1(13),2,4(8),9,14,16,18,20-octaen-13-ylium
SR-01000711827-5
coptis rhizome
SBI-0051613.P002
inverted exclamation marky97%
16,17-dimethoxy-5,7-dioxa-13-azoniapentacyclo[11.8.0.02,10.04,8.015,20]henicosa-1(13),2,4(8),9,14,16,18,20-octaene
9,10-dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,3]dioxolo-[4,5-g]isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-7-ium
Q176525
BRD-K14796088-003-17-7
benzo[g]-1,3-benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinolizinium, 5,6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxy-
CS-0009734
HY-N0716
A904183
gtpl11353
SY232626
mfcd01175817
7,8,13,13a-tetradehydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3-(methylenebis(oxy))berbinium
berberine (constituent of goldenseal)
dtxcid7023857
berberine (mart.)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Berberine is a substituted dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium derivative whose modest antibiotic activity is derived from its disruptive impact on the function of the essential bacterial cell division protein FtsZ. "	( Antibacterial activity of substituted dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium derivatives. Kaul, M; Kelley, C; LaVoie, EJ; Lu, S; Parhi, A; Pilch, DS, 2012)	1.82
"Berberine is an alkaloid from several medicinal plants originally used to treat diarrhea and dysentery as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. "	( Berberine on the Prevention and Management of Cardiometabolic Disease: Clinical Applications and Mechanisms of Action. Cao, RY; Cao, W; Gu, W; Jiang, L; Li, Q; Sun, W; Yang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, H; Zheng, Y; Zhou, L, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine (BBR) is a known alkaloid that has verified its protective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/RN) lesion in multiple organs but its poor oral bioavailability limited its use. "	( Berberine-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers mitigate warm hepatic ischemia/reperfusion-induced lesion through modulation of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling and autophagy. Allam, MM; El-Haddad, AE; El-Mancy, SS; Elnagar, MR; Elnahas, OS; Fayez, SM; Gendy, AM; Khodir, AE; Mousa, MR, 2022)	3.61
"Berberine(BBR) is a kind of isoquinoline alkaloids extracted from the rhizomes of Coptis chinensis Franch., which was the main active ingredient. "	( Efficacy and safety of berberine in preventing recurrence of colorectal adenomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cao, Z; Du, S; Fang, S; Guo, S; Su, X; Wei, W; Yang, Y, 2022)	2.47
"Berberine (BBR) is an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant phytoconstituent."	( Investigating Neuroprotective Potential of Berberine, Levetiracetam and their Combination in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease Utilizing Drug Repurposing Strategy. Dhaneshwar, S; Mazumder, A; Singh, A, 2023)	1.89
"Berberine (BBR) is an anti-inflammatory alkaloid compound extracted from herbs. "	( Berberine exerts neuroprotective activities against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through up-regulating PPAR-γ to suppress NF-κB-mediated pyroptosis. Li, Z; Lu, E; Sheng, Q; Zhao, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid present in various herbs and is effective against metabolic syndrome in the pre-diabetic stage and high insulin resistance. "	( WJCPR11 reverses the TNF-α-induced inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake. Han, Y; Kim, MS; Lee, KY; Nam, SW, 2021)	2.06
"Berberine (BBR) is a plant alkaloid that possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects with low oral bioavailability. "	( Anti-inflammatory efficacy of Berberine Nanomicelle for improvement of cerebral ischemia: formulation, characterization and evaluation in bilateral common carotid artery occlusion rat model. Azadi, R; Jaafari, MR; Kazemi, NM; Mousavi, SE; Rezayat, SM; Yousefi-Manesh, H, 2021)	2.35
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from several herbs in the Papaveraceae family that exhibits anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidiabetic properties."	( Berberine loaded liquid crystalline nanostructure inhibits cancer progression in adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells in vitro. Chellappan, DK; Dua, K; Hansbro, PM; Malyla, V; Mehta, M; Oliver, BG; Paudel, KR, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine (BBR) is a bioactive isoquinoline alkaloid with high oral safety."	( Berberine Inhibits MDA-MB-231 Cells as an Agonist of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1. Liu, X; Qi, M; Ren, J; Wang, H; Xiang, J; Zhao, Y; Zhou, Y, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine (BBR) is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, primarily found in the plants of Berberidaceae family, and is used for the synthesis of several bioactive derivatives."	( Berberine affords protection against oxidative stress and apoptotic damage in F1 generation of wistar rats following lactational exposure to chlorpyrifos. Ahsan, AU; Chopra, M; Kaushal, S; Mehra, S; Seth, E, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine is a natural product that has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and metabolism-regulatory properties. "	( The natural product berberine synergizes with osimertinib preferentially against MET-amplified osimertinib-resistant lung cancer via direct MET inhibition. Chen, H; Chen, Z; Ramalingam, SS; Sun, SY; Vallega, KA; Zhou, J, 2022)	2.49
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural product found in many fruits and berries and used in traditional medicine for centuries."	( Effects of the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3a on sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to berberine and modified berberines in the presence and absence of WT-TP53. Abrams, SL; Akula, SM; Candido, S; Cervello, M; Cocco, L; Falzone, L; Follo, ML; Libra, M; Lombardi, P; Martelli, AM; McCubrey, JA; Montalto, G; Ratti, S; Steelman, LS, 2022)	1.67
"Berberine (BBR) is a Chinese herbal extract with mitochondria-targeted anticancer activity."	( FC-BBR/IND-induced glucose oxidase nanodrugs for targeted combination therapy. Cheng, Y; Ji, Y; Ouyang, D, 2022)	1.44
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural ingredient that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties."	( Berberine ameliorates testosterone-induced benign prostate hyperplasia in rats. Goudarzi, M; Kalantar, H; Kalantar, M; Kalantari, H; Mansouri, E; Shabani, E, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine is a natural plant alkaloid and has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity. "	( Evaluation of anti-inflammatory response of berberine-loaded gum nanocomplexes in carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats. Bakshi, J; Dhingra, D; Grewal, S; Kumari, S; Lathar, P; Mehra, M, 2022)	2.43
"Berberine is an isoquinoline derivative alkaloid with biological functions like antioxidant and anti-inflammatory."	( Protective effects of berberine as a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent against nephrotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. Goudarzi, M; Kalantar, H; Kalantar, M; Khalili, H; Mombeini, MA; Sadeghi, E, 2022)	1.76
"Berberine is an effective drug with anti-inflammatory property, and may be beneficial for the treatment of negative symptoms."	( Improvement of adjunctive berberine treatment on negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Fan, X; Jia, Q; Li, J; Li, M; Liu, Y; Qiu, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2022)	1.74
"Berberine is a compound for which both antidiabetic and antiosteoporotic effects have been documented."	( Lack of berberine effect on bone mechanical properties in rats with experimentally induced diabetes. Cegieła, U; Folwarczna, J; Gajdoš, M; Janas, A; Kisiel-Nawrot, E; Kocik, S; Krivošíková, Z; Londzin, P; Skoczyńska, A; Štefíková, K, 2022)	1.88
"Berberine (BBR) is a plant-origin quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid presenting exogenous cholesterol lowering and anti-hyperlipidemia therapeutic effects. "	( Berberine-loaded liposomes for oral delivery: Preparation, physicochemical characterization and in-vivo evaluation in an endogenous hyperlipidemic animal model. Duong, TT; Heinämäki, J; Nghiem, TH; Nguyen, LT; Nguyen, TD; Nguyen, TQ; Pham, HT; Pham, TM; Raal, A; Yen, TTH, 2022)	3.61
"Berberine (BRB) is an isoquinoline alkaloid with promising pharmacological effects."	( Novel berberine-loaded hyalurosomes as a promising nanodermatological treatment for vitiligo: Biochemical, biological and gene expression studies. El-Hadidy, WF; Elhalmoushy, PM; Elnaggar, YSR; Elsheikh, MA; Kamel, MA; Matar, NA; Omran, GA, 2022)	1.92
"Berberine (BBR) is a promising botanical pesticide that can reduce the enzyme activity of secreted cutinase from fungal pathogens. "	( Molecular Basis of the Reinforced Effect of Berberine against Cutinase from Cui, Y; Ge, X; He, R; Li, Y, 2022)	2.43
"Berberine is a quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid that exhibits potent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity. "	( Discovery and structural optimization of 9-O-phenylsulfonyl-berberines as new lipid-lowering agents. Kong, Y; Li, DD; Liu, XQ; Yi, YJ; Yu, P; Zhao, LG, 2022)	2.41
"Berberine (BBR) is an alkaloid compound extracted from herbs, which has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative effects and can be used in intestinal infectious diseases and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	( Berberine suppresses cecal ligation and puncture induced intestinal injury by enhancing Treg cell function. Cai, D; Qiu, D; Song, Z; Tong, C; Xue, M; Yang, Y; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2022)	2.89
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid which offers a broad range of therapeutical and pharmacological actions against cancer."	( Berberine-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles inhibit non-small cell lung cancer proliferation and migration in vitro. Chellappan, DK; Dua, K; Gupta, G; Gupta, PK; Hansbro, PM; Jha, NK; Kumar, P; MacLoughlin, R; Madheswaran, T; Malyla, V; Mehta, M; Oliver, BG; Panneerselvam, J; Patel, VK; Paudel, KR; Singh, SK; Yen, LL; Yin, GHS, 2022)	2.89
"Berberine is a plant alkaloid possessing scientifically determined mechanisms of the prevention of the development of atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, as well as cardiovascular complications and cancer."	( Berberine, a Herbal Metabolite in the Metabolic Syndrome: The Risk Factors, Course, and Consequences of the Disease. Nowak, R; Och, A; Och, M; Podgórska, D; Podgórski, R, 2022)	2.89
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from various berberine species."	( A Review on the Neuroprotective Effect of Berberine against Chemotherapy- induced Cognitive Impairment. Devi, B; Sahu, K; Singh, A; Singh, C; Singh, S, 2022)	1.71
"Berberine (BBR) is a well-known phytochemical isolated from a number of medicinal herbs."	( Therapeutic Efficacies of Berberine against Neurological Disorders: An Update of Pharmacological Effects and Mechanisms. Shaw, PC; Shou, JW, 2022)	1.74
"Berberine (BBR) is an effective drug for UC treatment."	( Berberine ameliorates DSS-induced intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction through microbiota-dependence and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Dong, Y; Fan, H; Fu, Y; Gui, Y; Guo, W; Hu, D; Jiang, F; Kang, Z; Li, J; Li, M; Luo, S; Sarapultsev, A; Shou, Z; Wang, H; Zhang, G; Zhang, Z; Zhou, H; Zhu, R, 2022)	2.89
"Berberine is a bioactive alkaloid found in herbal plants (e.g., Rhizoma coptidis and Cortex phellodendri) and exerts several beneficial functions, including anti-tumor activities."	( Effects of Berberine on Leukemia with a Focus on Its Molecular Targets. Asemi, Z; Dana, PM; Hallajzadeh, J; Mansournia, MA; Mazandaranian, MR; Yousefi, B, 2022)	1.83
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Coptis chinensis and possesses valuable pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and alleviating several complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). "	( Alleviation of Diabetic Tendon Injury via Activation of Tendon Fibroblasts Autophagy under Berberine Treatment. Li, Q; Liu, SH; Song, FC; Yuan, JQ; Zhang, L; Zhao, C; Zhu, MD, 2022)	2.38
"Berberine is a plant-derived herbicidal alkaloid. "	( Natural herbicidal alkaloid berberine regulates the expression of thalianol and marneral gene clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana. Bi, X; Huang, J; Jiang, K; Li, D; Ma, J; Zhang, X; Zhou, L; Zhu, X, 2022)	2.46
"Berberine (Ber) is an isoquinoline alkaloid that has shown therapeutic potential in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). "	( Chitosan-Coated Solid Lipid Nano-Encapsulation Improves the Therapeutic Antiairway Inflammation Effect of Berberine against COPD in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rats. Li, D; Li, Y; Liu, H; Shi, M; Wang, Y; Zhang, X, 2022)	2.38
"Berberine (BBR) is a well-known natural compound with potential cardioprotective and autophagic modulatory properties."	( Bcl-xL is required for the protective effects of low-dose berberine against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through blocking apoptosis and activating mitophagy-mediated ROS elimination. Chen, B; Zhang, JP, 2022)	1.69
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Chinese herbal medicines such as Coptis chinensis. "	( Synthesis of Berberine and Canagliflozin Chimera and Investigation into New Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms. Che, S; Chen, Y; Hao, W; Li, J; Luo, J; Wei, H; Xie, W; Zhang, W; Zhao, Z, 2022)	2.53
"Berberine chloride is a dual topoisomerase I and II inhibitor, that exhibited potent antitumor activities against several malignancies."	( Berberine chloride (dual topoisomerase I and II inhibitor) modulate mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP1) in molecular docking and dynamic with in-vitro cytotoxic and mitochondrial ATP production. Abdalla, M; Ferdous, MR; Song, Y; Xiaoling, L; Yang, M, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in the Berberis species. "	( Effect of berberine on global modulation of lncRNAs and mRNAs expression profiles in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Han, YC; Li, JY; Lu, B; Qian, H; Xiang, RL; Xie, HZ; Zhang, SY, 2022)	2.57
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid that has shown promise as a pharmacological treatment in PD, given its ability to modulate several molecular pathway associated with the disease."	( Can Berberine Serve as a New Therapy for Parkinson's Disease? Aschner, M; Dadgostar, E; Khandan, M; Mirzaei, H; Moghanlou, M; Mohammadi, S; Parvaresh, M; Tamtaji, OR, 2022)	2
"Berberine (BBR) is a pentacyclic benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that can be found in diversity of medicinal plants. "	( Protective effects of berberine on various kidney diseases: Emphasis on the promising effects and the underlined molecular mechanisms. Abd-Alhameed, EK; Hassanein, EHM; Ibrahim, IM; Mohamed, NM; Ross, SA, 2022)	2.48
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from plants that possess a broad array of medicinal properties, including anti-diarrheal, anti-fibrotic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antidepressant, and anxiolytic effects, and is frequently utilized as a traditional Chinese medicine."	( Expatiating the Pharmacological and Nanotechnological Aspects of the Alkaloidal Drug Berberine: Current and Future Trends. Albarrati, A; Albratty, M; Behl, T; Bungau, S; Meraya, AM; Najmi, A; Sharma, N; Singh, S; Zahoor, I, 2022)	1.67
"Berberine (BBR) is a major bioactive compound in CCF and may exert anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects like CCF."	( Berberine regulates PADI4-related macrophage function to prevent lung cancer. Du, G; Gao, F; Gu, W; Guo, Z; Li, W; Niu, Y; Sun, L; Xia, H; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y, 2022)	2.89
"Berberine (BBR) is an alkaloid extracted from the family Berberidacea."	( The therapeutic effects of berberine against different diseases: A review on the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hayes, AW; Karimi, G; Yarmohammadi, F, 2022)	1.74
"Berberine is a quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid that possesses a significant therapeutic effect on a variety of cancers. "	( Improvement of anticancer effect of berberine by salt formation modifications. Liao, Y; Liu, M; Liu, Z; Xu, F; Zeng, Y; Zhang, P; Zhou, Y, 2022)	2.44
"Berberine is a famous natural compound from medicinal herbs and shows many bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, and antimicrobial activities."	( Anticancer Effects and Mechanisms of Berberine from Medicinal Herbs: An Update Review. Gan, RY; Huang, SY; Li, HB; Saimaiti, A; Shang, A; Wu, SX; Xiong, RG; Yang, ZJ; Zhang, YJ; Zhao, CN; Zhou, DD, 2022)	1.72
"Berberine is a bioactive isoquinoline alkaloid compound extracted from various medicinal plants, such as Barberry. "	( Modulatory effect of berberine on plasma lipoprotein (or lipid) profile: a review. Hashemy, SI; Nourizadeh, N; Saburi, E; Vazifeh Mostaan, L, 2022)	2.48
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural pentacyclic isoquinoline alkaloid that has exhibited diverse pharmacological properties, including metabolism-regulating, hepatoprotective, and inflammatory alleviative in addition to its antioxidant activity."	( An insight into the potential of berberine in animal nutrition: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Fathi Nasri, MH; Ghavipanje, N; Vargas-Bello-Pérez, E, 2023)	1.91
"Berberine is a natural active ingredient extracted from the rhizome of "	( Research progress on the pharmacological effects of berberine targeting mitochondria. Fang, X; Miao, R; Tian, J; Wei, J; Wu, H; Zhang, Y, 2022)	2.41
"Berberine, which is a potential antidepressant, exhibits definite efficiency in modulating the gut microbiota. "	( Berberine ameliorates depression-like behavior in CUMS mice by activating TPH1 and inhibiting IDO1-associated with tryptophan metabolism. Ge, PY; Guo, R; Ni, SJ; Qi, YY; Qu, SY; Yang, NY; Yao, ZY; Zhang, QC; Zhao, X; Zhu, HX, 2023)	3.8
"Berberine (BER) is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid which extensively been applied to treat bacterial infection in TCM for a long time. "	( Guo, M; Hu, Y; Li, Y; Liu, D; Liu, X; Wang, C; Xu, X; Zhao, Z, 2022)	2.16
"Berberine (BBR) is an effective cholesterol-lowering drug. "	( The berberine-enriched gut commensal Blautia producta ameliorates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemia and stimulates liver LDLR expression. Wang, QC; Wu, C; Xu, W; Yang, YN; Yu, J; Zhang, H, 2022)	2.72
"Berberine (BBR) is a plant-derived isoquinoline alkaloid with a large conjugated ring system that is widely used in the treatment of various diseases."	( Structural basis for the transformation of the traditional medicine berberine by bacterial nitroreductase. Dong, YH; Gao, ZQ; Hu, JC; Ma, SR; Pan, LB; Wang, Y; Wen, HY; Yang, XY; Zhang, H; Zhao, HF, 2022)	1.68
"Berberine (BBR) is a monomer compound with various biological functions."	( Berberine plays a cardioprotective role by inhibiting macrophage Wnt5a/β-catenin pathway in the myocardium of mice after myocardial infarction. Dong, YL; Gui, Y; Hu, DS; Jiang, F; Kang, ZY; Li, MY; Lin, L; Luo, SS; Qin, RJ; Sarapultsev, A; Shuai, XX; Tian, CX; Wu, B; Zhang, ZL, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid with several clinical therapeutic applications. "	( Preparation, physicochemical characterization, and bioactivity evaluation of berberine-entrapped albumin nanoparticles. El-Demellawy, MA; El-Rahman, SSA; Ghareeb, DA; Newairy, AA; Saleh, SR; Younis, FA, 2022)	2.39
"Berberine is an anticancer medication that generates side effects due to its hydrophobicity and low cellular promiscuity as well as high dose requirement. "	( Grafting, characterization and enhancement of therapeutic activity of berberine loaded PEGylated PAMAM dendrimer for cancerous cell. Dewangan, HK; Semwal, BC; Yadav, D, 2023)	2.59
"Berberine (BBR) is a naturally occurring plant-derived polyphenol present in a variety of herbal remedies used in traditional medicine to treat ulcers, infections, jaundice, and inflammation."	( Effects of Berberine against Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer. Gagacev, F; O'Neill, EJ; Tsiani, E; Vlavcheski, F, 2022)	1.83
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid with several therapeutic properties, including anti-microbial, anti-diarrhea, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-tumor, and anti-diabetes. "	( Nanocarrier Based Delivery of Berberine: A Critical Review on Pharmaceutical and Preclinical Characteristics of the Bioactive. Hafeez, A; Khan, MJ; Siddiqui, MA, 2023)	2.64
"Berberine is a plant-derived natural compound that has shown anti-colon cancer potential."	( Berberine Reverses the Tumorigenic Function of Colon Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomes. Qi, T; Shan, R; Sun, Q; Yang, P, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine is a plant derived alkaloid present in many plants that may has ameliorating potential influences against inflammatory and oxidative conditions. "	( Evaluation of the Antioxidant Effects of Berberine against Sodium Nitriteinduced Oxidative Injury in the Rat Liver. Akhzari, M; Akmali, M; Barazesh, M; Foruozandeh, H; Jalili, S; Rashno, S, 2024)	3.15
"Berberine is an alkaloid found in some medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory effects."	( Berberine promotes immunological outcomes and decreases neuroinflammation in the experimental model of multiple sclerosis through the expansion of Treg and Th2 cells. Haghmorad, D; Sadighimoghaddam, B; Sameni, HR; Soltanmohammadi, A; Tavaf, MJ; Yazdanpanah, E; Yousefi, B; Zargarani, S, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine (BBR), which is a compound derived from the Chinese medicinal plant Coptis chinensis, promotes weight loss, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. "	( Berberine Ameliorates Obesity by Inducing GDF15 Secretion by Brown Adipocytes. Gong, S; Hu, F; Leng, Q; Li, C; Li, L; Li, X; Xu, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, H, 2023)	3.8
"Berberine (BBR) is a potential plant metabolite and has remarkable anticancer properties. "	( Current understanding and future prospects on Berberine for anticancer therapy. Goel, A, 2023)	2.61
"Berberine (Berb) is a major alkaloid with potential protective effects against multiple neurological disorders. "	( New insights into the role of berberine against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal neurotoxicity: Possible role of BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling. Aglan, A; Ahmed, KA; El-Haddad, AE; El-Sadek, HM; Elnagar, MR; Farag, MA; Gendy, AM; Hamza, E; Soubh, A, 2023)	2.64
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid naturally produced by several types of plants. "	( The role of l -arginine/NO/cGMP/K ATP channel pathway in the local antinociceptive effect of berberine in the rat formalin test. Khodayar, MJ; Mohtadi, S; Rahemi, M; Rajabi Vardanjani, H, 2023)	2.57
"Berberine is a nutraceutical that can improve lipid metabolism. "	( Overall and Sex-Specific Effect of Berberine for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. Blais, JE; Huang, X; Zhao, JV, 2023)	2.63
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural compound that exhibits cardioprotective effects and regulates calcium homeostasis."	( Berberine attenuates sunitinib-induced cardiac dysfunction by normalizing calcium regulation disorder via SGK1 activation. Li, C; Qiu, S; Sun, J; Wang, X; Wu, W; Xing, J; Xu, Y; Yan, W; Zhang, J; Zhang, Z, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid that can target mitochondria and has great prospect in the treatment of AD."	( Berberine Rescues D-Ribose-Induced Alzheimer's Pathology via Promoting Mitophagy. Cai, Z; Pu, Y; Tang, Y; Wang, C; Zou, Q, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine is a plant extract widely used in clinical practice. "	( Berberine and health outcomes: An umbrella review. Chen, T; Li, X; Li, Z; Ma, J; Tian, Y; Wang, Y; Wen, Y; Xu, Q; Yan, J, 2023)	3.8
"Berberine (BBR) is a quaternary ammonium alkaloid isolated from the Traditional Chinese Medicine "	( Insight on Structural Modification, Cytotoxic or Anti-Proliferative Activity, Structure-Activity Relationship of Berberine Derivatives. Deng, Y; Mou, J; Ren, X; Sun, L; Yin, M, 2023)	2.56
"Berberine is a potential treatment for ICH-induced neuroinflammation, and its effects are at least partially dependent on the gut microbiota."	( Berberine mitigates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced neuroinflammation in a gut microbiota-dependent manner in mice. Chen, H; Feng, X; Fu, X; Liu, J; Qian, C; Yu, T, 2023)	3.8
"Berberine (BBR) is an effective drug against liver fibrosis (LF). "	( Berberine attenuates liver fibrosis by autophagy inhibition triggering apoptosis via the miR-30a-5p/ATG5 axis. Deng, F; Li, C; Liu, Y; Tan, Y; Zhou, J, 2023)	3.8
"Berberine hydrochloride is a plant alkaloid with versatile medicinal applications, yet it has suffered from multiple limitations in its usage. "	( Berberine-loaded zein/hyaluronic acid composite nanoparticles for efficient brain uptake to alleviate neuro-degeneration in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Aly, RG; El-Kamel, AH; El-Nahas, AE; Elbedaiwy, HM; Helmy, MW; Masoud, IM, 2023)	3.8
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural compound extracted from a Chinese herb, with a clinically reported anti‑DCM effect; however, its molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated."	( Berberine blocks inflammasome activation and alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via the miR‑18a‑3p/Gsdmd pathway. Cai, SQ; Chen, DF; Cheng, CF; Fang, HC; Huang, XJ; Li, ZF; Liu, HL; Ren, ZX; Xiong, Y; Yang, L; Ye, SY; Zhao, LJ, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine (BBR) is an active alkaloid extracted from pharmaceutical plants such as Coptis chinensis."	( Antitumor effects of erlotinib in combination with berberine in A431 cells. Cuan, X; Huang, Y; Luo, R; Sheng, J; Wang, X; Yang, X; Zhao, Y; Zhu, W, 2023)	1.88
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid derived from Phellodendri Cortex with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties."	( Berberine attenuates uric acid-induced cell injury by inhibiting NLRP3 signaling pathway in HK-2 cells. Chen, B; Chen, J; Gong, S; Li, J; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Nie, J; Su, Z; Wu, G; Zheng, J; Zheng, X, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid that has been shown to have antitumor properties in a growing number of studies. "	( Berberine inhibits the progression of renal cell carcinoma cells by regulating reactive oxygen species generation and inducing DNA damage. Gao, S; Li, Z; Lin, X; Liu, J; Miao, B; Qin, X; Zeng, W; Zhao, Y, 2023)	3.8
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural alkaloid extracted from the herb Coptis chinensis. "	( Berberine ameliorates iron levels and ferroptosis in the brain of 3 × Tg-AD mice. Chen, J; Chen, M; Feng, W; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, Q; Liu, X; Tian, J; Wang, C, 2023)	3.8
"Berberine is a plant alkaloid known to exert positive metabolic effects. "	( Berberine phospholipid exerts a positive effect on the glycemic profile of overweight subjects with impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG): a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Allegrini, P; Avenoso, D; Bernardinelli, L; Cavioni, A; Fazia, T; Gasparri, C; Mansueto, F; Patelli, Z; Peroni, G; Petrangolini, G; Riva, A; Rondanelli, M; Tartara, A, 2023)	3.8
"Berberine (BBR) is a compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities."	( Berberine protects cyclophosphamide and busulfan-induced premature ovarian insufficiency in mouse model. Fan, X; Guo, W; Liu, Z; Peng, Y; Sun, L; Wang, T; Yang, X; Zhou, J; Zou, T, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic activities whose clinical application is hampered by poor permeability."	( Berberine-loaded engineered nanoparticles attenuate TGF-β-induced remodelling in human bronchial epithelial cells. Adams, J; Agarwal, V; Chellappan, DK; de Jesus Andreoli Pinto, T; De Rubis, G; Dua, K; Hansbro, PM; Liu, G; MacLoughlin, R; Nammi, S; Oliver, BGG; Paudel, KR; Singh, SK, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine is an alkaloid nutraceutical that has been shown to ameliorate metabolic disorders such as prediabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease."	( Pilot study on the efficacy and safety of berberine in people with metabolic syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Alvarez-Zavala, M; Andrade-Villanueva, JF; González-Hernández, LA; Martínez-Ayala, P; Méndez-Clemente, AS; Navarro-Lara, SA; Ruiz-Herrera, VV; Sánchez-Reyes, K; Toscano-Piña, M; Valle-Rodríguez, A, 2023)	1.9
"Berberine is a potential drug that can effectively treat cardiovascular diseases, including premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)."	( Efficacy and safety of berberine for premature ventricular contractions: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Chen, Z; Lei, C; Lu, C; Qiao, M; Tan, C; Wang, Z; Zhang, Q, 2023)	2.66
"Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid performing wide-spectrum antimicrobial and antiviral effects like antibiotics. "	( Comprehending the impact of berberine on anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. Chen, H; Li, X; Xie, J; Xu, X; Xue, G; Yu, X; Zeng, K; Zou, X, 2024)	3.18
"Berberine (BBR) is a commonly used anti-intestinal inflammation drug, and its anti-cancer activity has been found recently. "	( Identification of FtfL as a novel target of berberine in intestinal bacteria. Fang, C; Fang, J; Gu, Y; Jiang, W; Li, J; Liu, Y; Yan, J; Yang, G; Yang, P; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y, 2023)	2.61
"Berberine is a natural medicine possessing multiple beneficial biological activities."	( Berberine protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury: A review of evidence from animal models and clinical studies. Chen, N; Chen, SP; Liu, DQ; Sun, J; Tian, YK; Wang, XM; Ye, DW; Zhou, YQ, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid, reported to have multiple pharmacological functions. "	( Berberine ameliorates CCl4‑induced liver injury in rats through regulation of the Nrf2‑Keap1‑ARE and p53 signaling pathways. Gu, JG; Han, CY; Liu, CY; Sun, TT; Wang, SS; Xv, GP, 2019)	3.4
"Berberine was found to be an effective agent in the attenuation of diclofenac-induced acute kidney injury through the modulation of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers."	( Reno-protective effect of berberine. Al-Gareeb, AI; Al-Kuraishy, HM; Hussien, NR, 2019)	2.26
"Berberine is a promising multipotent agent to combat diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and other diseases."	( Berberine: A Traditional Natural Product With Novel Biological Activities. Fu, XB; Hao, HJ; He, WJ; Hou, Q; Wu, YS; Xie, XY, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine (BRB) is a compound belonging to the group of isoquinoline alkaloids of plant origin that has long been used in traditional chinese medicine (TMC). "	( Berberine as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of acute pancreatitis Fichna, J; Pawlik, L; Tarasiuk, A, 2019)	3.4
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural active principle with potential antitumor activity. "	( Berberine and Baserga, C; Giannì, AB; Iapichino, A; Mandrone, M; Martinelli, M; Mercolini, L; Palmieri, A; Poli, F; Scapoli, L, )	3.02
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural lipid lowering drug that reduces plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) and TG in hyperlipidemic patients and in mice by mechanisms involving upregulation of hepatic LDL receptor (LDLR)."	( Berberine decreases plasma triglyceride levels and upregulates hepatic TRIB1 in LDLR wild type mice and in LDLR deficient mice. Liu, J; Singh, AB, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine is a promising natural drug that has a potential therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases."	( Berberine Induces CYP2J2 Expression in Human U251 Glioma Cells via Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha. Gong, J; Shi, J; Wang, J; Wang, S; Yu, S; Yu, X, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine is a plant alkaloid, used in Chinese herbal medicine."	( Berberine protects against diabetic kidney disease via promoting PGC-1α-regulated mitochondrial energy homeostasis. Dong, H; Fang, K; Gong, J; Jiang, M; Lu, F; Qin, X; Su, H; Yu, X; Yuan, F; Yuan, X; Zhao, Y, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine is a potent algicidal allelochemical of Microcystis aeruginosa. "	( Comparing effects of berberine on the growth and photosynthetic activities of Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Bi, X; Dai, W; Liu, L; Zhang, D; Zhang, S, 2019)	2.28
"Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the Rhizoma coptidis. "	( Berberine mitigates cognitive decline in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model by targeting both tau hyperphosphorylation and autophagic clearance. Chen, H; Chen, Y; Huang, M; Ji, X; Liang, Y, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural antioxidant widely investigated for its hepatoprotective effects."	( Hepatoprotective role of berberine against paraquat-induced liver toxicity in rat. Ahmadian, E; Eftekhari, A; Eghbal, MA; Hasanzadeh, A; Hosainzadegan, H; Khalilov, R, 2020)	1.58
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, presents in different kinds of plants and it has long been used in Chinese medicine."	( Berberine associated photodynamic therapy promotes autophagy and apoptosis via ROS generation in renal carcinoma cells. Arni, RK; Calmon, MF; de Moraes, FR; Lopes, TZ; Rahal, P; Tedesco, AC, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from various types of plants, including those from the Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Papaveraceae families. "	( Preventive and Therapeutic Roles of Berberine in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Chen, J; Hu, S; Liu, Y; Wang, S; Zhao, R; Zheng, Z, 2019)	2.23
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with a wide variety of pharmacological properties, including antiproliferative activity."	( Berberine as Source of Antiproliferative Hybrid Compounds: In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity and Quantitative Structure-activity Relationship. Berber, LPÁ; Gálvez-Ruíz, JC; Lara, KO; Leyva-Peralta, MA; Razo-Hernández, RS; Robles-Zepeda, RE; Ruiz-Bustos, E, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in many plants. "	( Proteomic investigation into the action mechanism of berberine against Streptococcus pyogenes. Du, GF; He, QY; Le, YJ; Sun, X; Yang, XY, 2020)	2.25
"Berberine (BBR) is a multi-target drug (MTD) that has proven effective in the treatment of metabolism-related chronic diseases (CDs). "	( Berberine in the treatment of metabolism-related chronic diseases: A drug cloud (dCloud) effect to target multifactorial disorders. Foiani, M; Jiang, JD; Kong, WJ; Vernieri, C, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine (BBR) is a protoberberine alkaloid extracted from plants such as "	( Identification of a multi-component berberine 11-hydroxylase from Hosoe, T; Sato, F; Takeda, H; Wakana, D; Yoshida, H, 2020)	2.28
"Berberine, which is a modulator of TRPV1, has proven antiobesity and antidiabetic potentials."	( Berberine attenuated olanzapine-induced metabolic alterations in mice: Targeting transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 and 3 channels. Bansal, Y; Bishnoi, M; Kondepudi, KK; Kuhad, A; Medhi, B; Singh, DP; Singh, R; Sodhi, RK, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine (BBR) is a potent BCR-ABL inhibitor for imatinib-sensitive and -resistant CML."	( Discovery of Berberine that Targetedly Induces Autophagic Degradation of both BCR-ABL and BCR-ABL T315I through Recruiting LRSAM1 for Overcoming Imatinib Resistance. Fei, J; Gu, C; Huang, G; Liu, Y; Yang, J; Yin, Z, 2020)	1.65
"Berberine is a natural pentacyclic isoquinoline alkaloid that has been isolated as the principal component of many popular medicinal plants such as the genus Berberis, Coptis and Hydrastis. "	( Berberine pharmacology and the gut microbiota: A hidden therapeutic link. Habtemariam, S, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid which exhibits a variety of biological and therapeutic properties, and has been reported by some to block replication of the influenza virus. "	( Berberine Hampers Influenza A Replication through Inhibition of MAPK/ERK Pathway. Botwina, P; Nowakowska, M; Ochman, M; Owczarek, K; Pyrc, K; Rajfur, Z; Szczubiałka, K; Urlik, M, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine is an isoquinoline plant alkaloid with remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammation roles, which is used in ethnic medicines, including traditional Chinese and North American medicine."	( Berberine Inhibits MDA-MB-231 Cells by Attenuating Their Inflammatory Responses. Zhang, C; Zhao, L, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from several commonly used Chinese herbs. "	( Berberine suppresses influenza virus-triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages by inducing mitophagy and decreasing mitochondrial ROS. Deng, D; Guo, R; Hao, Y; Liu, H; Mao, Q; Su, R; Wu, J; You, L; Zhang, H; Zhao, M, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine is a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid and has been used as an important functional food additive in China due to its various pharmacological activities. "	( Synthesis of disaccharide modified berberine derivatives and their anti-diabetic investigation in zebrafish using a fluorescence-based technology. Jin, M; Kong, H; Li, X; Lin, H; Liu, K; Stoika, R; Wang, L, 2020)	2.28
"Berberine is an essential phytochemical for the treatment of various diseases; however, when used to treat osteoporosis, it has minor effect as compared with that of the currently available drugs. "	( Discovery and development of berberine derivatives as stimulants of osteoblast differentiation. Han, Y; Kim, SH; Nam, SW, 2020)	2.29
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid belonging to the structural class of protoberberines. "	( Nano-based delivery systems for berberine: A modern anti-cancer herbal medicine. Araj-Khodaei, M; Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi, J; Ghaffari, M; Hamblin, MR; Majidzadeh, H; Torbati, M, 2020)	2.28
"Berberine (BBR) is a potential medicine for bone disorders, therefore, we proposed to apply BBR in root canals to enhance root repair in immature teeth."	( Berberine mediates root remodeling in an immature tooth with apical periodontitis by regulating stem cells from apical papilla differentiation. Cui, Y; Fu, Y; Huang, D; Li, C; Sun, J; Xie, J; Zheng, L; Zhou, C; Zhou, X, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine is a protoberberine alkaloid with wide range of pharmacological activities, applicable to various pathological conditions."	( Therapeutic Potential of Berberine in the Treatment of Glioma: Insights into Its Regulatory Mechanisms. Asemi, Z; Behnam, M; Mirzaei, H; Pourattar, MA; Razavi, ZS; Tamtaji, OR, 2021)	1.65
"Berberine (BBR) is an effective component of Huanglian and has shown to attenuate atherosclerosis (AS); however, the detailed mechanism of BBR-mediated protective actions against AS remains elusive. "	( Berberine Attenuates Arterial Plaque Formation in Atherosclerotic Rats with Damp-Heat Syndrome via Regulating Autophagy. Huang, Y; Ke, X; Li, L; Lin, F; Song, Y; Xin, F; Xu, L; Zeng, Z; Zhang, Y, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from various Chinese herbs that has potential of anti-inflammatory, anti-lipidemic, anti-neoplastic, and anti-diabetic activity. "	( Berberine Inhibits Pro-inflammatory Cytokine-induced IL-6 and CCL11 Production via Modulation of STAT6 Pathway in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Chan, CC; Huang, WC; Kuo, ML; Ma, J, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine is a naturally occurred isoquinoline alkaloid that shows great potential for developing anticancer drugs. "	( Synthesis of a novel fluorescent berberine derivative convenient for its subcellular localization study. Ji, X; Jin, M; Liu, K; Song, Y; Stoika, R; Wang, L, 2020)	2.28
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the root, rhizome and stem bark of Coptidis Rhizoma. "	( Berberine inhibits cancer cells growth by suppressing fatty acid synthesis and biogenesis of extracellular vesicles. Gu, S; Huang, D; Li, Q; Liang, B; Ouyang, C; Song, X; Su, T; Xie, L; Xie, R; Xu, M; Xu, T, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine (BR) acts as an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator which possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. "	( Berberine attenuates severity of chronic pancreatitis and fibrosis via AMPK-mediated inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad signaling and M2 polarization. Bansod, S; Doijad, N; Godugu, C, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine (BBR) is a nature-driven phytochemical component originated from different plant groups such as Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aquifolium, and Berberis aristata."	( Berberine: A novel therapeutic strategy for cancer. Aghebati-Maleki, L; Asenjan, KS; Gholipour, E; Hojjat-Farsangi, M; Motavalli, R; Samadi, P; Sarvarian, P; Yousefi, M, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline quaternary alkaloid extracted from a variety of medicinal plants."	( Beta-Blockers and Berberine: A Possible Dual Approach to Contrast Neuroblastoma Growth and Progression. Bruno, G; Calvani, M; Favre, C; Subbiani, A, 2020)	1.61
"Berberine is an alkaloid isolated from Berberis vulgaris, and its anti-inflammatory effect has been identified."	( Berberine Inhibits the Gene Expression and Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Mononuclear Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Healthy Individuals. Ghorbani, N; Mahmoudi, M; Rastin, M; Sahebari, M; Zamani, M; Zamani, S, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine (BBR) is a botanic alkaloid extracted from Coptis chinensis (Huanglian), which has various properties, compassing anti-hyperglycemia, anti-obesity, anti-inflammation, and improves insulin resistance, etc. "	( Berberine as a Potential Multi-Target Agent for Metabolic Diseases: A Review of Investigations for Berberine. Cai, B; Chen, Q; Wang, S; Xu, Z, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine (BBR) is a bioactive constituent that displays effects on blood glucose; however, the mechanism underlying the role of BBR during the development of DR is not completely understood."	( Berberine protects against diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting cell apoptosis via deactivation of the NF‑κB signaling pathway. Li, M; Li, X; Li, Z; Ma, L; Ma, Z; Wang, X; Zhai, J; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zou, J, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine is a well-known isoquinoline alkaloid with antibacterial activity."	( Potentiating the activity of berberine for Staphylococcus aureus in a combinatorial treatment with thymol. Aksoy, CS; Atas, B; Avci, FG; Sariyar Akbulut, B; Sayar, NA; Ugurel, OM, 2020)	1.57
"Berberine (BBR) acts as a tumor suppressor in different cancer cells. "	( Berberine modulates Keratin 17 to inhibit cervical cancer cell viability and metastasis. Cui, L; Liu, L; Sun, L; Zheng, J, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine is an alkaloid found in plants. "	( Berberine in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Baska, A; Gałązka, P; Leis, K, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine is an alkaloid of the protoberberine type used in traditional oriental medicine. "	( In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Activity of Berberine Chloride against Uropathogenic Cutuli, MA; Di Marco, R; Magnifico, I; Pane, A; Petronio Petronio, G; Pietrangelo, L; Scapagnini, G; Venditti, N; Vergalito, F, 2020)	2.26
"Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid that has been shown to inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in a wide variety of tumor cells. "	( Apoptotic effect of berberine via Bcl-2, ROR1, and mir-21 in patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Abdollahi, M; Baharlou, R; Doulabi, EM; Faranoush, M; Ghahremanfard, F; Hemati, M; Kokhaei, P; Mohammadlou, M; Pashaei, M, 2021)	2.39
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in numerous types of medicinal plants, which has been clinically used in China to treat symptoms of gastrointestinal pathogenic bacterial infection, especially bacteria‑induced diarrhea and inflammation."	( Anti‑inflammatory mechanism of berberine on lipopolysaccharide‑induced IEC‑18 models based on comparative transcriptomics. Ma, L; Qin, W; Xi, C; Xu, B; Xu, X; Yan, Y; Yin, B; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y, 2020)	1.57
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from medicinal plants such as Coptis chinensis, which has been reported to have a lipid‑lowering effect and prevent CKD progression."	( Berberine alleviates palmitic acid‑induced podocyte apoptosis by reducing reactive oxygen species‑mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress. Chen, XM; Du, XG; He, JL; Jiang, XS; Liu, T; Wu, Y; Xiang, XY, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine is a plant metabolite belonging to the group of isoquinoline alkaloids with strong biological and pharmacological activity. "	( Biological Activity of Berberine-A Summary Update. Nowak, R; Och, A; Podgórski, R, 2020)	2.31
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from medicinal herbs including Rhizoma coptidis and has long been used for the treatment of infectious gastroenteritis, but its impact on the colonic lymphoid tissues (such as colonic patches) is unknown."	( Berberine augments hypertrophy of colonic patches in mice with intraperitoneal bacterial infection. He, XH; Ouyang, DY; Shi, ZJ; Shu, JX; Wang, YF; Xu, LH; Yang, F; Ye, JZ; Zeng, B; Zha, QB; Zhong, CS; Zhong, MY, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine is a herbicidal chemical that we isolated from Coptis chinensis. "	( Laboratory bioassay, greenhouse experiment and 3D-QSAR studies on berberine analogues: a search for new herbicides based on natural products. Bi, X; Huang, J; Yang, S; Zhang, X; Zhou, L; Zhu, T, 2021)	2.3
"Berberine is an example of one these promising natural products."	( Effect of berberine nanoemulsion Photodynamic therapy on cervical carcinoma cell line. Calmon, MF; Carvalho, T; Floriano, BF; Lopes, TZ; Rahal, P; Takahashi, LAU; Tedesco, AC, 2021)	1.75
"Berberine is an effective component extracted from the rhizomes of coptis chinensis and phellodendron chinensis."	( Berberine inhibited metastasis through miR-145/MMP16 axis in vitro. Jiang, Y; Li, J; Pei, M; Wu, L; Zhang, S, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Chinese herbs and exhibits glucose lowering properties."	( Supplemental Berberine in a High-Fat Diet Reduces Adiposity and Cardiac Dysfunction in Offspring of Mouse Dams with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Chen, L; Cole, LK; Dolinsky, VW; Hatch, GM; Sparagna, GC; Vandel, M; Xiang, B; Zhang, M, 2021)	1.71
"Berberine (BBR) is an ancient Chinese medicine and has various beneficial effects on metabolic diseases, including NAFLD/NASH."	( Berberine Prevents Disease Progression of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis through Modulating Multiple Pathways. Chen, W; Gurley, EC; Hylemon, PB; Kakiyama, G; Lai, G; Liu, J; Pandak, WM; Tai, YL; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Yan, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, D; Zhou, H, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine (BBR) is a plant alkaloid with multiple pharmacological functions."	( Evaluation of berberine efficacy in reducing the effects of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A added to male broiler rations. Afzali, N; Ellestad, LE; Farhangfar, SH; Malekinezhad, P; Mohammadi, A; Omidi, A, 2021)	1.7
"Berberine (BBR) is a promising anti-diabetic isoquinoline alkaloid from Rhizoma coptidis, while its bioavailability was extremely low. "	( Oxyberberine, an absorbed metabolite of berberine, possess superior hypoglycemic effect via regulating the PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Ai, G; Chen, H; Chen, J; Dou, Y; Huang, R; Li, Q; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Luo, C; Su, Z; Xie, J; Zeng, H, 2021)	2.69
"Berberine is a promising botanical pesticide against fungal plant pathogens. "	( Molecular dynamics investigation of the interaction between Colletotrichum capsici cutinase and berberine suggested a mechanism for reduced enzyme activity. Dai, J; Ge, X; Li, Y; Wei, J; Yang, H, 2021)	2.28
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloids extracted from Coptis chinensis that is applied in the treatment of diabetes clinically."	( Berberine elevates mitochondrial membrane potential and decreases reactive oxygen species by inhibiting the Rho/ROCK pathway in rats with diabetic encephalopathy. Fu, P; Qi, J; Ri, H; Tian, L, )	2.3
"Berberine is an isoquinoline derivative alkaloid extracted from Chinese herbs. "	( Berberine Ameliorates Glucose Metabolism in Diabetic Rats through the alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Related Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway. Dong, H; Gong, J; Lu, F; Ren, Y; Sun, W; Wang, D; Wang, K; Xu, L; Zou, X, 2022)	3.61
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, which has been reported to show high photosensitizing activity."	( Berberine-photodynamic therapy sensitizes melanoma cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis through ROS-mediated P38 MAPK pathways. Fang, J; Gong, Q; Huang, X; Liang, X; Liu, J; Song, C; Wang, X; Yang, Y, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine, which is a traditional Chinese medicine can inhibit tumorigenesis by inducing tumor cell apoptosis. "	( Berberine Prolongs Mouse Heart Allograft Survival by Activating T Cell Apoptosis Chen, Y; Dai, H; Guo, J; Li, F; Ma, Y; Qi, Z; Wang, C; Yan, G; Ye, Y; Zheng, H; Zhuang, G, 2021)	3.51
"The berberine (Ber) is an isoquinoline alkaloid compound extracted from Rhizoma coptidis and has the effect that reduces adipose. "	( Berberine regulates lipid metabolism via miR-192 in porcine oocytes matured in vitro. Cao, S; Dai, J; Gao, J; Huang, X; Liu, B; Luo, X; Wang, J; Zhang, C, 2021)	2.62
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, found in several plants. "	( Berberine modulates crucial erectogenic biomolecules and alters histological architecture in penile tissues of diabetic rats. Adefegha, SA; Dada, FA; Oboh, G; Okeke, BM; Oyeleye, SI, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine (BBR) is a poorly water-soluble quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid of plant origin with potential uses in the drug therapy of hypercholesterolemia. "	( Nanoformulation and Evaluation of Oral Berberine-Loaded Liposomes. Duong, TT; Heinämäki, J; Isomäki, A; Kogermann, K; Laidmäe, I; Paaver, U; Pham, TM; Raal, A; Tõnisoo, A; Yen, TTH, 2021)	2.33
"Berberine is a nature-derived alkaloid compound with multiple pharmacological activities in different pathologies, including RA."	( Efficacy of berberine in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: From multiple targets to therapeutic potential. Huang, DN; Sun, H; Wang, XJ; Wu, FF; Zhang, AH, 2021)	1.72
"Berberine is a plant alkaloid that has multiple beneficial effects against intestine inflammation. "	( Berberine Slows the Progression of Prediabetes to Diabetes in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats by Enhancing Intestinal Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 and Improving the Gut Microbiota. Jiang, Y; Kong, Y; Liu, H; Ren, H; Shan, C; Wang, J; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Yang, J; Yang, Y; Zheng, M, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine is an effective component of rhizoma coptidis, with a very good antitumor effect."	( [Research progress in mechanism of berberine's antitumor action]. Chen, T; Gong, YY; Luo, MJ; Luo, S; Yang, XH; Zhang, LJ, 2021)	1.62
"Berberine is a well-known quaternary ammonium salt that is usually found in the roots of such plants as Phellodendron amurense and Coptis chinensis. "	( Berberine modulates hyper-inflammation in mouse macrophages stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid via calcium-CHOP/STAT pathway. Kim, HJ; Kim, YJ; Park, W, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine is a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid, mainly extracted from plants berberaceae, papaveraceae, ranunculaceae and rutaceae such as coptis chinensis Franch, Phellodendron chinense, and berberis pruinosa. "	( Berberine for bone regeneration: Therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms. Ma, J; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine (BBR) is an alkaloid extracted from Coptidis Rhizoma, also known as Huang-Lian. "	( Functional effects of berberine in modulating mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory response in the respective amyloidogenic cells and activated microglial cells - In vitro models simulating Alzheimer's disease pathology. Chen, L; Ho, PC; Lian, XL; Lim, MEJ; Shen, W; Tan, EA; Wang, Y; Wong, LR, 2021)	2.38
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the Chinese medicine, exerting a variety of pharmacological effects. "	( The Intracellular Mechanism of Berberine-Induced Inhibition of CYP3A4 Activity. Chen, X; Feng, PF; Jie, J; Yang, PX; Zhu, LX, 2021)	2.35
"Berberine is a monomer from Chinese herbs such as Coptis chinensis, whose effect on improving ovulation and endometrial receptivity of PCOS is uncertain."	( Berberine improves ovulation and endometrial receptivity in polycystic ovary syndrome. Dong, H; Nie, K; Su, H; Tang, Y; Wang, H; Wang, Z; Xu, X, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine is a famous alkaloid extracted from Berberis plants and has been widely used as medications and functional food additives. "	( Treatment of Parkinson's disease in Zebrafish model with a berberine derivative capable of crossing blood brain barrier, targeting mitochondria, and convenient for bioimaging experiments. Jin, M; Liu, K; Liu, X; Ren, Q; Shang, X; Sheng, W; Stoika, R; Tan, Z; Wang, L; Wang, R, 2021)	2.31
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid from plants known to improve cardiac mitochondrial function in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) offspring but the mechanism is poorly understood. "	( Berberine elevates cardiolipin in heart of offspring from mouse dams with high fat diet-induced gestational diabetes mellitus. Cole, LK; Dolinsky, VW; Hatch, GM; Sparagna, GC; Vandel, M; Xiang, B, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine (BBR) is an active component of Phellodendri Cortex (PC), which is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been prescribed clinically for hyperuricemia (HUA) for hundreds of years. "	( Effect of Berberine on Hyperuricemia and Kidney Injury: A Network Pharmacology Analysis and Experimental Validation in a Mouse Model. Chen, J; Huang, Z; Li, Q; Li, Y; Liu, D; Su, Z; Xie, J; Zeng, H; Zheng, J, 2021)	2.47
"Berberine (BEB) is a natural polyphenolic alkaloid, which exhibits unique antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory potential."	( Neuroprotective Potential of Berberine Against Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity in Rat's Brain. Ahmed, KA; Ibrahim Fouad, G, 2021)	1.63
"Berberine (BB) is a natural compound found in"	( Oral administration of berberine represses macrophage activation-associated benign prostatic hyperplasia: a pivotal involvement of the NF-κB. An, HJ; Jin, BR, 2021)	1.65
"Berberine is a promising treatment for lowering cholesterol."	( Effect of Berberine on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Mechanistic Randomized Controlled Trial. Chan, YH; Ho, WK; Ip, DKM; Leung, JYY; Schooling, CM; Tse, HF; Vackova, D; Yeung, WF; Zhao, J; Zhao, JV, 2021)	1.75
"Berberine is an important lead compound with great potential for optimization in drug development. "	( A patent review of berberine and its derivatives with various pharmacological activities (2016-2020). Kong, Y; Li, DD; Li, L; Yu, P; Zhao, LG, 2022)	2.49
"Berberine is a model alkaloid."	( A multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporter mediates berberine accumulation into vacuoles in Coptis japonica. Sasaki, T; Sato, F; Takanashi, K; Yamada, Y; Yamamoto, Y; Yazaki, K, 2017)	1.42
"Berberine (BBR) is a nitrogenous cyclic natural alkaloid with potential anticancer activity. "	( Dendrimer encapsulated and conjugated delivery of berberine: A novel approach mitigating toxicity and improving in vivo pharmacokinetics. Gothwal, A; Gupta, L; Gupta, U; Khan, MS; Khinchi, MP; Qayum, A; Sharma, AK; Singh, SK, 2017)	2.15
"Berberine (BBR) is a traditional Chinese medicine which recently was applied as a biological pesticide. "	( Evaluation of berberine as a natural fungicide: biodegradation and antimicrobial mechanism. Ge, XZ; Li, Y; Wang, XY; Wu, H; Yin, YM, 2018)	2.28
"Berberine is a natural compound found in several herbs. "	( Berberine Induces Cell Cycle Arrest in Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Lines via Inhibition of NF-κB and STAT3 Pathways. Boonmars, T; Cha'on, U; Phoomak, C; Puthdee, N; Seubwai, W; Vaeteewoottacharn, K; Wongkham, S, 2017)	3.34
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in different plant families such as Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Papaveraceae. "	( Regulatory effects of berberine on microRNome in Cancer and other conditions. Ayati, SH; Cicero, AFG; Fazeli, B; Momtazi-Borojeni, AA; Pirro, M; Sahebkar, A, 2017)	2.21
"Berberine (BBR) is a naturally occurring alkaloid compound that can be found in Chinese medicinal herbs such as Rhizoma Coptidis and Phellodendri Cortex. "	( Computational and experimental prediction of molecules involved in the anti-melanoma action of berberine. Fu, XQ; Guo, H; Li, T; Liu, B; Liu, SM; Su, T; Tse, AK; Yu, ZL; Zhu, PL, 2017)	2.12
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid with very impressive health benefits. "	( Berberine ameliorates methotrexate-induced liver injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and PPARγ, and suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats. Hozayen, WG; Mahmoud, AM; Ramadan, SM, 2017)	3.34
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid plant extract that is widely available as a dietary supplement in the United States and has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. "	( Variability in Potency Among Commercial Preparations of Berberine. Backes, JM; Funk, RS; Kandel, SE; Moriarty, PM; Ruisinger, JF; Singh, RK; Winefield, RD, 2018)	2.17
"Berberine (BER) is an important anti-bacterial drug from Chinese herbal medicine and a novel drug candidate for preclinical development in recent years. "	( Enzyme-inducing effects of berberine on cytochrome P450 1A2 in vitro and in vivo. Jiang, B; Jin, X; Meng, L; Zhang, F; Zhang, G, 2017)	2.19
"Berberine (BBR) is a traditional Chinese medicine in various applications due to its antibacterial effect. "	( Expression of the TetA gene encoding TetA efflux protein in E. coli contributes to its increased bacterial resistance toward berberine. Cao, ZT; Ge, XZ; Li, Y; Wang, XY, 2018)	2.13
"Berberine (BBR) is a material extracted from Chinese herbs, which has been used in the treatment of diabetes in Chinese medicine for thousands of years. "	( Protective effect of berberine on renal fibrosis caused by diabetic nephropathy. Li, Z; Zhang, W, 2017)	2.22
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural compound with multiple pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects."	( Hepatoprotective effect of berberine against methotrexate induced liver toxicity in rats. Esmaeilizadeh, M; Fatemi, I; Ghaznavi, H; Goudarzi, M; Kalantar, H; Mehrzadi, S, 2018)	1.5
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinnoline derivative alkaloid extracted from Rhizoma Coptidis that has the potential to protect myocardial tissues from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries. "	( Protective effect of berberine against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting apoptosis through the activation of Smad7. Wang, X; Xiao, K; Yao, W, 2018)	2.24
"Epiberberine (EPI) is a novel and potentially effective therapeutic and preventive agent for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. "	( The oral bioavailability, excretion and cytochrome P450 inhibition properties of epiberberine: an in vivo and in vitro evaluation. Bi, XN; Chen, HY; Chen, JH; Chen, N; Guo, CE; Li, HP; Lin, HY; Yang, XY; Zhang, YJ, 2018)	1.33
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid derived from various medicinal herbs. "	( Berberine demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice with chronic gastritis by attenuating the Th17 response triggered by the B cell-activating factor. Dang, Z; Jia, Y; Li, X; Wu, X, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine (BBR) is a pharmacological compound with a potential protective effect of the mitochondrial function in the context of I/R."	( Addition of Berberine to Preservation Solution in an Animal Model of Ex Vivo Liver Transplant Preserves Mitochondrial Function and Bioenergetics from the Damage Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion. Caetano Oliveira, R; Furtado, E; Marques Palmeira, C; Martins, RM; Pinto Rolo, A; Soeiro Teodoro, J; Tralhão, JG, 2018)	1.58
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural alkaloid obtained from Berberis species plants, known for its protective effects against several diseases. "	( Combined analytical approaches to define biodistribution and biological activity of semi-synthetic berberrubine, the active metabolite of natural berberine. Calabria, D; Caliceti, C; Franco, P; Porru, E; Roberti, M; Roda, A; Spinozzi, S, 2018)	2.12
"Berberine is a Chinese herbal medicine extracted from rhizoma coptidis that functions to improve insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hepatosteatosis and inflammation. "	( Berberine induces miR-373 expression in hepatocytes to inactivate hepatic steatosis associated AKT-S6 kinase pathway. Chen, Y; Jiang, JD; Li, CH; Tang, SC; Wang, Y; Wong, CH, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid widely used in Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine to treat illnesses such as hypertension and inflammatory conditions, and as an anticancer and hepato-protective agent. "	( Berberine nanoparticles with enhanced in vitro bioavailability: characterization and antimicrobial activity. Amin, MU; Faidah, HS; Haseeb, A; Kakar, M; Khurram, M; Sadiq, A; Sahibzada, MUK, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine (BBR) is a traditional Chinese medicine normally used for gastroenteritis, and recent research found that it could fight against tumors. "	( Integration of microRNA-mRNA profiles and pathway analysis of plant isoquinoline alkaloid berberine in SGC-7901 gastric cancers cells. Chen, J; Li, K; Qiu, L; Yang, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, N, 2018)	2.14
"Berberine (BBR) is an alkaloid that is widely distributed in different plant species."	( Molecular modeling, dynamics simulations, and binding efficiency of berberine derivatives: A new group of RAF inhibitors for cancer treatment. Ismail, P; Jabbarzadeh Kaboli, P; Ling, KH, 2018)	1.44
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline derivative alkaloid with diverse pharmacological activities for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases."	( Berberine inhibits growth and inflammatory invasive phenotypes of ectopic stromal cells: Imply the possible treatment of adenomyosis. Chen, L; Cheng, Z; Guo, J; Liu, L; Luo, N; Xie, Y, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural alkaloid derived from traditional medicine Rhizoma Coptidis and possesses various pharmacological properties."	( Hepatoprotective effects of berberine on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Hua, W; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Wei, Q; Zhao, Z; Zhu, Y, 2018)	1.5
"Berberine (BBR) is an alkaloid compound with many beneficial properties including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-apoptotic activity."	( Berberine suppresses apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in nucleus pulposus cells and ameliorates disc degeneration in a rodent model. Chen, J; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Khor, S; Lou, Y; Tang, C; Tang, Q; Wang, C; Wang, J; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Xiao, J; Zhang, Z; Zheng, Z, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine is an isoquinoline derivative alkaloid with anti-inflammatory activity. "	( The protective effect of berberine against lipopolysaccharide-induced abortion by modulation of inflammatory/immune responses. Barati, E; Fazel Nasab, N; Jalilvand, T; Mahdavi Siuki, M; Namdar Ahmadabad, H; Nezafat Firizi, M, 2018)	2.23
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the Chinese herb, Coptis rhizome, which exhibits numerous biological effects on gastrointestinal disorders."	( Cognitive impairments induced by severe acute pancreatitis are attenuated by berberine treatment in rats. Gong, C; Hua, Y; Kang, Y; Liao, X; Ou, X, 2018)	1.43
"Berberine (BBR) is a benzyl tetra isoquinoline alkaloid exracted from several plants."	( Berberine: A potential adjunct for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers? Cicero, AFG; Ghasemi, F; Hayat, SMG; Hesari, A; Mohajeri, M; Rezaei, O; Sahebkar, A, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine is a traditional medicine that has multiple medicinal and agricultural applications. "	( Glycoside hydrolase family 18 and 20 enzymes are novel targets of the traditional medicine berberine. Dou, T; Duan, Y; Liu, T; Yang, Q; Zhou, Y, 2018)	2.14
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the roots, rhizomes and stems of coptis. "	( Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of berberine attenuate hepatic fibrosis induced by thioacetamide injection in rats. Eissa, LA; El-Karef, A; El-Mihi, KA; Elsherbiny, NM; Kenawy, HI, 2018)	2.18
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Rhizoma coptidis and shows anti-hyperlipidemia effect in vivo and in vitro. "	( 9-O-benzoyl-substituted berberine exerts a triglyceride-lowering effect through AMPK signaling pathway in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Cao, S; Cheng, L; Deng, Y; Kang, N; Qiu, F; Yan, J; Yu, S; Zhu, Y, 2018)	2.23
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Coptis chinensis, a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine that exerts multiple pharmacological effects."	( Berberine alleviates endothelial glycocalyx degradation and promotes glycocalyx restoration in LPS-induced ARDS. Feng, J; Huang, L; Li, D; Liu, X; Lü, J; Ma, X; Pan, X; Wang, X; Zhang, D; Zhang, X, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine is an alkaloid plant-based DNA intercalator that affects gene regulation, particularly expression of oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins. "	( Antitumor effects of berberine against EGFR, ERK1/2, P38 and AKT in MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells using molecular modelling and in vitro study. Ismail, P; Jabbarzadeh Kaboli, P; Leong, MP; Ling, KH, 2019)	2.28
"Berberine (BBR) is a common nutraceutical consumed by millions worldwide. "	( Abilities of berberine and chemically modified berberines to inhibit proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. Abrams, SL; Candido, S; Cervello, M; Cocco, L; Follo, MY; Gizak, A; Lertpiriyapong, K; Libra, M; Lombardi, P; Mao, W; Martelli, AM; McCubrey, JA; Montalto, G; Murata, RM; Rakus, D; Ratti, S; Rosalen, PL; Steelman, LS, 2019)	2.33
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid in Berberis genus with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property and protective effects in neurodegenerative disorders."	( Berberine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced learning and memory deficit in the rat: insights into underlying molecular mechanisms. Afshin-Majd, S; Azimi, S; Baluchnejadmojarad, T; Kiasalari, Z; Razavian, M; Roghani, M; Sadraie, S; Sedighnejad, L, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine is a naturally occurring plant secondary metabolite with allelopathic and cytotoxic properties. "	( Cytotoxicity of the natural herbicidal chemical, berberine, on Nicotiana tabacum Bright yellow-2 cells. Huang, JG; Wu, J; Zhang, XH; Zhou, LJ, 2018)	2.18
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from herb plants, such as Cortex phellodendri (Huangbai) and Rhizoma coptidis (Huanglian). "	( Inhibitory effect of berberine on interleukin-2 secretion from PHA-treated lymphocytic Jurkat cells. Chen, CW; Chen, ST; Cheng, HT; Hu, S; Hwang, GS; Li, YC; Tang, TK; Tsui, KH; Wang, PS; Wang, SW; Yu, JW, 2019)	2.28
"Berberine (BBR) is a traditional folk medicine with excellent anti-inflammatory properties. "	( Berberine attenuates arthritis in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats associated with regulating polarization of macrophages through AMPK/NF-кB pathway. Chen, Z; Fan, M; Liu, H; Meng, X; Song, Y; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Wei, F; Xie, C; Yang, X; Yu, Y; Zhou, F; Zhou, J; Zong, S, 2019)	3.4
"Berberine (BBR) is an alkaloid compound with an anti‑inflammatory effect and has been reported to exert therapeutic action in several inflammatory diseases, including osteoarthritis."	( Berberine prevents human nucleus pulposus cells from IL‑1β‑induced extracellular matrix degradation and apoptosis by inhibiting the NF‑κB pathway. An, Y; Cui, W; Hu, J; Lu, L; Wang, J; Wu, Q; Ye, Z, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine is a natural alkaloid that has antineoplastic effects. "	( Mitochondrial membrane potential played crucial roles in the accumulation of berberine in HepG2 cells. Li, Q; Lin, G; Liu, C; Ma, BL; Ma, YM; Wang, XY; Wu, F; Zhang, JQ; Zhou, T, 2019)	2.19
"Berberine (BBR) is an eminent component of traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine for more than 2000 years."	( Berberine in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases: From Mechanisms to Therapeutics. Annunziata, G; Barrea, L; Barreca, D; Feng, X; Hassan, STS; Jafari, S; Mahomoodally, MF; Malaník, M; Memariani, Z; Nabavi, SM; Shen, AZ; Šmejkal, K; Sureda, A; Sychrová, A; Tewari, D; Xu, S; Zengin, G; Ziberna, L, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine (BBR) is a herbal alkaloid, which shows many neuroprotective properties in neurodegenerative diseases."	( Ameliorating effects of berberine on MK-801-induced cognitive and motor impairments in a neonatal rat model of schizophrenia. Bashiri, H; Ghotbi Ravandi, S; Khodamoradi, M; Nozari, M; Saeedi Goraghani, M; Shabani, M, 2019)	1.54
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from various Berberis species which is widely used in East Asia for a wide range of symptoms. "	( Neuroprotective effects of berberine in animal models of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of pre-clinical studies. Cai, CZ; Li, M; Lu, JH; Su, HX; Wu, MY; Yuan, NN, 2019)	2.25
"Berberine (BBR) is a widely used anti-diabetic agent, and liver glucokinase (GK) has been reported to be involved. "	( Berberine alleviates hyperglycemia by targeting hepatic glucokinase in diabetic db/db mice. Dang, Y; Ji, G; Li, M; Li, Q; Yao, Z; Zhang, L; Zhou, W; Zuo, J, 2019)	3.4
"Berberine (Brb) is an active isoquinoline alkaloid occurring in various common plant species, with well-known potential for cancer therapy. "	( Anionic and Cationic Vitamin E-TPGS Mixed Polymeric Phospholipid Micellar Vehicles. Elbayoumi, T; Yao, M, 2019)	1.96
"Berberine (BBR) is a non-prescription drug to treat various bacteria-associated diarrheas. "	( Berberine treatment-emergent mild diarrhea associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Guan, HS; Liu, J; Wang, AT; Wang, CY; Wang, WX; Yan, D; Yang, XY; Yue, SJ, 2019)	3.4
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, which is used in traditional medicine for its anti-microbial, anti-protozoal, anti-diarrhoeal activities. "	( Berberine attenuates XRCC1-mediated base excision repair and sensitizes breast cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs. Gao, X; Ji, J; Li, M; Lv, J; Mao, W; Sun, C; Wang, J; Yang, W; Zhang, L; Zhao, Z, 2019)	3.4
"Berberine (BBR) is an important natural product with poor gastrointestinal behavior includes low permeability, P-glycoprotein efflux, and mass elimination in the intestine. "	( Nanoemulsion improves hypoglycemic efficacy of berberine by overcoming its gastrointestinal challenge. Chen, L; Huang, CL; Huang, SH; Liu, CS; Long, XY; Xu, HY; Zheng, YR, 2019)	2.21
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid that has drawn extensive attention because it possesses various biological activities. "	( Calmodulin as a potential target by which berberine induces cell cycle arrest in human hepatoma Bel7402 cells. Cao, Z; Liu, Q; Ma, C; Tang, K; Zhu, R, 2013)	2.1
"Berberine (BBR) is a plant alkaloid which promotes hypoglycemia via increasing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues."	( Berberine improves insulin resistance in cardiomyocytes via activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Chang, W; Chen, L; Du, H; Hatch, GM; Li, J; Meng, Z; Wei, S; Zhang, M, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian, and has long been used as an antibiotic. "	( Berberine inhibits the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Cai, Y; Huang, P; Jiang, W; Luo, R; Shi, Y; Sun, Y; Xia, Q, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid with significant antitumor activity against many types of cancer cells, including ovarian tumors. "	( Modulation of the expression of folate cycle enzymes and polyamine metabolism by berberine in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant human ovarian cancer cells. Costi, MP; Ferrari, S; Frassineti, C; Ligabue, A; Lombardi, P; Marverti, G; Monti, MG, 2013)	2.06
"Berberine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted from numerous types of medicinal plants and has been extensively used as a Chinese traditional medicine."	( Berberine inhibits Wilms' tumor cell progression through upregulation of Wilms' tumor gene on the X chromosome. Liu, S; Liu, Y, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with anti-diabetic properties. "	( Berberine reverts hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction in high-fat fed rats: a possible role for SirT3 activation. Duarte, FV; Gomes, AP; Palmeira, CM; Peixoto, FM; Rolo, AP; Teodoro, JS; Varela, AT, 2013)	3.28
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in many medicinal plants."	( Assessment of berberine as a multi-target antimicrobial: a multi-omics study for drug discovery and repositioning. Akbulut, BS; Karaosmanoglu, K; Kurnaz, IA; Sayar, NA, 2014)	1.48
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from several Chinese herbal medicines, such as Coptis chinensis, Berberis aristata, and Coptis japonica. "	( Berberine metabolites could induce low density lipoprotein receptor up-regulation to exert lipid-lowering effects in human hepatoma cells. Bin, W; Cao, S; Kang, N; Qiu, F; Wang, Y; Xu, P; Yan, J; Zhou, Y, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid and is beneficial for the anticancer effect on a variety of human tumor cells. "	( Berberine suppresses TPA-induced fibronectin expression through the inhibition of VEGF secretion in breast cancer cells. Bae, SY; Gil, WH; Han, J; Jeon, M; Jung, T; Kim, J; Kim, S; Kim, SW; Lee, J; Lee, JE; Lee, SK; Nam, SJ; Oh, SJ, 2013)	3.28
"Berberine is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with a good effect on lipid metabolism. "	( Alkaloids in the nature: pharmacological applications in clinical practice of berberine and mate tea. Derosa, G; Maffioli, P, 2014)	2.07
"Berberine is an alkaloid derived from herb the Berberis sp. "	( Berberine was neuroprotective against an in vitro model of brain ischemia: survival and apoptosis pathways involved. Frozza, RL; Hoppe, JB; Menezes, Bde M; Salbego, CG; Simões Pires, EN, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine is a traditional drug used to treat gastrointestinal disorders in China and has been demonstrated to attenuate intestinal barrier dysfunction in certain animal models. "	( Berberine ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis‑induced intestinal barrier dysfunction via a myosin light chain phosphorylation‑dependent pathway. Chen, T; Huang, Z; Liang, HY; Tang, LJ; Yan, HT, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, the majority of which is extracted from Huang Lian and other medicinal herbs. "	( Berberine induces double-strand DNA breaks in Rev3 deficient cells. Hu, X; Huang, Y; Qing, Y; Takeda, S; Tong, Q; Wu, X, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine (1) is an alkaloid used widely in the treatment of several diseases. "	( Berberine and its metabolites: relationship between physicochemical properties and plasma levels after administration to human subjects. Calvarese, C; Camborata, C; Colliva, C; Ianni, C; Lisotti, A; Mazzella, G; Neri, F; Roberti, M; Roda, A; Spinozzi, S, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid mainly extracted from Rhizoma Coptidis and has been shown to possess a potent inhibitory activity against bacterial. "	( Role of berberine in anti-bacterial as a high-affinity LPS antagonist binding to TLR4/MD-2 receptor. Chu, M; Chu, ZY; Ding, R; Liu, XY; Wang, YD; Xie, SH; Zhai, YJ; Zhang, MB, 2014)	2.28
"Berberine is a primary component of the most functional extracts of Coptidis rhizome used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. "	( Berberine attenuates axonal transport impairment and axonopathy induced by Calyculin A in N2a cells. Abid, MD; Chen, J; Feng, Z; Huang, H; Liu, X; Wan, L; Yan, H; Zhou, J, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. "	( Downregulation of cellular c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase and NF-κB activation by berberine may result in inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication. Chen, D; Chu, Y; Qiu, M; Song, S; Su, A; Wang, X; Wu, Z, 2014)	2.07
"Berberine is a natural alkaloid derived from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. "	( Integrative analysis of differential miRNA and functional study of miR-21 by seed-targeting inhibition in multiple myeloma cells in response to berberine. Fei, J; Feng, M; Gu, J; Li, Y; Luo, X; Zhu, R; Zhu, X, 2014)	2.05
"Berberine (BBR) is a botanical alkaloid that has been reported to have effects in cardiovascular diseases; however, the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. "	( The anti-atherogenic effects of berberine on foam cell formation are mediated through the upregulation of sirtuin 1. Chi, L; Hu, X; Pan, N; Peng, L; Zhang, Y, 2014)	2.13
"Berberine is a plant alkaloid with anti-diabetic action. "	( Berberine promotes glucose consumption independently of AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Hou, W; Jia, W; Liu, F; Shen, L; Wei, L; Xiao, Y; Xu, M; Yin, J; Yu, X, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid present in several plant species, including Coptis sp. "	( Effects of berberine in the gastrointestinal tract - a review of actions and therapeutic implications. Chen, C; Fichna, J; Li, Y; Storr, M; Yu, Z, 2014)	2.23
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from medicinal plant species, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine with no significant side effects."	( Berberine sensitizes rapamycin‑mediated human hepatoma cell death in vitro. Chen, Y; Gao, X; Gou, X; Guo, N; He, X; Hu, Z; Mi, M; Tang, X; Yan, A, 2014)	2.57
"Berberine is a well‑known component of the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian (Coptis chinensis), and is capable of inhibiting the proliferation of multiple cancer cell lines. "	( Berberine targets epidermal growth factor receptor signaling to suppress prostate cancer proliferation in vitro. Huang, ZH; Li, QX; Wang, WL; Wang, Y; Wu, JL; Zheng, HF; Zhong, LF, 2015)	3.3
"Berberine (BBR) is a compound derived from the Chinese medicinal plant Coptis chinensis."	( Berberine activates thermogenesis in white and brown adipose tissue. Jin, L; Li, B; Ma, Q; Meng, X; Ning, G; Wang, J; Wang, W; Yang, J; Yao, S; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2014)	2.57
"Berberine is an extract of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine and has been shown to inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in a wide variety of tumour cells. "	( Berberine exhibits antitumor effects in human ovarian cancer cells. Jin, P; Li, N; Zhang, C, 2015)	3.3
"Berberine is a natural alkaloid with significant antitumor activities against many types of cancer cells."	( Berberine inhibits the metastatic ability of prostate cancer cells by suppressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes with predictive and prognostic relevance. Huang, CC; Lai, IL; Lee, KH; Liu, CH; Sia, P; Tang, WC; Wu, MH; Yang, PM, 2015)	2.58
"Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt that is extracted from plants."	( Berberine inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and induces G₀/G₁ or G₂/M phase arrest at different concentrations. Du, S; Lu, W; Wang, J, 2015)	2.58
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extract that has shown promise as a hypoglycemic agent in the management of diabetes in animal and human studies."	( Berberine as a therapy for type 2 diabetes and its complications: From mechanism of action to clinical studies. Chang, W; Chen, L; Hatch, GM, 2015)	2.58
"Berberine (BBR) is an organic small molecule isolated from various plants that have been used in traditional Chinese medicine. "	( Therapeutic potential of berberine against neurodegenerative diseases. Jiang, W; Li, S; Li, X, 2015)	2.16
"Berberine is an isoquinoline with anti-inflammatory activity. "	( Berberine reduces Toll-like receptor-mediated macrophage migration by suppression of Src enhancement. Chen, YJ; Cheng, WE; Leu, TH; Maa, MC; Wei, JY; Ying Chang, M, 2015)	3.3
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural alkaloid derived from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. "	( Systematic analysis of berberine-induced signaling pathway between miRNA clusters and mRNAs and identification of mir-99a ∼ 125b cluster function by seed-targeting inhibitors in multiple myeloma cells. Fei, J; Feng, M; Gu, C; Li, Y; Luo, X; Zhu, X, 2015)	2.17
"Berberine is a natural product that shows benefits for metabolic syndrome (MS). "	( Berberine Attenuates Vascular Remodeling and Inflammation in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome. Gao, HQ; Ji, XP; Li, CB; Li, XX; Wang, HW; Xiao, J; Zhang, C; Zhang, XY, 2015)	3.3
"Berberine, which is a well‑known drug used in traditional medicine, has been demonstrated to exert diverse pharmacological effects, including anti‑inflammatory effects. "	( Berberine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-induced expression of inflammatory molecules and activation of nuclear factor-κB via the activation of AMPK in vascular endothelial cells. Ding, MC; Liu, SJ; Wang, H; Wang, YZ; Yin, CX, 2015)	3.3
"Berberine is a clinically important natural isoquinoline alkaloid found in many medicinal herbs. "	( Induction of G₂/M Arrest by Berberine via Activation of PI3K/Akt and p38 in Human Chondrosarcoma Cell Line. Eo, SH; Kim, JH; Kim, SJ, 2014)	2.14
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid with proven antiangiogenic and anticancer activities. "	( Antiangiogenic and antitumor activities of berberine derivative NAX014 compound in a transgenic murine model of HER2/neu-positive mammary carcinoma. Bartozzi, B; Damiani, E; Donati, A; Geroni, C; Lombardi, P; Lucarini, G; Orlando, F; Pierpaoli, E; Provinciali, M; Salvatore, C, 2015)	2.12
"Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Coptis chinensis that has a wide range of pharmacological effects."	( The Role of Berberine in the Multi-Target Treatment of Senile Dementia. Chen, S; Guo, Y; Huang, M; Liang, Y, 2016)	1.53
"Berberine (BBR) is a type of alkaloids isolated from Coptidis Rhizoma and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex and has been used to treat bacterial gastroenteritis, diarrhea and other digestive diseases for more than 1 000 years. "	( [Effect of berberine in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and complications and its relevant mechanisms]. Chen, L; Li, Y; Zhang, Q, 2015)	2.25
"Berberine is a plant alkaloid with antimicrobial activity against a variety of microorganisms. "	( Potential of berberine to enhance antimicrobial activity of commonly used antibiotics for dairy cow mastitis caused by multiple drug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis infection. Li, Y; Liu, X; Wang, Y; Yang, C; Zhou, X, 2015)	2.23
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, widely present in different medicinal herbs, especially in the genus Berberis."	( Berberine and neurodegeneration: A review of literature. Abdollahi, M; Ahmed, T; Daglia, M; Gilani, AU; Nabavi, SF; Nabavi, SM, 2015)	2.58
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural alkaloid with significant anti-tumor activity against many types of cancer cells. "	( Inhibitory effect of berberine on human skin squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells. Li, DX; Yang, LM; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, PW, 2015)	2.18
"Berberine is a pharmacologically active alkaloid present in widely used medicinal plants, such as Coptis chinensis (Huang-Lian). "	( Differential inhibition of CYP1-catalyzed regioselective hydroxylation of estradiol by berberine and its oxidative metabolites. Chang, YP; Huang, CC; Shen, CC; Tsai, KC; Ueng, YF, 2015)	2.08
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid used for its pharmacological functions including anti-inflammation."	( Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits streptozotocin-induced apoptosis in mouse pancreatic islets through down-regulating Bax/Bcl-2 gene expression ratio. Chueh, WH; Lin, JY, 2012)	2.54
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline plant alkaloid endowed with several pharmacological activities, including anti-microbial, glucose- and cholesterol-lowering, anti-tumoral and immunomodulatory properties. "	( Berberine, a plant alkaloid with lipid- and glucose-lowering properties: From in vitro evidence to clinical studies. Catapano, AL; Pirillo, A, 2015)	3.3
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extract from traditional chinese herbs and its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects make it a promising drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes."	( Berberine treatment prevents cardiac dysfunction and remodeling through activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in type 2 diabetic rats and in palmitate-induced hypertrophic H9c2 cells. Chang, W; Chen, L; Hatch, GM; Meng, Z; Yao, F; Yu, Y; Zhang, M, 2015)	2.58
"Berberine is an herbal alkaloid with various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects. "	( Berberine is a dopamine D1- and D2-like receptor antagonist and ameliorates experimentally induced colitis by suppressing innate and adaptive immune responses. Kaneko, A; Kawano, M; Matsushita, S; Takagi, R, 2015)	3.3
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in several plant species like famous chinese herb, Rhizoma coptidis which has been used locally as a strong gastrointestinal remedy for thousands of years. "	( Role of Berberine on molecular markers involved in migration of esophageal cancer cells. Ahmadiankia, N; Bahrami, AR; Bidkhori, HR; Heirani-Tabasi, A; Matin, MM; Mishan, MA; Naderi-Meshkin, H; Shahriyari, M, 2015)	2.29
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural compound with variable pharmacological effects and a broad panel of target genes. "	( TATA boxes in gene transcription and poly (A) tails in mRNA stability: New perspective on the effects of berberine. Chai, YS; Du, LJ; Feng, TS; Jiang, JF; Lei, F; Lu, X; Wang, XP; Wang, YG; Xing, DM; Yan, XJ; Yu, X; Yuan, ZY, 2015)	2.07
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extract that has shown promise as a hypoglycemic agent in the management of diabetes in animal and human studies."	( Berberine treatment attenuates the palmitate-mediated inhibition of glucose uptake and consumption through increased 1,2,3-triacyl-sn-glycerol synthesis and accumulation in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Chang, W; Chen, L; Hatch, GM, 2016)	2.6
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Rhizoma coptidis and has been used for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China. "	( Berberine relieves insulin resistance via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in HepG2 cells. Fang, K; Li, F; Wang, DK; Wang, KF; Zhao, YB; Zou, X, 2016)	3.32
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid used in traditional Chinese medicine, the majority of which is extracted from Huang Lian (Coptis chinensis)."	( Berberine induces dedifferentiation by actin cytoskeleton reorganization via phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and p38 kinase pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Cho, H; Chung, KW; Kim, GH; Kim, SJ; Seo, SY; Yu, SM, 2016)	2.6
"Berberine is a protoberberine-type isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the roots, rhizomes, and stem bark of natural herbs, such as Berberis aquifolium, Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aristata, and Hydrastis canadensis, and of Phellodendron amurense Berberine has been proven to have broad antibacterial and antifungal activity."	( Berberine Antifungal Activity in Fluconazole-Resistant Pathogenic Yeasts: Action Mechanism Evaluated by Flow Cytometry and Biofilm Growth Inhibition in Candida spp. Campos, Rde S; Cavalcanti, BC; Costa Silva, RA; da Silva, AR; da Silva, CR; de Andrade Neto, JB; de Andrade, LN; de Moraes, MO; do Nascimento, FB; Freitas, DD; Grangeiro, TB; Magalhães, HI; Nobre Júnior, HV; Sampaio, LS, 2016)	2.6
"Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids found in such plants as gender Berberis. "	( Berberine: New Insights from Pharmacological Aspects to Clinical Evidences in the Management of Metabolic Disorders. Caliceti, C; Cicero, AF; Franco, P; Roda, A; Spinozzi, S, 2016)	3.32
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural compound derived from some medicinal plants, and accumulating evidence has shown its potent anti-tumor activity with diverse action on tumor cells, including inducing cancer cell death and blocking cell cycle and migration."	( Up-Regulation of PAI-1 and Down-Regulation of uPA Are Involved in Suppression of Invasiveness and Motility of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by a Natural Compound Berberine. Cao, F; Feng, Y; Li, H; Liu, M; Tan, Y; Wang, N; Wang, X; Xiang, L; Yu, X; Zhang, J, 2016)	1.35
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid widely used in the treatment of microbial infections. "	( Role of Berberine in the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Chu, M; Chu, ZY; Ding, LY; Ding, R; Kang, JR; Liu, XY; Liu, YC; Wang, YD; Xiao, RX; Yin, KL; Yin, YN; Zhang, MB, 2016)	2.31
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from medicinal plants such as Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis aristata and Coptis chinensis. "	( Berberine in combination with cisplatin suppresses breast cancer cell growth through induction of DNA breaks and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Jing, Z; Li, Y; Mao, W; Zhao, Y, 2016)	3.32
"Berberine (Brb) is an active alkaloid occurring in various common plant species, with well-recognized potential for cancer therapy. "	( Development and evaluation of vitamin E d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-mixed polymeric phospholipid micelles of berberine as an anticancer nanopharmaceutical. Elbayoumi, TA; Kim, JJ; Shen, R; Yao, M, 2016)	2.08
"Berberine is an isoquinoline plant alkaloid with numerous biological activities, and it was testified to improve some diseases related to PCOS in animal models and in humans."	( Systems pharmacology to investigate the interaction of berberine and other drugs in treating polycystic ovary syndrome. Fu, X; Kuang, H; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Xu, J, 2016)	1.4
"Berberine is an ancient multipotent alkaloid drug which derived from Coptis chinensis plants."	( Antiproliferation of berberine is mediated by epigenetic modification of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) metabolic pathway in hepatoma cells. Jia, YR; Li, P; Lu, C; Miao, XJ; Pan, HH; Ren, H; Wang, HB; Wang, X; Yuan, L; Zhang, GL; Zhang, L, 2016)	1.47
"Berberine is a plant-derived compound used in traditional Chinese medicine, which has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and migration in breast cancer. "	( Tumor suppressor berberine binds VASP to inhibit cell migration in basal-like breast cancer. Hu, P; Kuang, C; Su, K; Wang, X; Wei, L; Xiang, J; Xiang, Q; Yang, F; Zhang, J; Zhu, S, 2016)	2.22
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid present in several plants, including Coptis sp. "	( Berberis Vulgaris and Berberine: An Update Review. Hosseinzadeh, H; Imenshahidi, M, 2016)	2.19
"Berberine is a natural compound extracted from Coptidis rhizoma, and accumulating proof has shown its potent anti-tumor properties with diverse action on melanoma cells, including inhibiting cancer viability, blocking cell cycle and migration. "	( Berberine suppressed epithelial mesenchymal transition through cross-talk regulation of PI3K/AKT and RARα/RARβ in melanoma cells. Du, B; Kou, Y; Li, B; Li, H; Li, L; Tan, Y; Wang, K, 2016)	3.32
"Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. "	( Berberine and Its Role in Chronic Disease. Baggioni, A; Cicero, AF, )	3.02
"Berberine is a natural plant alkaloid with high pharmacological potential. "	( Investigation of the interaction between berberine and nucleosomes in solution: Spectroscopic and equilibrium dialysis approach. Mollaei, H; Rabbani-Chadegani, A; Sargolzaei, J, 2017)	2.16
"Berberine (BBR) is a traditional antimicrobial herbal medicine. "	( Dose-response effect of berberine on bile acid profile and gut microbiota in mice. Guo, Y; Huang, W; Klaassen, CD; Selwyn, FP; Zhang, Y, 2016)	2.18
"Berberine (BBR) is a renowned natural compound that exhibits potent neuroprotective activities. "	( Berberine protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and zebrafish through hormetic mechanisms involving PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. Bao, J; Chen, M; Chen, S; He, C; Jia, X; Lee, SMY; Li, C; Li, P; Li, Z; Liang, Y; Liu, K; Su, H; Wan, JB; Wang, K; Wang, X; Zhang, C, 2017)	3.34
"Berberine is a plant-derived alkaloid possessing antimicrobial activity; unfortunately, its efflux through multidrug resistance pumps reduces its efficacy. "	( Response of Escherichia coli to Prolonged Berberine Exposure. Alaybeyoglu, B; Avci, FG; Budeyri Gokgoz, N; Kazan, D; Ozkirimli, E; Sariyar Akbulut, B; Sayar, NA; Yoneten, KK, 2017)	2.16
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline derivative alkaloid isolated from Chinese herbs, and has been used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders."	( Berberine exerts an anti-inflammatory role in ocular Behcet's disease. Li, Z; Liu, P; Liu, X; Qi, X; Wang, Q; Xie, M; Yang, Y, 2017)	2.62
"Berberine is an active alkaloid isolated from Rhizoma coptidis [Coptis chinensis Franch. "	( Effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics of berberine in rats. Jia, Y; Xu, B; Xu, J, 2017)	2.14
"Berberine (BBR) is a compound derived from the Chinese medicine plant Coptis chinensis."	( Berberine increases adipose triglyceride lipase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the AMPK pathway. Chen, S; Jiang, D; Ni, Y; Sun, F; Wang, D; Wang, Z; Zhuang, X, 2016)	2.6
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the dry root of Coptidis Rhizoma, which has been found to exhibit significant anticancer effects on a wide spectrum of carcinomas including osteosarcoma."	( Berberine affects osteosarcoma via downregulating the caspase-1/IL-1β signaling axis. Cao, B; Jin, H; Jin, X; Wang, W, 2017)	2.62
"Berberine is a isoquinoline quarternary alkaloid from plants that has been associated with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and cardioprotective properties."	( Liposome encapsulated berberine treatment attenuates cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Allijn, IE; Chong, SY; Czarny, BMS; da Silva, AE; de Kleijn, DPV; Lam, CSP; Metselaar, JM; Pastorin, G; Schiffelers, RM; Storm, G; Wang, JW; Wang, X; Weiler, M, 2017)	1.49
"Berberine is an herbal medicine used historically to improve liver function and has recently been shown to repress STAT signaling."	( Berberine-induced Inactivation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 Signaling Promotes Male-specific Expression of a Bile Acid Uptake Transporter. Bu, P; Cheng, X; Le, Y; Zhang, Y, 2017)	2.62
"Berberine is an effective new potent drug for conspicuous symptom relief of heart failure with positive dose dependency and step down [Ca2+]i of myocardial cell."	( [Effects of different dose berberine on hemodynamic parameters and [Ca2+]i of cardiac myocytes of diastolic heart failure rat model]. Liu, L; Ren, HM; Zhang, XD, 2008)	2.09
"Berberine is a well-known component of the Chinese herb medicine Huanglian (Coptis chinensis), and is capable of inhibiting growth and endogenous PDGF synthesis in VSMCs after in vitro mechanical injury."	( Berberine inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced growth and migration partly through an AMPK-dependent pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Chen, CY; Hsu, SL; Hsueh, CM; Liang, KW; Lin, SJ; Ting, CT; Yin, SC, 2008)	2.51
"Berberine (BBR, 1) is a novel cholesterol-lowering agent that up-regulates low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression through a mechanism different from that of statins. "	( Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of berberine analogues as a novel class of low-density-lipoprotein receptor up-regulators. Cao, RQ; Gao, LM; Jiang, JD; Kong, WJ; Li, YH; Liu, SY; Song, DQ; Wang, YX; Yang, P, 2008)	2.04
"Berberine is an alkaloid derived from herb medicine Coptidis Rhizom. "	( Neuroprotective effects of berberine on stroke models in vitro and in vivo. Kong, H; Sun, XL; Zeng, XN; Zhou, XQ, 2008)	2.09
"Berberine is a isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Chinese herbs such as Coptidis rhizome. "	( [Advances in the study of berberine and its derivatives]. Chen, KX; Li, B; Zhu, WL, 2008)	2.09
"Berberine (BBR) is a novel natural hypolipidemic agent. "	( Berberine, a natural lipid-lowering drug, exerts prothrombotic effects on vascular cells. Akhmedov, A; Holy, EW; Lüscher, TF; Tanner, FC, 2009)	3.24
"Berberine is an isoquinoline-type alkaloid isolated from Coptidis rhizoma (huang lian in Chinese) and other herbs with many activities against various disorders."	( Effect of berberine on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation. Dai, K; Flahaut, S; Jabbouri, S; Sadovskaya, I; Tang, T; Wang, X; Yao, X; Zhu, Z, 2009)	1.48
"Berberine is an important traditional medicinal herb, which has been effectively used in the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, stomatitis, throat infections, and hepatitis in folk medicine. "	( Investigation of the interaction between Berberine and human serum albumin. Hu, YJ; Liu, Y; Xiao, XH, 2009)	2.06
"Berberine is an active ingredient extracted from Coptidis rhizoma which has been used for centuries as a traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of inflammatory diseases. "	( Berberine inhibits Rho GTPases and cell migration at low doses but induces G2 arrest and apoptosis at high doses in human cancer cells. Cheung, AL; Cheung, PY; Ching, YP; Di, K; Feng, Y; Hau, PM; Lau, EP; Tong, Y; Tsang, CM; Tsao, SW; Wan, TS; Wong, YC, 2009)	3.24
"Berberine is an essential anticancer compound in huanglian."	( Berberine and Coptidis rhizoma as novel antineoplastic agents: a review of traditional use and biomedical investigations. Curtain, R; Feng, Y; Tang, J; Tsao, S; Wang, N; Wang, Y, 2009)	2.52
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural compound with up-regulating activity on both low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and insulin receptor (InsR). "	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of berberine analogues as novel up-regulators for both low-density-lipoprotein receptor and insulin receptor. Gao, RM; Jiang, JD; Kong, WJ; Li, YH; Liu, F; Liu, T; Song, DQ; Wang, YP; Wang, YX; Zhang, H, 2009)	2.06
"Berberine is a pure phenanthren alkaloid isolated from the roots and bark of herbal plants such as Berberis, Hydrastis canadensis and Coptis chinensis. "	( The alkaloid Berberine inhibits the growth of Anoikis-resistant MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest. Han, W; Kim, JB; Ko, E; Lee, KW; Noh, DY; Park, SY; Shin, I; Song, AK; Yu, JH, 2010)	2.17
"Berberine is a natural quaternary ammonium alkaloid used clinically in the chloride salt form for the treatment of diarrhea in many Asian countries. "	( Process-induced phase transformation of berberine chloride hydrates. Chan, CK; Chan, HM; Chow, AH; Chow, AS; Shek, FL; Tong, HH; Wan, YK; Williams, ID, 2010)	2.07
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrhea effect, the induction of apoptosis and anti-cancer effect. "	( Berberine-induced apoptosis via decreasing the survivin protein in K562 cell line. Ahmadian, S; Mahmoudian, M; Pazhang, Y; Shafiezadeh, M, 2011)	3.25
"Berberine is an alkaloid extracted from Coptidis rhizome. "	( Anti-herpes simplex virus effects of berberine from Coptidis rhizoma, a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine, Ching-Wei-San. Cheng, YW; Chin, LW; Chou, MC; Chou, MY; Lai, YY; Lin, LY; Lin, SS; Yang, CC, 2010)	2.08
"Berberine, which is a major constituent of the rhizome of Coptidis japonica (CJ), inhibits IL-8 production in colonic epithelial cells and improves 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice. "	( Berberine ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, enterobacterial growth and NF-κB activation. Hyun, YJ; Kim, DH; Lee, IA, 2010)	3.25
"Berberine is a plant alkaloid that is widely used as an anti-infective in traditional medicine. "	( Genetic evidence for inhibition of bacterial division protein FtsZ by berberine. Boberek, JM; Good, L; Stach, J, 2010)	2.04
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, occurring in nature as the main constituent of several plants with medicinal use in kidney stone disease. "	( Antiurolithic effect of berberine is mediated through multiple pathways. Bashir, S; Gilani, AH, 2011)	2.12
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid which has a wide spectrum of clinical applications including anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities. "	( Berberine sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptosis through proteasome-mediated downregulation of c-FLIP and Mcl-1 proteins. Kim, JY; Kwon, TK; Lee, SJ; Lee, TJ; Noh, HJ; Song, IH; Sung, EG, 2011)	3.25
"Berberine (BBR) is a compound originally identified in a Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian (Coptis chinensis French). "	( Berberine improves glucose metabolism in diabetic rats by inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Liang, H; Shen, Y; Tang, K; Weng, J; Xia, X; Yan, J; Yang, D; Ye, J; Yin, J; Zhang, Y, 2011)	3.25
"So berberine analogues are a new family of CD36 receptor antagonists and worthy to be studied further."	( [Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 13-hexylberberine analogues as CD36 antagonists]. Hong, B; Jiang, JD; Li, YH; Si, SY; Song, DQ; Wang, L; Xu, YN, 2010)	1.12
"Berberine is a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid."	( Berberine cooperates with adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to attenuate PDGF-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell A7r5 through Skp2 signaling pathway. Cao, J; Fu, L; Gao, Q; Liu, J; Ma, D; Xiu, J, 2011)	2.53
"Berberine (BBR) is a drug with multiple effects on cellular energy metabolism. "	( Bioactivities of berberine metabolites after transformation through CYP450 isoenzymes. Jiang, JD; Kong, WJ; Li, Y; Li, YH; Li, ZR; Ren, G; Song, DQ; Wang, YM; Wang, YX; Yang, P; Yi, H, 2011)	2.15
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural alkaloid with significant antitumor activities against many types of cancer cells. "	( Growth suppression of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells by berberine via modulation of the HER2/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Chang, YH; Chen, PY; Chuang, TC; Hsu, SC; Kao, MC; Kuo, HP; Liu, JY; Wang, SS; Way, TD; Yeh, MH, 2011)	2.05
"Berberine is a widely used plant extract for gastrointestinal infections, and is reported to have potential benefits in treatment for diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. "	( CYP2D plays a major role in berberine metabolism in liver of mice and humans. Cheng, X; Guo, Y; Klaassen, CD; Li, F; Ma, X; Zhou, H, 2011)	2.11
"Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid that possesses a wide range of pharmacological effects."	( Berberine: a potential multipotent natural product to combat Alzheimer's disease. Ji, HF; Shen, L, 2011)	2.53
"Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid. "	( Berberine down-regulates the Th1/Th2 cytokine gene expression ratio in mouse primary splenocytes in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide in a preventive manner. Lin, JY; Lin, WC, 2011)	3.25
"Berberine is a plant alkaloid that is widely used to treat gastrointestinal infections, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. "	( Repeated administration of berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 in humans. Chen, Y; Guo, Y; Klaassen, CD; Tan, ZR; Zhou, HH, 2012)	2.12
"Berberine (BBR) is an established natural DNA intercalator with numerous pharmacological functions. "	( Comprehensive study in the inhibitory effect of berberine on gene transcription, including TATA box. Chai, Y; Du, L; Hu, J; Kheir, MM; Lei, F; Wang, Y; Xing, D, 2011)	2.07
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the root and bark of plants such as goldenseal, Berberis, and Chinese goldthread. "	( Dose-response of berberine on hepatic cytochromes P450 mRNA expression and activities in mice. Cheng, X; Guo, Y; Klaassen, CD; Pope, C; Zhou, H, 2011)	2.15
"Berberine hydrochloride is a conventional component in Chinese medicine, and is characterized by a diversity of pharmacological effects. "	( Berberine hydrochloride: anticancer activity and nanoparticulate delivery system. Chen, M; Li, Y; Tan, W; Wang, Y, 2011)	3.25
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline derivative alkaloid extracted from Chinese medicinal herbs that has been used as an insulin sensitizer."	( A clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Deng, H; Guan, Y; Liang, K; Ma, Y; Sui, M; Wang, A; Wei, W; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhao, H, 2012)	1.36
"Berberine (BER) is a plant alkaloid used in the clinic mainly for alimentary infections."	( Berberine and itraconazole are not synergistic in vitro against Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from clinical patients. Dan, H; Jinhua, L; Lei, G; Li, W; Song, G; Wei, Y, 2011)	2.53
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid that has several pharmacological effects such as antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, apoptosis-inducing and anticancer effects. "	( COX-2 and survivin reduction may play a role in berberine-induced apoptosis in human ductal breast epithelial tumor cell line. Ahmadian, S; Javadifar, N; Pazhang, Y; Shafiezadeh, M, 2012)	2.08
"Berberine is a candidate clinical neuroprotective agent against ischemic stroke. "	( PI3K p55γ promoter activity enhancement is involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of berberine against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Chai, Y; Du, L; Hu, J; Kheir, MM; Lei, F; Li, H; Wan, H; Wang, Y; Xing, D; Yuan, Z, 2012)	2.05
"Berberine (BH) is an important traditional medicinal herb endowed with diverse pharmacological and biological activities. "	( Molecular spectroscopy evidence of berberine binding to DNA: comparative binding and thermodynamic profile of intercalation. Hu, YJ; Li, XL; Wang, H; Yu, BQ; Yue, HL, 2012)	2.1
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Chinese herbs such as Coptidis Rhizome. "	( Advances in structural modifications and biological activities of berberine: an active compound in traditional Chinese medicine. Chen, WM; Huang, ZJ; Lan, P; Sun, PH; Zeng, Y, 2011)	2.05
"Berberine (BBR) is a well-known drug used in traditional medicine and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties. "	( Effect of berberine on proinflammatory cytokine production by ARPE-19 cells following stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α. Chen, Y; Hu, R; Kijlstra, A; Qi, J; Wang, Q; Yang, P, 2012)	2.22
"Berberine (BBR) is a well-known anti-diabetic herbal medicine in Asia due to its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism and glycolysis. "	( Berberine activates Nrf2 nuclear translocation and protects against oxidative damage via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent mechanism in NSC34 motor neuron-like cells. Chen, CS; Hsu, YY; Jong, YJ; Lo, YC; Wu, SN, 2012)	3.26
"Berberine is a natural product isolated from herbal plants such as Rhizoma coptidis which has been shown to have anti-neoplastic properties. "	( Proteomic and redox-proteomic analysis of berberine-induced cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells. Chan, HL; Chen, YW; Cheng, CS; Chou, HC; Lin, CW; Lu, YC; Lyu, PC; Timms, JF, 2012)	2.09
"Berberine is an alkaloid that is highly concentrated in the roots, rhizomes, and stem bark of various plants. "	( Antidiabetic properties of berberine: from cellular pharmacology to clinical effects. Cicero, AF; Tartagni, E, 2012)	2.12
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid widely used in Asian countries as a traditional medicine."	( Possible therapeutic potential of berberine in diabetic osteopathy. Bhutada, PS; Kaulaskar, SV; Rahigude, AB, 2012)	1.38
"Berberine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted from many kinds of medicinal plants that has been extensively used as a Chinese traditional medicine."	( Berberine inhibits human colon cancer cell migration via AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated downregulation of integrin β1 signaling. Ha, J; Kim, EJ; Ko, YG; Lee, M; Lee, YJ; Park, JJ; Seo, SM, 2012)	2.54
"Berberine (BBR) is a natural alkaloid with significant antitumor activities against many types of cancer cells. "	( Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells via Akt pathway modulation. Chen, YC; Chuang, TC; Hsu, SC; Kao, MC; Kuo, CL; Kuo, HP; Kuo, YH; Liu, JY; Tsai, SC; Tseng, HH, 2012)	3.26
"Berberine is a broad-spectrum antibiotic extensively used in personal medication. "	( Combination of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) for berberine reduction from wastewater and the effects of berberine on bacterial community dynamics. Duan, L; Qiu, G; Song, Y; Xiao, S; Zeng, P, 2013)	2.05
"Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid component of the medicinal plants including Coptis chinensis and Coptis japonica with diverse biological activities."	( Anti-adipogenic activity of berberine is not mediated by the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Bae, S; Yoon, Y, 2013)	1.41
"Berberine is an important ingredient in a number of traditional Chinese medicines but has been shown to have poor bioavailability in the dog. "	( The involvement of P-glycoprotein in berberine absorption. Fawcett, JP; Liu, XD; Pan, GY; Wang, GJ; Xie, YY, 2002)	2.03
"Berberine is a bioactive herbal ingredient isolated from the roots and bark of Berberis aristata or Coptis chinensis. "	( Hepatobiliary excretion of berberine. Tsai, PL; Tsai, TH, 2004)	2.06
"Berberine is a safe and effective anti-arrhythmic drug. "	( [Determination of berberine in human serum by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography]. Shao, Z; Sun, Y; Zhang, H, 1997)	2.07
"Berberine is an alkaloid in Berberis aquifolium and many other plants."	( Berberine inhibits the production of lysophosphatidylcholine-induced reactive oxygen species and the ERK1/2 pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cho, BJ; Chung, JH; Im, EK; Jang, Y; Kang, SM; Kwon, JH; Lee, KH; Oh, J; Shin, HJ, 2005)	2.49
"Berberine is a well-known component of the Chinese herb medicine Huanglian (Coptis chinensis), and is capable of inhibiting SMC contraction and proliferation, yet the exact mechanism is unknown."	( Berberine suppresses MEK/ERK-dependent Egr-1 signaling pathway and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell regrowth after in vitro mechanical injury. Chen, YT; Hsu, SL; Liang, KW; Liao, JK; Lin, SJ; Ting, CT; Yin, SC, 2006)	2.5
"Berberine is thought to be an immunomodulator, so the present study aimed to investigate the effect of berberine on mortality, lung and intestine injury in endotoxemic mice, and the mechanism of its action."	( Neutral sulfate berberine modulates cytokine secretion and increases survival in endotoxemic mice. Fu, YM; Li, CJ; Li, F; Lu, DX; Qi, RB; Wang, HD; Wang, YP, 2006)	2.12
"Berberine is a major component of Coptis japonica extract, and it has been established that the adverse effects of morphine on the brain involve dopamine (DA) receptors."	( Inhibitory effects of berberine against morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and analgesic tolerance in mice. Cho, JH; Jang, CG; Jeong, SM; Kim, HC; Kim, KW; Kim, SH; Lee, JH; Lee, SY; Nah, SY; Yang, EM; Yoo, JH, 2006)	1.37
"Berberine is a benzyl tetra isoquinoline alkaloid which is widely used as an antimicrobial and an antidiarrhoeal. "	( In vitro antioxidant studies on the benzyl tetra isoquinoline alkaloid berberine. Punitha, IS; Rajendran, K; Shirwaikar, A, 2006)	2.01
"Berberine is a plant alkaloid used in traditional Chinese medicine and has been reported to have antihyperglycemic activity in NIDDM patients. "	( Berberine-stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes involves both AMPK and p38 MAPK. Cheng, Z; Gao, AH; Gu, M; Li, J; Li, JY; Nan, FJ; Pang, T; Xie, CM, 2006)	3.22
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Coptidis rhizoma, a major herb widely used in Chinese herbal medicine. "	( Berberine alters the processing of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein to decrease Abeta secretion. Aizaki, Y; Asai, M; Ishiura, S; Iwata, N; Maruyama, K; Saido, TC; Yoshikawa, A, 2007)	3.23
"As berberine is a natural compound that has been safely administered to humans, it opens up new perspectives for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases."	( The natural product berberine is a human prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor. Giralt, E; Kichik, N; Seguí, J; Tarrago, T, 2007)	1.18
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Berberis aristata, a major herb widely used in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine. "	( Possible involvement of L-arginine-nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway in the antidepressant activity of berberine chloride. Dhir, A; Kulkarni, SK, 2007)	1.98
"Berberine is a plant ingredient that has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. "	( Berberine inhibits TPA-induced MMP-9 and IL-6 expression in normal human keratinocytes. Cho, KH; Chung, JH; Kim, JE; Kim, S; Kim, Y, 2008)	3.23
"Berberine is an isoquinoline plant alkaloid with a long history of being used for the treatment of many diseases in Chinese herbal medicine. "	( Berberine induces G1 arrest and apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells through mitochondrial/caspases pathway. Eom, KS; Hong, JM; Kim, JM; Kim, TY; Park, R; So, HS; Youn, MJ, 2008)	3.23
"Berberine is an alkaloid found in many plants, including the Coptis chinensis and Arcangelisia flava. "	( Flowcytometric analysis of the effect of berberine on the expression of glucocorticoid receptors in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Chang, YF; Chao, TW; Chi, CW; Chiang, SH; Liu, TY; Lui, WY; P'eng, FK, 1994)	2
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with multiple pharmacological actions, including an anti-inflammatory activity. "	( Inhibition of in-vitro lymphocyte transformation by the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine. Ckless, K; Henriques, JA; Moyna, P; Pasqual, M; Schlottfeldt, JL; Wajner, M, 1995)	1.96
"Protoberberines are a new class of organic cations that are dual poisons of topoisomerases I and II. "	( Selective cytotoxicity of topoisomerase-directed protoberberines against glioblastoma cells. Desai, SD; LaVoie, EJ; Li, TK; Liu, AA; Liu, LF; Makhey, D; Mao, Y; Rubin, EH; Sanders, MM; Wu, HY, 1998)	1.06
"Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid found in plants of the Ranunculaceae and Berberidaceae families. "	( The antihypertensive effect of the berberine derivative 6-protoberberine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Chan, P; Chen, YJ; Cheng, JT; Hong, SH; Liu, JC; Tomlinson, B, 1999)	2.02
"Berberine is a plant alkaloid with a long history of medicinal use in both Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. "	( Berberine. , 2000)	3.19
"Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with multiple pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammatory activity. "	( The effect of berberine chloride on experimental colitis in rats in vivo and in vitro. Mineshita, S; Zhou, H, 2000)	2.11
"Berberine is an alkaloid occurring in the plant genera Berberis and Coptis. "	( Effects of berberine on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity and 2-aminofluorene-DNA adduct formation in human leukemia cells. Chang, HL; Chen, GW; Chung, JG; Ho, CC; Ho, HC; Hung, CF; Lee, JH; Lin, JG; Lin, WC, 2000)	2.14
"Berberine, is an alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L., Chinese herb Huanglian, and many other plants. "	( Cardiovascular actions of berberine. Chen, ZY; Huang, Y; Ko, WH; Lau, CW; Yao, XQ, 2001)	2.05
"Berberine is a quaternary alkaloid derived from the plant Berberis aristata having antibacterial, antiamoebic, antifungal, antihelminthic, leishmanicidal and tuberculostatic properties. "	( Evaluation of the effect of a plant alkaloid (berberine derived from Berberis aristata) on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Abdel-Aziz, SS; el-Wakil, HS; Metwali, DM; Saad, GA; Soffar, SA, 2001)	2.01
"Berberine sulfate is an alkaloid extracted from the roots and bark of various plants and possesses antibacterial, antifungal, and antiprotozoal activities. "	( Berberine sulfate blocks adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial cells, fibronectin, and hexadecane. Beachey, EH; Courtney, HS; Sun, D, 1988)	3.16

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Berberine (Ber) has a powerful regulatory effect on the local microenvironment, but its limited solubility and permeability through the blood-brain barrier severely limit its systemic efficacy."	( Berberine-loaded MSC-derived sEVs encapsulated in injectable GelMA hydrogel for spinal cord injury repair. Chen, C; Chen, XQ; Lu, Y; Tang, Q; Wang, H; Xu, T; Yang, CW; Zhao, YL, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine has a wide spectrum of effects and a significant impact on SIRT1 signaling pathways."	( Natural Phytochemicals as SIRT Activators-Focus on Potential Biochemical Mechanisms. Biernaciak, A; Erdmann, J; Janowski, K; Kuźmiński, O; Michalak, K; Nowacka, A; Ohla, J; Szambelan, M; Wiciński, M; Zabrzyński, J, 2023)	1.63
"Berberine has a weak fluorescence emission at 540 nm, and it can form the tetrodotoxin-aptamer/berberine complex, resulted in an increased fluorescence."	( Exonuclease I-assisted fluorescence aptasensor for tetrodotoxin. Dong, C; Lan, Y; Qin, G; Wang, L; Wei, Y, 2020)	1.28
"Berberine has a long history of medicinal use to treat various diseases including bone disease in China. "	( Berberine for bone regeneration: Therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms. Ma, J; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine has a definite effect in promoting the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts as well as inhibiting the production of osteoclasts to promote bone regeneration."	( Berberine for bone regeneration: Therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms. Ma, J; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine has a more pronounced therapeutic effect and achieved more live births with fewer side effects than metformin."	( The use of berberine for women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF treatment. An, Y; Guan, Y; Liu, B; Lu, M; Sun, Z; Zhang, Y, 2014)	1.51
"Berberine (BR) has a beneficial effect on endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide (NO), as NO plays a pivotal role in the regulation of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization and function. "	( Berberine-induced upregulation of circulating endothelial progenitor cells is related to nitric oxide production in healthy subjects. Chen, L; Tao, J; Wang, JM; Wang, Y; Xu, MG; Yang, Z, 2009)	3.24
"Berberine has a wide range of biochemical and pharmacologic effects, including antitumor activity, but the mechanisms involved in berberine-induced apoptosis remain unclear. "	( Berberine-induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress accompanying reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. Eom, KS; Kim, HJ; Kim, TY; Park, R; So, HS, 2010)	3.25
"Berberine, which has a long history of use in Chinese medicine, has recently been shown to have efficacy in the treatment of diabetes. "	( Berberine acutely activates the glucose transport activity of GLUT1. Chenge, J; Cok, A; Louters, LL; Oram, DS; Plaisier, C; Salie, MJ, 2011)	3.25
"Berberine has a wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects, including anticancer effects."	( Antiangiogenic activity of berberine is mediated through the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, VEGF, and proinflammatory mediators. Hamsa, TP; Kuttan, G, 2012)	1.4
"Berberine has a beneficial effect on endothelial function, but no data are available on the EMP-mediated oxidative stress."	( Berberine improves endothelial function by reducing endothelial microparticles-mediated oxidative stress in humans. Cheng, F; Li, J; Qiu, YX; Su, C; Tao, J; Wang, Y; Wu, F; Xia, WH; Yang, Z; Yu, BB, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine has a wide range of biological actions that suggest it may be of use in cancer prevention. "	( Down-regulation of cyclin B1 and up-regulation of Wee1 by berberine promotes entry of leukemia cells into the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle. Chen, GW; Chung, JG; Kao, ST; Lin, CC; Lin, JP; Lin, SY, )	1.82
"Berberine has a wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects, including antitumor activities, but its mechanism of action is not clearly understood."	( Berberine induces G1 arrest and apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells through mitochondrial/caspases pathway. Eom, KS; Hong, JM; Kim, JM; Kim, TY; Park, R; So, HS; Youn, MJ, 2008)	2.51
"Berberine has no effect on cell proliferation of ADSCs, and can up-regulate osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs through activation of JNK signaling pathway."	( [Berberine promotes osteogenic differentiation of rat adipose-derived stem cells through JNK signaling pathway]. Xu, L; Yu, WQ; Zhu, CY, 2021)	2.97
"Berberine has been investigated by various researchers for its activity against AD."	( Neuroprotective potential of berberine in modulating Alzheimer's disease via multiple signaling pathways. Akash, MSH; Akbar, M; Rehman, K; Shabbir, A; Shah, MA, 2021)	1.63
"Berberine (BBR) has therapeutic effect on diabetic nephropathy (DN), but its molecular mechanism is not completely clear."	( Berberine Acts on C/EBPβ/lncRNA Gas5/miR-18a-5p Loop to Decrease the Mitochondrial ROS Generation in HK-2 Cells. Gan, L; Hu, Y; Liu, L; Xiang, P; Xing, Y; Xu, J; Ye, S; Zhu, J, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine has been found to have potent anticancer activities via distinct molecular mechanism."	( Synergistic inhibitory effect of berberine and icotinib on non-small cell lung cancer cells via inducing autophagic cell death and apoptosis. Chen, K; Chen, P; Dai, CH; Li, J; Shi, ZH; Su, JY; Wang, Y; Wu, JN, 2021)	1.62
"Berberine has been reported for its anti-oxidative stress suggesting its therapeutic potential for many diseases such as colitis, diabetes, and vascular dementia."	( Protective effect of berberine chloride against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Baek, JI; Kim, JH; Kim, UK; Kim, YR; Lee, IK; Lee, KY, 2022)	1.76
"Berberine (BBR), which has various biological and pharmacological properties, is known to have neuroprotective properties."	( Investigation of the effects of berberine on bortezomib-induced sciatic nerve and spinal cord damage in rats through pathways involved in oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation. Celik, H; Comakli, S; Gur, C; Kandemir, FM; Kucukler, S; Ozdemir, S; Yardim, A, 2022)	1.73
"Berberine has demonstrated good neuroprotective effects in models of acute cerebral ischemia; however, whether it can alleviate cognitive impairment caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has rarely been investigated."	( Berberine Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment by Regulating Microglial Polarization and Increasing Expression of Anti-inflammatory Factors following Permanent Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Rats. Du, Y; Huang, Y; Li, F; Luo, Y; Tao, Z; Tian, Y; Wang, N; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Yan, F; Zhao, F; Zheng, Y, 2022)	2.89
"Berberine (BBR) has attracted great attention in recent years due to its heath-related benefits in inflammatory disorders and tumors, but the intricate mechanisms have not been fully elucidated."	( Pre-Administration of Berberine Exerts Chemopreventive Effects in AOM/DSS-Induced Colitis-Associated Carcinogenesis Mice via Modulating Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota. Deng, J; Han, L; Li, Y; Shi, J; Wang, H; Yan, Y; Yuan, X; Zhang, H; Zhao, H; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y; Zou, F, 2022)	1.76
"Berberine has myocardial protective effects."	( Berberine alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress: the key function of miR-26b-5p-mediated PTGS2/MAPK signal transduction. Jia, X; Shao, W; Tian, S, 2022)	3.61
"Berberine has received rising attention for its application in cardiovascular disease because of its relationship with inflammation. "	( Berberine alleviates NLRP3 inflammasome induced endothelial junction dysfunction through Ca Chen, Q; Chen, Y; Dai, L; Huang, Y; Li, J; Liu, J; Luo, Y; Ma, S; Wang, L; Zhang, M; Zhou, X; Zhu, L, 2022)	3.61
"Berberine has demonstrated efficacy for the control and suppression of CAC. "	( Berberine regulates short-chain fatty acid metabolism and alleviates the colitis-associated colorectal tumorigenesis through remodeling intestinal flora. Chang, J; Geng, Z; Hao, X; Liu, J; Tan, X; Wang, Z; Yan, S, 2022)	3.61
"Berberine has been shown in clinical studies to have many health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, along with gut-flora balancing properties. "	( Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profile of berberine and its metabolites in hepatocytes. Huang, Y; Li, W; Li, Y; Liu, X; Pan, G; Wang, X; Zhang, H, 2022)	2.42
"Berberine (BBR) has shown efficacy in the treatment of age-related diseases including diabetes and obesity by decreasing ROS."	( Berberine-mediated REDD1 down-regulation ameliorates senescence of retinal pigment epithelium by interrupting the ROS-DDR positive feedback loop. Chen, Q; Dong, Y; Huang, W; Li, F; Li, S; Li, Y; Niu, H; Wan, C; Wang, Y; Wei, Z; Wen, E; Xin, G; Yu, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, K; Zhu, Y, 2022)	2.89
"Berberine (BBR) has been found to have antiobesity effects, and obesity can lead to adipose tissue degeneration. "	( Berberine ameliorates mesenteric vascular dysfunction by modulating perivascular adipose tissue in diet-induced obese in rats. Duan, X; Geng, X; Hou, C; Li, K; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Zhao, D; Zhao, L; Zhou, H, 2022)	3.61
"Berberine has been widely used for the adjuvant therapy of several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). "	( Efficacy and safety of berberine for several cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Shen, T; Wu, W; Yang, L; Zhang, X; Zhou, X; Zhu, W, 2023)	2.66
"Berberine has extensive pharmacological effects, such as anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects."	( The role of l -arginine/NO/cGMP/K ATP channel pathway in the local antinociceptive effect of berberine in the rat formalin test. Khodayar, MJ; Mohtadi, S; Rahemi, M; Rajabi Vardanjani, H, 2023)	1.85
"Berberine has been found to have anti-inflammatory actions, including in the central nervous system."	( Berberine mitigates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced neuroinflammation in a gut microbiota-dependent manner in mice. Chen, H; Feng, X; Fu, X; Liu, J; Qian, C; Yu, T, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine has been shown to significantly inhibit EGFR activity and mediate anticancer effects in multiple preclinical studies."	( Antitumor effects of erlotinib in combination with berberine in A431 cells. Cuan, X; Huang, Y; Luo, R; Sheng, J; Wang, X; Yang, X; Zhao, Y; Zhu, W, 2023)	1.88
"Berberine (Ber) has a powerful regulatory effect on the local microenvironment, but its limited solubility and permeability through the blood-brain barrier severely limit its systemic efficacy."	( Berberine-loaded MSC-derived sEVs encapsulated in injectable GelMA hydrogel for spinal cord injury repair. Chen, C; Chen, XQ; Lu, Y; Tang, Q; Wang, H; Xu, T; Yang, CW; Zhao, YL, 2023)	3.07
"The berberine has also generated oxidative stress and activated antioxidant system in C."	( Biochemical and metabolomic insights into antifungal mechanism of berberine against Candida glabrata. Gupta, H; Gupta, P; Poluri, KM; Tripathi, S, 2023)	1.63
"Berberine has potent anti-inflammatory effects and potential antidepressant activity, although the mechanism by which it works is yet unclear."	( Berberine attenuates depression-like behavior by modulating the hippocampal NLRP3 ubiquitination signaling pathway through Trim65. Chen, F; Huang, Y; Liu, W; Su, K; Tao, W; Wang, Y; Yang, L; Zhao, M, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine has a wide spectrum of effects and a significant impact on SIRT1 signaling pathways."	( Natural Phytochemicals as SIRT Activators-Focus on Potential Biochemical Mechanisms. Biernaciak, A; Erdmann, J; Janowski, K; Kuźmiński, O; Michalak, K; Nowacka, A; Ohla, J; Szambelan, M; Wiciński, M; Zabrzyński, J, 2023)	1.63
"Berberine (BBR) has shown efficacy in treating inflammatory diseases."	( Berberine ameliorate inflammation and apoptosis via modulating PI3K/AKT/NFκB and MAPK pathway on dry eye. Guo, S; Han, Y; Hu, J; Huang, C; Li, C; Li, J; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Lv, Y; Yu, D; Zheng, L; Zhu, L, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine (BBR) has been used to treat patients with IBS, but the underlying therapeutic mechanism is little understood."	( Berberine prevents stress-induced gut inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity and reduces intestinal motility in rats. Cen, YX; Guo, LL; Li, DF; Li, YX; Liu, TT; Luo, MH; Wang, JY; Wang, LS; Wei, C; Wu, BH; Xiong, F; Yao, J; Yu, ZC, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine (BBR) has been shown to improve T2DM with IR in a number of ways."	( Efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance: Protocol for a systematic review. Li, H; Li, S; Liu, B; Wang, Y; Yan, A; Yan, Y, 2019)	1.55
"Berberine has been found to exhibit an array of pharmacological activities relating to the lowering of blood glucose and the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). "	( Berberine decreases insulin resistance in a PCOS rats by improving GLUT4: Dual regulation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Fang, J; Li, F; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Shan, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, N; Zhao, H; Zhuang, L, 2020)	3.44
"Many berberine derivatives have been synthesized for their antibacterial activity in the past years. "	( New Development of Novel Berberine Derivatives against Bacteria. Dai, J; Jamshaid, F; Yang, LX, 2020)	1.38
"Berberine has multiple effects on all types of diabetic complications as an activator of AMPK."	( Highly bioavailable berberine formulation ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through the inhibition of glomerular mesangial matrix expansion and the activation of autophagy. Chen, L; Guan, F; Wang, X; Xiao, D; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.6
"Berberine (BBR) has gained considerable attention because of its anti-tumor activity. "	( Berberine promotes XIAP-mediated cells apoptosis by upregulation of miR-24-3p in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Chen, Z; Cui, Y; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Mao, F; Wang, Y; Wei, H; Zhu, Z, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine has a weak fluorescence emission at 540 nm, and it can form the tetrodotoxin-aptamer/berberine complex, resulted in an increased fluorescence."	( Exonuclease I-assisted fluorescence aptasensor for tetrodotoxin. Dong, C; Lan, Y; Qin, G; Wang, L; Wei, Y, 2020)	1.28
"Berberine has good efficacy and safety in the treatment of dyslipidemia."	( [Systematic review and Meta-analysis on efficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidemia]. DU, YW; Wu, SX; Yang, HM; Yang, YY; Zhao, Y, 2020)	1.52
"Berberine (BBR) has been previously reported to inhibit hepatoma cell growth, but the main type of cell death elicited by BBR, and whether the alkaloid can inhibit hepatoma cells carrying HCV genomes, is unclear."	( Targeting Autophagy Augments BBR-Mediated Cell Death in Human Hepatoma Cells Harboring Hepatitis C Virus RNA. Jassey, A; Lin, LT; Liu, CH; Richardson, CD; Tai, CJ; Wong, SH, 2020)	1.28
"Berberine has shown anti-inflammatory properties which make it an ideal option in order to prevent inflammation-associated cancers."	( Targeting of oncogenic signaling pathways by berberine for treatment of colorectal cancer. Asemi, Z; Hallajzadeh, J; Maleki Dana, P; Mansournia, MA; Mobini, M; Sharifi, M; Yousefi, B, 2020)	1.54
"Berberine has protective capacities in digestive diseases."	( Biological properties and clinical applications of berberine. Fan, D; Hao, J; Song, D, 2020)	1.53
"Berberine has been reported to inhibit cancer cell growth by apoptosis induction and exhibits a protective role against cancer progression. "	( Berberine Induces Autophagic Cell Death in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Inactivating AKT/mTORC1 Signaling. Chen, Z; Chu, W; Kong, H; Liu, J; Liu, P; Liu, Y; Wang, Y; Xu, T, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine has been illustrated to be a therapeutic agent of NSCLC."	( Berberine Derivatives Suppress Cellular Proliferation and Tumorigenesis In Vitro in Human Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Chang, JM; Chao, WY; Chen, SH; Chung, HC; Kam, KH; Lee, YR; Li, YZ; Wu, JY; Zhao, PW, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine has great potential in treatment of insomnia and might have better clinical significance."	( Therapeutic Effect of Berberine on Insomnia Rats by ErbB Signaling Pathway. Deng, N; Liu, T; Peng, Z; Ren, X; Wang, G; Wang, Q; Xu, H; Zhang, X, 2020)	1.59
"Berberine has been established as a potential drug for inflammation and metabolic disorder. "	( Berberine ameliorates obesity-induced chronic inflammation through suppression of ER stress and promotion of macrophage M2 polarization at least partly via downregulating lncRNA Gomafu. Fan, DH; Han, YB; Li, WZ; Liu, L; Tian, M; Wang, XX; Wu, F, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine (BBR) has been proved to possess the properties of improving metabolic disorders in patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Berberine attenuates the abnormal ectopic lipid deposition in skeletal muscle. Jin, L; Meng, X; Ning, G; Wang, W; Yang, J; Yao, S; Yuan, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine and baicalin have been reported to form precipitates."	( Solubility enhancement of berberine-baicalin complex by the constituents of Gardenia Fruit. Kiuchi, F; Narukawa, Y; Okoshi, K; Uekusa, Y, 2021)	1.64
"Berberine (BBR) has anticancer activity."	( Berberine inhibits colorectal tumor growth by suppressing SHH secretion. Huang, TM; Shen, ZQ; Tan, WF; Wang, J, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine (BBR) has many pharmacological properties and is used as an insulin sensitizer."	( Berberine exerts a protective effect on rats with polycystic ovary syndrome by inhibiting the inflammatory response and cell apoptosis. Li, XL; Shen, HR; Xu, X, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine (BBR) has attracted much interest because of its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions."	( Berberine ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cognitive impairment (chemobrain) in rats. El-Demerdash, E; El-Derany, MO; El-Mesallamy, HO; Shaker, FH; Wahdan, SA, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine (BBR) has shown efficacy in the treatment of diseases such as postmenopausal osteoporosis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes through regulating the gut microbiota."	( Berberine ameliorates ovariectomy-induced anxiety-like behaviors by enrichment in equol generating gut microbiota. Duan, L; Fang, Y; He, M; Jia, Q; Ma, S; Song, L; Sun, Q; Wang, Y; Zhang, J; Zhu, S, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine has been used to treat obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and metabolic diseases in China."	( Effects of Berberine on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota. Chen, F; Liao, Y; Sun, X; Wang, L; Wu, X; Wu, Z; Yang, R; Zhang, L; Zhu, Z, 2020)	1.67
"Berberine has been shown to promising effect for IR in vitro and in vivo."	( Berberine ameliorates neuronal AD-like change via activating Pi3k/PGCε pathway. Bao, Y; Chen, Q; Han, Y; Liu, C; Liu, W; Liu, X; Wang, J; Wu, N; Ye, Y; Yu, Y, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine (BBR) has been reported to have potent anticancer activity and can increase the anticancer effects of chemotherapy drugs. "	( Berberine and Cisplatin Exhibit Synergistic Anticancer Effects on Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells by Inhibiting the MAPK Pathway. Gao, X; Hong, T; Wang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, J; Zhang, P, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine has been reported to treat osteoporosis due to its beneficial actions on bone formation."	( Protective effects of berberine on senile osteoporosis in mice. Bi, J; Chen, QC; Pu, YL; Zhang, Y, 2021)	1.66
"Berberine (BBR) has been widely used to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). "	( Therapeutic effect of oxyberberine on obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease rats. Chen, HB; Chen, JN; Dou, YX; Huang, XQ; Huang, ZW; Li, QP; Li, YC; Liu, YH; Su, ZR; Xie, JH; Yang, XB; Zeng, HF, 2021)	2.37
"Berberine (BBR) has been shown to exhibit antitumor activity; however, the effects of BBR on EM have seldom been reported to date."	( Berberine inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of endometrial stromal cells by downregulating miR‑429. Gu, Y; Zhou, Z, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine has been tackled as a fascinating pharmacophore to make great contributions to the discovery and development of new therapeutic agents against variegated diseases."	( An insight into the medicinal attributes of berberine derivatives: A review. Gaba, S; Monga, V; Saini, A; Singh, G, 2021)	1.6
"Berberine has a long history of medicinal use to treat various diseases including bone disease in China. "	( Berberine for bone regeneration: Therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms. Ma, J; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine has a definite effect in promoting the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts as well as inhibiting the production of osteoclasts to promote bone regeneration."	( Berberine for bone regeneration: Therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms. Ma, J; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine has shown an outstanding antioxidant activity, however the low bioavailability limits its applications in pharmaceutical platforms. "	( Berberine-Albumin Nanoparticles: Preparation, Thermodynamic Study and Evaluation Their Protective Effects Against Oxidative Stress in Primary Neuronal Cells as a Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Gao, J; Li, G; Wang, L; Zhang, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine has been reported to have pharmacological activity in adipose tissue to anti-obesity, while the mechanism remains unclear."	( Berberine modulates deacetylation of PPARγ to promote adipose tissue remodeling and thermogenesis via AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. Cao, L; He, Z; Jiang, X; Kong, J; Li, N; Ma, G; Song, X; Wang, Z; Wen, D; Xu, Y; Yang, F; Yu, T; Yu, Y; Zheng, L, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine has been increasingly popular in colorectal cancer treatment, but little is known about its bioactivity against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( Berberine inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cell growth through repressing DNA repair and replication rather than through apoptosis. Chen, X; Kong, L; Li, J; Li, Z; Ni, L; Ning, B; Ren, H; Xiong, M; Zhang, X, 2022)	2.89
"Berberine has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medicine."	( Berberine Derivatives with Different Pharmacological Activities via Structural Modifications. He, F; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Peng, D; Peng, J; Xiao, D; Xie, X; Zhang, S; Zhou, M; Zou, M, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine (BBR) has shown neuroprotective properties. "	( The effects of berberine on a murine model of multiple sclerosis and the SPHK1/S1P signaling pathway. Chen, R; Jiang, G; Luo, J; Qin, X; Wang, L; Yu, J; Zeng, S, 2017)	2.25
"Berberine has several preventive effects on cardiovascular diseases. "	( Berberine promotes ischemia-induced angiogenesis in mice heart via upregulation of microRNA-29b. Jian, X; Li, P; Ping, S; Wan, GR; Yin, YL; Yu, HY; Zhu, ML, 2017)	3.34
"Berberine (BBR) has multiple actions, and its hydrogenated derivative dihydroberberine (DHB) is a potential candidate for developing new drugs."	( Inhibitory effects and mechanism of dihydroberberine on hERG channels expressed in HEK293 cells. Fang, L; Li, B; Lv, L; Wang, J; Yu, D; Zhan, G; Zhang, B; Zhao, L; Zhao, X, 2017)	1.44
"Berberine (BBR) has been reported to ameliorate diabetes and diabetic encephalopathy (DE)."	( Berberine Improves Diabetic Encephalopathy Through the SIRT1/ER Stress Pathway in db/db Mice. Chen, YB; Cheng, SY; Fang, JS; Hao, XY; Li, HY; Luo, NC; Luo, S; Wang, Q; Wang, XC; Xu, YM; Zhang, SJ, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine chloride (BC) has been widely used as an unprescribed oral drug in China for the treatment of various diseases, and it is an active ingredient in many traditionally used medicinal plants. "	( Berberine chloride ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the pancreas of Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Chandirasegaran, G; Elanchezhiyan, C; Ghosh, K; Sethupathy, S, 2017)	3.34
"Berberine has significant curative effect in the treatment of DKD, and the mechanism is related to the reduction of blood sugar, improvement of renal hemodynamics abnormality, regulation of blood lipid profile and the attenuation of systemic and local inflammation."	( [Research progress of berberine in treatment of diabetic kidney disease]. Dong, H; Lu, FE; Ren, YL; Wang, DK, 2017)	1.49
"Berberine (BBR) has previously been found to exert beneficial effects on renal injury in experimental rats. "	( Berberine prevents the apoptosis of mouse podocytes induced by TRAF5 overexpression by suppressing NF-κB activation. Gao, JD; He, LQ; Huang, D; Lan, TY; Wang, C; Wu, F; Yao, DS, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine has been reported to exert a protective effect on H/R-induced apoptosis of HK-2 cells."	( Berberine protects HK-2 cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation induced apoptosis via inhibiting SPHK1 expression. Chen, J; Han, H; Liu, W; Lu, J; Pan, R; Yi, Y; Zhang, C, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine has been shown to reduce acute liver injury although the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. "	( Microbiota transplantation reveals beneficial impact of berberine on hepatotoxicity by improving gut homeostasis. Fu, G; Huang, W; Qin, C; Wang, H; Yan, H; Zeng, M; Zhang, H; Zhao, L; Zhou, W, 2018)	2.17
"Berberine has been demonstrated to alleviate renal interstitial, liver and myocardial fibrosis when administered orally despite its extremely low bioavailability. "	( Orally administered berberine ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through promoting activation of PPAR-γ and subsequent expression of HGF in colons. Cao, N; Dai, Y; Guan, C; Lv, Q; Qiao, S; Wang, K; Wei, Z, 2018)	2.25
"Berberine has been reported to have protective effects in colitis treatment. "	( Berberine inhibits macrophage M1 polarization via AKT1/SOCS1/NF-κB signaling pathway to protect against DSS-induced colitis. Chen, C; Fang, X; Ge, C; Hua, W; Liu, C; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Tao, Y; Wei, Q; Zhao, Z; Zhu, Y, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine has low oral bioavailability due to poor aqueous solubility and insufficient dissolution rate, which can reduce the efficacy of drugs taken orally."	( Berberine nanoparticles with enhanced in vitro bioavailability: characterization and antimicrobial activity. Amin, MU; Faidah, HS; Haseeb, A; Kakar, M; Khurram, M; Sadiq, A; Sahibzada, MUK, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine has multiple clinical applications, including the treatment of tumors, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, cerebral ischemic injuries, mental diseases, Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis. "	( Neuroprotective effect of berberine agonist against impairment of learning and memory skills in severe traumatic brain injury via Sirt1/p38 MAPK expression. Wang, J; Zhang, Y, 2018)	2.22
"Berberine (BBR) has been well characterized to exert renoprotective effects in DN progression."	( Berberine ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Han, J; Pang, W; Xue, L; Yuan, R; Zhu, L, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine (BBR) has been demonstrated to protect against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. "	( Berberine protects renal tubular cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via the Sirt1/p53 pathway. Ding, Y; Du, H; Lin, Y; Lu, N; Sheng, M; Song, Y; Yu, W; Zhang, N, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine (BBR) has gained attention for its vast beneficial biological effects through immunomodulation, and its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties."	( Berberine exerts antioxidant effects via protection of spiral ganglion cells against cytomegalovirus-induced apoptosis. Dong, H; Li, T; Li, Y; Qiao, Y; Shi, X; Wang, C; Zhang, S; Zhao, Z; Zhuang, W, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine has abundant beneficial properties including anti-cancer effects. "	( Inhibitory effect of berberine from Lee, Y; Liu, L; Yi, Y, 2018)	2.24
"Berberine has some significant effects on type 2 diabetes through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation, glycolysis stimulation, and mitochondrial function inhibition which subsequently improves both lipid and glucose metabolism."	( Nano strategies for berberine delivery, a natural alkaloid of Berberis. Malaekeh-Nikouei, B; Mirhadi, E; Rezaee, M, 2018)	1.53
"Berberine (BBR) has been shown to relieve several metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes."	( Berberine alleviates adipose tissue fibrosis by inducing AMP-activated kinase signaling in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Hua, Y; Song, Y; Wang, L; Ye, X, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine (BBR) has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity in mice with hepatic steatosis."	( Berberine Protects against NEFA-Induced Impairment of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Function and Insulin Signaling in Bovine Hepatocytes. Du, XL; Fang, ZY; Fu, SP; Li, XB; Li, XW; Liu, GW; Peng, ZC; Shi, Z; Wang, Z; Zhao, CX, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine (BBR) has neuroprotective effects on many brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). "	( Berberine Alleviates Amyloid-Beta Pathology in the Brain of APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice via Inhibiting β/γ-Secretases Activity and Enhancing α-Secretases. Cai, Z; Chen, Y; He, W; Wang, C, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine has been verified to protect the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury through animal experiments. "	( Berberine promoted myocardial protection of postoperative patients through regulating myocardial autophagy. Dong, X; Hongli, L; Qing, Y; Yanhui, L, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine (BBR) has been reported to regulate cholesterol homeostasis."	( Berberine ameliorates blockade of autophagic flux in the liver by regulating cholesterol metabolism and inhibiting COX2-prostaglandin synthesis. Gu, A; Hu, H; Jiang, Y; Jiang, Z; Liu, Q; Shao, W; Sun, H; Wang, Q, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine has been used to treat diarrhea and gastroenteritis due to its anti-microbial, anti-motility and anti-secretory properties."	( The antiviral alkaloid berberine ameliorates neuropathic pain in rats with peripheral nerve injury. Ba, X; Deng, Q; Hao, Y; Jiang, C; Sun, W; Xiao, L; Xiong, D; Yang, S; Yu, Z; Zhou, Q, 2020)	1.59
"Berberine has been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier and holds promising effect for neuronal damage in diabetes."	( Berberine Alleviates Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Axonopathy-Associated with Diabetic Encephalopathy via Restoring PI3K/Akt/GSK3β Pathway. Chen, J; Chen, Q; Feng, Z; Hang, W; He, B; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wu, N; Xia, L; Zhang, Q; Zhou, X, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine has been implicated to be involved in maintaining bone health due to its anti-oxidative and osteogenic properties. "	( Berberine derivative, Q8, stimulates osteogenic differentiation. Han, Y; Kim, MJ; Lee, KY, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine (BBR) has long been used for treating bacterial diarrhea due to its antimicrobial effect and is currently used to treat obesity, diabetes, hyperlipemia and atherosclerosis. "	( Berberine treatment reduces atherosclerosis by mediating gut microbiota in apoE-/- mice. Geng, J; Hu, J; Hu, T; Jiang, Y; Li, J; Liu, S; Shi, Y; Wang, B; Yan, W, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine has gained attention because of its anti-inflammatory effects."	( Berberine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via the PERK-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis. Di, S; Fan, C; Feng, J; Feng, P; Feng, X; Feng, Y; Jiang, H; Jin, F; Liang, Y; Lu, X; Ma, Z; Yan, X; Zhang, Z, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine (BBR) has beneficial effects on diabetes and the multiple complications of diabetes due to its anti-apoptotic activity; however, the effect of BBR on diabetic retinopathy and its mechanism of action have not been clarified. "	( Berberine attenuates apoptosis in rat retinal Müller cells stimulated with high glucose via enhancing autophagy and the AMPK/mTOR signaling. Chen, H; Chen, L; Ji, Y; Su, G; Xiao, J; Yan, X, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine has multitudinous anti-cancer stem cells effects making it a highly promising candidate substance for the next-generation cancer therapy. "	( Berberine Effects on NFκB, HIF1A and NFE2L2/AP-1 Pathways in HeLa Cells. Belanova, A; Belousova, M; Beseda, D; Chmykhalo, V; Gavalas, N; Khrenkova, V; Stepanova, A; Zolotukhin, P, 2019)	3.4
"Berberine (BBR) has been confirmed to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects."	( Berberine reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of normal colonic epithelial cells induced by SW480 cells through regulating the important components in the TGF-β pathway. Huang, C; Pang, Z; Tao, L; Wang, XL, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine has many pharmacological effects, such as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant, but the question remains on how its low oral bioavailability has greatly limited its clinical application. "	( Preparation and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Agents of Berberine Organic Acid Salts for Enhancing the Bioavailability. Cui, HX; Guo, Y; Hu, YN; Li, JW; Yuan, K, 2018)	2.17
"Berberine has very low toxicity in usual doses and reveals clinical benefits without major side effects."	( Berberine and barberry (Berberis vulgaris): A clinical review. Hosseinzadeh, H; Imenshahidi, M, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine hydrochloride has beneficial effects in UC. "	( Protective effects of berberine hydrochloride on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Gu, P; Shen, H; Zhu, L, 2019)	2.27
"Berberine has shown anticancer properties and has potential for a chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer. "	( Berberine enhances posttranslational protein stability of p21/cip1 in breast cancer cells via down-regulation of Akt. Sabarwal, A; Shyanti, RK; Singh, RP; Tak, J, 2019)	3.4
"Berberine (BBR) has various confirmed biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities."	( Berberine inhibits the interleukin-1 beta-induced inflammatory response via MAPK downregulation in rat articular chondrocytes. Chen, S; Gu, M; He, P; Hou, Y; Li, X; Lin, D; Luo, D; Xiao, Z; Zhan, J, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine has been found to suppress growth of several tumor cell lines in vitro through the cell-type-dependent mechanism."	( Berberine inhibits proliferation and down-regulates epidermal growth factor receptor through activation of Cbl in colon tumor cells. Cao, H; Hu, T; Israel, DA; Liu, L; Lu, N; Peek, RM; Polk, DB; Wang, B; Wang, L; Yan, F, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine (BBR) has been shown to exert immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects in several autoimmune diseases. "	( Berberine suppresses Th17 and dendritic cell responses. Du, L; Kijlstra, A; Qi, J; Wang, Q; Yang, P; Yang, Y; Yu, H; Zhou, Y, 2013)	3.28
"Berberine, a drug that has clinically been used to treat gastroenteritis and diarrhea for thousands of years, has been shown to protect barrier function in both endothelial and epithelial cells, but the mechanisms are completely unknown."	( Amelioration of IFN-γ and TNF-α-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by berberine via suppression of MLCK-MLC phosphorylation signaling pathway. Cao, M; He, W; Sun, C; Wang, F; Wang, P, 2013)	1.34
"Berberine has effects on insulin resistance but its use in women with PCOS has not been fully investigated."	( Effect of berberine on insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: study protocol for a randomized multicenter controlled trial. Hou, L; Kuang, H; Li, Y; Ma, H; Ng, EH; Wu, X; Zhang, Y, 2013)	1.51
"Berberine has a more pronounced therapeutic effect and achieved more live births with fewer side effects than metformin."	( The use of berberine for women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF treatment. An, Y; Guan, Y; Liu, B; Lu, M; Sun, Z; Zhang, Y, 2014)	1.51
"Berberine has the protective effect in Abeta-induced inflammatory injury in SH-SY5Y cells. "	( [Intervention effect of berberine on expressions of TNF-alpha and receptor type I in Abeta25-35-induced inflammatory reaction in SH-SY5Y cell lines]. Xu, J; Yang, F; Yu, JX; Zhang, H, 2013)	2.14
"Berberine (BBR) has been confirmed to show extensive bioactivities for the treatments of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia in clinic. "	( Excretion of berberine and its metabolites in oral administration in rats. Chen, SN; Feng, R; Fu, J; He, CY; He, WY; Huang, M; Jiang, JD; Ma, C; Ma, JY; Shou, JW; Tan, XS; Wang, Y; Zhao, ZX, 2013)	2.2
"Berberine has no influence on the activities of CYP3A4, CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 below 2 000 microg x L(-1), but can inhibit the activity of CYP2E1 and CYP2D6 in concentration-dependent."	( [CYP450 enzyme inhibition of berberine in pooled human liver microsomes by cocktail probe drugs]. Chen, JL; Cui, HM; Dong, Y; Gong, JY; Zhang, YL, 2013)	2.12
"Berberine (BBR) has been confirmed to have multiple bioactivities in clinic, such as cholesterol-lowering, anti-diabetes, cardiovascular protection and anti- inflammation. "	( Tissue distribution of berberine and its metabolites after oral administration in rats. Chen, WJ; Feng, R; Fu, J; He, CY; He, WY; Huang, M; Jiang, JD; Ma, C; Ma, JY; Shou, JW; Sun, YP; Tan, XS; Wang, Y, 2013)	2.14
"Berberine (BBR) has been shown to attenuate the deleterious effects of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the brain. "	( Berberine reduces rat intestinal tight junction injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion associated with the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthesis. Gong, J; Gu, L; Li, J; Li, N; Li, Q; Yu, W; Zhu, W, 2013)	3.28
"Berberine (BBR) has preventive effects on diabetes and its complications."	( Berberine regulates the expression of E-prostanoid receptors in diabetic rats with nephropathy. Liu, S; Tang, LQ; Wang, FL; Zhang, ST; Zhu, LN, 2014)	2.57
"Berberine has been shown to have renoprotective effects on diabetes through attenuating TGF-β1 and fibronectin (FN) expression. "	( Berberine attenuates high glucose-induced proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells: involvement of suppression of cell cycle progression and NF-κB/AP-1 pathways. Chen, C; Chen, X; Hao, J; Huang, H; Huang, J; Lan, T; Wang, L; Wu, T, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine has multiple pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammation and anticancer activity. "	( Berberine induces apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cell line U266 through hypomethylation of p53 promoter. Feng, T; Hu, H; Jiang, L; Liu, Y; Meng, W; Qing, Y; Sun, Y; Yao, Y, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine has potential application as an adjuvant in radiotherapy of prostatic cancer."	( Berberine inhibits the expression of hypoxia induction factor-1alpha and increases the radiosensitivity of prostate cancer. Cai, J; Dai, S; Huang, G; Kang, Y; Li, D; Ma, J; Ma, Z; Mao, W; Sun, X; Tao, G; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Yang, B; Yang, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, Q, 2014)	2.57
"Berberine has displayed significant anti-prostate cancer activities."	( Mitochondrial protein cyclophilin-D-mediated programmed necrosis attributes to berberine-induced cytotoxicity in cultured prostate cancer cells. Gao, XH; Guo, F; Wu, YL; Zhang, LY, 2014)	1.35
"Berberine has several anti-inflammation and anticancer biologic effects."	( Berberine reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inhibits metastasis and tumor-induced angiogenesis in human cervical cancer cells. Chen, KS; Chen, PN; Chu, SC; Hsu, LS; Su, MY; Yu, CC, 2014)	2.57
"Berberine has drawn extensive attention toward their wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects, including antineoplastic effect in recent years, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. "	( Berberine-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial-related apoptotic pathway. Chen, Y; Fu, J; Huang, X; Wang, L; Xi, M; Xie, J; Xu, Y, 2015)	3.3
"Berberine (BBR) has several preventive effects on diabetes and its complications."	( Berberine improves kidney function in diabetic mice via AMPK activation. Guan, GJ; Nie, HB; Sun, LN; Wang, XL; Zhao, L, 2014)	2.57
"Berberine has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, but its mechanisms for treating nonbacterial prostatitis (NBP) remain unclear completely."	( Berberine ameliorates nonbacterial prostatitis via multi-target metabolic network regulation. An, N; Sun, H; Wang, H; Wang, X; Yan, G; Zhang, A; Zhang, Y, 2015)	2.58
"Berberine has the potential as an anti-Eimeria food additive in animal farming."	( Anti-Eimeria activity of berberine and identification of associated gene expression changes in the mouse jejunum infected with Eimeria papillata. Al Omar, SY; Al-Quraishy, S; Delic, D; Dkhil, MA; Metwaly, MS; Sherif, NE; Wunderlich, F, 2015)	1.44
"Berberine (BBR) has been demonstrated to protect against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. "	( Protective effect of Berberine pretreatment in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury of rat. Du, H; Sheng, M; Weng, Y; Xu, R; Yu, W; Zhou, Y, 2015)	2.18
"Berberine (BBR) has been reported to have beneficial effects on diabetic nephropathy, but its action mechanism is still unclear."	( Renoprotective effect of berberine on type 2 diabetic nephropathy in rats. Dong, X; Huang, XR; Lan, HY; Li, P; Pan, XP; Sun, SF; Wang, H; Wen, YM; Yan, MH; Zhang, HJ; Zhang, L; Zhang, WK; Zhao, TT, 2015)	1.44
"Berberine (BBR) has been suggested as a potential candidate anticancer agent due to its high anticancer activity and multiple mechanisms. "	( Berberine induces apoptosis by suppressing the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Chen, L; Kan, M; Li, J; Li, O; Liu, S; Pan, Y; Shao, D; Zhang, M; Zhang, X; Zheng, H, 2015)	3.3
"Berberine has been shown to have many pharmacological effects including antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities."	( Induction of G₂/M Arrest by Berberine via Activation of PI3K/Akt and p38 in Human Chondrosarcoma Cell Line. Eo, SH; Kim, JH; Kim, SJ, 2014)	1.42
"Berberine has proven protective effects on diabetic nephropathy, but the mechanism for its effects has not been comprehensively established. "	( Renoprotective effects of berberine through regulation of the MMPs/TIMPs system in streptozocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Ding, HH; Ni, WJ; Qiu, YY; Tang, LQ; Zhou, H, 2015)	2.16
"Berberine (BBR) has recently been reported to be extensively used for musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis through enhancing osteogenic differentiation, inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption and repressing adipogenesis. "	( Berberine promotes bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation via canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Kang, B; Tao, K; Weng, J; Xiao, D; Xiong, A; Zeng, H, 2016)	3.32
"Berberine has been shown to exert protective effects against diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the mechanisms involved have not been fully characterized. "	( Renoprotective effects of berberine and its potential effect on the expression of β-arrestins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in streptozocin-diabetic nephropathy rats. Cai, M; Ding, HH; Liu, S; Ni, WJ; Tang, LQ; Zhang, ST, 2016)	2.18
"Berberine has been identified with anti-proliferative effects on various cancer cells. "	( Functional Cross-Talking between Differentially Expressed and Alternatively Spliced Genes in Human Liver Cancer Cells Treated with Berberine. Cao, Z; Jiao, N; Ma, C; Sheng, Z; Sun, Y; Tang, K; Zhu, R, 2015)	2.06
"Berberine (BBR) has been reported in several studies in cell and animal models. "	( Protective effects of berberine on high fat-induced kidney damage by increasing serum adiponectin and promoting insulin sensitivity. Cha, Y; Chen, Z; Ding, H; Huang, X; Liu, J; Sheng, L; Wang, F; Wu, U; Xu, J, 2015)	2.17
"Berberine (BBR) has been shown to exhibit protective effects against diabetes and dyslipidemia. "	( Berberine Attenuates Development of the Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Lipid Metabolism Disorder in Type 2 Diabetic Mice and in Palmitate-Incubated HepG2 Cells through Suppression of the HNF-4α miR122 Pathway. Chen, L; Hatch, GM; Lan, X; Wei, S; Yan, X; Yao, F; Yu, Y; Zhang, M, 2016)	3.32
"Berberine has been reported for its various activities including anti-inflammatory effects and has been used in treating many diseases. "	( Berberine improves airway inflammation and inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway in an ovalbumin-induced rat model of asthma. Li, C; Li, Z; Zhang, N; Zheng, J, 2016)	3.32
"Berberine (BBR) has several preventive effects on cardiovascular diseases."	( Berberine activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma to increase atherosclerotic plaque stability in Apoe Fang, L; He, C; Li, H; Li, X; Liu, N; Sun, X; Wang, J; Yang, Z, 2016)	2.6
"Berberine has attracted extensive attention due to its wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects in breast cancer treatment."	( Berberine reverses lapatinib resistance of HER2-positive breast cancer cells by increasing the level of ROS. Chen, S; Chen, X; Dou, K; Qiao, H; Wei, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, R, 2016)	2.6
"Berberine (BBR) has been shown to have antifibrotic effects in liver, kidney and lung."	( Protective Effects of Berberine on Renal Injury in Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Diabetic Mice. Chi, ZH; He, H; Jiang, Y; Liang, D; Liang, W; Ma, J; Zhang, X, 2016)	1.47
"Berberine has been implicated in several kinds of diseases, including the neuronal-related pathogenesis, such as Parkinson's, Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases."	( Therapeutic effect of berberine on TDP-43-related pathogenesis in FTLD and ALS. Chang, CF; Chen, CL; Huang, CC; Lee, KH; Lee, YC; Lin, HC; Shen, CJ, 2016)	1.47
"Berberine has been demonstrated to possess extensive medicine activity, yet relatively little is known about its effect on VSMCs proliferation."	( Effect of berberine on PPAR Jiang, Q; Liu, C; Qiu, H; Wang, H; Wang, Q; Wu, Q; Wu, Y; Xue, L, 2017)	1.58
"Berberine (BBR) has been demonstrated to have antifungal activity and synergistic effects in combination with antifungal drugs against pathogenic fungi."	( In Vitro Activity of Berberine Alone and in Combination with Antifungal Drugs Against Planktonic Forms and Biofilms of Trichosporon Asahii. Cong, L; Liao, Y; Yang, R; Yang, S, 2017)	1.5
"Berberine (BBR) has shown promising antitumour effects in vitro. "	( Preparation, pharmacokinetics and tumour-suppressive activity of berberine liposomes. Liu, Z; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Zheng, X, 2017)	2.14
"Berberine (BR) has a beneficial effect on endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide (NO), as NO plays a pivotal role in the regulation of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization and function. "	( Berberine-induced upregulation of circulating endothelial progenitor cells is related to nitric oxide production in healthy subjects. Chen, L; Tao, J; Wang, JM; Wang, Y; Xu, MG; Yang, Z, 2009)	3.24
"Berberine, an alkaloid, has anti-tumor properties in some cancer cells, but action mechanisms are not clear yet. "	( Berberine inhibits human neuroblastoma cell growth through induction of p53-dependent apoptosis. Choi, MS; Han, SB; Hong, JT; Jung, HY; Moon, DC; Oh, JH; Yuk, DY, )	3.02
"Berberine (BBR) has been shown to improve several metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia, by stimulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). "	( Berberine suppresses proinflammatory responses through AMPK activation in macrophages. Ham, M; Hsu, KC; Huh, JY; Jeong, HW; Kim, JB; Kim, WS; Lee, JW; Shin, HJ, 2009)	3.24
"Berberine has anti-tumor properties in some cancer cells including prostate cancer, but the exact mechanisms and in vivo effects are unclear. "	( Berberine inhibits p53-dependent cell growth through induction of apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Choi, MS; Han, SB; Hong, JT; Jung, HY; Kim, SM; Lee, YM; Moon, DC; Oh, JH; Yoo, HS, 2009)	3.24
"Berberine has multiple neuropharmacological properties, such as neuroprection, anti-neuronal apoptosis, improvement of cerebral microcirculation and anti-Alzheimer's disease, and so on. "	( Neuropharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of berberine: a review of recent research. Fu, S; He, F; Pi, R; Ye, M, 2009)	2.04
"Berberine has been established to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells, but its effects on the drug resistance and anoikis-resistance of breast cancer cells have yet to be elucidated."	( The alkaloid Berberine inhibits the growth of Anoikis-resistant MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest. Han, W; Kim, JB; Ko, E; Lee, KW; Noh, DY; Park, SY; Shin, I; Song, AK; Yu, JH, 2010)	1.45
"Berberine (BBR) has indicated significant antimicrobial activity against a variety of organisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. "	( BBR induces apoptosis in HepG2 cell through an Akt-ASK1-ROS-p38MAPKs-linked cascade. Hur, JM; Hyun, MS; Kim, D; Mun, YJ; Woo, WH, 2010)	1.8
"Berberine has been shown to have insulin-sensitizing effect, but the molecular mechanism underlying remains elusive. "	( Berberine modulates insulin signaling transduction in insulin-resistant cells. Chan, JC; Cheung, SC; Ho, SK; Lan, LL; Liu, LZ; Tong, PC; Xu, HX, 2010)	3.25
"Berberine has been believed to be the active ingredient of the herbs."	( Chemical and biological differentiation of Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis and Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis. Che, CT; Chen, ML; Ip, SP; Tsai, SH; Xian, YF; Yang, JY, 2010)	1.08
"Berberine (BBR) has recently been shown to lower blood glucose levels and to improve insulin resistance in db/db mice partly through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and induction of phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR)."	( Berberine inhibits PTP1B activity and mimics insulin action. Chen, C; Huang, C; Zhang, Y, 2010)	2.52
"Berberine has strong toxic action on T."	( Microcalorimetric investigation of the toxic action of berberine on Tetrahymena thermophila BF(5). Kong, W; Li, Z; Xiao, X; Zhao, Y, 2010)	1.33
"Berberine has been used as an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antimotility agent."	( Effects of berberine against radiation-induced intestinal injury in mice. Chen, ZT; Hao, P; Hu, YD; Li, DZ; Li, GH; Tang, JL; Wang, DL; Wei, H; Zhang, YP, 2010)	1.47
"Berberine has been reported to have antidiabetic properties."	( Beneficial effect of berberine on hepatic insulin resistance in diabetic hamsters possibly involves in SREBPs, LXRα and PPARα transcriptional programs. Huang, L; Li, G; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Ma, C; Qin, C; Zhu, H, 2010)	1.4
"Berberine has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects on diabetic rats. "	( Berberine regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and positive transcription elongation factor b expression in diabetic adipocytes. Zhou, J; Zhou, S, 2010)	3.25
"Berberine has a wide range of biochemical and pharmacologic effects, including antitumor activity, but the mechanisms involved in berberine-induced apoptosis remain unclear. "	( Berberine-induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress accompanying reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. Eom, KS; Kim, HJ; Kim, TY; Park, R; So, HS, 2010)	3.25
"Berberine has been showed to have anti-diabetic effects, however the effects on diabetic complications were less explored, especially the effects on the microvascular complications and the formation and pathways of AGEs which have not been reported."	( Amelioration effects of berberine on diabetic microendothelial injury model by the combination of high glucose and advanced glycation end products in vitro. Du, JL; Hao, M; Li, CX; Li, H; Li, SY; Lin, Y; Liu, KX; Sun, CK; Wang, L; Zhou, Q, 2011)	1.4
"Berberine, which has a long history of use in Chinese medicine, has recently been shown to have efficacy in the treatment of diabetes. "	( Berberine acutely activates the glucose transport activity of GLUT1. Chenge, J; Cok, A; Louters, LL; Oram, DS; Plaisier, C; Salie, MJ, 2011)	3.25
"Berberine has significant antimicrobial activity against several microbes through inhibiting the assembly function of FtsZ and halting the bacteria cell division."	( Modulating gut microbiota as an anti-diabetic mechanism of berberine. Han, J; Huang, W; Lin, H, 2011)	1.33
"Berberine has long been considered as an antibiotic candidate in aquaculture. "	( Inhibition of CYP450 1A and 3A by berberine in crucian carp Carassius auratus gibelio. Fang, WH; Hu, LL; Li, XC; Yang, XL; Zhou, C; Zhou, JF; Zhou, S, 2011)	2.09
"Berberine has protecting effects on the hypertensive renal impairment model rats fed by enriched high fat-salt-fructose diet, which are concerned with elevated antioxidant capability in body and kidney tissues."	( [Effects and mechanism of berberine on the hypertensive renal injury rats induced by enriched high fat-salt-fructose diet]. Cai, Y; Li, HB; Lv, JH; Qi, CL, 2011)	2.11
"Berberine (BBR) has recently been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in rodent models of insulin resistance. "	( Berberine protects against high fat diet-induced dysfunction in muscle mitochondria by inducing SIRT1-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. Duarte, FV; Gomes, AP; Hubbard, BP; Jones, JG; Nunes, P; Palmeira, CM; Rolo, AP; Sinclair, DA; Teodoro, JS; Varela, AT, 2012)	3.26
"Berberine has a wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects, including anticancer effects."	( Antiangiogenic activity of berberine is mediated through the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, VEGF, and proinflammatory mediators. Hamsa, TP; Kuttan, G, 2012)	1.4
"Berberine has a beneficial effect on endothelial function, but no data are available on the EMP-mediated oxidative stress."	( Berberine improves endothelial function by reducing endothelial microparticles-mediated oxidative stress in humans. Cheng, F; Li, J; Qiu, YX; Su, C; Tao, J; Wang, Y; Wu, F; Xia, WH; Yang, Z; Yu, BB, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine (BBR) has gained attention for its vast beneficial biological effects through immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties. "	( Neuroprotection of early and short-time applying berberine in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia: up-regulated pAkt, pGSK and pCREB, down-regulated NF-κB expression, ameliorated BBB permeability. Cao, X; Cui, L; Dong, L; Ji, Y; Li, Y; Liu, Z; Qiao, H; Wang, C; Wang, L; Xing, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, K; Zhu, C, 2012)	2.08
"Berberine has been shown to possess anti-tumor activity against a wide spectrum of cancer cells. "	( Berberine, a genotoxic alkaloid, induces ATM-Chk1 mediated G2 arrest in prostate cancer cells. Gong, Y; Li, B; Liu, Q; Liu, Z; Shao, C; Sun, Z; Wang, Y; Zhang, X; Zhou, H, 2012)	3.26
"Berberine (BBR) has been suggested to be a hepatoprotective agent for oxidative-stress-related liver diseases because of its antioxidant activity. "	( Hepatoprotection of berberine against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by upregulation of Sirtuin 1. Gao, Z; Guo, X; He, Q; Li, D; Mao, G; Wang, H; Zhu, X, 2013)	2.16
"Berberine has been widely used as an alternative medicine and proved to be effective for treatment of DM and dyslipidemia."	( Alteration of hepatic glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by berberine. Chatuphonprasert, W; Jarukamjorn, K; Lao-ong, T; Nemoto, N, 2012)	1.31
"Berberine has demonstrated wide physiological functions and has great potential to give a multipotent drug if some inherent problems on poor bioavailability and solubility are taken care of."	( Berberine and its derivatives: a patent review (2009 - 2012). Mahajan, S; Singh, IP, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine (BBR) has been showed to attenuate ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress."	( Berberine protects human renal proximal tubular cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress pathways. Cui, K; Du, H; Ren, H; Sheng, M; Shi, L; Tong, J; Xu, R; Yu, J; Yu, W, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine has the protective action against to the development of heart failure."	( [Protective effect of berberine on isolated perfused heart in heart failure]. Lan, T; Xu, J; Zhou, Z, 2001)	2.07
"Berberine has inhibitory effects on potassium and calcium currents in isolated rat hepatocytes, which may be involved in hepatoprotection."	( Inhibitory effects of berberine on ion channels of rat hepatocytes. Chen, JG; Cheng, L; Fu, LY; Wang, F; Yao, WX; Zhao, G; Zhou, HY, 2004)	2.08
"Berberine has been shown to induce apoptosis and affect NAT activity in human leukemia cells."	( Berberine inhibits arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity and gene expression in mouse leukemia L 1210 cells. Chang, WC; Chuang, JY; Chung, JG; Lin, JP; Lin, SS; Tyan, YS; Wu, JY, 2005)	2.49
"Berberine has long been considered a candidate for an antimalarial drug. "	( Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by berberine in HepG2 and H4IIE cells: Biphasic effect on CYP1A1. Bláha, L; Dvorák, Z; Giesy, JP; Ulrichová, J; Vrzal, R; Zdarilová, A, 2005)	2.03
"Berberine has indicated significant antimicrobial activity against a variety of organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi."	( Berberine induces apoptosis through a mitochondria/caspases pathway in human hepatoma cells. Chu, CY; Hwang, JM; Kuo, HC; Liu, JY; Tseng, TH, 2006)	2.5
"Berberine has a wide range of biological actions that suggest it may be of use in cancer prevention. "	( Down-regulation of cyclin B1 and up-regulation of Wee1 by berberine promotes entry of leukemia cells into the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle. Chen, GW; Chung, JG; Kao, ST; Lin, CC; Lin, JP; Lin, SY, )	1.82
"Berberine has been shown to have antidiabetic properties, although its mode of action is not known. "	( Berberine, a natural plant product, activates AMP-activated protein kinase with beneficial metabolic effects in diabetic and insulin-resistant states. Cho, HJ; Gosby, A; Hohnen-Behrens, C; James, DE; Kim, CT; Kim, JB; Kim, KH; Kim, WS; Kraegen, EW; Lee, CH; Lee, YS; Oh, WK; Shen, Y; Ye, JM; Yoon, MJ, 2006)	3.22
"Berberine (BR) has been proved to promote endothelial function. "	( Berberine-induced mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells improves human small artery elasticity. Chen, L; Tao, J; Wang, JM; Wang, Y; Xu, MG; Yang, Z, 2008)	3.23
"Berberine has a wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects, including antitumor activities, but its mechanism of action is not clearly understood."	( Berberine induces G1 arrest and apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells through mitochondrial/caspases pathway. Eom, KS; Hong, JM; Kim, JM; Kim, TY; Park, R; So, HS; Youn, MJ, 2008)	2.51
"Berberine (BBR) has been implicated in bone biology. "	( Berberine promotes osteoblast differentiation by Runx2 activation with p38 MAPK. Choi, JY; Kim, AY; Kim, HN; Kim, JB; Lee, HW; Park, SY; Shin, CS; Suh, JH, 2008)	3.23
"Berberine has been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in vitro and in vivo. "	( Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Xing, H; Ye, J; Yin, J, 2008)	2.17
"Berberine has been shown to have anti-carcinogenic effects. "	( p53 Cooperates berberine-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis of non-small cell human lung cancer cells in vitro and tumor xenograft growth in vivo. Akhtar, S; Katiyar, N; Katiyar, SK; Meeran, SM, 2009)	2.15
"Berberine has been reported to have cytostatic effect on tumor growth."	( Flowcytometric analysis of the effect of berberine on the expression of glucocorticoid receptors in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Chang, YF; Chao, TW; Chi, CW; Chiang, SH; Liu, TY; Lui, WY; P'eng, FK, 1994)	1.28
"Berberine has been found to partially intercalate into DNA, while sanguinarine shows normal intercalation and also binds more firmly to DNA."	( 1H NMR investigation of the interaction of berberine and sanguinarine with DNA. Coutinho, E; Maiti, M; Saran, A; Srivastava, S, 1995)	1.28
"Berberine has positive inotropic, negative chronotropic, antiarrhythmic, and vasodilator properties."	( Cardiovascular actions of berberine. Chen, ZY; Huang, Y; Ko, WH; Lau, CW; Yao, XQ, 2001)	1.33
"Berberine, an alkaloid, has been found to have a myriad of pharmacological effects including hypotensive, antisecretory, sedative, and antimicrobial effects, some of which are similar to those of clonidine, an alpha 2 adrenoceptor partial agonist. "	( Interaction of berberine with human platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptors. Chan, WF; Hui, KK; Tse, E; Yu, JL, 1991)	2.08
"Berberine has been shown to increase developed tension in cardiac muscle but its derivatives have been reported to inhibit the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase. "	( 13-Propylberberine reduces response of guinea-pig myocardium to inotropic interventions including changes in extracellular Ca2+. Akera, T; Brody, TM; Hosoya, E; Stemmer, P, 1986)	2.13

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"As berberine may inhibit glycolysis during the development of PanIN, we measured indicators of glycolysis."	( Berberine inhibits pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia by inhibiting glycolysis via the adenosine monophosphate -activated protein kinase pathway. Kang, W; Li, X; Liu, M; Liu, Y; Pan, Y; Tao, X; Yang, Y, 2022)	2.68
"Berberine can inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of EC cells and promote apoptosis, which is related to the concentration. "	( Berberine inhibits the development of endometrial cancer through circ_ZNF608/miR-377-3p/COX2 axis. Fu, L; Gong, N; Li, L; Liang, H; Liu, Y, 2022)	3.61
"Berberine could inhibit the migration and invasion of glioma cells by suppressing the TGF-β1/COL11A1 pathway and changes actin cytoskeleton arrangement."	( Berberine inhibits glioma cell migration and invasion by suppressing TGF-β1/COL11A1 pathway. Cao, J; Chen, Y; Gao, H; Huang, H; Lai, J; Li, C; Liu, Z; Sun, Y; Zhan, Z; Zhang, C, 2022)	2.89
"Berberine was shown to increase villus length and decrease crypt depth and CD3"	( A High Dose of Dietary Berberine Improves Gut Wall Morphology, Despite an Expansion of Cherlet, M; Croubels, S; Dehau, T; Goossens, E; van Immerseel, F, 2023)	1.94
"Berberine promotes glucose uptake and inhibits mitochondrial function by promoting SIRT3 ubiquitination, and is likely to regulate autophagy related function in ovarian cells by activating the AMPK pathway. "	( Berberine increases glucose uptake and intracellular ROS levels by promoting Sirtuin 3 ubiquitination. Ai, W; Chen, J; Fan, R; Feng, X; Kuang, H; Li, D; Li, W; Shi, S; Wang, Y, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine plays a neuroprotective role in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). "	( Berberine attenuates Aβ42-induced neuronal damage through regulating circHDAC9/miR-142-5p axis in human neuronal cells. Gao, Y; Shen, K; Sun, X; Yu, S; Zhang, N, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine promotes endocytosis of activated EGFR, while as Costunolide increases ubiquitination of EGFR and reduces EGFR recycling to cell membrane distribution, thereby inhibiting EGF signaling."	( DaHuangWan targets EGF signaling to inhibit the proliferation of hepatoma cells. Burenbatu, B; Feng, Q; Genna, B; Si, H; Wang, H; Wang, J; Zhuang, X, 2020)	1.28
"Berberine may inhibit the gene expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by mononuclear cells in rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals without affecting cell viability. "	( Berberine Inhibits the Gene Expression and Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Mononuclear Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Healthy Individuals. Ghorbani, N; Mahmoudi, M; Rastin, M; Sahebari, M; Zamani, M; Zamani, S, 2021)	3.51
"Berberine can increase the expression of cell cycle-related miRNAs and cause degradation of the corresponding target genes, thereby blocking the cell cycle progression and inhibiting the melanoma A375 cells."	( Cell Cycle Regulation by Berberine in Human Melanoma A375 Cells. Li, D; Ren, M; Su, X; Su, Y; Yang, L, 2020)	1.58
"The berberine derivatives inhibit the Tdp1 enzyme in the low micromolar range; this is the first reported berberine based Tdp1 inhibitor."	( The First Berberine-Based Inhibitors of Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1), an Important DNA Repair Enzyme. Anarbaev, RO; Bredikhin, RA; Chepanova, AA; Dyrkheeva, NS; Gladkova, ED; Ilina, ES; Lavrik, OI; Luzina, OA; Mamontova, EM; Nechepurenko, IV; Reynisson, J; Salakhutdinov, NF; Volcho, KP; Zakharenko, AL, 2020)	1.44
"Berberine (BBR) plays a neuroprotective role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), inhibiting amyloid-β (Aβ) production and promoting Aβ clearance. "	( Ameliorating Ribosylation-Induced Amyloid-β Pathology by Berberine via Inhibiting mTOR/p70S6K Signaling. Cai, ZY; Huang, ZT; Li, J; Wang, YY; Wu, LQ; Yan, Q; Yuan, MH; Zou, Q, 2021)	2.31
"Berberine could increase the goblet cell number and villi length, and also reverse the suppressed expressions of mucin, occludin, ZO-1 and the upregulated expressions of TLR-4, NF-κB and TNF-α induced in IGT rats (P<0.05)."	( Berberine Slows the Progression of Prediabetes to Diabetes in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats by Enhancing Intestinal Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 and Improving the Gut Microbiota. Jiang, Y; Kong, Y; Liu, H; Ren, H; Shan, C; Wang, J; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Yang, J; Yang, Y; Zheng, M, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine did not lower testosterone but instead may increase testosterone in men, suggesting sex-specific effects of berberine."	( Effect of Berberine on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Mechanistic Randomized Controlled Trial. Chan, YH; Ho, WK; Ip, DKM; Leung, JYY; Schooling, CM; Tse, HF; Vackova, D; Yeung, WF; Zhao, J; Zhao, JV, 2021)	1.75
"Berberine binding promotes RXRα interaction with nuclear β-catenin, leading to c-Cbl mediated degradation of β-catenin, and consequently inhibits the proliferation of colon cancer cells."	( Berberine binds RXRα to suppress β-catenin signaling in colon cancer cells. Cao, H; Chen, B; Chen, X; Hou, J; Hu, T; Li, H; Mi, P; Ruan, H; Su, Y; Tian, Y; Wang, H; Wang, X; Wu, D; Xu, B; Zhan, YY; Zhang, L; Zhang, S; Zhang, W; Zhang, XK; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2017)	2.62
"Berberine (BBR) plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). "	( Berberine attenuates cognitive impairment and ameliorates tau hyperphosphorylation by limiting the self-perpetuating pathogenic cycle between NF-κB signaling, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Cai, Z; Chen, Y; He, W; He, Y; Wang, C, 2017)	3.34
"Berberine promotes glucose uptake and inhibits gluconeogenesis by inhibiting SIRT3, and regulating mitochondria-related pathways may provide a novel approach to the development of antidiabetic drugs."	( Berberine promotes glucose uptake and inhibits gluconeogenesis by inhibiting deacetylase SIRT3. Dorfman, RG; Li, Y; Pan, Y; Tang, D; Wang, L; Xu, L; Yin, Y; Zhang, B; Zhang, M; Zhao, S; Zhou, L; Zhou, Q; Zou, X, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine was found to inhibit platelet aggregation, superoxide production via modulating AR, NOX, and glutathione reductase activities in high glucose (HG) treated platelets."	( Berberine mitigates high glucose-potentiated platelet aggregation and apoptosis by modulating aldose reductase and NADPH oxidase activity. Girish, KS; Hemshekhar, M; Kemparaju, K; Paul, M, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine acted to inhibit proliferation through inducing G1/S and G2/M cell cycle arrest, which correlated with regulation of the checkpoint protein expression."	( Berberine inhibits proliferation and down-regulates epidermal growth factor receptor through activation of Cbl in colon tumor cells. Cao, H; Hu, T; Israel, DA; Liu, L; Lu, N; Peek, RM; Polk, DB; Wang, B; Wang, L; Yan, F, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine could inhibit miR-21 expression and function in ovarian cancer, as shown by an enhancement of its target PDCD4, an important tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer."	( Berberine sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin through miR-21/PDCD4 axis. Fang, Y; Li, H; Liu, S; Shen, H; Xu, W, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine could increase extracellular MC contents significantly via killing and lyzing algal cells."	( Effect of environmental factors on allelopathic inhibition of Microcystis aeruginosa by berberine. Bi, X; Dai, W; Xing, K; Zhang, D; Zhang, S, 2013)	1.33
"Berberine may inhibit the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF and thus confer radiosensitivity on prostatic cancer cells. "	( Berberine inhibits the expression of hypoxia induction factor-1alpha and increases the radiosensitivity of prostate cancer. Cai, J; Dai, S; Huang, G; Kang, Y; Li, D; Ma, J; Ma, Z; Mao, W; Sun, X; Tao, G; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Yang, B; Yang, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, Q, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine can inhibit the activity of N-acetyltransferase in human lung cancer cell line A549, and shows negative correlations of dose and time in a certain extent. "	( Effect of berberine on activity and mRNA expression of N-acetyltransferase in human lung cancer cell line A549. Chuang, K; Chuang, Y; Chung, J; Fang, K; Lee, Y; Xi, S, 2014)	2.25
"Berberine could suppress the transcription level of Id-1 through inhibiting its promotor activity."	( Berberine suppresses Id-1 expression and inhibits the growth and development of lung metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cheung, KC; Cheung, YC; Feng, Y; Lui, VW; Man, K; Tsang, CM; Tsao, SW, 2015)	2.58
"Berberine was found to inhibit these signaling components in OASFs in vitro and prevent cartilage degradation in vivo."	( Berberine attenuates CCN2-induced IL-1β expression and prevents cartilage degradation in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Hung, CY; Lee, HP; Li, TM; Liu, SC; Tang, CH; Tsai, CH, 2015)	2.58
"Berberine was found to inhibit growth in GC cell lines and to induce apoptosis."	( Berberine inhibits EGFR signaling and enhances the antitumor effects of EGFR inhibitors in gastric cancer. Cai, X; Cao, H; Chen, Z; Dong, J; Fan, D; Hao, J; Jin, T; Lu, D; Nie, Y; Wang, J; Wang, R; Yang, S; Zhang, S, 2016)	2.6
"Berberine at lower dose did not affect the locomotor activity and barbiturate-induced sleep time."	( On the mechanism of antidepressant-like action of berberine chloride. Dhir, A; Kulkarni, SK, 2008)	1.32
"Berberine plays a prominent role on the control of tumor cell invasion and migration. "	( Berberine inhibits SDF-1-induced AML cells and leukemic stem cells migration via regulation of SDF-1 level in bone marrow stromal cells. Du, W; Fan, L; Fu, B; Guo, L; Huang, S; Jie, S; Li, H; Liu, W; Wang, X; Zhu, J, 2008)	3.23
"Berberine can enhance GSIS in rat islets, and probably exerts the insulinotropic effect via a pathway involving HNF4alpha and GK, which is distinct from sulphonylureas (SUs)."	( Facilitating effects of berberine on rat pancreatic islets through modulating hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha expression and glucokinase activity. Chen, G; Dong, LP; Fang, XS; Leng, SH; Lu, FE; Wang, ZQ; Wang, ZS; Yan, ZQ, 2008)	2.1
"Berberine can inhibit the expression of LOX-1 and promote the expression of SR-BI in macrophage-derived foam cells."	( Effects of berberine on expression of LOX-1 and SR-BI in human macrophage-derived foam cells induced by ox-LDL. Fang, X; Guan, J; Guan, S; Li, W; Wang, B, 2010)	1.47
"Berberine was found to inhibit the expression of MMP-1, -3 and -13, and increased the level of TIMP-1 at the mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner."	( Protective effects of berberine in an experimental rat osteoarthritis model. Bao, JP; Chen, WP; Hu, PF; Tang, JL; Wu, LD, 2011)	1.41
"Berberine can inhibit the oncogentic H-Ras and c-fos in T24 cells, and can induce the activation of the caspase-3 and caspase-9 apoptosis."	( Induction of G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by berberine in bladder cancer cells. Fan, Y; Feng, J; Hou, L; Liu, C; Liu, Z; Xu, Z; Yan, K; Yan, L; Zhang, C; Zheng, B; Zhou, Z, 2011)	1.34
"Berberine may suppress the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of IMCE cells. "	( [The effects of Berberine on growth of Immorto-Min colonic epithelial cell line]. Cao, HL; Chen, X; Wang, BM; Yan, F, 2011)	2.16
"Berberine could also inhibit endothelial motility, migration, tube formation, and vessel sprouting from rat aortic ring in vitro."	( Antiangiogenic activity of berberine is mediated through the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, VEGF, and proinflammatory mediators. Hamsa, TP; Kuttan, G, 2012)	1.4
"Berberine treatment can inhibit proliferation through a cell cycle arrest in OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cells. "	( Berberine-induced growth inhibition of epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Bae, J; Kim, JB; Lee, SJ; Park, KS, 2012)	3.26
"Berberine promotes the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, decreases the accumulation of lipid drops therein, and inhibits the terminal differentiation of adipocyte, which may be associated with its effect on decreasing the expression of PPARgamma2 mRNA and protein, suggesting that berberine has advantages in the treatment of obesity patients with type 2 diabetes."	( [Effect of berberine on the differentiation of adipocyte]. Chen, JL; Chen, MD; Li, FY; Song, HD; Tang, JF; Wang, X; Xu, MY; Yang, Y; Zhou, LB, 2003)	2.15
"Berberine can inhibit COX-2 in mRNA and protein level. "	( [The inhibit effect of berberine on human colon cell line cyclooxygenase-2]. Luo, HS; Tai, WP, 2003)	2.07
"Berberine did not increase GLUT1 gene expression."	( Berberine stimulates glucose transport through a mechanism distinct from insulin. Chen, J; Chen, M; Li, F; Liu, S; Shang, W; Tang, J; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Yuan, G; Zhou, L, 2007)	2.5
"Berberine displays multiphasic effects in these malignant cell lines, which are correlated with the concentration and intracellular distribution of this alkaloid. "	( Different concentrations of berberine result in distinct cellular localization patterns and cell cycle effects in a melanoma cell line. Holy, J; Oliveira, PJ; Parke, D; Perkins, E; Sardao, VA; Serafim, TL, 2008)	2.08
"Berberine can inhibit T98G cell proliferation by inducing G1 arrest and apoptosis."	( Berberine induces G1 arrest and apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells through mitochondrial/caspases pathway. Eom, KS; Hong, JM; Kim, JM; Kim, TY; Park, R; So, HS; Youn, MJ, 2008)	2.51
"Berberine could inhibit the expression of cyclin D1 in PG cells."	( Berberine inhibits cyclin D1 expression via suppressed binding of AP-1 transcription factors to CCND1 AP-1 motif. Deng, WW; Hao, Y; Li, N; Luo, Y; Shi, TP, 2008)	2.51
"Berberine was found to inhibit cyclooxygenase 2 activity without inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 activity, and baicalein inhibited cyclooxygenase 1 activity."	( Inhibitory effect of Coptidis Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix on azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in rat colon. Amagaya, S; Fukuda, K; Fukutake, M; Iizuka, A; Kawamura, H; Komatsu, Y; Yokota, S, 1998)	1.02
"Berberine was shown to inhibit AP-1 activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner at concentrations higher than 0.3 microM."	( Inhibition of activator protein 1 activity by berberine in human hepatoma cells. Akao, S; Fujiwara, H; Fukuda, K; Hibiya, Y; Koshiji, M; Mutoh, M, 1999)	1.28
"Berberine did not inhibit calcium and sodium accumulation or magnesium and potassium loss."	( Protective effects of berberine and phentolamine on myocardial reoxygenation damage. Chen, S; Du, X; Han, Y; Huang, W; Huang, Z; Xu, S; Zhang, G, 1992)	1.32
"Berberine was found to inhibit competitively the specific binding of [3H]-yohimbine."	( Interaction of berberine with human platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptors. Chan, WF; Hui, KK; Tse, E; Yu, JL, 1991)	1.36
"Berberine did not produce an antisecretory effect."	( Clinical trial of berberine in acute watery diarrhoea. , 1985)	1.32

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Berberine treatment could partially reverse these alterations."	( Berberine ameliorates erectile dysfunction in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus through the attenuation of apoptosis by inhibiting the SPHK1/S1P/S1PR2 and MAPK pathways. Chen, Y; Cui, K; Lan, R; Li, R; Ling, L; Liu, J; Liu, K; Luan, Y; Rao, K; Ruan, Y; Song, J; Sun, T; Wang, S; Wang, T; Yuan, P, 2022)	2.89
"Berberine treatment did not affect"	( Evaluation of Berberine as an Adjunct to TB Treatment. Brombacher, F; Chia, JE; Guler, R; Hazra, R; Maine, RA; Mishra, BB; Ozturk, M; Parihar, SP; Saqib, M; Suzuki, H, 2021)	1.7
"Berberine treatment also significantly reversed these features."	( Berberine Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment by Regulating Microglial Polarization and Increasing Expression of Anti-inflammatory Factors following Permanent Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Rats. Du, Y; Huang, Y; Li, F; Luo, Y; Tao, Z; Tian, Y; Wang, N; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Yan, F; Zhao, F; Zheng, Y, 2022)	2.89
"Berberine treatments involve 3 distinct proteins in the RIG-I-like receptor signaling."	( Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of reserpine-induced depression in mice intervened by berberine. Wang, Y; Yang, N; Zou, L, 2022)	1.66
"Berberine treatment resulted in increases in fecal butyric acid, acetic acid and propionic acid levels, but did not alter isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid and caproic acid."	( Berberine regulates short-chain fatty acid metabolism and alleviates the colitis-associated colorectal tumorigenesis through remodeling intestinal flora. Chang, J; Geng, Z; Hao, X; Liu, J; Tan, X; Wang, Z; Yan, S, 2022)	2.89
"The berberine-treated cells showed decreased cell viability, according to berberine concentration."	( Berberine Induces Autophagic Cell Death by Inactivating the Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Lee, MY; Park, B; Park, GS, 2022)	2.64
"A berberine pretreatment attenuated paliperidone-induced increases in blood concentrations of glucose, adrenaline, and insulin and phosphorylated AMPK concentrations in the hypothalamus."	( Paliperidone-Induced Acute Hyperglycemia Is Caused by Adrenaline Secretion via the Activation of Hypothalamic AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Aoyama, T; Ishiwata, Y; Kawano, Y; Nagata, M; Negishi, K; Takahashi, H; Xue, B, 2022)	1.28
"Berberine treatment reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, and increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus."	( Berberine Regulates the Metabolism of Uric Acid and Modulates Intestinal Flora in Hyperuricemia Rats Model. Chen, Q; He, X; Li, D; Liu, Y; Sun, C; Wang, H; Wu, F; Zhou, Y, 2023)	3.07
"Berberine treatment could ameliorate all these parameters dose dependently."	( Evaluation of the Antioxidant Effects of Berberine against Sodium Nitriteinduced Oxidative Injury in the Rat Liver. Akhzari, M; Akmali, M; Barazesh, M; Foruozandeh, H; Jalili, S; Rashno, S, 2024)	2.43
"Berberine treatment also alleviated DN-induced changes in the expression of proteins involved in iron transport or iron uptake."	( Treatment of berberine alleviates diabetic nephropathy by reducing iron overload and inhibiting oxidative stress. Cai, F; Chen, J; Li, C; Wang, Y; Yue, S; Zhong, Y; Zhu, W, 2023)	2
"Berberine treatment attenuates hippocampal insulin resistance and improves cognitive function."	( Simulated weightlessness induces hippocampal insulin resistance and cognitive impairment. Chen, J; Dong, L; Gao, F; Kou, Z; Kuang, F; Li, G; Li, J; Xue, C; Yang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, S; Zhang, X, 2023)	1.63
"Berberine treatment was able to help restore HOMA-IR and ISI values to normal levels while simultaneously bolstering the expression of GLUT4."	( Berberine decreases insulin resistance in a PCOS rats by improving GLUT4: Dual regulation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Fang, J; Li, F; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Shan, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, N; Zhao, H; Zhuang, L, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine treatment reduced serum ghrelin and leptin levels as well decrease in hypothalamic mRNA expression of orexigenic neuropeptides, inflammatory markers and ghrelin receptor in olanzapine-treated mice."	( Berberine attenuated olanzapine-induced metabolic alterations in mice: Targeting transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 and 3 channels. Bansal, Y; Bishnoi, M; Kondepudi, KK; Kuhad, A; Medhi, B; Singh, DP; Singh, R; Sodhi, RK, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine treatment could also maintain the intestinal barrier function and rectify tissue fibrosis."	( Intervention of oncostatin M-driven mucosal inflammation by berberine exerts therapeutic property in chronic ulcerative colitis. Fan, C; Feng, C; He, P; Li, H; Lu, H; Lu, Q; Tang, W; Xiang, C; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Zhang, Z; Zhu, F; Zuo, J, 2020)	1.52
"Berberine treatment (≤1 μM) didn't significantly affect the viability of BEAS-2B cells with or without IL-4 plus TNF-stimulation."	( Berberine Inhibits Pro-inflammatory Cytokine-induced IL-6 and CCL11 Production via Modulation of STAT6 Pathway in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Chan, CC; Huang, WC; Kuo, ML; Ma, J, 2020)	2.72
"Berberine treatment attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in obese mice and free fatty acids-treated adipocytes. "	( Berberine ameliorates obesity-induced chronic inflammation through suppression of ER stress and promotion of macrophage M2 polarization at least partly via downregulating lncRNA Gomafu. Fan, DH; Han, YB; Li, WZ; Liu, L; Tian, M; Wang, XX; Wu, F, 2020)	3.44
"Berberine treatment caused upregulation of mRNA expression and enzymatic activities of the targeted major antioxidants."	( Modulation of antioxidant defence system in response to berberine in Candida albicans. Ahmad, A; Aldahmash, B; AlOmar, SY; Marimani, M; Poopedi, E, 2021)	1.59
"Berberine adjunctive treatment may reduce the risk of glycolipid metabolic disturbances in patients with schizophrenia."	( The effect of berberine adjunctive treatment on glycolipid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Jia, Q; Li, J; Li, M; Liu, Y; Qiu, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2021)	1.7
"Berberine treatment significantly reduced the LPS-induced expression levels of CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in bEECs."	( Berberine attenuates the inflammatory response by activating the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway in bovine endometrial epithelial cells. Cao, R; Fu, K; Wang, Z, 2021)	2.79
"Berberine treatment significantly reduced atherosclerosis in HFD-fed mice. "	( Berberine treatment increases Akkermansia in the gut and improves high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in Apoe Dong, L; Hu, Y; Liu, T; Shen, X; Weng, S; Zhang, D; Zhu, H; Zhu, J; Zhu, L, 2018)	3.37
"Berberine-treated high glucose-induced exosomes which are secreted by glomerular mesangial cells can protect damage of podocytes by reducing apoptosis and increasing adhesion."	( Berberine attenuates podocytes injury caused by exosomes derived from high glucose-induced mesangial cells through TGFβ1-PI3K/AKT pathway. Tang, LQ; Wang, YY; Wei, W, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine treatment showed a significantly longer average time to conversion and higher heart rate during sinus rhythm (SR) than amiodarone."	( Antimicrobial Natural Product Berberine Is Efficacious for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation. Cao, RY; Mao, Z; Miao, P; Redfearn, DP; Zheng, H; Zhu, F, 2017)	1.47
"Berberine treatment also significantly decreased Iba1- and GFAP-positive cell number in both the cortical LBZ and ipsilateral CA1, relative to saline controls."	( Berberine Protects Secondary Injury in Mice with Traumatic Brain Injury Through Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory Modulation. Chen, CC; Chen, L; Cheng, FR; Deng, XH; Huang, SX; Lin, WF; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Pei, Z; Qiu, G; Yang, Z; Zhu, FQ; Zhu, JH, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine-treated OVX-periodontitis rats consistently showed improved intestinal barrier integrity and decreased intestinal paracellular permeability with a lower level of serum endotoxin."	( Berberine Ameliorates Periodontal Bone Loss by Regulating Gut Microbiota. Chen, V; Guo, Q; He, J; Jia, L; Jia, X; Mo, L; Xu, X; Yuan, Q; Yuan, S; Zheng, L; Zheng, X; Zhou, X, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine treatment increased growth and viability of hippocampal pyramidal neurons."	( Berberine promotes nerve regeneration through IGFR‑mediated JNK‑AKT signal pathway. Dong, LH; He, HQ; Li, HY; Liu, ZM; Sun, YJ; Xu, GM; Xue, QL; Zhang, HN, 2018)	2.64
"Berberine treatment for 24 and 48 h decreased the number of cells by 44-84% (P < 0.0001) and 38-78% (P < 0.0001), and increased cell death by 12-17% (P < 0.005) and 38-78% (P < 0.0001) in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively."	( Berberine enhances posttranslational protein stability of p21/cip1 in breast cancer cells via down-regulation of Akt. Sabarwal, A; Shyanti, RK; Singh, RP; Tak, J, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine treatment could attenuate oxidative stress-induced ER stress and autophagy in a concentration-dependent manner."	( Berberine ameliorates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by modulating ER stress and autophagy in human nucleus pulposus cells. Li, G; Li, S; Liao, Z; Lu, S; Luo, R; Ma, L; Song, Y; Wang, K; Yang, C; Yin, H; Zhan, S; Zhang, Y, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine and IGF-I treatment increased ZIP14 protein expression and promoted zinc transfer into Caco-2 cells exposed to zinc gluconate plus LPS."	( Berberine induces ZIP14 expression and modulates zinc redistribution to protect intestinal mucosal barrier during polymicrobial sepsis. Feng, A; He, Y; Li, X; Sun, Y; Yuan, X; Zuo, H, 2019)	2.68
"Berberine treatments were either provided in preventive or therapeutic mode respectively."	( Berberine attenuates bleomycin induced pulmonary toxicity and fibrosis via suppressing NF-κB dependant TGF-β activation: a biphasic experimental study. Chitra, P; Manikandan, R; Saiprasad, G; Sudhandiran, G, 2013)	2.55
"The berberine treatment was initiated on the day of disease onset and administered daily until the mice were sacrificed."	( The protective effect of berberine against neuronal damage by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 and laminin degradation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Chen, S; Chen, X; Jiang, Y; Liu, Y; Ma, L; Pi, R; Wu, A; Zhu, C; Zhu, D, 2013)	1.17
"In berberine-treated cells, DNA damage was shown to be directly associated with the inhibitory effect of Topo II, but not Topo I by silencing gene of Topo I or Topo II."	( Mechanism study of goldenseal-associated DNA damage. Chen, S; Couch, L; Dobrovolsky, VN; Guo, L; Li, Y; Lin, H; Mei, N; Wan, L, 2013)	0.9
"Berberine treatment also led to a notable restoration of intestinal villi/mucosa structure and less infiltration of inflammatory cells, along with a decrease in plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level."	( Alteration of the intestinal barrier and GLP2 secretion in Berberine-treated type 2 diabetic rats. Chang, BC; Chen, LM; Kong, Y; Ren, HZ; Shan, CY; Wang, XY; Wang, Y; Xu, YG; Yang, JH; Zheng, MY, 2013)	1.35
"Berberine and metformin treatments prior to IVF improved the pregnancy outcome by normalizing the clinical, endocrine and metabolic parameters in PCOS women. "	( The use of berberine for women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF treatment. An, Y; Guan, Y; Liu, B; Lu, M; Sun, Z; Zhang, Y, 2014)	2.23
"Berberine (BBR) treatment significantly inhibited renal inflammation and thus improved renal damage in diabetes."	( Berberine ameliorates experimental diabetes-induced renal inflammation and fibronectin by inhibiting the activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling. Chang, X; Chen, L; Huang, H; Huang, J; Huang, K; Liu, P; Shen, X; Wang, S; Xie, X, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine treatment slows cell proliferation of ADPKD cystic cells in a dose-dependent manner and at high doses (100 μg/mL) it induces cell death in cystic cells as well as in normal kidney tubule cells."	( Berberine slows cell growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease cells. Aguiari, G; Bonon, A; Del Senno, L; Mangolini, A; Pinton, P, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine treatment also decreased the numbers of all sizes of tumors (>2 mm, 1-2 mm, and <1 mm) in the small intestine."	( Chemopreventive effects of berberine on intestinal tumor development in Apcmin/+ mice. Cao, H; Hu, T; Jing, Y; Qu, R; Song, S; Wang, B; Yan, F; Yang, B; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2013)	1.41
"Berberine treatment produced significant induction of both forms at the level of mRNA expression, but with increased doses produced 16~ to 52~fold greater inductions of CYP1A1 mRNA over CYP1B1 mRNA."	( Preferential induction of CYP1A1 over CYP1B1 in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells after exposure to berberine. Fu, LJ; Shen, DY; Wen, CJ; Wu, LX; Yu, J; Zhang, X; Zhang, YW; Zhou, HH, 2014)	1.34
"Berberine treatment was found to have no significant effect on the histological changes in the pancreas, but was observed to ameliorate the intestinal mucosal barrier damage and membrane permeability associated with SAP."	( Berberine ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis‑induced intestinal barrier dysfunction via a myosin light chain phosphorylation‑dependent pathway. Chen, T; Huang, Z; Liang, HY; Tang, LJ; Yan, HT, 2014)	2.57
"Berberine treatment significantly attenuated RIF induced by UUO. "	( Berberine ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats. He, YQ; Ma, LL; Tian, XJ; Wang, FM; Yang, YJ, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine treatment ameliorates RIF in a UUO rat model by inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and TGF-β1/pSmad3 signalling."	( Berberine ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats. He, YQ; Ma, LL; Tian, XJ; Wang, FM; Yang, YJ, 2014)	3.29
"Berberine treatment also reduced (by 70%) the growth of MiaPaCa-2 cell growth when implanted into the flanks of nu/nu mice."	( Dose-Dependent AMPK-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms of Berberine and Metformin Inhibition of mTORC1, ERK, DNA Synthesis and Proliferation in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Eibl, G; Ming, M; Rozengurt, E; Sinnett-Smith, J; Soares, HP; Wang, J; Young, SH, 2014)	1.37
"Berberine treatment increased expression of skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 mRNA and significantly decreased liver low density lipoprotein receptor mRNA expression."	( Effects of berberine on amelioration of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in high glucose and high fat diet-induced diabetic hamsters in vivo. Jin, J; Li, L; Li, P; Liu, C; Song, Y; Wang, Z; Wu, D; Xu, N; Zheng, X, 2015)	1.53
"Berberine treatment also inhibited renal inflammation, which was associated with inactivation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cell signalling."	( Renoprotective effect of berberine on type 2 diabetic nephropathy in rats. Dong, X; Huang, XR; Lan, HY; Li, P; Pan, XP; Sun, SF; Wang, H; Wen, YM; Yan, MH; Zhang, HJ; Zhang, L; Zhang, WK; Zhao, TT, 2015)	1.44
"Berberine treatment inhibits inflammation in J774A.1 cells by inducing autophagy, which is mediated through activation of the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. "	( Berberine alleviates ox-LDL induced inflammatory factors by up-regulation of autophagy via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Bensoussan, A; Chang, D; Fan, X; Hou, J; Lin, C; Liu, J; Wang, B; Wang, J, 2015)	3.3
"Berberine treatment caused decrease in viral protein and mRNA syntheses."	( Inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus replication and virus-induced p38 kinase activity by berberine. Choi, MS; Inn, KS; Kim, NJ; Lee, J; Shin, HB; Yi, CM, 2015)	1.36
"Berberine treatment of palmitate-incubated H9c2 cells reduced hypertrophy, increased α-MHC expression and decreased β-MHC expression."	( Berberine treatment prevents cardiac dysfunction and remodeling through activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in type 2 diabetic rats and in palmitate-induced hypertrophic H9c2 cells. Chang, W; Chen, L; Hatch, GM; Meng, Z; Yao, F; Yu, Y; Zhang, M, 2015)	2.58
"Berberine-treated rats significantly decreased urinary albumin excretion, a marker of renal injury (p < 0.05)."	( Effects of Berberine on Adipose Tissues and Kidney Function in 3T3-L1 Cells and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Dong, SF; Ikeda, K; Kishimoto, A; Negishi, H; Sun, JN; Yasui, N, 2015)	1.53
"Berberine treatment for 4 weeks significantly restored the impaired ACh- and insulin-induced vasodilatation of mesenteric arteries from diabetic rats. "	( Berberine improves mesenteric artery insulin sensitivity through up-regulating insulin receptor-mediated signalling in diabetic rats. Dong, L; Dong, MQ; Gao, F; Geng, FH; Li, GH; Zhang, P; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, ZJ, 2016)	3.32
"Berberine treatment resulted in significant decreases in the serum D-lactate level, intestinal permeability, intestinal myeloperoxidase activity, and intestinal mucosal and submucosal edema and inflammation, and the Chiu's scores assessed for intestinal mucosal injury."	( Berberine Reduces Uremia-Associated Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Damage. Fan, S; Kang, X; Liu, S; Peng, A; Tan, S; Wang, Z; Yu, C; Yu, Z; Zhao, S; Zhou, C; Zhu, C, 2016)	2.6
"Berberine treatment markedly decreased serum levels of ceramide and ceramide-1-phosphate."	( Lipid profiling of the therapeutic effects of berberine in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Bian, H; Chang, X; Gao, X; Jiang, J; Lin, H; Wang, Z; Xia, M; Yan, H; Zhang, J, 2016)	1.41
"Berberine treatment significantly increased serum SOD activity and decreased the content of MDA compared with diabetic model group (P < 0.05)."	( Berberine ameliorates renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by suppression of both oxidative stress and aldose reductase. Chen, FY; Chen, SR; Deng, YH; Guo, FF; Hei, ZQ; Huang, HQ; Huang, WG; Li, XJ; Liu, PQ; Liu, WH; Nie, H; Tang, FT, 2008)	2.51
"Berberine treatment inhibited cell cancer growth in a concentration (0-50 microM) and time- (0-48 h) dependent manner without any growth inhibition in normal human prostate epithelial PWR-1E cells."	( Berberine inhibits p53-dependent cell growth through induction of apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Choi, MS; Han, SB; Hong, JT; Jung, HY; Kim, SM; Lee, YM; Moon, DC; Oh, JH; Yoo, HS, 2009)	2.52
"Berberine treatment in vivo resulted in a 51.1% inhibition of tumor metastasis to the lymph nodes and decreased Ezrin phosphorylation at threonine 567 in metastatic samples."	( Berberine inhibits metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma 5-8F cells by targeting Rho kinase-mediated Ezrin phosphorylation at threonine 567. Cao, Y; Chen, Y; Deng, F; Duan, C; He, Z; Huang, D; Liu, S; Meng, J; Tang, F; Tian, D; Wang, D; Wang, L; Wang, W; Wu, B; Wu, Y; Xie, C; Zhu, F, 2009)	2.52
"Berberine treatment increased the glucose consumption and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in normal cells and improved glucose uptake in the FFA-induced insulin-resistant cells."	( Berberine improves free-fatty-acid-induced insulin resistance in L6 myotubes through inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and fatty acid transferase expressions. Chen, Y; Li, Y; Sun, C; Wang, Y; Wen, Y, 2009)	2.52
"Berberine treatment restored these molecular index obviously."	( [Controlling effect of berberine on in vitro synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones in insulin resistant ovary]. Li, W; Liu, YC; Wang, XX, 2010)	1.39
"Berberine treatment significantly delayed the point of death after 20 Gy, but not 16 Gy, abdominal RT (p < .01)."	( Effects of berberine against radiation-induced intestinal injury in mice. Chen, ZT; Hao, P; Hu, YD; Li, DZ; Li, GH; Tang, JL; Wang, DL; Wei, H; Zhang, YP, 2010)	1.47
"Berberine treatment also improved liver function."	( Regulation of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by berberine during hyperhomocysteinemia. O, K; Sarna, LK; Siow, YL; Wu, N, 2011)	1.34
"Berberine treatments showed significant improvements as indicated by significantly increased NO release, NOS and thrombomodulin production."	( Amelioration effects of berberine on diabetic microendothelial injury model by the combination of high glucose and advanced glycation end products in vitro. Du, JL; Hao, M; Li, CX; Li, H; Li, SY; Lin, Y; Liu, KX; Sun, CK; Wang, L; Zhou, Q, 2011)	1.4
"Berberine treatment reduced the plasma sugar and lipid levels by 24-69% in the rat model of hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia."	( Berberine attenuates cardiac dysfunction in hyperglycemic and hypercholesterolemic rats. Dong, SF; Hao, YZ; Hong, Y; Liu, M; Liu, Y; Sun, JN; Yu, HS, 2011)	2.53
"Berberine pretreatment led to a significant downregulation of RAD51, a key player in homologous recombination repair, in ESCC cells, but not in non-malignant human cells."	( Berberine radiosensitizes human esophageal cancer cells by downregulating homologous recombination repair protein RAD51. Feng, S; Gong, Y; Guo, H; Hao, C; Jiang, H; Liu, Q; Liu, Z; Shao, C; Wang, Y; Xu, B; Yang, Q; Zhao, M, 2011)	2.53
"Berberine treatment also decreased various biochemical parameters associated with lung metastasis."	( Berberine inhibits pulmonary metastasis through down-regulation of MMP in metastatic B16F-10 melanoma cells. Hamsa, TP; Kuttan, G, 2012)	2.54
"Berberine- and AICAR-treated groups demonstrated significantly decreased lung metastases in the pulmonary metastasis model in vivo."	( Berberine-induced AMPK activation inhibits the metastatic potential of melanoma cells via reduction of ERK activity and COX-2 protein expression. Kim, EJ; Kim, HS; Kim, MJ; Lee, MS; Lim, JS; Yang, Y, 2012)	2.54
"Berberine treatment markedly decreased LPS and PE particle-induced osteoclast recruitment and bone resorption in the murine calvarial model."	( Berberine inhibits lipopolysaccharide- and polyethylene particle-induced mouse calvarial osteolysis in vivo. An, B; Wang, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, P; Zhou, X; Zhu, Z, 2012)	2.54
"Berberine treatment can inhibit proliferation through a cell cycle arrest in OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cells. "	( Berberine-induced growth inhibition of epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Bae, J; Kim, JB; Lee, SJ; Park, KS, 2012)	3.26
"Berberine treatment contributes to the amelioration of endothelial function through a partially reducing oxidative stress of vascular endothelium induced by circulating CD31+/CD42- microparticles in humans."	( Berberine improves endothelial function by reducing endothelial microparticles-mediated oxidative stress in humans. Cheng, F; Li, J; Qiu, YX; Su, C; Tao, J; Wang, Y; Wu, F; Xia, WH; Yang, Z; Yu, BB, 2013)	2.55
"The berberine-treated as1 and as2 mutants formed abaxialized filamentous leaves."	( Berberine enhances defects in the establishment of leaf polarity in asymmetric leaves1 and asymmetric leaves2 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Cha, BY; Horiguchi, G; Kojima, S; Machida, C; Machida, Y; Nagai, K; Nakagawa, A; Ohga, K; Sato, N; Takahashi, H; Tsukaya, H; Woo, JT, 2012)	2.3
"The berberine microcapsule-treated cotton samples were subjected to various washing cycles and their surface morphology, chemical compositions and antibacterial property were investigated after washing."	( Effects of multiple washing on cotton fabrics containing berberine microcapsules with anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity. Chui, CH; Gambari, R; Lam, KH; Lam, PL; Li, L; Wong, RS; Yuen, CW, 2013)	1.12
"Berberine pre-treatment prolonged the persistence of DNA double-strand breaks in the MCF-7 cell line."	( Radiosensitization effects of berberine on human breast cancer cells. Liu, Q; Wang, J; Yang, Q, 2012)	1.39
"Berberine (BBR) treatment also effectively inhibits SphK1 activity and S1P production in the kidneys of diabetic models, thus improving renal injury."	( Berberine reduces fibronectin expression by suppressing the S1P-S1P2 receptor pathway in experimental diabetic nephropathy models. Huang, H; Huang, J; Huang, K; Lan, T; Liu, P; Liu, W; Peng, J; Shen, X; Wang, S; Xie, X, 2012)	2.54
"Berberine treatment down-regulated the expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and induced nitric oxide synthase in these cells."	( Berberine suppresses amyloid-beta-induced inflammatory response in microglia by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways. Chen, L; Cui, X; Jia, L; Liu, J; Pan, X; Song, Z; Wang, M, 2012)	2.54
"Berberine pretreatment promoted PC12 cells survival and inhibited apoptosis under hypoxia condition."	( Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 mediates the anti-apoptosis of berberine in neurons during hypoxia/ischemia. Li, H; Pan, L; Qian, Z; Zhang, Q; Zhu, H, 2012)	1.34
"Berberine pretreatment reduced the expression of hepatic PCSK9, decreased the plasma TC, TG, LDL-C, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1α, and 8-isoprostane concentrations; increased HDL-C level and LDLR expression in mice."	( Berberine inhibits dyslipidemia in C57BL/6 mice with lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation. Sun, ZL; Xiao, HB; Zhang, DS; Zhang, HB, 2012)	3.26
"Berberine treatment decreased infarct size and diminished the duration and incidence of arrhythmias compared to controls."	( Berberine attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulation of adenosine-5'-monophosphate kinase activity in both non-ischemic and ischemic areas of the rat heart. Chang, W; Chen, L; Hatch, GM; Li, J; Meng, Z; Wang, C; Wei, S; Xiao, D; Zhang, M, 2012)	2.54
"Berberine gelatin treatment reduced the ulcer pain score compared with placebo gelatin (P < 0.05)."	( Effects of berberine gelatin on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in a Chinese cohort. Jiang, XW; Li, FF; Lu, K; Peng, HY; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhu, YL, 2013)	1.5
"Berberine treatment for 8 weeks abolished the above changes by upregulating the expression of Gαs protein and downregulating the expression of Gαi protein, increasing cAMP level, and inhibiting MCs proliferation compared with model group."	( Berberine ameliorates renal injury by regulating G proteins-AC- cAMP signaling in diabetic rats with nephropathy. Liu, S; Lv, F; Tang, LQ; Wang, FL; Zhang, ST; Zhu, LN, 2013)	2.55
"Berberine treatment inhibited COX-2 and Mcl-1 expression dose-dependently, but not Bcl-2."	( Modulation of apoptosis by berberine through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and Mcl-1 expression in oral cancer cells. Chi, CW; Kuo, CL; Liu, TY, )	1.15
"Berberine treatment resulted in increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes, increased GLUT4 translocation in L6 cells in a phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase-independent manner, and reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes."	( Berberine, a natural plant product, activates AMP-activated protein kinase with beneficial metabolic effects in diabetic and insulin-resistant states. Cho, HJ; Gosby, A; Hohnen-Behrens, C; James, DE; Kim, CT; Kim, JB; Kim, KH; Kim, WS; Kraegen, EW; Lee, CH; Lee, YS; Oh, WK; Shen, Y; Ye, JM; Yoon, MJ, 2006)	2.5
"Berberine treatment was performed at the same time."	( Berberine reverses free-fatty-acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through targeting IKKbeta. Chen, G; Dong, H; Lu, FE; Wang, KF; Xu, LJ; Yi, P, 2008)	2.51
"Berberine treatment of T98G cell lines inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death in a dose (50-200 microg/ml) dependent manner with an IC50 value of 134 microg/ml, which was associated with an increase in G1 arrest."	( Berberine induces G1 arrest and apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells through mitochondrial/caspases pathway. Eom, KS; Hong, JM; Kim, JM; Kim, TY; Park, R; So, HS; Youn, MJ, 2008)	2.51
"Berberine treatment during the ongoing infection did not influence its outcome (from +2 to +10 day)."	( Influence of berberine on T-cell mediated immunity. Hristova, M; Ivanovska, N; Philipov, S, 1999)	1.39
"In berberine-treated G."	( In vitro effects of berberine sulphate on the growth and structure of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. Aikawa, M; Kaneda, Y; Tanaka, T; Torii, M, 1991)	1.12
"Treatment with berberine showed no significant effect on all biomarkers level compared to diclofenac group except on serum KIM-1 level which was also seen in pentoxifylline group."	( Berberine and Pentoxifylline: A novel combination in amelioration of acute kidney injury. Al-Gareeb, AI; Al-Kuraishy, HM; Hussien, NR, 2019)	2.3
"Treatment with berberine triggered cell autophagy, as demonstrated by the punctuate distribution of monodansylcadaverine staining and GFP-LC3, as well as the LC3-II, Beclin-1 and p-ULK1 promotion, and p62 degradation."	( Berberine represses human gastric cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing cytostatic autophagy via inhibition of MAPK/mTOR/p70S6K and Akt signaling pathways. Cao, S; Duan, J; He, X; Jiang, B; Kang, N; Qiu, F; Sun, Y; Wang, X; Yu, Y; Zhang, Q, 2020)	2.34
"Treatment with berberine associated with photodynamic therapy promoted an increase in the production of reactive species of oxygen (ROS) and caspase-3 activity, indicating a preferential cell death mechanism by caspase-dependent apoptosis."	( Effect of berberine associated with photodynamic therapy in cell lines. Calmon, MF; Lopes, TZ; Oliveira, PM; Rahal, P; Tedesco, AC, 2020)	1.3
"Treatment with berberine inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity, and upregulated acetylcholine levels in the serum and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene expression in the liver tissue."	( Berberine Ameliorates Glucose Metabolism in Diabetic Rats through the alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Related Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway. Dong, H; Gong, J; Lu, F; Ren, Y; Sun, W; Wang, D; Wang, K; Xu, L; Zou, X, 2022)	2.5
"Treatment with berberine, increased testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in diabetic rat with ED."	( Berberine modulates crucial erectogenic biomolecules and alters histological architecture in penile tissues of diabetic rats. Adefegha, SA; Dada, FA; Oboh, G; Okeke, BM; Oyeleye, SI, 2021)	2.4
"Treatment with berberine was associated with reductions in food intake, FBG level, insulin resistance, and plasma LPS level, as well as increases in fasting plasma GLP-2 level and glutamine-induced intestinal GLP-2 secretion."	( Berberine Slows the Progression of Prediabetes to Diabetes in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats by Enhancing Intestinal Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 and Improving the Gut Microbiota. Jiang, Y; Kong, Y; Liu, H; Ren, H; Shan, C; Wang, J; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Yang, J; Yang, Y; Zheng, M, 2021)	2.4
"Treatment of berberine (50mg/kg BW) to breast tumor bearing rats was found to be effective against DMBA induced mammary carcinoma."	( Preventive effect of berberine against DMBA-induced breast cancer in female Sprague Dawley rats. Bodduluru, LN; Ellutla, M; Kalyankumarraju, M; Karnam, KC; Kasala, ER; Lahkar, M; Uppulapu, SK, 2017)	1.13
"Treatment with berberine regulated BMP4 transcriptional pathways and brown adipose tissue transcriptional pathways and induced the gene mRNA expression of brown adipose tissue-specific genes in VWAT to develop browning gene phenotype of white adipose tissues, and then improved fat-induced insulin resistance."	( [Regulations of berberine on gene expression of BMP4 transcriptional pathways to improve visceral white adipose tissues insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic hamsters]. Gao, ZN; Huang, L; Li, GS; Li, XY; Liu, XH; Liu, YL, 2016)	1.12
"When treated with berberine, the DSS-induced enteric dysbacteriosis could be mitigated and their fecal bacteria were able to reduce acute hepatotoxicity in recipient mice."	( Microbiota transplantation reveals beneficial impact of berberine on hepatotoxicity by improving gut homeostasis. Fu, G; Huang, W; Qin, C; Wang, H; Yan, H; Zeng, M; Zhang, H; Zhao, L; Zhou, W, 2018)	1.05
"Treatment with berberine significantly reduced cortical lesion volume, neuronal loss, COX-2, iNOS and 8-OHdG expression in both the cortical lesion border zone (LBZ) and ipsilateral hippocampal CA1 region (CA1), compared to TBI-saline."	( Berberine Protects Secondary Injury in Mice with Traumatic Brain Injury Through Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory Modulation. Chen, CC; Chen, L; Cheng, FR; Deng, XH; Huang, SX; Lin, WF; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Pei, Z; Qiu, G; Yang, Z; Zhu, FQ; Zhu, JH, 2018)	2.26
"Pretreatment with berberine prevented morphological changes in IgE-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells such as the recovery of an elongated shape."	( Berberine suppresses mast cell-mediated allergic responses via regulating FcɛRI-mediated and MAPK signaling. Fu, M; Fu, S; Hong, T; Ni, S; Wang, D, 2019)	2.28
"Pretreatment with berberine in HepG2 cells resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylated AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK), as well as a marked elevation in phosphorylated Akt levels."	( Berberine induces selective apoptosis through the AMPK‑mediated mitochondrial/caspase pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Huang, N; Yang, X, 2013)	2.16
"Treatment with berberine resulted in suppression of XIAP protein in a dose- and time- dependent manner."	( Berberine induces apoptosis in p53-null leukemia cells by down-regulating XIAP at the post-transcriptional level. Hu, Q; Liu, A; Liu, J; Liu, S; Wu, B; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2013)	2.17
"Treatment with berberine also improved short-term memory by inhibiting apoptosis in the hippocampus."	( Berberine prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppresses hippocampal apoptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease. Cho, HS; Cho, KH; Kim, CJ; Kim, M; Lee, JM; Shin, DH; Shin, MS; Yang, HJ, 2014)	2.18
"Co-treatment with berberine inhibited such effects."	( Uncoupling protein-2 mediates the protective action of berberine against oxidative stress in rat insulinoma INS-1E cells and in diabetic mouse islets. Gao, Y; Huang, Y; Liu, J; Liu, L; Xu, G; Yu, X, 2014)	0.97
"Treatment with berberine prevented these changes above."	( Berberine up-regulates the BDNF expression in hippocampus and attenuates corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. Fang, XY; Hu, CY; Jin, SL; Li, YC; Ma, LG; Pei, YY; Shen, JD, 2016)	2.22
"Pretreatment with berberine even at highest concentration (50μM) was not able to retain membrane potential as compared to control."	( Role of berberine against arsenic induced oxidative damage in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Javadipour, M; Keshtzar, E; Khodayar, MJ; Rezaei, M, 2016)	1.19
"Pretreatment with berberine reduced LPS-induced iNOS protein expression and the cytoplasmic translocation of HuR in liver tissues and increased the survival rate of mice with LPS-induced endotoxemia."	( Berberine Decreased Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase mRNA Stability through Negative Regulation of Human Antigen R in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophages. Baek, NI; Choi, HE; Choi, JH; Lee, KT; Seo, S; Shin, JS, 2016)	2.2
"The treatment with berberine, curcumin or picroliv were found to (a) elevate the life span of leukemia harboring animals by more than 60 days; (b) decreased the anemic condition which was highly prevalent in FMuLv alone treated group; (c) histopathological evaluations showed that the compounds tested here inhibited the massive leukemic cell infiltrations to sinusoidal spaces in spleen; (d) decrease the expression of Bcl-2, Raf-1, Erk-1 IFNgamma receptor and erythropoietin; (e) induce the expression of p53."	( Inhibition of progression of erythroleukemia induced by Friend virus in BALB/c mice by natural products--berberine, curcumin and picroliv. Harikumar, KB; Kuttan, G; Kuttan, R, 2008)	0.88
"Treated with Berberine for 48 hours, the cells could be induced differentiation towards erythrocyte, granulocyte and megakaryocyte and with the treated time extending, the percentage of apoptosis cells gradually increased."	( [Effect of berberine on the differentiation and apoptosis of K562 cell line]. Jin, L; Liao, HJ; Liu, QY; Wang, YF; Zhang, MY, 2009)	1.1
"Pretreatment with berberine significantly decreased the incidence and severity of RIAIS in patients with abdominal/pelvic radiotherapy when compared with the patients of the control group (P < 0.05)."	( Berberine inhibits acute radiation intestinal syndrome in human with abdomen radiotherapy. Chen, ZT; Hao, P; Hu, YD; Li, DZ; Li, GH; Pu, P; Wan, JQ; Wang, DL; Wang, J; Wang, WD; Xu, XQ; Zhou, YB; Zhu, B, 2010)	2.13
"Treatment with berberine-induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 in the anoikis-resistant MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells as compared to untreated control cells."	( The alkaloid Berberine inhibits the growth of Anoikis-resistant MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest. Han, W; Kim, JB; Ko, E; Lee, KW; Noh, DY; Park, SY; Shin, I; Song, AK; Yu, JH, 2010)	1.07
"Treatment with berberine markedly suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-mediated lipid accumulation, which was due to an increase in cholesterol efflux."	( Anti-atherogenic effect of berberine on LXRalpha-ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux in macrophages. Chen, CY; Chen, SF; Ching, LC; Kou, YR; Lee, TS; Lyu, PC; Pan, CC; Peng, CC; Shyue, SK; Tsai, TH, 2010)	1
"Treatment with berberine can delay mortality and attenuated intestinal injury in mice undergoing whole abdominal RT. "	( Effects of berberine against radiation-induced intestinal injury in mice. Chen, ZT; Hao, P; Hu, YD; Li, DZ; Li, GH; Tang, JL; Wang, DL; Wei, H; Zhang, YP, 2010)	1.1
"Treatment of berberine enhanced insulin-mediated glycogen synthesis and restored insulin inhibition of triglyceride secretion."	( Berberine inhibits inflammatory response and ameliorates insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Huang, F; Li, L; Liu, B; Liu, K; Lou, T; Xi, Z; Zhang, Z, 2011)	2.16
"Treatment with berberine resulted in repression of E6 and E7 levels and concomitant increase in p53 and Rb expression in both cell types."	( Berberine modulates AP-1 activity to suppress HPV transcription and downstream signaling to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Bharti, AC; Das, BC; Husain, SA; Mahata, S; Shukla, S; Tyagi, A, 2011)	2.15
"Treated with berberine for 4 weeks, elevated blood pressure and heightened levels of urine protein, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in model rats were depressed significantly (P < 0.01), and elevated the activity of SOD, lowed the levels of MDA and GHb in blood serum (P < 0.01)."	( [Effects and mechanism of berberine on the hypertensive renal injury rats induced by enriched high fat-salt-fructose diet]. Cai, Y; Li, HB; Lv, JH; Qi, CL, 2011)	1.02
"Mice treated with berberine showed reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity."	( Effects of berberine on hippocampal neuronal damage and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity following transient global cerebral ischemia. Ahn, BH; Chu, YK; Hong, JS; Jang, JH; Kim, MJ; Lee, H; Lee, S; Lee, SR; Park, JH; Park, JW; Ryoo, HS, 2012)	1.09
"Treatment with berberine also decreased the metastatic potential of A375 human melanoma cells."	( Berberine-induced AMPK activation inhibits the metastatic potential of melanoma cells via reduction of ERK activity and COX-2 protein expression. Kim, EJ; Kim, HS; Kim, MJ; Lee, MS; Lim, JS; Yang, Y, 2012)	2.16
"Pretreatment with berberine induced IL-12 production in both macrophages and dendritic cells, and significantly increased the levels of IL-12 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and in CD40 ligand-stimulated dendritic cells."	( Induction of interleukin-12 production in mouse macrophages by berberine, a benzodioxoloquinolizine alkaloid, deviates CD4+ T cells from a Th2 to a Th1 response. Cho, D; Kang, BY; Kim, SH; Kim, TS, 2003)	0.88
"Treatment with berberine prevented the regrowth and migration of SMCs into the denuded trauma zone."	( Berberine suppresses MEK/ERK-dependent Egr-1 signaling pathway and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell regrowth after in vitro mechanical injury. Chen, YT; Hsu, SL; Liang, KW; Liao, JK; Lin, SJ; Ting, CT; Yin, SC, 2006)	2.12
"Treatment of berberine to 3T3-L1 adipocytes for 6 h enhanced basal glucose uptake both in normal and in insulin-resistant state, but the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was not augmented significantly."	( Berberine activates GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Bayaraa, T; Frost, SC; Hyun, CK; Kim, ED; Kim, SH; Shin, EJ, 2007)	2.14
"Treatment with berberine hydrochloride decreased the levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in periodontitis tissues (P<0.05)."	( [Effect of berberine hydrochloride on the expression of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in periodontal tissues in rats]. Du, JD; He, FD; Yang, Q; Yu, ZH; Zhang, GY; Zhang, XH, 2008)	1.08
"Treatment with berberine and palmatine showed 53.7% and 61.0% inhibition of dopamine content in PC12 cells at a concentration of 20 microM for 24 hr, respectively."	( Inhibition of dopamine biosynthesis by protoberberine alkaloids in PC12 cells. Kai, M; Kim, EI; Lee, MK; Shin, JS, 2000)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"A natural DNA-intercalator plant benzo-c-phenanthridine alkaloid sanguinarine is more toxic for mouse transformed fibroblast L-cells in culture than synthetic DNA-intercalator ethidium bromide (EtB) and alkaloid berberine."	( [The toxicity of sanguinarine compared to a number of other DNA-tropic compounds for ethidium bromide-sensitive and -resistant transformed murine fibroblasts in culture]. Beliaeva, TN; Faddeeva, MD; Ignatova, TN; Sal'nikov, KV, 1989)	0.46
" The rat maternal lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL), based on reduced maternal weight gain, was 7,250 ppm."	( Developmental toxicity evaluation of berberine in rats and mice. George, JD; Jahnke, GD; Marr, MC; Myers, CB; Price, CJ, 2006)	0.61
"In rats, maternal, but not fetal adverse effects were noted."	( Developmental toxicity evaluation of berberine in rats and mice. George, JD; Jahnke, GD; Marr, MC; Myers, CB; Price, CJ, 2006)	0.61
" The presence of Goldenseal root powder in dietary supplements and the topical application of Goldenseal preparations raise the possibility that an adverse phototoxic reaction may result from an interaction between its constituent alkaloids and light in exposed tissues."	( Photochemistry and photocytotoxicity of alkaloids from Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.). 2. Palmatine, hydrastine, canadine, and hydrastinine. Bilski, P; Chignell, CF; He, YY; Inbaraj, JJ; Kukielczak, BM; Sik, RH, 2006)	0.33
" It is, therefore, suggested that the use of long-term l-DOPA therapy with isoquinoline derivatives including berberine may need to be examined for the presence of adverse symptoms."	( Effects of berberine on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Choi, HS; Hwang, BY; Kwon, IH; Lee, BK; Lee, CK; Lee, MK; Lim, SC; Shin, KS, 2010)	0.96
" The present review supplies evidence that berberine is a safe anti-cancer agent, exerting several effects on mitochondria, including inhibition of mitochondrial Complex I and interaction with the adenine nucleotide translocator which can explain several of the described effects on tumor cells."	( Berberine as a promising safe anti-cancer agent - is there a role for mitochondria? Barbosa, IA; Burgeiro, A; Diogo, CV; Machado, NG; Oliveira, PJ; Serafim, TL, 2011)	2.07
" There were, however, very few clinical reports of adverse reaction attributable to RC or CP in oral TCM concoction."	( Berberine-induced haemolysis revisited: safety of Rhizoma coptidis and Cortex phellodendri in chronic haematological diseases. Lim, LC; Linn, YC; Lu, J; Ng, HS; Sun, H; Sun, J; Zhou, Y, 2012)	1.82
"Doxorubicin, a very potent and often used anti-cancer drug, is largely limited due to the dose-related toxic effects."	( Protective effects of berberine on doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Chen, Y; Luo, Y; Tong, N; Zhang, J; Zhao, X, 2012)	0.69
" Notably, no serious adverse reaction was reported in the 27 experiments."	( Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension. Dong, F; Fan, J; Lan, J; Sun, G; Yan, Z; Zhao, Y; Zheng, W, 2015)	0.68
" The safety results indicated that coptisine was a safe and low-toxic compound."	( The safety and anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of coptisine in Syrian golden hamsters. Chen, B; Fang, X; He, K; Hu, Y; Li, X; Ning, N; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Ye, X; Zou, Z, 2015)	0.42
" The preclinical acute dose toxicity study and 90-days repeated dose toxicity study of DB14201 extract in wistar rats by oral route indicated that the extract is safe up to 1000mg/kg dose."	( Antidiabetic potential of polyherbal formulation DB14201: Preclinical development, safety and efficacy studies. Awasthi, A; Bharate, SS; Gopalakrishna Pillai, GK; Jaggi, M; Mishra, G; Mithal, A; Singh, AT; Verma, R; Vishwakarma, RA, 2017)	0.46
" Moreover, in vitro assessment clearly showed BRB had a toxic effect on renal cell lines, while the primary metabolite, berberrubine-9-O-β-d-glucuronide (BRBG), did not show any obvious toxicity."	( High fat diet aggravates the nephrotoxicity of berberrubine by influencing on its pharmacokinetic profile. Aa, J; Fei, F; Feng, S; Fu, F; Geng, J; Guo, J; He, J; Liao, X; Sun, R; Wang, G; Wang, H; Wang, J; Xie, Y; Yang, N; Zhao, Y; Zhen, L; Zhu, X, 2016)	0.43
" This study supports the safe use of transdermal compositions that improve on the poor bioavailability of oral berberine and have the potential to be more efficacious in the treatment of dyslipidemia or hypercholesterolemia."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and safety assessment of transdermal berberine and dihydroberberine. Azike, CG; Baranowski, DC; Buchanan, B; Gabriele, J; Meng, Q; Poulin, MM; Zuccolo, J, 2018)	0.93
"Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity remains the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury due to the lack of safe and effective therapeutic agents."	( Hepatoprotective effects of berberine on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Hua, W; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Wei, Q; Zhao, Z; Zhu, Y, 2018)	0.77
" The outcomes were lipid profile parameters and adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidaemias: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ju, J; Li, J; Lin, Q; Xu, H, 2018)	0.79
" No significant differences were found between groups in terms of incidence of adverse events (RR = 0."	( Efficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidaemias: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ju, J; Li, J; Lin, Q; Xu, H, 2018)	0.79
" We use Homeostatic Model Assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) as the primary outcome of T2DM with IR, and we will also focus on the patient's blood glucose levels and all adverse reactions that occur during medication."	( Efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance: Protocol for a systematic review. Li, H; Li, S; Liu, B; Wang, Y; Yan, A; Yan, Y, 2019)	0.82
"This study will provide a high-quality synthesis of current evidence of BBR for T2DM with IR from several aspects including HOMA-IR, blood glucose levels, and adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance: Protocol for a systematic review. Li, H; Li, S; Liu, B; Wang, Y; Yan, A; Yan, Y, 2019)	0.82
" As compared with control group, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse events."	( [Systematic review and Meta-analysis on efficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidemia]. DU, YW; Wu, SX; Yang, HM; Yang, YY; Zhao, Y, 2020)	0.8
" Doxorubicin, one of the most potent chemotherapeutic drugs, although highly efficacious, also has adverse side effects, with its targets being liver and cardiac tissue."	( Hepatoprotective Role of Berberine on Doxorubicin Induced Hepatotoxicity - Involvement of Cyp. Cao, X; Du, X; He, M; Jin, Y; Sun, B; Yang, R; Yang, Y, 2020)	0.86
" The clinical utility of commonly used lipid-lowering drugs such as statins and fibrates is sometimes limited by the occurrence of various adverse reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidemia: study protocol for a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Du, YW; Ren, DW; Wang, J; Wang, YX; Wu, SX; Yang, BL; Yang, HM; Yang, YY; Zhang, YY; Zhao, Y; Zhou, HM, 2021)	0.93
" Safety assessment includes general physical examination, blood and urine routine test, liver and kidney function test, and adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidemia: study protocol for a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Du, YW; Ren, DW; Wang, J; Wang, YX; Wu, SX; Yang, BL; Yang, HM; Yang, YY; Zhang, YY; Zhao, Y; Zhou, HM, 2021)	0.93
" However, AA-containing herbs are highly safe in combination with berberine (Ber)-containing herbs in traditional medicine, suggesting the possible neutralizing effect of Ber on the toxicity of AA."	( Berberine-Based Heterogeneous Linear Supramolecules Neutralized the Acute Nephrotoxicity of Aristolochic Acid by the Self-Assembly Strategy. Feng, Y; Guo, W; Huang, G; Huang, X; Lei, H; Li, T; Li, Y; Tian, X; Wang, P; Xu, A; Yuan, K; Zhao, L; Zhen, J, 2021)	2.3
"The use of nanoparticle to encapsulate BBR is a worthy approach to enhance the curative effect of BBR against liver injuries, which donate a safe and effective drug delivery strategy to treat liver injuries."	( The inhibitory effect of PLGA-encapsulated berberine on hepatotoxicity and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) gene expression. Ahrari, A; Najafzadehvarzi, H; Taravati, A; Tohidi, F, 2021)	0.88
" Adverse reactions are worthy of attention which requires additional studies to obtain a precise conclusion."	( Efficacy and safety of berberine in preventing recurrence of colorectal adenomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cao, Z; Du, S; Fang, S; Guo, S; Su, X; Wei, W; Yang, Y, 2022)	1.03
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of repeated administrations of TAZF and investigate the internal exposure of the main components and its relationship with toxic symptoms."	( Toxicity and toxicokinetics of the ethanol extract of Zuojin formula. Gao, Y; Li, L; Li, Y; Liu, X; Shan, D; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Yang, Z; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" The toxic effects were evaluated weekly by assessing body weight changes, food intake, blood biochemistry and haematological indices, organ weights and histological changes."	( Toxicity and toxicokinetics of the ethanol extract of Zuojin formula. Gao, Y; Li, L; Li, Y; Liu, X; Shan, D; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Yang, Z; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Alkaloids from Coptis chinensis are the main plasma components related to the toxic effects of TAZF."	( Toxicity and toxicokinetics of the ethanol extract of Zuojin formula. Gao, Y; Li, L; Li, Y; Liu, X; Shan, D; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Yang, Z; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
"This study suggests that berberine may be a promising alternative for CVDs with no serious adverse reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of berberine for several cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Shen, T; Wu, W; Yang, L; Zhang, X; Zhou, X; Zhu, W, 2023)	1.52
" Although they are the most widely-used antibiotics due to their high efficacy and low cost, several main adverse effects have been reported including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity."	( Berberine chloride protects cochlear hair cells from aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity by reducing the accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Baek, JI; Kim, UK; Kim, YR; Lee, KY, 2023)	2.35
" The secondary outcomes were symptom improvement rate, patient compliance, and incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of triple therapy containing berberine, amoxicillin, and vonoprazan for Helicobacter pylori initial treatment: A randomized controlled trial. Chen, S; Dong, Q; Liu, Y; Shen, W; Shi, Y, 2023)	1.16
" In addition, the symptom improvement rate, overall adverse reaction rate, and patient compliance were similar among the three groups (P >0."	( Efficacy and safety of triple therapy containing berberine, amoxicillin, and vonoprazan for Helicobacter pylori initial treatment: A randomized controlled trial. Chen, S; Dong, Q; Liu, Y; Shen, W; Shi, Y, 2023)	1.16
"In people living with HIV under virological suppression, berberine was safe and improves clinical and biochemical components of metabolic syndrome."	( Pilot study on the efficacy and safety of berberine in people with metabolic syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Alvarez-Zavala, M; Andrade-Villanueva, JF; González-Hernández, LA; Martínez-Ayala, P; Méndez-Clemente, AS; Navarro-Lara, SA; Ruiz-Herrera, VV; Sánchez-Reyes, K; Toscano-Piña, M; Valle-Rodríguez, A, 2023)	1.42
"The results suggest that BE is an effective and safe adjunctive method for PVCs."	( Efficacy and safety of berberine for premature ventricular contractions: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Chen, Z; Lei, C; Lu, C; Qiao, M; Tan, C; Wang, Z; Zhang, Q, 2023)	1.22

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The BBR can markedly elevate the blood concentration of CsA in renal-transplant recipients in both clinical and pharmacokinetic studies."	( Effects of berberine on the blood concentration of cyclosporin A in renal transplanted recipients: clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Li, Q; Wu, X; Xin, H; Yu, A; Zhong, M, 2005)	0.72
" The validated method was used to study the pharmacokinetic profile of berberine and palmatine in rat plasma after oral administration of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction."	( Simultaneous determination of berberine and palmatine in rat plasma by HPLC-ESI-MS after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction and the pharmacokinetic application of the method. Liang, Y; Liu, XD; Lu, T; Song, J; Wang, GJ; Xie, L, 2006)	0.86
" Pharmacokinetic investigations on CsA at 6 mg/kg were done both before and at the end of the BBR treatment period."	( The effects of berberine on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin A in healthy volunteers. Li, Q; Liu, YY; Wu, XC; Xin, HW; Yu, AR; Zhong, MY, )	0.48
"0 to analysis pharmacokinetic parameters of berberine."	( [Effect of Rhizoma coptidis and Radix rehmanniae with different ratio on pharmacokinetics of berberine in rats]. Liu, FF; Lu, FE; Wang, XQ; Xu, LJ; Yang, MW; Zou, X, 2007)	0.82
" The fully validated LC-MS/MS method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in rat plasma after oral administration of coptis-evodia herb couple."	( Simultaneous determination of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in rat plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of coptis-evodia herb couple. Bi, K; Deng, Y; Li, S; Liao, Q; Pan, B; Xie, Z, 2008)	0.85
"This review summarizes recent research on the neuropharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Coptidis rhizoma."	( Neuropharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of berberine: a review of recent research. Fu, S; He, F; Pi, R; Ye, M, 2009)	0.82
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics of berberine are that it is not easily absorbed and it is not stable in the gastrointestinal tract of animals or humans."	( Neuropharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of berberine: a review of recent research. Fu, S; He, F; Pi, R; Ye, M, 2009)	0.87
"Further studies need to be carried out to develop berberine as a drug for nervous system diseases, such as brain ischaemia and Alzheimer's disease, that has favorable pharmacokinetic properties."	( Neuropharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of berberine: a review of recent research. Fu, S; He, F; Pi, R; Ye, M, 2009)	0.85
" After the Huanglianjiedu decoction were administered to rats through ig route, LC-MS-MS method has been applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the three alkaloids in rat serum."	( [Pharmacokinetics of three alkaloids in Huanglianjiedu decoction in rat serum by LC-MS-MS]. Fan, B; Peng, J; Wu, X; Yu, Y, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic process of the three alkaloids after oral administration of Huanglianjiedu decoction was fitted to be a one-compartment model."	( [Pharmacokinetics of three alkaloids in Huanglianjiedu decoction in rat serum by LC-MS-MS]. Fan, B; Peng, J; Wu, X; Yu, Y, 2009)	0.35
"The fully validated LC-MS-MS method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the three alkaloids in rat serum after oral administration of Huanglianjiedu decoction."	( [Pharmacokinetics of three alkaloids in Huanglianjiedu decoction in rat serum by LC-MS-MS]. Fan, B; Peng, J; Wu, X; Yu, Y, 2009)	0.35
" The validated method was applied in pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of Yiqing Capsule and Gegen-Qinlian Tablet to rats."	( Simultaneous determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and application in pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of traditional Chinese Cai, F; Chen, W; Feng, J; Jiang, B; Tao, X; Wei, H; Xu, W, 2010)	0.6
"This essay establishes a method for determine berberine in rabbit plasma, provided the pharma cokinetic parameters for rational administration of ermiao capsules, and also provided the pharmacokinetic study method of compounds."	( [Comparison of pharmacokinetics about ermiao capsules and ermiao pellet]. Cao, AM; Dou, DQ; Kang, TG; Sun, ZS; Zhou, L, 2010)	0.62
"The aim was to investigate the effect of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction (HLJDD) on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of verapamil in rats."	( Effect of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction on pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Hu, N; Jing, XY; Liu, CH; Liu, XD; Wang, GJ; Xie, L; Xie, SS, 2010)	0.36
" However, HLJDD did not alter the pharmacokinetic behaviour of verapamil after intravenous administration."	( Effect of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction on pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Hu, N; Jing, XY; Liu, CH; Liu, XD; Wang, GJ; Xie, L; Xie, SS, 2010)	0.36
"0 pharmacokinetic program (Chinese Pharmacology Society) to obtain the main pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effects of cinnamon granules on pharmacokinetics of berberine in Rhizoma Coptidis granules in healthy male volunteers. Chen, G; Dong, H; Huang, Z; Lei, H; Lu, F; Xu, L; Zou, X, 2011)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic calculations were performed on each individual set of data using 3P97 practical pharmacokinetic software."	( [Effect of berberine on pharmacokinetics of digoxin after oral administration to rats]. Jiang, X; Ju, Y; Liu, C; Qiu, W, 2011)	0.76
" After pretreatment with BBR (30, 100 mg x kg(-1)), the pharmacokinetic parameters of ig DIG were significantly altered."	( [Effect of berberine on pharmacokinetics of digoxin after oral administration to rats]. Jiang, X; Ju, Y; Liu, C; Qiu, W, 2011)	0.76
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were quite different between single herbs and Zuojinwan prescription."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of dehydroevodiamine and coptisine in rat plasma after oral administration of single herbs and Zuojinwan prescription. Di, X; Liu, Y; Shen, W; Wang, Y; Yan, R, 2011)	0.37
" In this study, we performed both in vivo and in vitro experiments to explore whether pharmacokinetic interactions between KTZ and BBR would benefit their pharmacodynamic synergism."	( Drug-drug interactions between ketoconazole and berberine in rats: pharmacokinetic effects benefit pharmacodynamic synergism. Dai, R; He, P; Liu, A; Liu, Y; Zhang, L; Zhou, Y, 2012)	0.63
" After intravenous administration, plasma jatrorrhizine concentrations showed a biphasic decline, dose-independent clearance and half-life of terminal elimination phase, and a relatively large distribution volume."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of jatrorrhizine, a gastric prokinetic drug candidate. Cheng, N; Luo, H; Ma, B; Ma, Y; Shi, R; Wang, X; Wu, D; Zhou, H, 2012)	0.38
" The method was then successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study of four bioactive components after a single oral administration of DHXD extract to rats."	( A novel UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of rhein, emodin, berberine and baicalin in rat plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Gao, JW; Huang, P; Lu, YS; Shi, Z; Yao, MC; Yuan, YM; Zou, JL, 2012)	0.61
" The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of THP, THB, THC and CDL in rat plasma following oral administration of Jitai tablet."	( Development and validation of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of four tertiary alkaloids in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Jiang, P; Liu, L; Liu, R; Wang, L; Wang, S; Xiang, L; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
" The concentrations of berberine in non-diabetic mice plasma were determined using HPLC, and main pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated."	( The anti-diabetic effects and pharmacokinetic profiles of berberine in mice treated with Jiao-Tai-Wan and its compatibility. Chen, G; Dong, H; Huang, Z; Lu, F; Wang, F; Xu, L; Yi, P; Zou, X, 2013)	0.94
" There is limited information available for differences of pharmacokinetic properties of San-Huang formula between normal and metabolic syndrome rats."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of berberine and palmatine in normal and metabolic syndrome rats. Jiao, Z; Li, ZD; Liu, QF; Shi, XJ; Wang, B; Zhong, MK, 2014)	0.69
" Various pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from the plasma concentration versus time data using non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of berberine and palmatine in normal and metabolic syndrome rats. Jiao, Z; Li, ZD; Liu, QF; Shi, XJ; Wang, B; Zhong, MK, 2014)	0.69
" Single dose (50 mg/kg) oral pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed significant improvement (P<0."	( Characterization, pharmacokinetics, and hypoglycemic effect of berberine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Gao, DH; Li, XJ; Li, XM; Li, ZP; Liu, SH; Ou, ZM; Xue, M; Yang, MX; Yang, SY; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.63
"To analyse and compare the characteristics of the intestinal absorption of puerarin, baicalin, berberine and liquiritin in different combinations of Gegenqinlian decoction based on pharmacokinetic parameters, a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was applied for the quantification of four components in rat's plasma."	( [Analysis and comparison of intestinal absorption of components of Gegenqinlian decoction in different combinations based on pharmacokinetic parameters]. An, R; Gu, QQ; Wang, XH; Wang, Y; Yuan, J; Zhang, YZ, 2013)	0.61
" Plasma samples were collected at 15 different points in time and the pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by WinNonlin software."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of berberine in rat plasma after oral administration of berberine hydrochloride in normal and post inflammation irritable bowel syndrome rats. Chen, Y; Dong, Y; Gao, S; Gong, Z; Guo, Y; Wang, Y; Weng, X; Yang, Q; Zhang, H; Zhang, R; Zhu, X, 2014)	0.69
" A sensitive, specific and validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of BBR and PMT in rat plasma and in situ intestinal perfusion solution."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of active alkaloids after oral administration of Rhizoma Coptidis extract and Wuji Wan formulas in rat using a UPLC-MS/MS method. Chen, Y; Dong, Y; Gong, Z; Li, Y; Wang, Y; Weng, X; Yang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhu, X, 2015)	0.42
" The results showed that the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the alkaloids were different although their chemical structures were similar."	( Pharmacochemistry and integrated pharmacokinetics of six alkaloids after oral administration of huang-lian-jie-du-tang decoction. Liu, JX; Ma, ZT; Yang, XW; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" However, pharmacokinetic studies showed that berberine was poorly absorbed into the body so the levels of berberine in the blood and target tissues were far below the effective concentrations revealed."	( A metabolomic and pharmacokinetic study on the mechanism underlying the lipid-lowering effect of orally administered berberine. Aa, J; Cao, B; Gu, S; Hylemon, PB; Li, Y; Liu, L; Paletta, JL; Radlon, JM; Ridlon, JM; Sun, R; Tang, Y; Wang, G; Wu, X; Wu, XL; Zha, W; Zhao, C; Zhou, H, 2015)	0.88
"Correction for 'A metabolomic and pharmacokinetic study on the mechanism underlying the lipid-lowering effect of orally administered berberine' by Shenghua Gu et al."	( Correction: A metabolomic and pharmacokinetic study on the mechanism underlying the lipid-lowering effect of orally administered berberine. Aa, J; Cao, B; Gu, S; Hylemon, PB; Li, Y; Liu, L; Paletta, JL; Ridlon, JM; Sun, R; Tang, Y; Wang, G; Wu, XL; Zha, W; Zhao, C; Zhou, H, 2015)	0.83
" Plasma samples were collected at 15 different points in time and the pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by WinNonlin software."	( Pharmacokinetic difference of berberine between normal and chronic visceral hypersensitivity irritable bowel syndrome rats and its mechanism. Chen, Y; Dong, Y; Gong, Z; Guo, Y; Li, Y; Liu, X; Wang, Y; Weng, X; Yang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhou, B; Zhu, X, 2015)	0.71
" Pharmacokinetic parameters from the COP concentration-time profiles in plasma and brain, and the brain-to-plasma coefficient (Kp, brain) were calculated by non-compartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and Brain Distribution and Metabolite Identification of Coptisine, a Protoberberine Alkaloid with Therapeutic Potential for CNS Disorders, in Rats. Chen, N; Ma, S; Miao, P; Miao, Q; Su, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.64
" Significant pharmacokinetic differences were observed between the African and Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of a multicomponent herbal preparation in healthy Chinese and African volunteers. Alolga, RN; Chen, Y; Fan, Y; Lelu Kakila, J; Li, J; Li, P; Qi, LW; Zhang, G; Zhao, YJ, 2015)	0.42
" The proposed method was applied to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of SV combined with BBR after oral administration in rats."	( Validated UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of simvastatin, simvastatin hydroxy acid and berberine in rat plasma: Application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of simvastatin combined with berberine after oral administratio Li, G; Liu, M; Su, X; Zhao, G; Zhao, L, 2015)	0.63
"With the purpose of carrying out pharmacokinetic interaction studies ofnberberine (BBR) and fenofibrate (FBT), an UPLC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated."	( Development and application of a UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of fenofibric acid and berberine in rat plasma: application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of fenofibrate combined with berberine after oral administrati Li, G; Liu, M; Su, X; Yang, F; Zhao, L; Zhao, M, 2016)	0.88
" SD male rats were random divided into lovastatin group and berberine induced prior to lovastatin group for the in vivo pharmacokinetic studies."	( In Vivo and in Vitro Study on Drug-Drug Interaction of Lovastatin and Berberine from Pharmacokinetic and HepG2 Cell Metabolism Studies. Cui, H; Dang, M; Dong, Y; Liu, H; Tong, X; Wang, J; Wu, J; Yang, F; Zhang, L; Zhang, Q, 2016)	0.91
"This article focused on a comparative analysis on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of berberine (BER) and jateorhizine(JAT) in Coptidis Rhizoma powder (HL-P) and their monomeric compounds (BER + JAT, BJ) in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats to explore the beneficial."	( [Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of berberine and jateorhizine in Coptidis Rhizoma powder and their monomeric compounds in type 2 diabetic rats]. Huang, R; Jiang, SJ; Li, JB; Lu, FE; Wei, SC; Xu, LJ; Xu, XH; Zou, X, 2015)	0.88
" This validated method was successfully applied to our pharmacokinetic study of BBR derivatives in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of novel berberine derivatives with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Hua, C; Li, F; Li, Q; Liang, H; Liu, Y; Shen, Q; Wang, W, 2016)	0.72
"In T2DM model rats, the pharmacokinetic behaviour of berberine was significantly altered, which indicated that berberine dosage should be modified in T2DM patients."	( Effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics of berberine in rats. Jia, Y; Xu, B; Xu, J, 2017)	0.94
" Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study of liposomal BBR was performed in rats and tumour-bearing nude mice, respectively."	( Preparation, pharmacokinetics and tumour-suppressive activity of berberine liposomes. Liu, Z; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Zheng, X, 2017)	0.69
" However it has been less explored due to its poor pharmacokinetic profile."	( Dendrimer encapsulated and conjugated delivery of berberine: A novel approach mitigating toxicity and improving in vivo pharmacokinetics. Gothwal, A; Gupta, L; Gupta, U; Khan, MS; Khinchi, MP; Qayum, A; Sharma, AK; Singh, SK, 2017)	0.71
" After the concentration changes of palmatine and jatrorrhizine in the plasma of rats were determined by RP-HPLC, pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability were calculated by 3P97 software."	( [Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of palmatine and jatrorrhizine in Huangteng in rats]. Gao, YG; He, ZM; Li, GF; Yang, H; Zhang, LX; Zhao, Y; Zheng, JY; Zhu, HY, 2017)	0.46
" The pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a 2-20 fold increase in blood concentration of NADES/berberine with significant changes in pharmacokinetic profile."	( Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) to Enhance Berberine Absorption: An In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study. Baldan, V; Brun, P; Castagliuolo, I; Dall'Acqua, S; Faggian, M; Grabnar, I; Maggi, F; Perissutti, B; Peron, G; Poloniato, G; Sut, S; Voinovich, D, 2017)	0.93
" Coadministration of Fbt and Svt with Bbr had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of Bbr, except time to maximum concentration, apparent volume of distribution, and apparent clearance."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions and tolerability of berberine chloride with simvastatin and fenofibrate: an open-label, randomized, parallel study in healthy Chinese subjects. Li, G; Qiu, F; Sun, Y; Zhao, L; Zhao, M, 2019)	0.77
" No clinically obvious pharmacokinetic interactions between Bbr and Fbt/Svt were observed with combined administration."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions and tolerability of berberine chloride with simvastatin and fenofibrate: an open-label, randomized, parallel study in healthy Chinese subjects. Li, G; Qiu, F; Sun, Y; Zhao, L; Zhao, M, 2019)	0.77
"Considering the potential oral administration sequences and role of microbiota for metformin (MET) and berberine (BBR) during anti-diabetic treatments, the current study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic interactions between MET and BBR in rats after oral administration at different sequences and impacts of microbiota on such interactions."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between metformin and berberine in rats: Role of oral administration sequences and microbiota. Chan, PKS; Cheung, SCK; Kong, APS; Lin, L; Lyu, Y; Shaw, PC; Yang, M; Yang, X; Zhang, Y; Zuo, Z, 2019)	0.98
"Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups as per what was orally administered to them: MET (G1)/BBR (G2) at 200 mg/kg, BBR 2-hour (h) after dosing MET (G3), MET 2-h after dosing BBR (G4) or MET with BBR at the same time (G5) followed by monitoring their pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between metformin and berberine in rats: Role of oral administration sequences and microbiota. Chan, PKS; Cheung, SCK; Kong, APS; Lin, L; Lyu, Y; Shaw, PC; Yang, M; Yang, X; Zhang, Y; Zuo, Z, 2019)	0.77
" Consistent with pharmacokinetic findings, sequential in vitro incubations of MET and BBR in both rat intestinal content and human fecalase demonstrated significant increase on MET persisted after 24-h incubation in G3R/H & G4R/H."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between metformin and berberine in rats: Role of oral administration sequences and microbiota. Chan, PKS; Cheung, SCK; Kong, APS; Lin, L; Lyu, Y; Shaw, PC; Yang, M; Yang, X; Zhang, Y; Zuo, Z, 2019)	0.77
"Our finding for the first time demonstrated the significant effect of sequential co-administration of BBR and MET on their pharmacokinetic interactions, which could be related to their microbiota mediated metabolisms in gastrointestinal tract (GI)."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between metformin and berberine in rats: Role of oral administration sequences and microbiota. Chan, PKS; Cheung, SCK; Kong, APS; Lin, L; Lyu, Y; Shaw, PC; Yang, M; Yang, X; Zhang, Y; Zuo, Z, 2019)	0.77
" In this study, the influence of Gancao on the pharmacokinetics of Huanglian was systematically studied by using berberine as a pharmacokinetic marker."	( Pharmacokinetic incompatibility of the Huanglian-Gancao herb pair. Ma, BL; Wang, R; Zhang, JQ; Zhao, CC; Zhao, Q; Zhou, T, 2020)	0.77
" Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of Huanglian and the herb pair were conducted in ICR mice."	( Pharmacokinetic incompatibility of the Huanglian-Gancao herb pair. Ma, BL; Wang, R; Zhang, JQ; Zhao, CC; Zhao, Q; Zhou, T, 2020)	0.56
"This study implements a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling approach to predict the effect of hydrastine and berberine, two major alkaloids present in goldenseal extract, on pharmacokinetics of imatinib and bosutinib."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model predictions of natural product-drug interactions between goldenseal, berberine, imatinib and bosutinib. Adiwidjaja, J; Boddy, AV; McLachlan, AJ, 2022)	1.14
"PBPK models of hydrastine and berberine were developed in the Simcyp Simulator (version 17), integrating prior in vitro knowledge and published clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model predictions of natural product-drug interactions between goldenseal, berberine, imatinib and bosutinib. Adiwidjaja, J; Boddy, AV; McLachlan, AJ, 2022)	1.22
"A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneously determining the components(magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine, berberrubine, coptisine, berberine) of Jiaotai Pills and Fluoxetine in plasma of rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)-induced depression to investigate the pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction of Jiaotai Pills and Fluoxetine in the rats."	( [Pharmacokinetic interaction of Jiaotai Pills and Fluoxetine in rats with CUMS-induced depression]. Cao, Y; Chen, SS; Dai, GL; Ju, WZ; Li, FR; Li, Y; Liu, MC; Wang, YQ; Yang, XY, 2022)	0.91
" Thus, in this review, we gathered and dissected any related animal and human research articles regarding the pharmacokinetic parameters of berberine including bioavailability, metabolism, distribution, excretion, and drug-drug interactions."	( Pharmacokinetic of berberine, the main constituent of Berberis vulgaris L.: A comprehensive review. Hosseinzadeh, H; Imenshahidi, M; Khoshandam, A, 2022)	1.25
" However, the chemical profiles, metabolic transformation and pharmacokinetic behavior of XEC in vivo were unclear."	( Metabolic profiling integrated with pharmacokinetics to reveal the material basis of Xiaokeyinshui extract combination in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in rats. Chen, JC; Fang, JB; Fu, XN; He, JX; Hu, ZF; Huang, R; Li, Q; Luo, D; Peng, HM; Tong, QL; Wan, LS; Wu, JL; Xia, RF; Xiang, ZN; Zhang, YL, 2023)	0.91
"Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of BBR and its lipophilic metabolites, berberrubine (BRB) and dihydroberberine (DHBBR), were reviewed including solubility/lipophilicity, salt/ion-pair formation, oral bioavailability, first-pass metabolism, and intestinal microbiota-mediated metabolism, by searching research articles using PubMed."	( Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: Part 1. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Bodor, E; Bodor, N; Murakami, T, 2023)	1.36
" The pharmacokinetic analysis of BBR bioavailability data can provide a clue to developing effective dosage routes and/or formulations that can increase the oral bioavailability of BBR."	( Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: Part 1. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Bodor, E; Bodor, N; Murakami, T, 2023)	1.15

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Using a BCNU-resistant 9L subline (9L-2), treatment with berberine in combination with BCNU also demonstrated additive cytotoxicity."	( Laboratory studies of berberine used alone and in combination with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea to treat malignant brain tumors. Dougherty, DV; Rosenblum, ML; Zhang, RX, 1990)	0.84
"The cell-killing effect and its possible mechanism of berberine used alone or in combination with argon ion laser treatment on 9L rat glioma cells were studied."	( Effect of berberine alone or in combination with argon ion laser treatment on 9L rat glioma cell line. Chen, KT; Chen, YC; Hao, DM; Liu, ZX; You, ZS, 1994)	0.94
"A sensitive and reliable assay for the quantification of l-stepholidine (SPD) in rat plasma and brain was developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with fluorescence detection."	( Quantification of l-stepholidine in rat brain and plasma by high performance liquid chromatography combined with fluorescence detection. Baker, GB; Kapur, S; MacKenzie, EM; Mamo, D; Natesan, S; Odontiadis, J, 2007)	0.34
"The present study analyses the effect of two plant phenolic compounds, namely chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid, and a plant alkaloid, berberine, alone and also in combination with two commercial oral hypoglycemic drugs (OHD), namely metformin and 2,4-thiazolodinedione (THZ), on the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) by L6 myotubes."	( Synergistic effect of phytochemicals in combination with hypoglycemic drugs on glucose uptake in myotubes. Doble, M; Prabhakar, PK, 2009)	0.56
" Recently, a synergistic antifungal effect of KTZ combined with BBR has been revealed."	( Drug-drug interactions between ketoconazole and berberine in rats: pharmacokinetic effects benefit pharmacodynamic synergism. Dai, R; He, P; Liu, A; Liu, Y; Zhang, L; Zhou, Y, 2012)	0.63
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."	( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)	0.38
"A total of 30 chalcone analogues was synthesized via a base catalyzed Claisen Schmidt condensation and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) alone or in combination with non beta-lactam antibiotics namely ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, vancomycin, doxycycline and gentamicin."	( Synthesis and anti Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity of substituted chalcones alone and in combination with non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Do, TH; Huynh, TN; Ngo, TD; Thai, KM; Tran, CD; Tran, NC; Tran, TD, 2012)	0.38
" As apoE is a potent ligand for the LDL receptor, we next evaluated the effects of TOR in combination with the LDL-lowering drug berberine, which upregulates LDL receptor expression in dyslipidemic hamsters."	( Upregulating reverse cholesterol transport with cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition requires combination with the LDL-lowering drug berberine in dyslipidemic hamsters. Briand, F; Muzotte, E; Sulpice, T; Thieblemont, Q, 2013)	0.8
" We hypothesized that BBR in combination with 2-DG would be more efficient than either agent alone against cancer cell growth."	( Berberine combined with 2-deoxy-d-glucose synergistically enhances cancer cell proliferation inhibition via energy depletion and unfolded protein response disruption. Fan, LX; Gao, AH; Li, J; Liu, CM; Zhou, YB, 2013)	1.83
"BBR combined with 2-DG synergistically enhanced the growth inhibition of cancer cells in vitro."	( Berberine combined with 2-deoxy-d-glucose synergistically enhances cancer cell proliferation inhibition via energy depletion and unfolded protein response disruption. Fan, LX; Gao, AH; Li, J; Liu, CM; Zhou, YB, 2013)	1.83
" Herein, we studied the anticancer effects of berberine, a plant alkaloid, in combination with doxorubicin on murine melanoma B16F10 cells in vitro and in vivo."	( Berberine in combination with doxorubicin suppresses growth of murine melanoma B16F10 cells in culture and xenograft. Mittal, A; Singh, RP; Tabasum, S, 2014)	2.1
" In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of berberine combined with atorvastatin on LOX‑1 and explore the underlying molecular mechanism involved."	( Berberine combined with atorvastatin downregulates LOX‑1 expression through the ET‑1 receptor in monocyte/macrophages. Chi, L; Hu, X; Pan, N; Peng, L; Zhang, Y, 2014)	2.09
" Therefore, ultrafiltration liquid chromatography combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography is not only a powerful tool for screening and isolating α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitors in complex samples but is also a useful platform for discovering bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus and gout."	( Ultrafiltration liquid chromatography combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography for screening and isolating potential α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Cortex Phellodendri. Guo, L; Li, S; Liu, C; Ma, B; Qin, Y; Ren, J; Tang, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Yang, X; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
"Berberine, the main active component of the herbal medicine Rhizoma Coptidis, has been reported to have hypoglycemic and insulin-sensitizing effects and, therefore, could be combined with metformin therapy."	( Organic cation transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction potential between berberine and metformin. Choi, MK; Choi, YA; Kwon, M; Song, IS, 2015)	2.09
"Botanical medicines are frequently used in combination with therapeutic drugs, imposing a risk for harmful botanical-drug interactions (BDIs)."	( An ex vivo approach to botanical-drug interactions: a proof of concept study. Gurley, BJ; Markowitz, JS; Munoz, J; Wang, X; Zhu, HJ, 2015)	0.42
" In this work, we establish a new method named cell extraction combined with off-line HPLC for screening the compounds penetrating the cell membrane."	( Cell extraction combined with off-line HPLC for screening active compounds from Coptis chinensis. Duan, H; Tang, C; Wu, XD; Xu, L; Yu, YM; Zhou, J, 2016)	0.43
" The proposed method was applied to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of SV combined with BBR after oral administration in rats."	( Validated UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of simvastatin, simvastatin hydroxy acid and berberine in rat plasma: Application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of simvastatin combined with berberine after oral administratio Li, G; Liu, M; Su, X; Zhao, G; Zhao, L, 2015)	0.63
" Consequently, the proposed method was applied to the pharmacokinetic interaction study of FBT combined with BBR after oral administration in rats and was proved to be sensitive, specific and reliable to analyze BBR and FBA in biological samples simultaneously."	( Development and application of a UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of fenofibric acid and berberine in rat plasma: application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of fenofibrate combined with berberine after oral administrati Li, G; Liu, M; Su, X; Yang, F; Zhao, L; Zhao, M, 2016)	0.65
"An UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the pharmacokinetics tudy of lovastatin to investigate the in vivo drug-drug interactions between lovastatin and berberine."	( In Vivo and in Vitro Study on Drug-Drug Interaction of Lovastatin and Berberine from Pharmacokinetic and HepG2 Cell Metabolism Studies. Cui, H; Dang, M; Dong, Y; Liu, H; Tong, X; Wang, J; Wu, J; Yang, F; Zhang, L; Zhang, Q, 2016)	0.86
" In the present study, we investigated the effects of berberine in combination with yohimbine (BY) on neutrophil tissue infiltration and multiple organ damage during sepsis, and further elucidated the involved mechanisms."	( Berberine in combination with yohimbine attenuates sepsis-induced neutrophil tissue infiltration and multiorgan dysfunction partly via IL-10-mediated inhibition of CCR2 expression in neutrophils. Li, H; Lu, D; Lv, X; Tang, X; Wang, F; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Yang, D, 2016)	2.13
" The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of BBR in combination with cisplatin on human breast cancer cells."	( Berberine in combination with cisplatin suppresses breast cancer cell growth through induction of DNA breaks and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Jing, Z; Li, Y; Mao, W; Zhao, Y, 2016)	1.88
" Of interest are results indicating that rapamycin, which similarly to BRB, suppresses mTOR signaling, when combined with 2-dG shows no synergistic properties."	( Synergy of 2-deoxy-D-glucose combined with berberine in inducing the lysosome/autophagy and transglutaminase activation-facilitated apoptosis. Darzynkiewicz, Z; Garcia, J; Halicka, HD; Li, J; Zhao, H, 2017)	0.72
" Berberine (BBR) has been demonstrated to have antifungal activity and synergistic effects in combination with antifungal drugs against pathogenic fungi."	( In Vitro Activity of Berberine Alone and in Combination with Antifungal Drugs Against Planktonic Forms and Biofilms of Trichosporon Asahii. Cong, L; Liao, Y; Yang, R; Yang, S, 2017)	1.68
" Botanic compounds with low bioavailability such as berberine (BBR) and resveratrol might interact with intestinal microbial ecosystem and promote gut bacteria to produce SCFA, which contribute to their biological effects."	( Comprehensive evaluation of SCFA production in the intestinal bacteria regulated by berberine using gas-chromatography combined with polymerase chain reaction. Feng, CL; Guo, HH; Han, YX; Huang, S; Jiang, JD; Wang, LL, 2017)	0.93
" Resveratrol alone and its combination with glibenclamide decreased the arrhythmia score, the arrhythmic period and the incidence of other types of arrhythmias during the reperfusion period."	( The protection of resveratrol and its combination with glibenclamide, but not berberine on the diabetic hearts against reperfusion-induced arrhythmias: the role of myocardial K Bozdogan, O; Eksioglu, D; Erim, F; Firat, T; Kaya, ST; Ozarslan, TO; Taskin, E; Yasar, S, 2019)	0.74
" In this work, we constructed an optimized method for quality evaluation and species discrimination of CR by ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC) combined with response surface methodology (RSM)."	( Construction of an optimized method for quality evaluation and species discrimination of Coptidis Rhizoma by ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography combined with response surface methodology. Jiang, Y; Li, HJ; Li, P; Lu, J; Ni, H; Wu, TJ, 2018)	0.48
" This study aimed to investigate the effect of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of a sodium hyaluronate and sodium alginate (HA/SA) scaffold combined with berberine (BER) on osteochondral repair."	( Interpenetrating polymer network scaffold of sodium hyaluronate and sodium alginate combined with berberine for osteochondral defect regeneration. Chen, P; Fan, S; Lin, X; Mei, S; Mo, J; Xia, C, 2018)	0.89
" Due to drug-drug interactions caused by the inhibition or induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes, changes in drug metabolism are the major causes of drug toxicity, CYP3A4 is one of the key isozymes, and involved in the metabolism of over 60% of clinical drugs."	( The enhancement of cardiotoxicity that results from inhibiton of CYP 3A4 activity and hERG channel by berberine in combination with statins. Fang, L; Fang, Q; Feng, P; Guo, F; Li, B; Liang, Z; Xu, X; Zhan, G; Zhang, B; Zhao, L, 2018)	0.7
" Reports of the other fungi suggest that berberine, a component of traditional herb, inhibitors interact with antifungal agents to improve the treatment outcomes."	( In Vitro Susceptibility of Berberine Combined with Antifungal Agents Against the Yeast Form of Talaromyces marneffei. Andrianopoulos, A; Cao, CW; Guo, J; Hu, R; Huang, CY; Joseph, J; Li, TM; Li, XY; Li, YJ; Liang, G; Luo, H; Luo, XL; Pan, KS; Wen, LM; Zheng, DY; Zheng, YQ, 2019)	1.08
"To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of berberine for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, six electronic literature databases including SinoMed, CNKI, WanFang Data, PubMed, Embase and The Cochrane Library were searched to collect clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of berberine alone or combined with statins for the treatment of hyperlipidemia from the inception to 8 March 2018."	( Efficacy and Safety of Berberine Alone or Combined with Statins for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Feng, R; Ji, ZC; Jin, XY; Li, XM; Yang, FW; Zhang, BL; Zhang, JH; Zhang, LS; Zhang, MY; Zhao, MY, 2019)	1.07
" This study aimed to evaluate whether BBR combined with Sta produced better glycometabolism than BBR alone, and explored the effects on gut microbiota and metabolomics."	( Berberine combined with stachyose induces better glycometabolism than berberine alone through modulating gut microbiota and fecal metabolomics in diabetic mice. Bai, GL; Cao, H; Han, YW; Huan, Y; Lei, L; Li, CN; Li, RC; Liu, MZ; Liu, Q; Liu, SN; Shen, ZF; Sun, SJ; Wang, X; Zhou, T, 2020)	2
" Strategies highlighted include using berberine in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents either to reduce toxic side effects or enhance their anticancer effects; the various novel formulation approaches which by order of magnitude improved the pharmacokinetics of berberine; and semisynthetic approaches that enhanced potency by up to 100-fold."	( Recent Advances in Berberine Inspired Anticancer Approaches: From Drug Combination to Novel Formulation Technology and Derivatization. Habtemariam, S, 2020)	1.16
" This study aims to evaluate the effect of berberine combined with stachyose on glycolipid metabolism and gut microbiota and to explore the underlying mechanisms in diabetic rats."	( Berberine combined with stachyose improves glycometabolism and gut microbiota through regulating colonic microRNA and gene expression in diabetic rats. Cao, H; Fu, Y; Gao, X; Huan, Y; Ji, W; Lei, L; Li, C; Li, P; Liu, M; Liu, Q; Liu, S; Shen, Z; Sun, S, 2021)	2.33
"Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were orally administered berberine, stachyose and berberine combined with stachyose once daily for 69 days."	( Berberine combined with stachyose improves glycometabolism and gut microbiota through regulating colonic microRNA and gene expression in diabetic rats. Cao, H; Fu, Y; Gao, X; Huan, Y; Ji, W; Lei, L; Li, C; Li, P; Liu, M; Liu, Q; Liu, S; Shen, Z; Sun, S, 2021)	2.31
"Repeated treatments with berberine alone and combined with stachyose significantly reduced the blood glucose, improved the impaired glucose tolerance, and increased the abundance of beneficial Akkermansiaceae, decreased that of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae in ZDF rats."	( Berberine combined with stachyose improves glycometabolism and gut microbiota through regulating colonic microRNA and gene expression in diabetic rats. Cao, H; Fu, Y; Gao, X; Huan, Y; Ji, W; Lei, L; Li, C; Li, P; Liu, M; Liu, Q; Liu, S; Shen, Z; Sun, S, 2021)	2.37
"Berberine combined with stachyose significantly improved glucose metabolism and reshaped gut microbiota in ZDF rats, especially decreased the abundance of pathogenic Desulfovibrionaceae and Proteobacteria compared to berberine alone, providing a novel strategy for treating T2DM."	( Berberine combined with stachyose improves glycometabolism and gut microbiota through regulating colonic microRNA and gene expression in diabetic rats. Cao, H; Fu, Y; Gao, X; Huan, Y; Ji, W; Lei, L; Li, C; Li, P; Liu, M; Liu, Q; Liu, S; Shen, Z; Sun, S, 2021)	3.51
"To investigate whether astragalus polysaccharides (APS) combined with berberine (BBR) can reduce high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice."	( Anti-obesity and Gut Microbiota Modulation Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides Combined with Berberine on High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice. Feng, WW; Gao, H; Liu, J; Tang, YP; Wang, WX; Yan, D; Yue, SJ; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.36
" Importantly, APS combined with BBR treatment was more effective than APS or BBR alone in improving HFD-induced insulin resistance (P<0."	( Anti-obesity and Gut Microbiota Modulation Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides Combined with Berberine on High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice. Feng, WW; Gao, H; Liu, J; Tang, YP; Wang, WX; Yan, D; Yue, SJ; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.13
"APS combined with BBR may synergistically reduce obesity and modulate the gut microbiota in HFD-fed mice."	( Anti-obesity and Gut Microbiota Modulation Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides Combined with Berberine on High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice. Feng, WW; Gao, H; Liu, J; Tang, YP; Wang, WX; Yan, D; Yue, SJ; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.13
" Here, we investigated the potential synergistic anticancer effects of these two compounds in combination with the standard cancer drug 5-FU on the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells."	( Evaluation of the Effects of Nanomicellar Curcumin, Berberine, and Their Combination with 5-Fluorouracil on Breast Cancer Cells. Ghasemi, F; Sahebkar, A; Ziasarabi, P, 2021)	0.87
"The model mice were administered with berberine(100 mg·kg~(-1)), 6-shogaol(100 mg·kg~(-1)), and berberine(50 mg·kg~(-1)) combined 6-shogaol(50 mg·kg~(-1)) by gavage, once per day."	( [Experimental study on effects of berberine combined with 6-shogaol on intestinal inflammation and flora in mice with ulcerative colitis]. Chen, ZG; Li, JT; Wei, HL; Yan, SG, 2022)	1.27
"We examined the antitumor activities and potential mechanisms of erlotinib in combination with berberine in vitro and in vivo using the MTT assay, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and tumor xenograft models."	( Antitumor effects of erlotinib in combination with berberine in A431 cells. Cuan, X; Huang, Y; Luo, R; Sheng, J; Wang, X; Yang, X; Zhao, Y; Zhu, W, 2023)	1.38
"Our data supported use of BBR in combination with erlotinib as a novel strategy for treatment of patients with EGFR positive tumors."	( Antitumor effects of erlotinib in combination with berberine in A431 cells. Cuan, X; Huang, Y; Luo, R; Sheng, J; Wang, X; Yang, X; Zhao, Y; Zhu, W, 2023)	1.16
" Here, a 3D tumor-immune cell coculture spheroid model was developed to mimic tumor-immune interactions, combined with mass spectrometry imaging-based spatially resolved metabolomics to visualize tumor immunometabolic alterations during immune response."	( Spatially Resolved Metabolomics Combined with the 3D Tumor-Immune Cell Coculture Spheroid Highlights Metabolic Alterations during Antitumor Immune Response. Chen, P; Chen, X; Han, Y; Sun, C; Wang, L; Wang, X; Zhang, M; Zhao, Y; Zheng, Y; Zhu, Z, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The applicability of the assay to pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies was demonstrated by the determination of berberine in plasma, urine and bile after intravenous and intramuscular administration to rabbits at a dose of 2 mg/kg."	( Determination of berberine in plasma, urine and bile by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chang, HC; Chen, CM, 1995)	0.84
"Berberine is an important ingredient in a number of traditional Chinese medicines but has been shown to have poor bioavailability in the dog."	( The involvement of P-glycoprotein in berberine absorption. Fawcett, JP; Liu, XD; Pan, GY; Wang, GJ; Xie, YY, 2002)	2.03
" The present results suggest that BBR can increase the oral bioavailability of CsA at the dosage of 3 mg/kg."	( The effects of berberine on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin A in healthy volunteers. Li, Q; Liu, YY; Wu, XC; Xin, HW; Yu, AR; Zhong, MY, )	0.48
"Radix Rehmanniae of large dose can effectively enhance berberine's bioavailability in rats."	( [Effect of Rhizoma coptidis and Radix rehmanniae with different ratio on pharmacokinetics of berberine in rats]. Liu, FF; Lu, FE; Wang, XQ; Xu, LJ; Yang, MW; Zou, X, 2007)	0.81
" However, the facts that berberine had low bioavailability and poor absorption through the gut wall indicated that berberine might exert its antihyperglycaemic effect in the intestinal tract before absorption."	( Berberine attenuates intestinal disaccharidases in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Deng, Y; Liu, L; Liu, X; Lu, S; Xie, L; Yu, S, 2008)	2.09
" In vivo pharmacokinetic profile and oral bioavailability were also investigated in rats."	( Preparation and evaluation of a microemulsion for oral delivery of berberine. Gui, SY; Liu, QY; Peng, DY; Shen, JZ; Wu, L; Yin, BP, 2008)	0.58
" In conclusion, berberine produced a dose-dependent increased bioavailability of digoxin and cyclosporine A by inhibition of intestinal P-gp."	( Effect of berberine on the pharmacokinetics of substrates of CYP3A and P-gp. Jiang, XH; Jin, JX; Ju, Y; Liu, CX; Qiu, W, 2009)	1.1
" The absorption rate of berberine at the ileum was the best."	( [Study on preparation of berberine microemulsion and its absorption in intestine]. Gui, S; Kai, W; Pan, J; Wang, J; Wen, Z; Wu, L, 2009)	0.96
" In conclusion, berberine restores diabetic endothelial dysfunction through enhanced NO bioavailability by up-regulating eNOS expression and down-regulating expression of NADPH oxidase."	( Ameliorative effect of berberine on endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Chen, L; Li, J; Liu, Y; Lv, X; Song, Y; Wang, C; Zhang, M, 2009)	1.01
" The aims of the present study were to examine the oral bioavailability and brain penetration of (-)-stepholidine and to gain understanding of mechanisms governing its transport across the enterohepatic barrier and the blood-brain barrier."	( Oral bioavailability and brain penetration of (-)-stepholidine, a tetrahydroprotoberberine agonist at dopamine D(1) and antagonist at D(2) receptors, in rats. Dai, J; Du, F; Hu, Z; Jin, G; Li, C; Liu, F; Niu, W; Sun, Y; Wang, F, 2009)	0.58
" Due to extensive pre-systemic metabolism, the oral bioavailability of (-)-stepholidine was poor (<2%)."	( Oral bioavailability and brain penetration of (-)-stepholidine, a tetrahydroprotoberberine agonist at dopamine D(1) and antagonist at D(2) receptors, in rats. Dai, J; Du, F; Hu, Z; Jin, G; Li, C; Liu, F; Niu, W; Sun, Y; Wang, F, 2009)	0.58
"Although (-)-stepholidine exhibits good brain penetration, future development efforts should aim at improving its oral bioavailability by protecting against pre-systemic glucuronidation or sulphation."	( Oral bioavailability and brain penetration of (-)-stepholidine, a tetrahydroprotoberberine agonist at dopamine D(1) and antagonist at D(2) receptors, in rats. Dai, J; Du, F; Hu, Z; Jin, G; Li, C; Liu, F; Niu, W; Sun, Y; Wang, F, 2009)	0.58
" A significant difference in bioavailability was observed between the different routes."	( Acute toxicity of berberine and its correlation with the blood concentration in mice. Du, L; Hu, J; Hua, L; Kheir, MM; Lei, F; Li, L; Wang, Y, 2010)	0.69
"Berberine, a plant alkaloid used in traditional Chinese medicine, has a wide spectrum of pharmacological actions, but the poor bioavailability limits its clinical use."	( Enhancement of sodium caprate on intestine absorption and antidiabetic action of berberine. Chen, L; Fan, Z; Li, J; Lv, XY; Wang, CM; Wang, CY; Zhang, M, 2010)	2.03
" HLJDD treatment increased the bioavailability of verapamil partly via inhibiting first-pass verapamil metabolism in the intestine."	( Effect of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction on pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Hu, N; Jing, XY; Liu, CH; Liu, XD; Wang, GJ; Xie, L; Xie, SS, 2010)	0.36
" After intragastric dosing, approximately half of berberine ran intact through the gastrointestinal tract and another half was disposed of by the small intestine, leading to an extremely low extent of absolute oral bioavailability in rats (0."	( Extensive intestinal first-pass elimination and predominant hepatic distribution of berberine explain its low plasma levels in rats. Hao, HP; Lai, L; Liu, CX; Liu, YT; Wang, GJ; Wang, Q; Xie, HG, 2010)	0.84
" Our previous work demonstrated that dihydroberberine (dhBBR) has enhanced bioavailability and in vivo efficacy compared with berberine."	( 8,8-Dimethyldihydroberberine with improved bioavailability and oral efficacy on obese and diabetic mouse models. Chen, AF; Cheng, Z; Gu, M; Hu, LH; Li, J; Li, JY; Li, YY; Sheng, L; Wu, F; Zhang, HK; Zhang, LN, 2010)	0.95
"In order to enhance oral bioavailability of berberine (BBR) for its cholesterol-lowering efficacy in vivo, a series of ester or ether prodrugs of berberrubine (M1), which is an active metabolite of BBR after first-pass metabolism, were designed, semi-synthesized, and evaluated."	( Design, synthesis, and cholesterol-lowering efficacy for prodrugs of berberrubine. Deng, HB; Jiang, JD; Kong, WJ; Li, Y; Li, YH; Ren, G; Song, DQ; Wang, YM; Wang, YX; Yang, P; You, XF, 2010)	0.62
"To determine berberine chloride in mouse plasma for the investigation of the bioavailability of Lianxiang microemulsion in mouse."	( [Determination of berberine chloride in mouse plasma after intragastric administration of Lianxiang microemulsion]. Chen, WW; Li, RL; Lu, WB, 2010)	1.06
"After single dose ig administration,the plasma samples were taken at different time,respectively, for the determination of berberine chloride by HPLC; And the relative bioavailability of Lianxiang microemulsion vs Lianxiang emulsion (reference formulation) was calculated."	( [Determination of berberine chloride in mouse plasma after intragastric administration of Lianxiang microemulsion]. Chen, WW; Li, RL; Lu, WB, 2010)	0.9
"4) microg x h/L,respectively; And the relative bioavailability of the microemulsion vs the emulsion was (193."	( [Determination of berberine chloride in mouse plasma after intragastric administration of Lianxiang microemulsion]. Chen, WW; Li, RL; Lu, WB, 2010)	0.69
"The validated HPLC method is suitable for the determination of berberine chloride in mouse plasma; And microemulsification can clearly promote the bioavailability in mouse of berberine chloride in Lianxiang prescription."	( [Determination of berberine chloride in mouse plasma after intragastric administration of Lianxiang microemulsion]. Chen, WW; Li, RL; Lu, WB, 2010)	0.93
" Demonstration of oral bioavailability and anti-tumorigenic efficacy of dietary berberine, as well as further demonstration of signaling pathway modulation and cell-cycle arrest, implicate this relatively safe, natural compound as a potentially important therapeutic and chemopreventive agent for lung cancer."	( Dietary administration of berberine or Phellodendron amurense extract inhibits cell cycle progression and lung tumorigenesis. Chen, DR; Fu, H; James, MA; Liu, Y; You, M, 2011)	0.9
" In this study, the absolute bioavailability of BBR was studied, and the enhancing effects of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) on intestinal absorption were investigated in rats."	( Bioavailability study of berberine and the enhancing effects of TPGS on intestinal absorption in rats. Chen, W; Fan, DJ; Lin, X; Meng, LK; Miao, YQ; Tang, X; Yang, SS, 2011)	0.67
"To enhance oral bioavailability and anti-diabetic efficacy of berberine (BER), an anhydrous reverse micelle (ARM) delivery system was prepared through lyophilization of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions."	( Preparation of an anhydrous reverse micelle delivery system to enhance oral bioavailability and anti-diabetic efficacy of berberine. Hao, A; Li, T; Song, H; Wang, J; Wang, N; Wang, T; Xi, X, 2011)	0.82
"BBR increases bioavailability of DIG, which may be related to its inhibition effect on intestinal P-gp."	( [Effect of berberine on pharmacokinetics of digoxin after oral administration to rats]. Jiang, X; Ju, Y; Liu, C; Qiu, W, 2011)	0.76
" It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its various clinical uses are limited because of its poor bioavailability."	( Enhancing effects of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride on intestinal absorption of berberine in rats. Chen, W; Fan, D; He, H; Meng, L; Miao, Y; Tang, X; Weng, Y; Yang, S, 2012)	0.6
" The orally bioavailable lead imidazolopiperazine confers complete causal prophylactic protection (15 milligrams/kilogram) in rodent models of malaria and shows potent in vivo blood-stage therapeutic activity."	( Imaging of Plasmodium liver stages to drive next-generation antimalarial drug discovery. Barnes, SW; Bonamy, GM; Bopp, SE; Borboa, R; Bright, AT; Chatterjee, A; Che, J; Cohen, S; Dharia, NV; Diagana, TT; Fidock, DA; Froissard, P; Gagaring, K; Gettayacamin, M; Glynne, RJ; Gordon, P; Groessl, T; Kato, N; Kuhen, KL; Lee, MC; Mazier, D; McNamara, CW; Meister, S; Nagle, A; Nam, TG; Plouffe, DM; Richmond, W; Roland, J; Rottmann, M; Sattabongkot, J; Schultz, PG; Tuntland, T; Walker, JR; Winzeler, EA; Wu, T; Zhou, B; Zhou, Y, 2011)	0.37
" The results of the study inferred that lysergol improved the oral bioavailability of berberine."	( Simultaneous quantification of berberine and lysergol by HPLC-UV: evidence that lysergol enhances the oral bioavailability of berberine in rats. Anandjiwala, S; Dash, RP; Nivsarkar, M; Patil, S, 2012)	0.89
"In situ single-pass perfused rat intestinal model was used and the concentrations of berberine and palmatine were determined by HPLC, the drug absorption rate constant (K(a)) and apparent absorption coefficient (P(app)) were tested to evaluate their absorption characteristics."	( [Studies on intestinal absorption of alkaloids in Coptis chinensis by in situ single-pass perfused rat intestinal model]. Chen, Y; Li, Y; Men, W; Wang, Y; Weng, X; Yang, Q; Zhu, X; Zou, L, 2011)	0.59
" The intermittent hypoxia markedly decreased the NO bioavailability and maximal NO release from pulmonary arterial rings, which were reversed by APO or RS administration."	( Raisanberine protected pulmonary arterial rings and cardiac myocytes of rats against hypoxia injury by suppressing NADPH oxidase and calcium influx. Cheng, YS; Dai, DZ; Dai, Y; Gao, J; Tang, YQ; Zhang, C; Zhang, GL, 2012)	0.38
"The purpose of this study was to develop a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to improve the oral bioavailability of Berberine hydrochloride (BBH), an important bioactive compound from Chinese Medicines with poor water solubility."	( Development of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for oral bioavailability enhancement of berberine hydrochloride. Duan, TT; Feng, L; He, B; Tang, D; Wang, RS; Wu, AG; Zheng, ZG; Zhu, JX; Zhu, Q, 2013)	0.81
" Partition coefficients (n-octanol/water) determination demonstrated 12-20 times larger partition coefficient of each complex (1, 2) than that of each single compound (baicalin, wogonoside, and berberine), indicating the significant role of the formation of the complex in the bioavailability enhancement of these pharmacologically active constituents."	( Formation and conformation of baicalin-berberine and wogonoside-berberine complexes. Jiang, ZH; Kouno, I; Tanaka, T; Wang, JR; Zhang, H, 2012)	0.84
"The 2:1 (molar ratio) complexes between beta-CD and coptisine hydrochloride is formed, which improves the bioavailability of coptisine hydrochloride."	( [Preparation and stuctural behavior of the inclusion complex of beta-cyclodextrin and coptisine hydrochloride]. Chen, HY; Chen, SQ; Jin, Z, 2012)	0.38
" However, the poor bioavailability of this agent greatly limits its clinical application."	( Sodium caprate augments the hypoglycemic effect of berberine via AMPK in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. Chang, W; Chen, L; Li, J; Li, W; Liu, Y; Lv, X; Meng, Z; Wang, Q; Zhang, M, 2012)	0.63
"The aim of the investigation was to compare the effectiveness of two absorption enhancers, sodium caprate (C10) and sodium deoxycholate (SDC), in increasing the bioavailability of a poorly absorbed paracellar flux drug, berberine chloride, across the intestinal mucosae of rats in vivo, together with examination of their effects on mucosal damage."	( Enhancement by sodium caprate and sodium deoxycholate of the gastrointestinal absorption of berberine chloride in rats. Dong, W; Fan, D; Li, J; Sun, W; Tang, X; Wu, X, 2013)	0.8
"Cellular efflux transporters, especially P-glycoprotein (P-gp), impel berberine (BBR) out of cells, and therefore reduce bioavailability of the compound."	( Berberine analogue IMB-Y53 improves glucose-lowering efficacy by averting cellular efflux especially P-glycoprotein efflux. Jiang, JD; Kong, WJ; Pang, J; Ren, G; Shan, YQ; Si, SY; Song, DQ; Wang, YX; Yao, J; You, XF; Zhao, ZY, 2013)	2.07
"These results suggest that overcoming cellular efflux especially P-gp's function improves bioavailability and hypoglycemic effect of BBR."	( Berberine analogue IMB-Y53 improves glucose-lowering efficacy by averting cellular efflux especially P-glycoprotein efflux. Jiang, JD; Kong, WJ; Pang, J; Ren, G; Shan, YQ; Si, SY; Song, DQ; Wang, YX; Yao, J; You, XF; Zhao, ZY, 2013)	1.83
" Berberine has demonstrated wide physiological functions and has great potential to give a multipotent drug if some inherent problems on poor bioavailability and solubility are taken care of."	( Berberine and its derivatives: a patent review (2009 - 2012). Mahajan, S; Singh, IP, 2013)	2.74
"Various potential molecules with putative positive role in stroke pathology have failed to confer neuro-protection in animal models due to their insufficient bioavailability in brain."	( Verapamil augments the neuroprotectant action of berberine in rat model of transient global cerebral ischemia. Chopra, K; Singh, DP, 2013)	0.64
" However, the plasma concentration of BBR is very low after oral administration for the reason that BBR is poorly absorbed and rapidly metabolized."	( Berberine metabolites could induce low density lipoprotein receptor up-regulation to exert lipid-lowering effects in human hepatoma cells. Bin, W; Cao, S; Kang, N; Qiu, F; Wang, Y; Xu, P; Yan, J; Zhou, Y, 2014)	1.85
" BBR solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared to achieve improved bioavailability and prolonged effect."	( Characterization, pharmacokinetics, and hypoglycemic effect of berberine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Gao, DH; Li, XJ; Li, XM; Li, ZP; Liu, SH; Ou, ZM; Xue, M; Yang, MX; Yang, SY; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.63
" However Ber's low oral bioavailability restricts its wide application."	( Solid dispersion of berberine-phospholipid complex/TPGS 1000/SiO₂: preparation, characterization and in vivo studies. Chen, Y; Deng, J; Jia, X; Lv, H; Zhang, Z; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.73
" Particularly, the oral bioavailability of PMT in WJW formula 1 was significantly increased."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of active alkaloids after oral administration of Rhizoma Coptidis extract and Wuji Wan formulas in rat using a UPLC-MS/MS method. Chen, Y; Dong, Y; Gong, Z; Li, Y; Wang, Y; Weng, X; Yang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhu, X, 2015)	0.42
"Low oral bioavailability of berberine due to poor solubility and membrane permeability limits its clinical use for treatment of diabetes."	( Amorphous solid dispersion of berberine with absorption enhancer demonstrates a remarkable hypoglycemic effect via improving its bioavailability. Hatch, GM; Jingkai, G; Li, C; Ming, Z; Shengnan, W; Xiaojia, B; Zhaojie, M, 2014)	0.98
"The poor bioavailability of Berberine (BBR) and Betulinic acid (BA) limits the development of these promising anticancer agents for clinical use."	( Approaches to improve the oral bioavailability and effects of novel anticancer drugs berberine and betulinic acid. Doddapaneni, R; Godugu, C; Patel, AR; Singh, M; Somagoni, J, 2014)	0.92
" The oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of SD formulations were studied in Sprague Dawley rats."	( Approaches to improve the oral bioavailability and effects of novel anticancer drugs berberine and betulinic acid. Doddapaneni, R; Godugu, C; Patel, AR; Singh, M; Somagoni, J, 2014)	0.63
"Due to significant increase in oral bioavailability and superior anticancer effects, our results suggest that spray drying is a superior alternative formulation approach for oral delivery of BBR and BA."	( Approaches to improve the oral bioavailability and effects of novel anticancer drugs berberine and betulinic acid. Doddapaneni, R; Godugu, C; Patel, AR; Singh, M; Somagoni, J, 2014)	0.63
" The results showed that the absorption rate of Ber in the small intestine was lower than 10%, but that of Hdber was larger than 70%."	( Intestinal absorption of berberine and 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine and their effects on sugar absorption in rat small intestine. Dong, S; Wei, SC; Xu, LJ; Zhang, CY, 2014)	0.71
"Berberine is known to improve glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, but it poorly absorbed into the blood stream from the gut."	( Berberine moderates glucose metabolism through the GnRH-GLP-1 and MAPK pathways in the intestine. Li, M; Li, W; Ping, F; Wang, Z; Xiao, X; Yu, M; Zhang, H; Zhang, Q; Zheng, J, 2014)	3.29
" Cholesterol absorption rate was measured with the dual stable isotope ratio method, and plasma lipids were determined using the enzymatic methods."	( Berberine decreases cholesterol levels in rats through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Ghanam, K; Wang, Y; Yi, X; Zhang, S; Zhao, T; Zhu, X, 2014)	1.85
" The fractional dietary cholesterol absorption rate was decreased by 40%-51%."	( Berberine decreases cholesterol levels in rats through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Ghanam, K; Wang, Y; Yi, X; Zhang, S; Zhao, T; Zhu, X, 2014)	1.85
" Our study highlights the need for further safety assessment of berberine, especially due to its tendency to accumulate in the CNS and the risk of potential neurotoxicity as a consequence of increasing bioavailability of berberine."	( Mitochondria and NMDA receptor-dependent toxicity of berberine sensitizes neurons to glutamate and rotenone injury. Brunello, CA; Huttunen, HJ; Kysenius, K, 2014)	0.89
" However, pharmacokinetic studies showed that berberine was poorly absorbed into the body so the levels of berberine in the blood and target tissues were far below the effective concentrations revealed."	( A metabolomic and pharmacokinetic study on the mechanism underlying the lipid-lowering effect of orally administered berberine. Aa, J; Cao, B; Gu, S; Hylemon, PB; Li, Y; Liu, L; Paletta, JL; Radlon, JM; Ridlon, JM; Sun, R; Tang, Y; Wang, G; Wu, X; Wu, XL; Zha, W; Zhao, C; Zhou, H, 2015)	0.88
" Derivatives of BBR have been suggested to have enhanced bioavailability compared to BBR."	( Berberine derivatives reduce atherosclerotic plaque size and vulnerability in apoE(-/-) mice. Cao, J; Chen, J; Fang, L; Li, Y; Liu, B; Meng, S; Sun, Y; Wang, Y; Zhou, Q, 2014)	1.85
" After being derived, the C(max) in plasma and bioavailability of 8-BBR-C16 increased remarkably and the circulation time in vivo extended."	( [Comparative study of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 8-cetylberberine and berberine in rats]. Chen, C; Hu, YL; Li, XG; Ye, XL; Zou, ZY, 2014)	0.63
" But the poor bioavailability of berberine limited its wide clinical applications."	( Preparation, characterization and in vivo studies of amorphous solid dispersion of berberine with hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine. Fang, J; Shi, C; Tong, Q; Wang, C; Wang, W; Wu, J, 2015)	0.92
" The results indicated that the CUB-PLC-BER tended to provide a high and prolonged drug concentration to bile duct, and PL played a central role in internalizing CUB into cells to improve the water insoluble drug's permeability, which was of great benefit to enhance the bioavailability of CUB and improve therapeutic efficacy of CC."	( Improve bile duct-targeted drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy for cholangiocarcinoma by cucurbitacin B loaded phospholipid complex modified with berberine hydrochloride. Cheng, L; Han, J; Li, JJ; Liu, CY; Qiu, L; Shen, BD; Shen, G; Xu, PH; Yuan, HL, 2015)	0.62
" Nevertheless, the therapeutic agent of this substance in OA is limited by its poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability and short biological half-life."	( In vivo anti-apoptosis activity of novel berberine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles effectively ameliorates osteoarthritis. He, B; Liu, SQ; Peng, H; Yu, L; Zhao, Q; Zhou, Y, 2015)	0.68
" Here, we show that the gut microbiota converts BBR into its absorbable form of dihydroberberine (dhBBR), which has an intestinal absorption rate 5-fold that of BBR in animals."	( Transforming berberine into its intestine-absorbable form by the gut microbiota. Chen, X; Chen, Y; Feng, R; Fu, J; He, CY; Huang, M; Jiang, JD; Li, XY; Lin, Y; Ma, C; Ren, G; Shou, JW; Tan, XS; Wang, Y; Wen, BY; Yang, XY; You, XF; Zhao, ZX, 2015)	1.01
" The absolute bioavailability of berberrubine was determined to be 31."	( Pharmacokinetics in rats and tissue distribution in mouse of berberrubine by UPLC-MS/MS. Deng, M; Fan, M; Gao, Z; Hu, L; Lu, M; Ma, J; Wang, S; Wang, X; Ye, T, 2015)	0.42
" It is necessary to improve the oral bioavailability of BBR before it can be used in many clinical applications."	( Research progress on berberine with a special focus on its oral bioavailability. Liu, CS; Long, XY; Zhang, YF; Zheng, YR, 2016)	0.75
" However, poor bioavailability of BBR has limited its clinical application."	( Pretreatment of rats with increased bioavailable berberine attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via down regulation of adenosine-5'monophosphate kinase activity. Chen, L; Chen, W; Hatch, GM; Wei, S; Xiao, J; Xue, H; Yao, F; Yu, Y; Zhang, M, 2016)	0.69
" However, poor gastrointestinal absorption and low oral bioavailability have limited its development for further clinical application."	( Monodisperse microparticles loaded with the self-assembled berberine-phospholipid complex-based phytosomes for improving oral bioavailability and enhancing hypoglycemic efficiency. Chen, Q; Chen, XD; Cui, J; Guo, S; He, Y; Li, Y; Meng, Z; Wang, H; Xue, M; Yang, L; Yu, F, 2016)	0.68
" This may allow Jatrorrhizine to be a novel therapeutic with its high bioavailability to treat Alzheimer's disease."	( The Protective Effect of Jatrorrhizine Against Oxidative Stress in Primary Rat Cortical Neurons. Li, S; Luo, T; Mai, QA; Ouyang, T; Shen, XY; Wang, HQ, 2017)	0.46
" However, the implication of these mechanisms is unclear because of the low bioavailability of BBR."	( Orally Administered Berberine Modulates Hepatic Lipid Metabolism by Altering Microbial Bile Acid Metabolism and the Intestinal FXR Signaling Pathway. Aa, J; Aa, N; Cao, B; Chen, Q; Fei, F; Feng, D; Feng, S; Ge, C; Guo, GL; Guo, J; He, J; Huang, J; Kong, B; Pan, Y; Schumacher, JD; Shen, J; Sun, R; Wang, G; Wang, P; Yang, CS; Yang, N; Yu, X, 2017)	0.78
" It has been reported that 8-cetylberberine (8-BBR-C16) has increased anti-microbial property in vivo and a higher bioavailability in hamsters."	( Comparative effect of berberine and its derivative 8-cetylberberine on attenuating atherosclerosis in ApoE Feng, M; Hu, Y; Li, X; Ma, H; Xiao, Y; Ye, X; Zhou, X; Zou, Z, 2017)	1.05
" Moreover, KRN2 and KRN5, the latter of which exhibits high oral bioavailability and metabolic stability, ameliorated experimentally induced arthritis in mice without serious adverse effects, decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production."	( Suppression of NFAT5-mediated Inflammation and Chronic Arthritis by Novel κB-binding Inhibitors. Cho, CS; Cho, H; De, TQ; Han, EJ; Jeong, DY; Jue, DM; Kim, HY; Kim, NH; Kim, WU; Kwon, HM; Lee, GH; Lee, N; Lim, HJ; Park, WK; Park, YJ; Yoo, SA, 2017)	0.46
" Botanic compounds with low bioavailability such as berberine (BBR) and resveratrol might interact with intestinal microbial ecosystem and promote gut bacteria to produce SCFA, which contribute to their biological effects."	( Comprehensive evaluation of SCFA production in the intestinal bacteria regulated by berberine using gas-chromatography combined with polymerase chain reaction. Feng, CL; Guo, HH; Han, YX; Huang, S; Jiang, JD; Wang, LL, 2017)	0.93
" More importantly, the enhancement in the oral relative bioavailability of the PEG-lipid-PLGA NPs/BBR-SPC was ∼343% compared with that of BBR."	( PEG-lipid-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles loaded with berberine-phospholipid complex to facilitate the oral delivery efficiency. Ao, M; Chen, XD; Hou, Z; Li, D; Li, N; Li, Y; Qi, Z; Xia, J; Yu, F; Zheng, X, 2017)	0.71
"The low bioavailability and short biological half-life of berberine chloride (BBR) negatively affect the protective role of this compound against osteoarthritis (OA)."	( Sustained release effects of berberine-loaded chitosan microspheres on in vitro chondrocyte culture. Deng, M; He, B; Li, Y; Liu, S; Ming, J; Zhou, Y, 2017)	0.99
" While lifestyle approaches, such as with the Mediterranean diet, may prove to be too complex for the single patient, better knowledge of selected nutraceuticals and more appropriate formulations leading to improved bioavailability will certainly widen the use of these agents, already in large use for the management of these very frequent patient groups."	( Nutraceutical approaches to metabolic syndrome. Calabresi, L; Pavanello, C; Ruscica, M; Sirtori, CR, 2017)	0.46
" The bioavailability of berberine is extremely low, suggesting that it may play a role in lowering blood sugar and lipid by regulating intestinal flora."	( [Berberine regulates type 2 diabetes mellitus related with insulin resistance]. He, JZ; Li, C; Xu, X; Zhou, XD, 2017)	1.67
" Because of some cardiac toxicity and poor oral absorption, conflicts may arise between improving the bioavailability and controlling the toxicity of BBR."	( [Berberine action targets and its absorption behavior：how to use old drug for new mechanisms]. Chai, YS; Du, LJ; Hu, J; Jiang, JF; Wang, YG; Yan, XJ; Yuan, ZY, 2016)	1.34
" However, the pharmacological study found that the bioavailability of berberine is extremely low."	( [Research progress of relationship between diabetes and intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier and intervetion of berberine]. Dong, H; Lu, FE; Qin, X, 2016)	0.88
" After the concentration changes of palmatine and jatrorrhizine in the plasma of rats were determined by RP-HPLC, pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability were calculated by 3P97 software."	( [Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of palmatine and jatrorrhizine in Huangteng in rats]. Gao, YG; He, ZM; Li, GF; Yang, H; Zhang, LX; Zhao, Y; Zheng, JY; Zhu, HY, 2017)	0.46
" Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents may thus be considered attractive solubilizing agents and may also play a role in the increase of absorption of poorly bioavailable natural products such as berberine."	( Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) to Enhance Berberine Absorption: An In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study. Baldan, V; Brun, P; Castagliuolo, I; Dall'Acqua, S; Faggian, M; Grabnar, I; Maggi, F; Perissutti, B; Peron, G; Poloniato, G; Sut, S; Voinovich, D, 2017)	0.9
" BER suffers from low oral bioavailability due to p-glycoprotein efflux and first-pass metabolism."	( Novel cremochylomicrons for improved oral bioavailability of the antineoplastic phytomedicine berberine chloride: Optimization and pharmacokinetics. Abdallah, OY; Elnaggar, YSR; Elsheikh, MA; Hamdy, DA, 2018)	0.7
" However, poor stability and low oral bioavailability limited its usage."	( Nanoemulsion-based delivery system for enhanced oral bioavailability and caco-2 cell monolayers permeability of berberine hydrochloride. Hu, XB; Li, YJ; Liao, DH; Lu, XL; Tang, TT; Wu, JY; Xiang, DX, 2017)	0.67
"Modulation of gut microbiota, specifically an increase in the abundance of Akkermansia, may contribute to the antiatherosclerotic and metabolic protective effects of berberine, which is poorly absorbed orally."	( Berberine treatment increases Akkermansia in the gut and improves high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in Apoe Dong, L; Hu, Y; Liu, T; Shen, X; Weng, S; Zhang, D; Zhu, H; Zhu, J; Zhu, L, 2018)	2.12
" This work intended to develop selenium-coated nanostructured lipid carriers (SeNLCs) for enhancing the oral bioavailability and the curative effect of berberine, an antidiabetic phytomedicine."	( Selenium-coated nanostructured lipid carriers used for oral delivery of berberine to accomplish a synergic hypoglycemic effect. Hou, Y; Song, X; Yin, J; Yin, Y, 2017)	0.89
"The findings shed the light on the underlying mechanisms of Berberine bioavailability improvement."	( Bioactive-Chylomicrons for Oral Lymphatic Targeting of Berberine Chloride: Novel Flow-Blockage Assay in Tissue-Based and Caco-2 Cell Line Models. Abdallah, OY; Elnaggar, YSR; Elsheikh, MA; Otify, DY, 2018)	0.97
" This assay was used to study the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and excretion of EPI in rats after oral administration."	( The oral bioavailability, excretion and cytochrome P450 inhibition properties of epiberberine: an in vivo and in vitro evaluation. Bi, XN; Chen, HY; Chen, JH; Chen, N; Guo, CE; Li, HP; Lin, HY; Yang, XY; Zhang, YJ, 2018)	0.71
" Berberine has low oral bioavailability due to poor aqueous solubility and insufficient dissolution rate, which can reduce the efficacy of drugs taken orally."	( Berberine nanoparticles with enhanced in vitro bioavailability: characterization and antimicrobial activity. Amin, MU; Faidah, HS; Haseeb, A; Kakar, M; Khurram, M; Sadiq, A; Sahibzada, MUK, 2018)	2.83
" However, oral (PO) administration of berberine is hindered by poor bioavailability and increasing dose often elicits gastro-intestinal side effects."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and safety assessment of transdermal berberine and dihydroberberine. Azike, CG; Baranowski, DC; Buchanan, B; Gabriele, J; Meng, Q; Poulin, MM; Zuccolo, J, 2018)	0.99
" Beside the beneficial effects of berberine, some limitations including poor aqueous solubility, slight absorption, and low bioavailability have hindered its applications."	( Nano strategies for berberine delivery, a natural alkaloid of Berberis. Malaekeh-Nikouei, B; Mirhadi, E; Rezaee, M, 2018)	1.08
" However, low potency and low bioavailability limit the clinical development of the drug."	( Berberine derivative, Q8, stimulates osteogenic differentiation. Han, Y; Kim, MJ; Lee, KY, 2018)	1.92
" Given the poor oral bioavailability of BBR, the mechanisms through which BBR mediates metabolic disorders are not well understood."	( Berberine treatment reduces atherosclerosis by mediating gut microbiota in apoE-/- mice. Geng, J; Hu, J; Hu, T; Jiang, Y; Li, J; Liu, S; Shi, Y; Wang, B; Yan, W, 2018)	1.92
" However, the poor water solubility and low bioavailability observed with oral BBR administration has limited its clinical use."	( Self-nanoemulsifying system improves oral absorption and enhances anti-acute myeloid leukemia activity of berberine. Gao, L; Gong, L; Li, J; Qiu, H; Shen, R; Shi, Z; Sun, H; Tian, Z; Yang, L; Zhang, G, 2018)	0.69
" We developed a new formula, solid dispersion of BBR with sodium caprate (HGSD), which increases its bioavailability and membrane permeability."	( Increased Bioavailable Berberine Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Through Attenuation of NFκB and JNK Signaling Pathways. Chen, L; Hatch, GM; Hu, Y; Li, J; Lv, X; Teng, F; Yu, Y; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2018)	0.79
" However, the low therapeutic dose in the tumor target which is due to the poor solubility and oral bioavailability has limited its clinical application."	( Gram-scale production of carrier-free fluorescent berberine microrods for selective liver cancer therapy. Chen, L; Cui, L; Dawulieti, J; Meng, Z; Shao, D; Zhang, F; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, Z; Zheng, X, 2018)	0.73
"Berberine has many pharmacological effects, such as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant, but the question remains on how its low oral bioavailability has greatly limited its clinical application."	( Preparation and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Agents of Berberine Organic Acid Salts for Enhancing the Bioavailability. Cui, HX; Guo, Y; Hu, YN; Li, JW; Yuan, K, 2018)	2.17
" Berberine inhibits P-gp and thereby increases the bioavailability of the P-gp substrate digoxin in rodents."	( Inhibitory Effect of Berberine on Broiler P-glycoprotein Expression and Function: In Situ and In Vitro Studies. Guo, L; He, F; Huang, J; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, Y; Zloh, M, 2019)	1.74
" NE was prepared and characterized by morphology and droplet size detection, stored stability, in vitro intestinal lipolysis and metabolism, Caco-2 cells transport, in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion, oral bioavailability in rats, and hypoglycemic efficacy in high-fat diet and streptozocin-induced mice."	( Nanoemulsion improves hypoglycemic efficacy of berberine by overcoming its gastrointestinal challenge. Chen, L; Huang, CL; Huang, SH; Liu, CS; Long, XY; Xu, HY; Zheng, YR, 2019)	0.77
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" However, use of a formulation of curcumin with higher bioavailability or combining it with berberine as a co-treatment may be proving to be more efficacious against cancer."	( Combination treatment of berberine and solid lipid curcumin particles increased cell death and inhibited PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway of human cultured glioblastoma cells more effectively than did individual treatments. Dunbar, GL; Maiti, P; Plemmons, A, 2019)	1.04
" However, the poor bioavailability of berberine limits its clinical applications."	( Highly bioavailable berberine formulation ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through the inhibition of glomerular mesangial matrix expansion and the activation of autophagy. Chen, L; Guan, F; Wang, X; Xiao, D; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.15
" Intriguingly, this is despite the poor bioavailability of berberine in animal models and hence begging the question how it induces its reputed effects in vivo."	( Berberine pharmacology and the gut microbiota: A hidden therapeutic link. Habtemariam, S, 2020)	2.24
"In this study, for the first time, we synthesized core-shell BBR-loaded PLA nanoparticles (NPBs) by using coaxial electrospray (CES) to solve the poor bioavailability of BBR."	( Fabrication, characterization and optimization of berberine-loaded PLA nanoparticles using coaxial electrospray for sustained drug release. Ghaffarzadegan, R; Khoee, S; Rezazadeh, S, 2020)	0.81
" However, the low anti-diabetic activity and poor bioavailability of berberine (below 5%) by oral administration significantly limit its practical applications."	( Synthesis of disaccharide modified berberine derivatives and their anti-diabetic investigation in zebrafish using a fluorescence-based technology. Jin, M; Kong, H; Li, X; Lin, H; Liu, K; Stoika, R; Wang, L, 2020)	1.07
" However, BBR suffers from poor absorption, bioavailability and brain drug uptake."	( Berberine Nanoencapsulation Attenuates Hallmarks of Scoplomine Induced Alzheimer's-Like Disease in Rats. Abady, MM; Abdel-Latif, MS; Abdel-Monaem, N; Ghareeb, DA; Nofal, M; Nounou, MI; Saleh, SR; Yassa, NW, 2021)	2.06
" A highly bioavailable berberine formulation termed Huang-Gui solid dispersion (HGSD), is a preparation of berberine coupled to sodium caprate and this markedly improving berberines bioavailability."	( Highly bioavailable Berberine formulation improves Glucocorticoid Receptor-mediated Insulin Resistance Chen, L; Guan, F; Hatch, GM; Lv, X; Meng, Z; Yang, X; Yu, Y; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.19
" However, its oral bioavailability is poor."	( Berberine alleviates type 2 diabetic symptoms by altering gut microbiota and reducing aromatic amino acids. Chen, H; Wang, D; Wang, W; Yan, L; Yao, Y, 2020)	2
"Berberine (BBR) is a promising anti-diabetic isoquinoline alkaloid from Rhizoma coptidis, while its bioavailability was extremely low."	( Oxyberberine, an absorbed metabolite of berberine, possess superior hypoglycemic effect via regulating the PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Ai, G; Chen, H; Chen, J; Dou, Y; Huang, R; Li, Q; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Luo, C; Su, Z; Xie, J; Zeng, H, 2021)	2.69
" Therefore, its oral bioavailability needs to be enhanced before it can be used in many clinical applications."	( An Updated Review on Therapeutic Potential and Recent Advances in Drug Delivery of Berberine: Current Status and Future Prospect. Akhter, MH; Alam, MS; Ali, MD; Hussain, A; Mujtaba, MA, 2022)	0.95
" An orally available immunotherapeutic-berberine nanomedicine, named NIT-X, has been developed by our group and has shown significantly increased oral bioavailability of berberine, increased IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells, and inhibition of mast cell histamine release in vivo, suggesting a protective immune response."	( A small molecule compound berberine as an orally active therapeutic candidate against COVID-19 and SARS: A computational and mechanistic study. Geliebter, J; Huang, W; Li, K; Li, XM; Maskey, AR; Miao, M; Srivastava, K; Tiwari, R; Toutov, AA; Wang, ZZ; Yang, N, 2021)	1.19
" In vivo experimental results indicated that compared to intragastric administration of drug solution, the intranasal administration of hydrogel increased bioavailability of BBR and EVO, approximately 135 and 112 folds, respectively."	( Intranasal co-delivery of berberine and evodiamine by self-assembled thermosensitive in-situ hydrogels for improving depressive disorder. Cui, YL; Qiao, T; Qiu, C; Wang, Y; Xu, D, 2021)	0.92
" Thus increasing the oral bioavailability of Pgp substrate-like drugs (PSLDs) remains a great challenge."	( Brij-functionalized chitosan nanocarrier system enhances the intestinal permeability of P-glycoprotein substrate-like drugs. Chen, QL; Chu, JMT; Hu, YJ; Li, J; Linghu, KG; Wang, YT; Wong, GTC; Xiong, SH; Xiong, W; Yu, H; Zhao, GD, 2021)	0.62
"Berberine has shown an outstanding antioxidant activity, however the low bioavailability limits its applications in pharmaceutical platforms."	( Berberine-Albumin Nanoparticles: Preparation, Thermodynamic Study and Evaluation Their Protective Effects Against Oxidative Stress in Primary Neuronal Cells as a Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Gao, J; Li, G; Wang, L; Zhang, Y, 2021)	3.51
" However, discrepant bioavailability and biodistribution of BER and CUR remained an obstacle to achieve synergistic effects."	( Improving the ameliorative effects of berberine and curcumin combination via dextran-coated bilosomes on non-alcohol fatty liver disease in mice. Chen, Y; Du, Q; Gong, Z; Huang, J; Jiang, Z; Lu, Y; Peng, J; Shen, X; Sun, R; Xu, J; Zhang, J; Zhou, J, 2021)	0.89
" The problems involved with poor bioavailability and cytotoxicity are also worth considering in the development of berberine-based drugs."	( A patent review of berberine and its derivatives with various pharmacological activities (2016-2020). Kong, Y; Li, DD; Li, L; Yu, P; Zhao, LG, 2022)	1.26
"Berberine (BBR) is a known alkaloid that has verified its protective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/RN) lesion in multiple organs but its poor oral bioavailability limited its use."	( Berberine-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers mitigate warm hepatic ischemia/reperfusion-induced lesion through modulation of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling and autophagy. Allam, MM; El-Haddad, AE; El-Mancy, SS; Elnagar, MR; Elnahas, OS; Fayez, SM; Gendy, AM; Khodir, AE; Mousa, MR, 2022)	3.61
" It also focuses on the bioavailability and safety of berberine in AD."	( Neuroprotective potential of berberine in modulating Alzheimer's disease via multiple signaling pathways. Akash, MSH; Akbar, M; Rehman, K; Shabbir, A; Shah, MA, 2021)	1.16
" Despite having substantial therapeutic potential, it exhibits poor absorption, low oral bioavailability and limited penetration in the brain."	( Berberine loaded nanostructured lipid carrier for Alzheimer's disease: Design, statistical optimization and enhanced in vivo performance. Auti, ST; Kulkarni, YA; Kunde, SS; Raju, M; Wairkar, S, 2021)	2.06
" Currently, there is a considerable need for the development of orally bioavailable dosage forms that enable the effective delivery of therapeutic drugs to local diseased lesions in the gastrointestinal tract."	( Orally Deliverable Dual-Targeted Pellets for the Synergistic Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Du, Y; Gu, Y; Jiang, L; Liu, J; Tang, X; Yang, M, 2021)	0.62
" However, BBR exhibits low bioavailability due to its extensive metabolism and limited absorption."	( Berberrubine attenuates potassium oxonate- and hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemia by regulating urate transporters and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Chen, J; Huang, Z; Jiang, L; Li, Y; Lin, G; Lin, Z; Liu, Y; Mai, L; Su, Z; Xie, J; Xu, L; Yu, Q, 2021)	0.62
" Even if nutraceuticals exert a prophylactic activity within the body, their bioactivity and bioavailability have high interindividual variation, and precise assessment of biological function of these bioactive compounds in randomized clinical trials is critical."	( Berberine and lycopene as alternative or add-on therapy to metformin and statins, a review. Hedayati, N; Naeini, MB; Oskouei, Z; Tabeshpour, J, 2021)	2.06
"Targeted therapy from cells to mitochondria can improve the bioavailability and therapeutic effects of drugs."	( FC-BBR/IND-induced glucose oxidase nanodrugs for targeted combination therapy. Cheng, Y; Ji, Y; Ouyang, D, 2022)	0.72
"Despite the promising medicinal properties, berberine (BBR), due to its relatively poor solubility in plasma, low bio-stability and limited bioavailability is not used broadly in clinical stages."	( A review of the berberine natural polysaccharide nanostructures as potential anticancer and antibacterial agents. Attar, F; Balali, E; Bloukh, SH; Derakhshankhah, H; Edis, Z; Falahati, M; Hao, X; Hua, L; Hussain, A; Khan, RH; Khan, S; Lin, Y; Nabi, F; Nemati, F; Sharifi, M; Ten Hagen, TLM; Zeinabad, HA, 2022)	1.33
" However, berberine's poor bioavailability and low solubility have limited its clinical applicability."	( Evaluation of anti-inflammatory response of berberine-loaded gum nanocomplexes in carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats. Bakshi, J; Dhingra, D; Grewal, S; Kumari, S; Lathar, P; Mehra, M, 2022)	1.38
" However, due to the low bioavailability and systemic exposure, broad clinical applications of berberine have been largely impeded."	( Berberine and its derivatives represent as the promising therapeutic agents for inflammatory disorders. Fu, Y; Li, H; Lu, Q, 2022)	2.38
" The aim of this study was to design and generate BBR-loaded proliposomes (PLs) as solid templates for high-dose liposomes and consequently, to enhance the oral bioavailability and therapeutic effect of BBR."	( Berberine-loaded liposomes for oral delivery: Preparation, physicochemical characterization and in-vivo evaluation in an endogenous hyperlipidemic animal model. Duong, TT; Heinämäki, J; Nghiem, TH; Nguyen, LT; Nguyen, TD; Nguyen, TQ; Pham, HT; Pham, TM; Raal, A; Yen, TTH, 2022)	2.16
" However, extremely low water solubility and poor oral bioavailability have largely restricted its therapeutic applications."	( Berberine-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles inhibit non-small cell lung cancer proliferation and migration in vitro. Chellappan, DK; Dua, K; Gupta, G; Gupta, PK; Hansbro, PM; Jha, NK; Kumar, P; MacLoughlin, R; Madheswaran, T; Malyla, V; Mehta, M; Oliver, BG; Panneerselvam, J; Patel, VK; Paudel, KR; Singh, SK; Yen, LL; Yin, GHS, 2022)	2.16
" Thus, the objective of this study was to formulate sustained-release microparticles (MPs) using a pH-independent release polymer and to evaluate their potential to improve the oral bioavailability of BBR."	( In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of Berberine-Loaded Microparticles Filled In-House 3D Printed Hollow Capsular Device for Improved Oral Bioavailability. Banerjee, S; Borkar, RM; Choudhury, D; Jala, A; Murty, US, 2022)	1
" Chitosan and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have demonstrated great abilities as delivery systems in enhancing the bioavailability of therapeutic compounds."	( Chitosan-Coated Solid Lipid Nano-Encapsulation Improves the Therapeutic Antiairway Inflammation Effect of Berberine against COPD in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rats. Li, D; Li, Y; Liu, H; Shi, M; Wang, Y; Zhang, X, 2022)	0.93
" However, with regard to certain factors involving unsatisfactory aqueous solubility and low bioavailability associated with its clinical application, there is need for continuous researches by scientist."	( Baicalin-berberine complex nanocrystals orally promote the co-absorption of two components. Dang, W; Feng, X; Li, Z; Liu, R; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Nwafor, EO; Pi, J; Wang, J; Yu, C; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Y, 2022)	1.14
" The purpose of this study is to transform the structure of berberine in order to improve the bioavailability of berberine and reduce the dosage."	( Synthesis of Berberine and Canagliflozin Chimera and Investigation into New Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms. Che, S; Chen, Y; Hao, W; Li, J; Luo, J; Wei, H; Xie, W; Zhang, W; Zhao, Z, 2022)	1.33
"These results support the idea that alkaloidal compounds within Coptis and Tetradium have hOCT1 and hOCT2 inhibitory activity or be their substrates, and the increased oral bioavailability of berberine in vivo was closely related to the potential interactions of small molecules in Coptis- Tetradium."	( The interaction of alkaloids in Coptis chinensis Franch -Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Juss.) T.G. Hartley with hOCT1 and hOCT2. Huang, Y; Li, L; Li, Y; Liu, X; Pan, G; Wang, X; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.91
"Berberine (Ber) is cardioprotective, but its oral bioavailability is low, and its effect on chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity has not been studied."	( Solid Lipid Nanoformulation of Berberine Attenuates Doxorubicin Triggered Bhatnagar, P; Dinda, AK; Gupta, P; Rawal, S; Yadav, HN, 2022)	2.45
" Moreover, the thick colonic mucus layer obstructs the penetration of the drug, resulting in low bioavailability to the inflammatory site of the colon."	( Mucus-Penetrating Alginate-Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Berberine Hydrochloride for Oral Delivery to the Inflammation Site of Ulcerative Colitis. Chen, S; Fang, W; Gao, S; Hu, R; Lu, W; Nie, X; Sun, L; Zhang, Q, 2022)	0.96
" However, its clinical efficacy is hindered by its low oral bioavailability and rapid metabolism."	( Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profile of berberine and its metabolites in hepatocytes. Huang, Y; Li, W; Li, Y; Liu, X; Pan, G; Wang, X; Zhang, H, 2022)	0.98
" In addition, the nanotechnologies to improve bioavailability of berberine are included."	( Anticancer Effects and Mechanisms of Berberine from Medicinal Herbs: An Update Review. Gan, RY; Huang, SY; Li, HB; Saimaiti, A; Shang, A; Wu, SX; Xiong, RG; Yang, ZJ; Zhang, YJ; Zhao, CN; Zhou, DD, 2022)	1.23
" However, the low oral bioavailability (below 1%) of berberine due to its poor solubility and membrane permeability limits its clinical use."	( A co-crystal berberine-ibuprofen improves obesity by inhibiting the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKɛ. Liu, X; Lu, Y; Qiu, S; Wang, M; Xu, R; Yan, M; Zhang, L; Zhang, P; Zhu, J, 2022)	1.34
" In this study, we aimed to develop berberine-loaded bilosomes (BER-BLS) to boost the oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of berberine, a natural antidiabetic medication."	( Bilosomes as a promising nanoplatform for oral delivery of an alkaloid nutraceutical: improved pharmacokinetic profile and snowballed hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats. Abdelgawad, MA; Abou-Taleb, HA; Ali, MRA; Alsalahat, I; Eid, HM; Elkomy, MH; Elmowafy, M; Rateb, ME; Shalaby, K; Zafar, A, 2022)	1
" However, it has restricted clinical uses due to its very poor solubility and bioavailability (less than 1%)."	( Pharmacokinetic of berberine, the main constituent of Berberis vulgaris L.: A comprehensive review. Hosseinzadeh, H; Imenshahidi, M; Khoshandam, A, 2022)	1.05
" Its low water solubility, absorption, and cellular bioavailability diminish BBR's therapeutic efficacy."	( Preparation, physicochemical characterization, and bioactivity evaluation of berberine-entrapped albumin nanoparticles. El-Demellawy, MA; El-Rahman, SSA; Ghareeb, DA; Newairy, AA; Saleh, SR; Younis, FA, 2022)	0.95
" However, the absorption rate of berberine is less than 1% in humans."	( Emulsification by vitamin E TPGS or Quillaja extract enhanced absorption of berberine without affecting its metabolism in humans. Gu, L; Wang, GP; Yagiz, Y, 2022)	1.23
"The study found that GLC/BER has an anti-inflammatory effect in vitro and in vivo, and the GLC carrier improves the potency and bioavailability of BER, providing a new type of nanomedicine for the treatment of colitis."	( Macrophage-Targeted Berberine-Loaded β-Glucan Nanoparticles Enhance the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Chen, Q; Fan, Y; Huang, J; Liang, M; Long, H; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wu, C; Xu, Y, 2022)	1.04
" In this context, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the active compounds is a crucial issue."	( Nutraceutical Approaches to Dyslipidaemia: The Main Formulative Issues Preventing Efficacy. Colletti, A; Cravotto, G; Fratter, A; Pellizzato, M, 2022)	0.72
" However, the discrepancy between its low bioavailability and significant therapeutic effect remains obscure."	( Anti-Inflammatory Activation of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex is Mediated by Berberine Erythrocytes Self-Assembly Targeted Delivery System. Chen, J; Cheng, J; Huang, Z; Li, M; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Qin, Z; Su, Z; Xie, J; Yu, Q; Zhan, R; Zhong, L, 2022)	0.95
" However, its low water solubility, low absorption, first-pass metabolism, nontargeting, and poor bioavailability represent major hurdles to its successful therapeutic applications."	( Nanocarrier Based Delivery of Berberine: A Critical Review on Pharmaceutical and Preclinical Characteristics of the Bioactive. Hafeez, A; Khan, MJ; Siddiqui, MA, 2023)	1.2
"Pharmacokinetic analysis of BBR bioavailability data in rats revealed that the oral bioavailability is limited by the extensive CYPs-mediated intestinal first-pass metabolism, insufficient membrane permeability due to the low solubility and P-gp-mediated efflux transport, and the hepatic first-pass metabolism."	( Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: Part 1. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Bodor, E; Bodor, N; Murakami, T, 2023)	1.15
" However, the oral bioavailability of BBR is low due to extensive intestinal first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450s (CYPs), insufficient absorption due to low solubility and P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux transport, and hepatic first-pass metabolism in rats."	( Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: part 2. development of oral dosage formulations. Bodor, E; Bodor, N; Murakami, T, 2023)	1.15
"Various dosage formulations were developed to increase the oral bioavailability of BBR by overcoming the reducing factors."	( Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: part 2. development of oral dosage formulations. Bodor, E; Bodor, N; Murakami, T, 2023)	1.15
" Among these formulations, formulations that can reduce intestinal first-pass metabolisms such as formulations containing CYPs inhibitor(s) and formulations containing absorption enhancer(s) significantly increased the oral bioavailability of BBR."	( Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: part 2. development of oral dosage formulations. Bodor, E; Bodor, N; Murakami, T, 2023)	1.15
" However, as the two agents have very different chemical structure and bioavailability in oral route, the goal of this study is to learn their characteristics in treating metabolic disorders."	( Berberine is a potential alternative for metformin with good regulatory effect on lipids in treating metabolic diseases. Gao, TL; Guo, HH; Han, YX; Jiang, JD; Luo, ZG; Shen, HR; Wang, LL; Zhang, HJ; Zhang, JL, 2023)	2.35
"DSPE-PEG polymer, as an excellent absorption enhancer, seems very promising in increasing oral bioavailability of berberine."	( DSPE-PEG polymer enhanced berberine absorption specifically in the small intestine of rats through paracellular passway. Gao, Y; Huxiao, L; Sun, J; Wang, S; Xu, Y; Zhang, H, 2023)	1.42
" However, the limited bioavailability restricts their application."	( Co-assembled nanocomplexes comprising epigallocatechin gallate and berberine for enhanced antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Chen, H; Chen, R; Cui, M; Dong, Z; Feng, Y; Li, Y; Liu, W; Sun, S; Wang, J; Ye, H; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zheng, T, 2023)	1.15
"14% of BBR is metabolized in the liver, and the extremely low bioavailability (<1%) and blood concentration of BBR in experimental and clinical settings is insufficient to achieve the effects as observed under in vitro conditions, which imposes challenges to explain its excellent pharmacological actions."	( Intestines-erythrocytes-mediated bio-disposition deciphers the hypolipidemic effect of berberine from Rhizoma Coptidis: A neglected insight. Huang, R; Huang, Z; Li, M; Liu, Y; Ma, X; Qin, Z; Su, Z; Xie, J; Zeng, H; Zhan, R, 2023)	1.13
" Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid, has shown promising effect in the kindling model of epileptogenesis, but due to the poor oral bioavailability its clinical application is limited."	( Neuroprotective effect of Berberine Nanoparticles Against Seizures in Pentylenetetrazole Induced Kindling Model of Epileptogenesis: Role of Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms. Bhatia, A; Bhattacharya, S; Chakrabarti, A; Gautam, V; Kumari, P; Rawat, K; Saha, L; Sandhu, A; Singh, N; Sinha, VR, 2023)	2.12
" STC@BBR-SANPs can help to solve the problems of poor solubility and low absorption rate of BBR in clinical use, and provide a new perspective for the future development of BBR."	( Self-Assembled nanoparticles Combining Berberine and Sodium Taurocholate for Enhanced Anti-Hyperuricemia Effect. Ai, G; Cheng, J; Huang, Z; Li, M; Li, Y; Liao, H; Qin, Z; Qu, C; Su, Z; Xie, J; Xie, Y, 2023)	1.18
" The sustained release effect significantly improved the bioavailability of berberine."	( Manganese-doped albumin-gelatin composite nanogel loaded with berberine applied to the treatment of gouty arthritis in rats via a SPARC-dependent mechanism. An, J; Cheng, S; Du, J; Hu, Y; Li, Y; Liu, X; Mei, X; Sun, J; Tian, H; Wu, C; Xiong, Y; Yu, Y, 2023)	1.38
" In addition, dissolution, trans-epithelial permeability, and bioavailability experiments were conducted to evaluate the absorption and distribution of drugs."	( Berberine-silybin salt achieves improved anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease effect through regulating lipid metabolism. Cui, J; Jiang, J; Li, R; Ma, X; Ren, L; Wang, L; Yu, H; Yu, X; Zhang, W, 2024)	2.89
" Furthermore, BSS significantly increased the bioavailability of SIY in both plasma and the liver (2."	( Berberine-silybin salt achieves improved anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease effect through regulating lipid metabolism. Cui, J; Jiang, J; Li, R; Ma, X; Ren, L; Wang, L; Yu, H; Yu, X; Zhang, W, 2024)	2.89

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"L-1 inhibited the contraction initiated by clonidine (alpha 2) and phenylephrine (alpha 1) and shifted the dose-response curve to the right parallely without change in maximum response."	( [Effect of (-)-stepholidine on blood pressure and alpha-adrenoceptor agonists-, KCl- and CaCl2-evoked contractions of aortic strips]. He, YF; Jin, GZ; Lu, YQ; Shen, DL; Sun, Z; Yang, ZC; Zhang, ZD, 1991)	0.28
" Lower concentrations of berberine (less than or equal to 5 x 10(-5) M) induced a parallel rightward shift of the dose-response curve of acetylcholine, suggesting that berberine is antagonizing the actions of acetylcholine at the receptors competitively."	( Pharmacological effects of berberine on the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig isolated ileum. Ochillo, RF; Tsai, CS, )	0.73
" On isolated swine coronary arterial strips, berberine shifted norepinephrine cumulative dose-response curve rightward parallelly without decreasing the maximal response."	( [The role and mechanism of berberine on coronary arteries]. Huang, W, 1990)	0.84
"In rats vas deferens and canine saphenous vein, epiberberine (EB) parallelly shifted the dose-response curves of Clo and BHT-920 to the right without changing the maximal effect."	( [Effect of epiberberine on alpha-adrenoceptors]. Fang, DC; Wang, JL, 1990)	0.89
" Furthermore the dose-response curves for methoxamine and B-HT 920 were shifted parallely to the right by iv Jat 10 mg/kg."	( [The blocking and partial agonistic actions of jatrorrhizine on alpha-adrenoceptors]. Fang, DC; Han, H, 1989)	0.28
" No serious side effects were found within the therapeutic dosage of 50-225mg/day The results showed that L-SPD is a new type of anti-dyskinesia agent deserving further pharmacological investigation."	( [Clinical study on the treatment of dyskinesia by L-stepholidine]. Le, W, 1989)	0.28
"7), whereas berberine, which differs basically from atropine, shifted the dose-response curve for acetylcholine non-parallelly to the right with its maximal response reduced concomitantly."	( Blocking action of berberine on various receptors in rat anococcygeus muscle. Fang, DC; Jiang, MX; Xia, GJ; Yao, WX, 1989)	0.98
" The dose-response curve was of an inverted U shape since with 10 micrograms of oxymetazoline the plasma GH did not rise."	( Hypothalamic alpha 2A-adrenoceptors stimulate growth hormone release in the rat. Kiem, DT; Makara, GB; Vizi, ES, 1995)	0.29
" These results are different from those previously obtained in rats, which show bell-shaped dose-response curves in response to alpha 2 adrenoceptor blockers (small doses increased, while large doses decreased aggression)."	( The effect of alpha 2 adrenoceptor blockers on aggressive behavior in mice: implications for the actions of adrenoceptor agents. Haller, J; Kovács, JL; Makara, GB, 1996)	0.29
"L-1) shifted the dose-response curves to the right in a nonparallel fashion and decreased the maximal response (Emax) of both the fenoldopam(FODA, a selective DA1 agonist)-induced and the propyl-buty-dopamine(PBDA, a selective DA2 agonist)-induced vasorelaxation showing a non-competitive antagonistic action."	( [Effects of l-stepholidine on the peripheral vascular dopamine DA1 and DA2 receptor subtypes]. Guo, W; Jin, G; Zhang, W; Zhao, R; Zhi, J, 1998)	0.3
"L-1) shifted the dose-response curves to the right in a nonparallel fashion and decreased the maximal response (Emax) of both the fenoldopam(FODA, a selective DA1 agonist)-induced and the propyl-butyl-dopamine(PBDA, a selective DA2 agonist)-induced vasorelaxation, showing a non-competitive antagonistic action."	( [Effects of tetrahydroberberine on peripheral vascular dopamine DA1 and DA2 receptor subtypes]. Guo, W; Jin, GZ; Zhang, WF; Zhao, RR; Zhi, JM, 2000)	0.62
" The drugs were orally administered for 8 weeks starting from 4 weeks after surgery at dosage of berberine 10 mg/kg and captopril 50 mg/kg."	( Effect of berberine on regression of pressure-overload induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Chan, TY; Hong, Y; Hou, JY; Hui, SC, 2002)	0.93
" The results indicate that berberine displays a linear pharmacokinetic phenomenon in the dosage range from 10 to 20 mg kg(-1), since a proportional increase in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of berberine was observed in this dosage range."	( Hepatobiliary excretion of berberine. Tsai, PL; Tsai, TH, 2004)	0.92
" The present results suggest that BBR can increase the oral bioavailability of CsA at the dosage of 3 mg/kg."	( The effects of berberine on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin A in healthy volunteers. Li, Q; Liu, YY; Wu, XC; Xin, HW; Yu, AR; Zhong, MY, )	0.48
" The mixture of BA, BE, GL and GS (4M), each of BE, GL and GS at the dosage corresponded to HST (125 mg/kg) also suppressed the ethanol-induced gastric lesion in rats, but BA did not."	( Pharmacological properties of traditional medicine (XXXII): protective effects of hangeshashinto and the combinations of its major constituents on gastric lesions in rats. Fujimura, Y; Kano, Y; Kawashima, K; Makino, T, 2006)	0.33
" In vivo samples including rat feces, urine and plasma collected separately after dosing healthy rats with jatrorrhizine (34 mg/kg) orally, along with in vitro samples prepared by incubating jatrorrhizine with rat intestinal flora and liver microsome, respectively, were purified using a C(18) solid-phase extraction cartridge."	( LC/MS/MS for identification of in vivo and in vitro metabolites of jatrorrhizine. Chen, Y; Han, F; Wu, W; Zhang, Y, 2008)	0.35
"In the different dosage of extractive Rhizoma Coptidis, the absorption of BER and PAL Conforms to the zero order rate process at the different intestine, and is the passive absorption."	( [Absorption of extractive Rhizoma Coptidis in rat everted gut scas]. Bao, TD; Dong, Y; Li, YJ; Pan, GF; Weng, XG; Yang, Q; Zhang, YF; Zhu, XX, 2008)	0.35
"Berberine inhibits COX-2 expression via the ERK1/2 signalling pathway and, possibly, at a high dosage via the JNK pathway."	( Biochemical pathways in the antiatherosclerotic effect of berberine. Guo, Y; Jiang, X; Li, FM; Wang, L; Wang, QZ; Zuo, YF, 2008)	2.03
"Combined use of CsA with Ber could markedly increase the blood concentration of CsA in heart transplanted recipients and reduce the dosage of CsA required, save the fee for medical service, and shows no obvious adverse reaction."	( [Effect of berberin hydrochloride on blood concentration of cyclosporine A in cardiac transplanted recipients]. Huang, XS; Pan, YC; Yang, GF, 2008)	0.35
" Six groups were divided according to the different experimental conditions: (1) Normal glucose group (NG); (2) Mannitol group (Mannitol); (3) High glucose group (HG); (4) SB203580 treatment group (HG + SB203580); (5) Berberine low dosage group (HG + BBR 30 microM); (6) Berberine high dosage group (HG + BBR 90 microM)."	( Berberine reduces fibronectin and collagen accumulation in rat glomerular mesangial cells cultured under high glucose condition. Deng, Y; Huang, H; Lan, T; Li, X; Liu, P; Liu, W; Tang, F; Zhang, X, 2009)	1.98
" We observed the inhibitory effects of berberine on HONE1 cells at a high dosage (>150 microM)."	( Berberine inhibits Rho GTPases and cell migration at low doses but induces G2 arrest and apoptosis at high doses in human cancer cells. Cheung, AL; Cheung, PY; Ching, YP; Di, K; Feng, Y; Hau, PM; Lau, EP; Tong, Y; Tsang, CM; Tsao, SW; Wan, TS; Wong, YC, 2009)	2.06
" For that, four different dosing routes, intragastric, intraduodenal, intraportal, and intravenous, were used to investigate the gastric, intestinal, and hepatic first-pass elimination of berberine."	( Extensive intestinal first-pass elimination and predominant hepatic distribution of berberine explain its low plasma levels in rats. Hao, HP; Lai, L; Liu, CX; Liu, YT; Wang, GJ; Wang, Q; Xie, HG, 2010)	0.78
" In diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, Di-Me counteracted the increased adiposity, tissue triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance, and improved glucose tolerance at a dosage of 15mg/kg."	( 8,8-Dimethyldihydroberberine with improved bioavailability and oral efficacy on obese and diabetic mouse models. Chen, AF; Cheng, Z; Gu, M; Hu, LH; Li, J; Li, JY; Li, YY; Sheng, L; Wu, F; Zhang, HK; Zhang, LN, 2010)	0.69
" Mice in BL and BH were administered berberine by gavage at the dosage of 50 mg x kg(-1) and 150 mg x kg(-1), respectively."	( [Effects of berberine on serum levels of inflammatory factors and inflammatory signaling pathway in obese mice induced by high fat diet]. Liu, J; Shang, W; Yu, X; Zhao, J, 2010)	1.01
"The objective of the present research was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of berberine chloride and to assess the complexation of drug with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), a first step towards solution dosage form development."	( Physicochemical characterization of berberine chloride: a perspective in the development of a solution dosage form for oral delivery. Avery, MA; Battu, SK; Chittiboyina, AG; Maddineni, S; Majumdar, S; Repka, MA, 2010)	0.86
"To develop a new high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the quantification of berberine in herbal extract and pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Development and validation of a method for densitometric analysis of berberine in herbal extract and polyherbal formulation. Ghosh, VK; Nagore, DH; Patil, MJ; Prakash, A, 2010)	0.81
"The above method was a rapid and cost-effective quality-control tool for routine analysis of berberine in herbal extracts and in pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Development and validation of a method for densitometric analysis of berberine in herbal extract and polyherbal formulation. Ghosh, VK; Nagore, DH; Patil, MJ; Prakash, A, 2010)	0.81
" Its effects on Pck1, and insulin-regulated Gck and G6pc expression depended on the hepatocyte sources and the dosage used."	( Berberine regulated Gck, G6pc, Pck1 and Srebp-1c expression and activated AMP-activated protein kinase in primary rat hepatocytes. Chen, G; Chen, W; Ge, Y; Li, R; Li, Y; Zhang, Y, 2011)	1.81
" We conclude that based on traditional dosage and indication, the use of RC and CP in oral concoction is safe."	( Berberine-induced haemolysis revisited: safety of Rhizoma coptidis and Cortex phellodendri in chronic haematological diseases. Lim, LC; Linn, YC; Lu, J; Ng, HS; Sun, H; Sun, J; Zhou, Y, 2012)	1.82
"The women were randomized to treatment with a nutraceuticals containing soy isoflavones (60 mg) and berberine (500 mg) or a placebo at a dosage of one tablet daily between meals for 12 weeks."	( Combined nutraceutical approach to postmenopausal syndrome and vascular remodeling biomarkers. Borghi, C; Cicero, AF; De Sando, V; Ferroni, A; Grandi, E; Tartagni, E, 2013)	0.61
" In room temperature, our largest dosage of BBR (0."	( Novel effect of berberine on thermoregulation in mice model induced by hot and cold environmental stimulation. Chai, YS; Du, F; Du, LJ; Hu, J; Jiang, JF; Kheir, MM; Lei, F; Lu, X; Wang, XP; Wang, YG; Xing, DM; Yuan, ZY, 2013)	0.74
"Cardiac function and infarct size after IR were significantly exacerbated in ovariectomized rats as compared with sham-operated rats, whereas long-term treatment with a clinical dosage of TJ-113 for 4 weeks markedly improved these functional and morphological changes."	( Long-term treatment with san'o-shashin-to, a kampo medicine, markedly ameliorates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovariectomized rats via the redox-dependent mechanism. Arakaki, K; Ishiuchi, S; Kina-Tanada, M; Kubota, H; Masuzaki, H; Matsuzaki, T; Nakasone, J; Noguchi, K; Ohya, Y; Sakanashi, M; Sugahara, K; Tanimoto, A; Tsutsui, M; Uchida, T; Yanagihara, N, 2013)	0.39
"These results provide the first evidence that long-term treatment with a clinical dosage of TJ-113 markedly ameliorates cardiac IR injury in ovariectomized rats via inhibition of iNOS expression, suppression of peroxynitrite formation, and restoration of Mn-SOD activity."	( Long-term treatment with san'o-shashin-to, a kampo medicine, markedly ameliorates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovariectomized rats via the redox-dependent mechanism. Arakaki, K; Ishiuchi, S; Kina-Tanada, M; Kubota, H; Masuzaki, H; Matsuzaki, T; Nakasone, J; Noguchi, K; Ohya, Y; Sakanashi, M; Sugahara, K; Tanimoto, A; Tsutsui, M; Uchida, T; Yanagihara, N, 2013)	0.39
" The overall effects of berberine 20 mg/kg on cold and mechanical allodynia were quite similar to those of amitriptyline 10 mg/kg, and berberine exhibited similar antioxidant effects as the same dosage of amitriptyline."	( Berberine ameliorates cold and mechanical allodynia in a rat model of diabetic neuropathy. Kim, HJ; Kim, SO, 2013)	2.14
" These results indicated that the self-emulsifying microsphere prepared by membrane emulsification technology might become a new dosage form for poorly water soluble drugs."	( [Preparation and in vitro characterization of berberine hydrochloride--self-emulsifying microsphere by membrane emulsification technology]. Li, HQ; Yi, T, 2013)	0.65
" Sixteen metabolites, including 10 Phase I and six Phase II metabolites were identified and clarified after dosing in vivo."	( Excretion of berberine and its metabolites in oral administration in rats. Chen, SN; Feng, R; Fu, J; He, CY; He, WY; Huang, M; Jiang, JD; Ma, C; Ma, JY; Shou, JW; Tan, XS; Wang, Y; Zhao, ZX, 2013)	0.76
" Interestingly, the entire dose-response curves of berberine shifted down in the presence of 100μmol/L baicalin, and baicalin antagonised the effect of berberine on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes."	( Interaction of baicalin with berberine for glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HepG2 hepatocytes. Liu, YH; Tu, J; Tu, XY; Wang, YS; Xu, GL; Yu, RY; Zhang, CH, 2014)	0.95
" lycium extracts as well as berberine were not lethal up to dosage of 2000 mg/kg body weight."	( In vivo anticoccidial activity of berberine [18, 5,6-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxybenzo(g)-1,3-benzodioxolo(5,6-a) quinolizinium]--an isoquinoline alkaloid present in the root bark of Berberis lycium. Ahad, S; Chishti, MZ; Johri, RK; Kamili, AN; Malik, TA; Tanveer, S, 2014)	0.98
" This dosage was selected on the basis of its expected -20% efficacy in reducing low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol."	( Nutraceutical approach to moderate cardiometabolic risk: results of a randomized, double-blind and crossover study with Armolipid Plus. Arnoldi, A; Bosisio, R; Calabresi, L; Gomaraschi, M; Macchi, C; Magni, P; Mombelli, G; Pavanello, C; Pazzucconi, F; Ruscica, M; Sirtori, CR, )	0.13
" Taken together, our results demonstrate that a high dosage of coptisine could inhibit cholesterol synthesis via suppressing the HMGCR expression and promoting the use and excretion of cholesterol via up-regulating LDLR and CYP7A1 expression."	( The safety and anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of coptisine in Syrian golden hamsters. Chen, B; Fang, X; He, K; Hu, Y; Li, X; Ning, N; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Ye, X; Zou, Z, 2015)	0.42
" The pharmacokinetic behavior of berberine was significantly altered in CVH-IBS pathological conditions, which indicated the dosage modification of berberine hydrochloride in CVH-IBS were necessary."	( Pharmacokinetic difference of berberine between normal and chronic visceral hypersensitivity irritable bowel syndrome rats and its mechanism. Chen, Y; Dong, Y; Gong, Z; Guo, Y; Li, Y; Liu, X; Wang, Y; Weng, X; Yang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhou, B; Zhu, X, 2015)	0.99
"Nutraceuticals (NUT) are forms of compounds with biological activity commonly used to improve health in dosage largely exceeding those obtainable in food."	( Effects of a new combination of nutraceuticals with Morus alba on lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and endotelial function in dyslipidemic subjects. A cross-over, randomized, double-blind trial. Esposito, G; Izzo, R; Manzi, MV; Rozza, F; Santoro, M; Schiattarella, GG; Serino, F; Stabile, E; Trimarco, B; Trimarco, V, 2015)	0.42
" Histological analysis using plastic sections showed dosing with BBR preserved photoreceptors."	( Berberine protects against light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in the mouse retina. Dunaief, JL; Li, Y; Song, D; Song, J; Wang, C, 2016)	1.88
" The results showed that epiberberine at high dosage significantly reduced serum TC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and TBA levels by 20."	( Epiberberine reduces serum cholesterol in diet-induced dyslipidemia Syrian golden hamsters via network pathways involving cholesterol metabolism. Feng, M; Hu, YR; Li, XG; Ma, H; Ye, XL; Zou, ZY, 2016)	1.35
" Berberine, a natural alkaloid is well known in studies involving synergistic approaches, thereby reducing the dosage of principal drugs."	( Synergistic approach for treatment of chicken coccidiosis using berberine--A plant natural product. Ahad, S; Chishti, MZ; Johri, RK; Kamili, AN; Malik, TA; Tanveer, S, 2016)	1.58
" However, whether BBR alters BAs metabolism or dose-response effect of BBR on gut flora is unknown."	( Dose-response effect of berberine on bile acid profile and gut microbiota in mice. Guo, Y; Huang, W; Klaassen, CD; Selwyn, FP; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.74
"In T2DM model rats, the pharmacokinetic behaviour of berberine was significantly altered, which indicated that berberine dosage should be modified in T2DM patients."	( Effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics of berberine in rats. Jia, Y; Xu, B; Xu, J, 2017)	0.94
" Therefore, the developed gastric floating tablets of Ber could be an alternative dosage form for treatment of gastrointestinal disease."	( The In vitro/vivo Evaluation of Prepared Gastric Floating Tablets of Berberine Hydrochloride. Cui, CL; Du, WJ; Guo, CR; He, X; Ji, J; Wang, L; Wang, X; Yang, XL; Zhang, CF, 2017)	0.69
" But the downstream of HIF-1α occurred the bifurcation dependent on the dosage of berberine: AMPK-HIF-1α-P-gp inactivation played a crucial role on the DOX chemosensitivity of low-dose berberine, while AMPK-HIF-1α downregulaton inducing p53 activation led to apoptosis in high-dose berberine."	( Berberine Reverses Hypoxia-induced Chemoresistance in Breast Cancer through the Inhibition of AMPK- HIF-1α. Chen, L; He, K; Li, J; Pan, Y; Shao, D; Tan, Y; Zhang, F; Zhao, Y; Zheng, X, 2017)	2.12
" NAFLD model was established by high fat food, and rats were administrated with lovastatin, berberine, curcumin, berberine + curcumin at the dosage of 100, 100, 100, 50 + 50 mg/kg bw, respectively."	( Natural products berberine and curcumin exhibited better ameliorative effects on rats with non-alcohol fatty liver disease than lovastatin. Feng, WW; Kuang, SY; Liu, TS; Ma, ZJ; Pang, JY; Tu, C; Wang, JB; Wang, YH; Xiao, XH; Zang, QC; Zhao, YL, 2018)	1.04
" In summary, BB exerted similar effect to its analogue BBR and positive control in attenuating DSS-induced UC with much lower dosage and similar mechanism."	( Berberrubine attenuates mucosal lesions and inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Chen, JP; Huang, YF; Li, HL; Qu, C; Su, ZR; Xu, LQ; Xu, YF; Yi, TG; Yu, XT; Zeng, HF; Zhang, XJ; Zheng, L, 2018)	0.48
"Present study was undertaken to investigate the dose-response relationship of berberine in SMW between the articular concentration and anti-inflammatory effect in the knee joint under the lower-guiding of ABR."	( Achyranthis bidentatae radix enhanced articular distribution and anti-inflammatory effect of berberine in Sanmiao Wan using an acute gouty arthritis rat model. Cheng, W; Li, J; Li, W; Sun, B; Wu, J; Xie, J; Zhang, Q, 2018)	0.93
" The dose-response relationship of berberine between the enhanced articular concentration and improved anti-inflammatory effect in the knee joint under the lower-guiding of ABR was observed for the first time."	( Achyranthis bidentatae radix enhanced articular distribution and anti-inflammatory effect of berberine in Sanmiao Wan using an acute gouty arthritis rat model. Cheng, W; Li, J; Li, W; Sun, B; Wu, J; Xie, J; Zhang, Q, 2018)	0.98
"The dosage of PVA17-88,ethanol and glycerin were used as factors, the film-forming properties,the release rate of strychnine and berberine hydrochloride in eight hours were adopted as indexes to optimize the molding process; the release rate and transdermal release were examined in vitro by using Franz diffusion cells."	( [Multi-objective Simultaneous Optimization of Huang-ma Slow-release Membrane Spray Agent]. Chen, W; Gao, Q; Liu, M; Liu, X; Yang, M, 2016)	0.64
" In addition, the occurrence of arrhythmias was significantly delayed, and the dosage of AC required to induce arrhythmias was also increased by Ber pretreatment."	( Protective effect of berberine on aconite‑induced myocardial injury and the associated mechanisms. Chen, X; Guo, H; Li, Q; Liu, H; Miao, Q; Su, S; Xie, K; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhu, Z, 2018)	0.8
" Subgroup-analyses indicated that effects of Berberine on blood glucose became unremarkable as the treatment lasted more than 90 days, the daily dosage more than 2 g/d and patients aged more than 60 years."	( Effects of berberine on blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic literature review and a meta-analysis. Chen, R; Huang, L; Liang, Y; Ni, J; Xu, X; Yin, M; Zhang, Y, 2019)	1.16
" This facilitates their ready acceptance as dietary supplements with no requirements of special dosage and concerns over long-term usage."	( Encapsulation of Nutraceutical Ingredients in Liposomes and Their Potential for Cancer Treatment. Anandharamakrishnan, C; Dutta, S; Moses, JA, )	0.13
"00001) in a linear The dose-response relationship (Pearson r = - 0."	( Anticancer effect of berberine based on experimental animal models of various cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Long, Y; Ni, L; Tao, J; Wu, R; Xu, J; Yu, N; Yuan, X; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.83
"Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups as per what was orally administered to them: MET (G1)/BBR (G2) at 200 mg/kg, BBR 2-hour (h) after dosing MET (G3), MET 2-h after dosing BBR (G4) or MET with BBR at the same time (G5) followed by monitoring their pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between metformin and berberine in rats: Role of oral administration sequences and microbiota. Chan, PKS; Cheung, SCK; Kong, APS; Lin, L; Lyu, Y; Shaw, PC; Yang, M; Yang, X; Zhang, Y; Zuo, Z, 2019)	0.77
" However, we also (b) observe that the plasma concentration of coptisine demonstrates obvious non-liner relationship with dosage, and even the highest dosage used in animal study actually cannot reach the minimum concentration level used in cell experiments owing to the poor absorption and low availability of coptisine."	( Coptisine from Coptis chinensis exerts diverse beneficial properties: A concise review. Deng, D; Hu, Y; Li, S; Luo, Y; Meng, X; Su, S; Wang, P; Wu, J; Xiang, L, 2019)	0.51
" Moreover, berberine effects on chronic colitis were dosing time-dependent."	( Circadian pharmacological effects of berberine on chronic colitis in mice: Role of the clock component Rev-erbα. Gao, L; Lin, Y; Wang, S; Wu, B; Yang, Z; Zhou, Z, 2020)	1.22
" In conclusion, the use of berberine for PCOS is safe and promising, even if more studies are needed to create a consensus about the dosage of berberine useful for long-term therapy."	( Polycystic ovary syndrome management: a review of the possible amazing role of berberine. Faliva, MA; Gasparri, C; Infantino, V; Naso, M; Nichetti, M; Perna, S; Peroni, G; Petrangolini, G; Riva, A; Rondanelli, M; Spadaccini, D, 2020)	1.08
"Nanofibrous drug delivery systems (DDSs) recently have attracted remarkable interest, especially their potential to program dosage of the encased drug intelligently."	( Study on the release behaviors of berberine hydrochloride based on sandwich nanostructure and shape memory effect. Fan, H; Lan, J; Luo, H; Shi, Y; Tan, L; Tan, P; Yin, X; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.84
" In preclinical models, Berberine demonstrates that it affects gut microbiota by reducing diversity of microbes starting at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day."	( The effect of Berberine on weight loss in order to prevent obesity: A systematic review. Al-Thawadi, S; Alalwan, TA; Gasparri, C; Ilyas, Z; Infantino, V; Perna, S; Peroni, G; Petrangolini, G; Riva, A; Rondanelli, M, 2020)	1.23
" The influence of dosage on scaffold morphology, cell behavior and in vivo bone defect repair were systematically studied."	( Berberine-releasing electrospun scaffold induces osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs and accelerates bone repair. Lin, Z; Liu, C; Liu, H; Ma, L; Miao, L; Sun, W; Yu, Y, 2021)	2.06
" Currently, there is a considerable need for the development of orally bioavailable dosage forms that enable the effective delivery of therapeutic drugs to local diseased lesions in the gastrointestinal tract."	( Orally Deliverable Dual-Targeted Pellets for the Synergistic Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Du, Y; Gu, Y; Jiang, L; Liu, J; Tang, X; Yang, M, 2021)	0.62
" Adenomyosis mice were given berberine by intraperitoneal injection with the dosage of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively, at 17 weeks after birth."	( Berberine attenuates hyperalgesia in mice with adenomyosis. Chen, Y; Guo, M; Huang, L; Lin, T; Lu, Y; Pan, Q; Shen, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, H; Zhu, B, 2022)	2.46
"The low oral bioavailability, short biological half-life, high dose, and frequent dosing of berberine (BBR) contribute to its restricted clinical use despite its extensive pharmacological activity."	( In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of Berberine-Loaded Microparticles Filled In-House 3D Printed Hollow Capsular Device for Improved Oral Bioavailability. Banerjee, S; Borkar, RM; Choudhury, D; Jala, A; Murty, US, 2022)	1.22
"Pharmacodynamics interactions between metformin and berberine were evaluated in six groups of db/db mice (db, M250, B250, B125, B250+M250, and B125+M250) with its wild type (WT) as control to receive 14 days treatment of vehicle, metformin at 250 mg/kg, berberine at 250/125 mg/kg, and metformin (250 mg/kg) 2 h after dosing berberine (250/125 mg/kg)."	( Effects of combination treatment with metformin and berberine on hypoglycemic activity and gut microbiota modulation in db/db mice. Kong, APS; Li, D; Li, Z; Lyu, Y; Ming, X; Shaw, PC; Yuan, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, J; Zuo, Z, 2022)	1.22
" Notably, we discovered that BBR exerts biphasic dose-response effects in response to DOX; the cardioprotective properties were observed upon treatment with low-dose BBR (≤ 1 μM in cells, ≤ 10 μM in zebrafish), but not with relatively high-dose BBR."	( Bcl-xL is required for the protective effects of low-dose berberine against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through blocking apoptosis and activating mitophagy-mediated ROS elimination. Chen, B; Zhang, JP, 2022)	0.97
" Combining the previous analysis of qualitative and quantitative preparation quality markers of Yulian Tang with the above result of dose-response relationship, we finally identified 15 preparation quality markers of Yulian Tang with anti-inflammatory activity, namely berberine, coptisine, palmatine, magnoflorine, epiberberine, limonin, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, groenlandicine, evodiamine, rutaecarpine, dehydrocostus lactone and costunolide."	( [Research of preparation quality markers of Yulian Tang with anti-inflammatory activity]. DU, MB; Gu, WW; Li, T; Li, X; Liu, SZ; Mu, J; Ran, QS; Shen, S; Xu, J, 2022)	0.9
" The anti-obesity effects of five alkaloids from RC were compared by feeding the mice for 8 weeks with a dosage of 105 mg/kg while the dose-dependent study (35 mg/kg and 105 mg/kg) of JAT on obese mice was conducted in another 8-week-long animal experiment."	( Jatrorrhizine from Rhizoma Coptidis exerts an anti-obesity effect in db/db mice. An, L; Deng, J; He, H; Li, X; Yang, M; Ye, X, 2022)	0.72
"4-fold rise in the relative bioavailability of berberine in BER-BLS when compared to BER-SOL at a dosage of 100 mg/kg body weight."	( Bilosomes as a promising nanoplatform for oral delivery of an alkaloid nutraceutical: improved pharmacokinetic profile and snowballed hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats. Abdelgawad, MA; Abou-Taleb, HA; Ali, MRA; Alsalahat, I; Eid, HM; Elkomy, MH; Elmowafy, M; Rateb, ME; Shalaby, K; Zafar, A, 2022)	0.98
" Herbal formula granule is a kind of modern dosage form of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which has sprung up in recent decades."	( Thermodynamics driving phytochemical self-assembly morphological change and efficacy enhancement originated from single and co-decoction of traditional chinese medicine. Huang, X; Lei, H; Lin, X; Liu, X; Pi, W; Wang, P; Wang, Z; Yuan, Z; Zhang, Y; Zhao, H, 2022)	0.72
" These novel solids are potential candidates for BER solid forms with improved oral dosage design and may prompt further development."	( Novel multi-component crystals of berberine with improved pharmaceutical properties. Ban, S; Han, W; Shang, X; Wang, F; Yang, X; Zhang, G; Zhang, S, 2023)	1.19
" The pharmacokinetic analysis of BBR bioavailability data can provide a clue to developing effective dosage routes and/or formulations that can increase the oral bioavailability of BBR."	( Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: Part 1. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Bodor, E; Bodor, N; Murakami, T, 2023)	1.15
"Various dosage formulations were developed to increase the oral bioavailability of BBR by overcoming the reducing factors."	( Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: part 2. development of oral dosage formulations. Bodor, E; Bodor, N; Murakami, T, 2023)	1.15
" Further studies on other dosing routes that can avoid first-pass metabolism such as the rectal route would also be important to increase the bioavailability of BBR."	( Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: part 2. development of oral dosage formulations. Bodor, E; Bodor, N; Murakami, T, 2023)	1.15
"SQXSOS, when administered to the IFA rats at a dosage equivalent to its clinical dose in humans (3."	( Shenqu xiaoshi oral solution enhances digestive function and stabilizes the gastrointestinal microbiota of juvenile rats with infantile anorexia. Dong, Z; Han, N; Hao, Q; Li, S; Liu, G; Liu, Z; Qi, X; Wang, P; Xiang, T; Yin, J; Zhai, J; Zhao, M, 2024)	1.44
" In this study, we employed the CCK8 assay to reveal that DCZ0358 inhibited proliferation in a dependent manner of time and dosage of DLBCL cells."	( Berberine derivative DCZ0358 induce oxidative damage by ROS-mediated JNK signaling in DLBCL cells. Feng, Q; Gao, X; Hu, H; Hu, K; Jia, X; Li, B; Lu, Y; Peng, Y; Shi, J; Song, D; Wang, G; Wu, X; Xu, Z; Yi, H; Zhang, H; Zhang, Q; Zhu, H; Zhu, W, 2023)	2.35

Role	Description
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
antilipemic drug	A substance used to treat hyperlipidemia (an excess of lipids in the blood).
hypoglycemic agent	A drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
antioxidant	A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
potassium channel blocker	An agent that inhibits cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions.
antineoplastic agent	A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor	An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.21).
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor	An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+)) (EC 1.1.1.141).
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor	An EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.52).
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor	An EC 1.21.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond, with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of reticuline oxidase (EC 1.21.3.3, previously EC 1.5.3.9).
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor	An EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.116).
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor	An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4).
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor	Any EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26).
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor	An EC 3.4.14.* (dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitor that specifically inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (EC 3.4.14.5).
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor	An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor which interferes with the activity of the enzyme protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), EC 3.1.3.48, involved in the removal of phosphate groups from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins.
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor	An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), which helps breaking down of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor	An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor	An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of IkappaB kinase (EC 2.7.11.10).
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor	An EC 2.1.1.* (methyltransferases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.122).
geroprotector	Any compound that supports healthy aging, slows the biological aging process, or extends lifespan.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
berberine alkaloid
organic heteropentacyclic compound
alkaloid antibiotic	Any alkaloid that has significant antibiotic properties.
botanical anti-fungal agent	Heteroorganic entities that are plant metabolites which have significant antifungal properties.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
(S)-reticuline biosynthesis I	0	30
palmatine biosynthesis	0	16
berberine biosynthesis	0	32
(R)-canadine biosynthesis	0	6
berberine biosynthesis	1	32
(S)-reticuline biosynthesis I	1	28

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase	Giardia intestinalis	Potency	6.5656	0.1409	11.1940	39.8107	AID2451
Fumarate hydratase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	33.1734	0.0030	8.7949	48.0869	AID1347053
PPM1D protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.4353	0.0052	9.4661	32.9993	AID1347411
Microtubule-associated protein tau	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.5893	0.1800	13.5574	39.8107	AID1460
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	44.6684	0.0112	12.4002	100.0000	AID1030
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.5119	0.0013	7.7625	44.6684	AID914; AID915
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.5893	0.0013	18.0743	39.8107	AID926
EWS/FLI fusion protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.3572	0.0013	10.1577	42.8575	AID1259252; AID1259253; AID1259255; AID1259256
polyprotein	Zika virus	Potency	33.1734	0.0030	8.7949	48.0869	AID1347053
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.5119	0.0020	7.5337	39.8107	AID891
peripheral myelin protein 22	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	6.2426	0.0056	12.3677	36.1254	AID624032; AID624044
survival motor neuron protein isoform d	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.0795	0.1259	12.2344	35.4813	AID1458
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.5893	0.0316	10.2792	39.8107	AID884; AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.4353	0.0033	9.1582	39.8107	AID1347411
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Inositol monophosphatase 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	10.4304	1.0000	10.4756	28.1838	AID1457; AID901
GABA theta subunit	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5893	1.0000	12.2248	31.6228	AID885
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	37.0000	0.0006	2.6948	9.4000	AID648338
Acetylcholinesterase	Electrophorus electricus (electric eel)	IC50 (µMol)	0.7827	0.0000	0.9453	9.9400	AID1486115; AID629591; AID659696
Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	6.9700	0.0031	2.1602	9.6000	AID1845962
Neuraminidase	Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1))	Ki	14.3000	0.0100	0.4350	0.8600	AID1365369
Neuraminidase	Influenza A virus (A/USSR/90/1977(H1N1))	IC50 (µMol)	35.3500	0.0014	0.0055	0.0130	AID1167295; AID1167296
Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	15.8950	0.0000	1.5599	10.0000	AID1230138; AID1537270
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	67.0000	0.0005	3.4984	9.7600	AID1416210
Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.4000	0.0000	0.9332	10.0000	AID1230136; AID1537269
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	4.9900	0.0500	2.2070	10.0000	AID1515722; AID1674102
Prolyl endopeptidase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	143.5000	0.0011	1.9896	9.7500	AID1537274; AID1537275
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	6.7100	0.3700	4.0951	9.2800	AID1515724
Cholinesterase	Equus caballus (horse)	IC50 (µMol)	15.2667	0.0000	2.2214	9.4000	AID1486116; AID629589; AID659697
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	66.0693	0.0009	1.9014	10.0000	AID576612
Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.9747	0.0013	0.8696	9.9000	AID1453012; AID1533721; AID1533722
Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0440	0.0030	0.9741	7.4600	AID1453011
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
telomere maintenance	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA-templated transcription	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA-templated DNA biosynthetic process	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
telomere maintenance via telomerase	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion organization	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA strand elongation	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
siRNA processing	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stability	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein binding	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of hair cycle	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesis	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glucose import	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cadmium ion	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
establishment of protein localization to telomere	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA biosynthetic process	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescence	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
siRNA transcription	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transdifferentiation	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleolus	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of stem cell proliferation	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular senescence	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein ubiquitination	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein localization	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
protein demethylation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron projection development	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex development	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron maturation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell size	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine metabolic process	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
muscle cell development	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
response to fungicide	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cAMP	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of stem cell proliferation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin remodeling	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagy	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-beta	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replication	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
humoral immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
viral release from host cell	Neuraminidase	Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1))
xenobiotic metabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
learning	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast differentiation	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone processing	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to alkaloid	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cocaine metabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to glucocorticoid	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to folic acid	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
choline metabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of JUN kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein dephosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of signal transduction	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of signal transduction	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeleton organization	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of endocytosis	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular protein transport	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to unfolded protein	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor recycling	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of MAP kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor catabolic process	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleft	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of receptor recycling	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
osteoblast development	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesion	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse assembly	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor internalization	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid precursor protein metabolic process	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein secretion	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
retina development in camera-type eye	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
retinoid metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrient	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
male gonad development	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to starvation	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
farnesol catabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
cyclooxygenase pathway	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
keratinocyte differentiation	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
progesterone metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
retinal metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
macromolecule metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone biosynthetic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
renal absorption	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to calcium ion	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to corticosteroid stimulus	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to jasmonic acid stimulus	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to prostaglandin D stimulus	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of retinoic acid biosynthetic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysis	Prolyl endopeptidase	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
digestion	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiation	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
progesterone metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to jasmonic acid stimulus	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to prostaglandin D stimulus	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by hormone	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion homeostasis	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle contraction	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane repolarization	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion transmembrane transport	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during action potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during action potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion export across plasma membrane	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion import across plasma membrane	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to organic cyclic compound	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesis	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
trabecular meshwork development	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA modification	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide biosynthetic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesion	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrient	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
male gonad development	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
toxin metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
sterol metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathway	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen fibril organization	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
adrenal gland development	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migration	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to follicle-stimulating hormone	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiol	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
benzene-containing compound metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
retinal metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel endothelial cell migration	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell migration	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
estrous cycle	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of translation	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesis	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane lipid catabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to arsenic-containing substance	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel morphogenesis	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
retinal blood vessel morphogenesis	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
ganglion development	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hydrogen peroxide	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cAMP	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to tumor necrosis factor	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to luteinizing hormone stimulus	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cortisol stimulus	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to progesterone stimulus	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to dexamethasone	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell-cell adhesion	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to indole-3-methanol	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to toxic substance	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathway	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to 3-methylcholanthrene	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
tRNA binding	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator binding	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
telomerase activity	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
telomerase RNA binding	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
template-free RNA nucleotidyltransferase	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
telomeric DNA binding	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
telomeric DNA binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor coactivator activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
demethylase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
histone demethylase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3K4 demethylase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3K9 demethylase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
MRF binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear androgen receptor binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
telomeric repeat-containing RNA binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
FAD-dependent H3K4me/H3K4me3 demethylase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription factor binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine activity	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activity	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
exo-alpha-sialidase activity	Neuraminidase	Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1))
peptidase activator activity	Neuraminidase	Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1))
amyloid-beta binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
catalytic activity	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholinesterase activity	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinesterase activity	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
choline binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cadherin binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ephrin receptor binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholinesterase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinesterase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
serine hydrolase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
laminin binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
retinal dehydrogenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
aldo-keto reductase (NADPH) activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
phenanthrene 9,10-monooxygenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
dihydrotestosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin H2 endoperoxidase reductase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin D2 11-ketoreductase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
geranylgeranyl reductase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
ketoreductase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin-F synthase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
androsterone dehydrogenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol dehydrogenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol dehydrogenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
ketosteroid monooxygenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
Delta4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid binding	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activity	Prolyl endopeptidase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Prolyl endopeptidase	Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type peptidase activity	Prolyl endopeptidase	Homo sapiens (human)
oligopeptidase activity	Prolyl endopeptidase	Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)] activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
phenanthrene 9,10-monooxygenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid binding	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid binding	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol dehydrogenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
ketosteroid monooxygenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
indanol dehydrogenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
androsterone dehydrogenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
inward rectifier potassium channel activity	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
delayed rectifier potassium channel activity	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
C3HC4-type RING finger domain binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein binding	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activity	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion binding	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
heme binding	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activity	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activity	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase activity	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
PML body	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome, telomeric region	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
telomerase holoenzyme complex	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speck	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial nucleoid	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
TERT-RMRP complex	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
telomerase catalytic core complex	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear telomere cap complex	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex	Telomerase reverse transcriptase	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome, telomeric region	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA repair complex	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Neuraminidase	Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1))
plasma membrane	Neuraminidase	Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1))
extracellular region	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope lumen	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
blood microparticle	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial crista	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome lumen	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sorting endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
extracellular region	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
basement membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junction	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic cleft	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
side of membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Prolyl endopeptidase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Prolyl endopeptidase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Prolyl endopeptidase	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Prolyl endopeptidase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Prolyl endopeptidase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel complex	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
inward rectifier potassium channel complex	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Cytochrome P450 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (530)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1352411	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus N315 after 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI two fold serial dilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1464200	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 100 assessed as fluconazole MIC80 at 8 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1538946	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C60 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1818869	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus N315 assessed as decrease in bacterial growth incubated for 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1774462	Hormesis activity against overnight-compound treated Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring atreonamMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6.25 ug/ml)
AID1774456	Hormesis activity against overnight-compound treated Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ciprofloxacin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.3125 ug/ml)
AID1774358	Upregulation of KmrA promoter activity in Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in beta-galactosidase activity at 3 ug/ml by LacZ based OD600 analysis relative to control
AID1774354	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumonia assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth at 12 ug/ml measured after 24 hrs by OD600 based analysis
AID1770349	Antibacterial activity against penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1538910	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C95 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring increase in tobramycin-mediated bactericidal activity at 80 ug/ml in presence of 1XMIC to 2XMIC tobramycin measured after 2 hrs
AID1833878	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA ATCC 43300 assessed as bacterial growth inhibition measured after 24 hrs by resazurin dye based broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 52	Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition.
AID1538929	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C73 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1818872	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 assessed as decrease in bacterial growth incubated for 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1364954	Cytotoxicity against human Huh7.5 cells in presence of ATP by Celltiter-Glo assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16	The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID659697	Inhibition of equine serum BuChE using butyrylcholine as substrate by Ellman's method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 20, Issue:9	Inhibition of cholinesterase activity and amyloid aggregation by berberine-phenyl-benzoheterocyclic and tacrine-phenyl-benzoheterocyclic hybrids.
AID718411	Induction of Staphylococcus aureus FtsZ polymerization at 40 ug/ml measured for 60 mins by microtiter plate-based light scattering assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24	3-Phenyl substituted 6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline derivatives as FtsZ-targeting antibacterial agents.
AID699539	Inhibition of human liver OATP1B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM by scintillation counting	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10	Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID1415672	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution based spectrophotometric analysis	2017	MedChemComm, May-01, Volume: 8, Issue:5	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel Schiff base-bridged tetrahydroprotoberberine triazoles as a new type of potential antimicrobial agents.
AID720959	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus N315 by two fold serial dilution method	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Novel berberine triazoles: synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and competitive interactions with metal ions to human serum albumin.
AID1632622	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19	Synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of 9-O-(lipophilic group substituted) berberine derivatives.
AID1846493	Bactericidal activity against wild type Pseudomonas aeruginosa K767 assessed as increase in biofilm production at 80 ug/ml incubated overnight by crystal voilet staining based analysis relative to control
AID1538942	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR61 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1538923	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C52 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1774436	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring hygromycinMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 25 ug/ml)
AID1464195	Synergistic anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 103 in presence of fluconazole by two-fold dilution method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1917499	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI based continuous dilution method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
AID1486116	Inhibition of equine serum BChE using butyrylthiocholine chloride as substrate incubated for 15 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-01, Volume: 25, Issue:15	BACE1 inhibitory activity and molecular docking analysis of meroterpenoids from Sargassum serratifolium.
AID613441	Antimicrobial activity against NorA efflux pump overexpressing Staphylococcus aureus K2378	2011	Journal of natural products, Jul-22, Volume: 74, Issue:7	Synergy-directed fractionation of botanical medicines: a case study with goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis).
AID1538913	Hemolytic activity in human RBC at 10 to 320 ug/ml incubated for 1 hr by spectrophotometry
AID659698	Selectivity ratio of IC50 for equine serum BuChE to IC50 for electric eel AChE	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 20, Issue:9	Inhibition of cholinesterase activity and amyloid aggregation by berberine-phenyl-benzoheterocyclic and tacrine-phenyl-benzoheterocyclic hybrids.
AID718416	Antibacterial activity against log-phase methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 assessed as growth inhibition after 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24	3-Phenyl substituted 6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline derivatives as FtsZ-targeting antibacterial agents.
AID1774427	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring meropenem MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.1953 ug/ml)
AID1774437	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ampicillin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 25 ug/ml)
AID1530128	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1510765	Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii after 24 hrs	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Nitroimidazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
AID613440	Antimicrobial activity against wild-type Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325-4	2011	Journal of natural products, Jul-22, Volume: 74, Issue:7	Synergy-directed fractionation of botanical medicines: a case study with goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis).
AID1538881	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa K767 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 0.25 ug/ml)
AID1464190	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 103 assessed as fluconazole MIC80 at 4 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1774375	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring tetracycline MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6 ug/ml)
AID1449714	Binding affinity to cKit G-quadruplex DNA (unknown origin) assessed as compound concentration required for 30% displacement of thiazole orange from cKit G-quadruplex DNA by fluorescent intercalator displacement assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 25, Issue:9	Indenocinnoline derivatives as G-quadruplex binders, topoisomerase IIα inhibitors and antiproliferative agents.
AID1201482	Inhibition of FtsZ (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in frequency of Z-rings per unit cell length	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 95	Advances in the discovery of novel antimicrobials targeting the assembly of bacterial cell division protein FtsZ.
AID1538907	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR51 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 16 ug/ml)
AID1846494	Bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa K1525 mexY mutant assessed as increase in biofilm production at 80 ug/ml incubated overnight by crystal voilet staining based analysis relative to control
AID1818876	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed as decrease in bacterial growth incubated for 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1833880	Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 assessed as bacterial growth inhibition measured after 24 hrs by resazurin dye based broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 52	Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition.
AID1774361	Upregulation of efflux pump regulator promoter activity in Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in beta-galactosidase activity at 50 ug/ml by LacZ based OD600 analysis relative to control
AID1917497	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI based continuous dilution method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
AID1510760	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 after 24 hrs	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Nitroimidazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
AID1774387	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring rifampicin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 25 ug/ml)
AID1537265	Inhibition of PCSK9 mRNA level in mouse RAW264.7 cells at 20 uM by qRT-PCR assay relative to control
AID1774378	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring streptomycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.78125 ug/ml)
AID1364957	Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus at 0.006 to 300 uM by cell based luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16	The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID1538937	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C98 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1774460	Hormesis activity against overnight-compound treated Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring meropenem MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.625 ug/ml)
AID1774352	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumonia assessed as promotion of bacterial growth by measuring prolonged logarithmic growth phase at 3 to 6 ug/ml measured from 840 to 1440 mins by OD600 based analysis
AID1432742	Cytotoxicity against mouse C2C12 cells at 10 nM up to 24 hrs	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6	Isoquinoline alkaloids from Coptis japonica stimulate the myoblast differentiation via p38 MAP-kinase and Akt signaling pathway.
AID1917494	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI based continuous dilution method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
AID1352419	Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae after 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI two fold serial dilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1538909	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C67 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 16 ug/ml)
AID1538880	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 0.125 ug/ml)
AID1538890	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C54 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 32 ug/ml)
AID1530131	Antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51575 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1770352	Antibacterial activity against Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium ATCC 51559 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1774422	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring streptomycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID1530132	Antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 700221 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1774449	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring meropenem MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.625 ug/ml)
AID1632624	Hypoglycemic activity in human HepG2 cells assessed as increase in glucose consumption at 5 ug/ml after 48 hrs relative to control	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19	Synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of 9-O-(lipophilic group substituted) berberine derivatives.
AID1429783	Antistaphylococcal activity against Staphylococcus aureus Newman after 18 hrs by two fold serial dilution method	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	The synthesis and antistaphylococcal activity of 9, 13-disubstituted berberine derivatives.
AID1774359	Upregulation of KmrA promoter activity in Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in beta-galactosidase activity at 6 to 50 ug/ml by LacZ based OD600 analysis
AID1774425	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring hygromycinMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 25 ug/ml)
AID1463682	Reduction in Hsl mRNA expression in mouse 3T3L1 cells at 2.5 uM incubated for 48 hrs by qPCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	The design and synthesis of a novel compound of berberine and baicalein that inhibits the efficacy of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AID1464198	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 103 assessed as fluconazole MIC80 at 2 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1538904	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C103 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 4 ug/ml)
AID1510764	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 after 24 hrs	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Nitroimidazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
AID1365369	Inhibition of neuraminidase in influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)) pre-incubated for 30 mins before NA-Star substrate addition for 30 mins by luminescence based assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	Discovery of berberine based derivatives as anti-influenza agent through blocking of neuraminidase.
AID1464194	Synergistic anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 100 in presence of fluconazole by two-fold dilution method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1833873	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 assessed as bacterial growth inhibition measured after 24 hrs by resazurin dye based broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 52	Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition.
AID1429785	Antistaphylococcal activity against erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus NRS-70 after 18 hrs by two fold serial dilution method	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	The synthesis and antistaphylococcal activity of 9, 13-disubstituted berberine derivatives.
AID1352432	Aqueous solubility of the compound in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 after 3 hrs by UV detection assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1910612	Antithrombotic activity in BALB/c mouse model of carrageenan-induced thrombus formation assessed as inhibition of thrombosis rate in tail at 100 mg/kg, iv measured after 14 days	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 65, Issue:10	Palmatine Derivatives as Potential Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents via Protein Kinase G/Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Phosphorylation.
AID1201483	Binding affinity to FtsZ (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by ITC method	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 95	Advances in the discovery of novel antimicrobials targeting the assembly of bacterial cell division protein FtsZ.
AID1917492	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI based continuous dilution method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
AID1416210	Inhibition of PTP1B (1 to 298 residues) (unknown origin) using DifMUP as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by fluorescence assay	2017	MedChemComm, Jun-01, Volume: 8, Issue:6	PAIN-less identification and evaluation of small molecule inhibitors against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B.
AID1818875	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli assessed as decrease in bacterial growth incubated for 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1774408	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring tetracycline MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6 ug/ml)
AID1502959	Reduction in serum total cholesterol level hyperlipidemic hamster relative to untreated control	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140	Lipid lowering agents of natural origin: An account of some promising chemotypes.
AID1463684	Suppression of lipogenesis associated gene expression in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as reduction in Srebp-1c mRNA expression incubated for 48 hrs by qPCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	The design and synthesis of a novel compound of berberine and baicalein that inhibits the efficacy of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AID1510761	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 after 24 hrs	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Nitroimidazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
AID1818880	Aqueous solubility of the compound in saline	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1818878	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 assessed as decrease in bacterial growth incubated for 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1910610	Antiplatelet activity against ADP-induced C57BL/6J mouse platelet aggregation assessed as reduction in integrin alphaIIbbeta3 surface level at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 2 weeks by flow cytometry analysis	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 65, Issue:10	Palmatine Derivatives as Potential Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents via Protein Kinase G/Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Phosphorylation.
AID1774438	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring meropenem MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.1953 ug/ml)
AID1546629	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa 229 cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187	Potential cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects of berberine on gynaecological cancers with drug-associated resistance.
AID620412	Activation of AMPK in human HepG2 cells assessed as increase in AMPK phosphorylation at 1 to 20 uM after 30 mins by Western blotting	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 19, Issue:19	Potential AMPK activators of cucurbitane triterpenoids from Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle.
AID1152199	Inhibition of recombinant human DOPA decarboxylase assessed as inhibition of dopamine production after 30 mins by HPLC method	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12	Synthesis of 5-methyl phenanthridium derivatives: a new class of human DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors.
AID1538954	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C95 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1352413	Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 after 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI two fold serial dilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1653115	Cytotoxicity against human HUVEC cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 165	Quinolone hybrids and their anti-cancer activities: An overview.
AID1481562	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1774407	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring atreonamMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 1.5625 ug/ml)
AID1546624	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187	Potential cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects of berberine on gynaecological cancers with drug-associated resistance.
AID1537269	Inhibition of human AChE using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate measured for 1 min by Ellman's method	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID1774416	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring meropenem MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.39625 ug/ml)
AID1352418	Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI two fold serial dilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1774397	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring tetracycline MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6 ug/ml)
AID1432741	Induction of MyoD transcriptional activity in mouse C2C12 cells expressing MyoD-responsive 4RTK-Luc at 10 nM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6	Isoquinoline alkaloids from Coptis japonica stimulate the myoblast differentiation via p38 MAP-kinase and Akt signaling pathway.
AID1364952	Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus LR2006-OPY1 infected in human Huh7.5 cells after 48 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16	The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID629590	Selectivity ratio of IC50 for equine serum BuChE to IC50 for electric eel AChE	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Synthesis, biological evaluation of 9-N-substituted berberine derivatives as multi-functional agents of antioxidant, inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and amyloid-β aggregation.
AID1415674	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution based spectrophotometric analysis	2017	MedChemComm, May-01, Volume: 8, Issue:5	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel Schiff base-bridged tetrahydroprotoberberine triazoles as a new type of potential antimicrobial agents.
AID1655176	Binding affinity to human Tel24 G4 quadruplex DNA by spectrophotometric analysis based Scatchard method	2020	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-14, Volume: 11, Issue:5	Pyridine Derivative of the Natural Alkaloid Berberine as Human Telomeric G
AID1415675	Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution based spectrophotometric analysis	2017	MedChemComm, May-01, Volume: 8, Issue:5	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel Schiff base-bridged tetrahydroprotoberberine triazoles as a new type of potential antimicrobial agents.
AID1770343	Antibacterial activity against penicillin-susceptible Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1774414	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring hygromycinMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID720952	Antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris by two fold serial dilution method	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Novel berberine triazoles: synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and competitive interactions with metal ions to human serum albumin.
AID1774457	Hormesis activity against overnight-compound treated Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring chloramphenicol MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6.25 ug/ml)
AID1502958	Reduction in serum LDL-C level hyperlipidemic hamster relative to untreated control	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140	Lipid lowering agents of natural origin: An account of some promising chemotypes.
AID1415691	Aqueous solubility of the compound in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 1 mg after 3 hrs by UV absorption analysis	2017	MedChemComm, May-01, Volume: 8, Issue:5	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel Schiff base-bridged tetrahydroprotoberberine triazoles as a new type of potential antimicrobial agents.
AID1538903	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C98 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 64 ug/ml)
AID1415679	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution based spectrophotometric analysis	2017	MedChemComm, May-01, Volume: 8, Issue:5	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel Schiff base-bridged tetrahydroprotoberberine triazoles as a new type of potential antimicrobial agents.
AID1167296	Inhibition of Influenza A virus H5N1 neuraminidase using 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-Nacetylneuraminic acid sodium salt hydrate as substrate by fluorometry	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21	Neuraminidase inhibitory activities of quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids from Corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome.
AID1809968	Binding affinity to human MycG4 DNA (unknown origin) assessed as compound-DNA complex at 2:1 ratio by mass spectroscopy	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Berberine Molecular Recognition of the Parallel MYC G-Quadruplex in Solution.
AID699541	Inhibition of human liver OATP2B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E3S uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10	Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID1357413	Inhibition of COX2 in human Hs294 cells assessed as reduction in PGE2 production up to 20 uM by immunoblot analysis relative to control	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 153	Plant-derived mPGES-1 inhibitors or suppressors: A new emerging trend in the search for small molecules to combat inflammation.
AID1653114	Cytotoxicity against human SMMC7721 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 165	Quinolone hybrids and their anti-cancer activities: An overview.
AID1668656	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei
AID1538908	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR61 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 0.125 ug/ml)
AID1774384	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring cefotaxime MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.39625 ug/ml)
AID1538893	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C61 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 64 ug/ml)
AID1449709	Binding affinity to 5'-dabcyl/3'-fluorescein labeled double stranded DNA (unknown origin) assessed as change in melting temperature at 10 uM by fluorescence assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 25, Issue:9	Indenocinnoline derivatives as G-quadruplex binders, topoisomerase IIα inhibitors and antiproliferative agents.
AID1230136	Inhibition of AChE (unknown origin) using acetylthiocholine as substrate assessed as substrate hydrolysis by spectrophotometric/Ellman method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 23, Issue:13	Isolation of cholinesterase and β-secretase 1 inhibiting compounds from Lycopodiella cernua.
AID1833874	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 assessed as bacterial growth inhibition measured after 24 hrs by CLSI based agar dilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 52	Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition.
AID1538897	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C83 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 128 ug/ml)
AID1774409	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring rifampicin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 25 ug/ml)
AID1774452	Hormesis activity against overnight-compound treated Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring tetracycline MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 240 ug/ml)
AID1774444	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring streptomycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 400 ug/ml)
AID1774395	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring cefotaxime MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.39625 ug/ml)
AID1538919	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C25 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1537277	Permeability of the compound after 2.45 hrs by PAMPA	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID632313	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by griess assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 21, Issue:23	Alkaloids from Chelidonium majus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells.
AID1201480	Inhibition of FtsZ (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in enzyme assembly	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 95	Advances in the discovery of novel antimicrobials targeting the assembly of bacterial cell division protein FtsZ.
AID1530129	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33592 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1464201	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 100 assessed as fluconazole MIC80 at 4 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1538928	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C70 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1538900	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C89 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = >128 ug/ml)
AID1774458	Hormesis activity against overnight-compound treated Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring hygromycinMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 125 ug/ml)
AID1833881	Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus sortase A using Abz-LPETGK(Dnp)-NH2 fluorescent peptide as a substrate assessed as substrate cleavage measured over 60 mins by FRET assay	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 52	Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition.
AID1774428	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring cefotaxime MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 1.5625 ug/ml)
AID1515724	Inhibition of N-terminal GST-tagged recombinant human AKR1C2 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE) Codon Plus RP cells assessed as reduction in NADPH production using S-tetralol as substrate in presence of NADP+ by fluorimetry assay	2019	MedChemComm, Aug-01, Volume: 10, Issue:8	Exploration of [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerisation methodology to prepare tetrahydroisoquinoline-based compounds with potential aldo-keto reductase 1C3 target affinity.
AID1917501	Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI based continuous dilution method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
AID659700	Inhibition of amyloid beta (1 to 42) self aggregation at 20 uM after 48 hrs by thioflavin T fluorescence assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 20, Issue:9	Inhibition of cholinesterase activity and amyloid aggregation by berberine-phenyl-benzoheterocyclic and tacrine-phenyl-benzoheterocyclic hybrids.
AID1818874	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as decrease in bacterial growth incubated for 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1463681	Induction of Atgl mRNA expression in mouse 3T3L1 cells at 2.5 and 5 uM incubated for 48 hrs by qPCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	The design and synthesis of a novel compound of berberine and baicalein that inhibits the efficacy of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AID1538885	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C25 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 16 ug/ml)
AID1770346	Antibacterial activity against penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 31007 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1538952	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C89 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1453011	Inhibition of human CYP1B1 expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha coexpressing human NADPH-P450 reductase using 4-estradiol as substrate in presence of NADP+ by Michaelis-Menten plot analysis	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135	Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1.
AID720957	Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 by two fold serial dilution method	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Novel berberine triazoles: synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and competitive interactions with metal ions to human serum albumin.
AID1538935	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C93 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1449711	Binding affinity to 5'-dabcyl/3'-fluorescein labeled cKit G-quadruplex DNA (unknown origin) assessed as change in melting temperature at 10 uM by fluorescence assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 25, Issue:9	Indenocinnoline derivatives as G-quadruplex binders, topoisomerase IIα inhibitors and antiproliferative agents.
AID1167299	Antibacterial activity against Clostridium perfringens in tryptic soy broth after 24 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21	Neuraminidase inhibitory activities of quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids from Corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome.
AID1774366	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumonia assessed as promotion of bacterial growth at 3 to 50 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs in presence of 4 ug/ml tetracycline by OD600 based analysis
AID1833882	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 31.3 to 1000 ug/ml measured after 24 hrs by resazurin dye based cell viability assay	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 52	Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition.
AID1538896	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C76 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 32 ug/ml)
AID1538951	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C86 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1464196	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 103 by two-fold dilution method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1538901	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C93 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = >128 ug/ml)
AID1910609	Antiplatelet activity against ADP-induced C57BL/6J mouse platelet aggregation assessed as reduction in P-selectin surface levels at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 2 weeks by flow cytometry analysis	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 65, Issue:10	Palmatine Derivatives as Potential Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents via Protein Kinase G/Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Phosphorylation.
AID1774423	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ciprofloxacin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.0390625 ug/ml)
AID629591	Inhibition of electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine chloride substrate as substrate preincubated for 15 mins by Ellman's method	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Synthesis, biological evaluation of 9-N-substituted berberine derivatives as multi-functional agents of antioxidant, inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and amyloid-β aggregation.
AID1538882	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C6 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 2 ug/ml)
AID1464192	Anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 100 by microbroth dilution method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1774377	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring azithromycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 1.5625 ug/ml)
AID1401669	Inhibition of triglyceride accumulation in mouse 3T3L1 cells at 1 to 10 uM after 6 days by ORO staining-based microscopic method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Design, syntheses and lipid accumulation inhibitory activities of novel resveratrol mimics.
AID1463685	Suppression of lipogenesis associated gene expression in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as reduction in Fasn mRNA expression at 5 uM incubated for 48 hrs by qPCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	The design and synthesis of a novel compound of berberine and baicalein that inhibits the efficacy of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AID1774455	Hormesis activity against overnight-compound treated Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring streptomycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 400 ug/ml)
AID1774396	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring atreonamMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 1.5625 ug/ml)
AID1632627	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 125 ug/ml after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19	Synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of 9-O-(lipophilic group substituted) berberine derivatives.
AID1537274	Inhibition of POP (unknown origin) using (Z)-Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by spectrophotometric method	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID1538917	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C9 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1546821	Induction of glucose uptake in mature mouse 3T3L1 adipocytes assessed as [3H]2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake at 10 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by [3H]2-deoxy-D-glucose additon and measured after 10 mins by scintillation counting method relative to contro	2020	Journal of natural products, 01-24, Volume: 83, Issue:1	Benwamycins A-G, Trialkyl-Substituted Benzene Derivatives from a Soil-Derived
AID1546632	Drug excretion in rat urine	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187	Potential cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects of berberine on gynaecological cancers with drug-associated resistance.
AID1818877	Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as decrease in bacterial growth incubated for 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1653971	Cytotoxicity against human HaCaT cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay
AID1429788	Antistaphylococcal activity against linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus NRS-271 containing phage type E-MRSA after 18 hrs by two fold serial dilution method	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	The synthesis and antistaphylococcal activity of 9, 13-disubstituted berberine derivatives.
AID1774451	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring atreonamMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6.25 ug/ml)
AID1538944	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C6 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1809969	Binding affinity to human MycG4 DNA (unknown origin) assessed as apparent dissociation constant by fluorescence based binding assay	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Berberine Molecular Recognition of the Parallel MYC G-Quadruplex in Solution.
AID1538898	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C84 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 0.5 ug/ml)
AID629589	Inhibition of equine serum BuChE using butyrylthiocholine chloride as substrate preincubated for 15 mins by Ellman's method	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Synthesis, biological evaluation of 9-N-substituted berberine derivatives as multi-functional agents of antioxidant, inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and amyloid-β aggregation.
AID1910628	Antithrombotic activity in BALB/c mouse model of carrageenan-induced thrombus formation assessed as reduced serum P-selectin level at 100 mg/kg, iv measured after 14 days by ELISA	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 65, Issue:10	Palmatine Derivatives as Potential Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents via Protein Kinase G/Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Phosphorylation.
AID1774426	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ampicillin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 25 ug/ml)
AID1464191	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 103 assessed as fluconazole MIC80 at 8 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1774424	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring chloramphenicol MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 3.125 ug/ml)
AID1352416	Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Escherichia coli after 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI two fold serial dilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1774381	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring hygromycinMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID1774383	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring meropenem MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.39625 ug/ml)
AID1774398	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring rifampicin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 25 ug/ml)
AID1481569	Antifungal activity against Candida mycoderma after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1481565	Antibacterial activity against Shigella dysenteriae after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1538889	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C52 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = >128 ug/ml)
AID1774376	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring rifampicin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 25 ug/ml)
AID1416211	Effect on fluorescence read out during PTP1B enzymatic reaction compound treated post enzyme-substrate reaction and susequent H2O2-mediated enzyme deactivation	2017	MedChemComm, Jun-01, Volume: 8, Issue:6	PAIN-less identification and evaluation of small molecule inhibitors against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B.
AID1538932	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C84 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1538927	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C61 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1774421	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring azithromycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6.25 ug/ml)
AID1770350	Antibacterial activity against Vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1558355	Antiviral activity against Zika virus infected in African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in virus infectivity at 160 uM preincubated with virus for 1 hr followed by cell infection and measured after 96 hrs by crystal violet staining base	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-23, Volume: 63, Issue:2	Drugs for the Treatment of Zika Virus Infection.
AID1774391	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring chloramphenicol MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6.25 ug/ml)
AID1846492	Inhibition of efflux pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa K767 deltamexY mutant assessed as reduction in CFU count in presence of tobramycin incubated for 24 hrs by ethidium bromide efflux assay relative to tobramycin alone
AID1770344	Antibacterial activity against penicillin-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1449713	Binding affinity to human telomeric 22 G-quadruplex DNA assessed as compound concentration required for 30% displacement of thiazole orange from telomeric 22 G-quadruplex DNA by fluorescent intercalator displacement assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 25, Issue:9	Indenocinnoline derivatives as G-quadruplex binders, topoisomerase IIα inhibitors and antiproliferative agents.
AID1330856	Inhibition of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis FtsZ GTPase activity expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as inorganic phosphate release at 50 uM measured after 15 mins in presence of GTP using malachite green dye by fluorescence spectrophotometry	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	FtsZ inhibition and redox modulation with one chemical scaffold: Potential use of dihydroquinolines against mycobacteria.
AID1538956	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR48 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1546628	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187	Potential cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects of berberine on gynaecological cancers with drug-associated resistance.
AID1774364	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumonia assessed as promotion of bacterial growth by measuring increase in final OD600 at 3 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs in presence of 2 ug/ml tetracycline by OD600 based analysis
AID1481559	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus N315 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1538914	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1558358	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells measured up to 24 to 72 hrs by MTT assay	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-23, Volume: 63, Issue:2	Drugs for the Treatment of Zika Virus Infection.
AID1352415	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH52 after 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI two fold serial dilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1530119	Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1774399	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring azithromycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.78125 ug/ml)
AID1538936	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C95 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1481560	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1464206	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 103 at 2 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1774371	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as promotion of bacterial growth up to 25 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs in presence of efflux pump inhibitor, CCCP and 8 ug/ml tetracycline by OD600 based analysis
AID1481570	Antifungal activity against Candida utilis after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1774413	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring chloramphenicol MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6.25 ug/ml)
AID1774392	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring hygromycinMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID1774417	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring cefotaxime MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.39625 ug/ml)
AID1774435	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring chloramphenicol MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 3.125 ug/ml)
AID1538953	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C93 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1533722	Inhibition of CYP1B1 in human HepG2 cells	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163	Phytoestrogens and their synthetic analogues as substrate mimic inhibitors of CYP1B1.
AID1464207	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 103 at 1 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1530116	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis 168 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1770345	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1464193	Anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 103 by microbroth dilution method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1364953	Cytotoxicity against BHK21 cells in presence of ATP by Celltiter-Glo assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16	The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID1774410	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring azithromycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.78125 ug/ml)
AID1464199	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 103 assessed as fluconazole MIC80 at 1 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1530121	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1510759	Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis after 24 hrs	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Nitroimidazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
AID1538912	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C95 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring log reduction in colony forming unit at 80 ug/ml in presence of 1XMIC to 2XMIC tobramycin measured after 24 hrs by Time-kill cu
AID1538922	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C51 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1774355	Upregulation of efflux pump KmrA gene expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by transcriptome analysis
AID1774386	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring tetracycline MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6 ug/ml)
AID1538949	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C83 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1364956	Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for human Huh7.5 cells to EC50 for Chikungunya virus	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16	The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID1530117	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1481572	Antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1917495	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI based continuous dilution method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
AID1674102	Inhibition of N-terminal His-tagged human AKR1C3 (1 to 323 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli using 4-adione as substrate in presence of NADPH by fluorescence method	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-22, Volume: 63, Issue:20	Overview of AKR1C3: Inhibitor Achievements and Disease Insights.
AID1530120	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1774406	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring cefotaxime MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.39625 ug/ml)
AID1774400	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring streptomycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.78125 ug/ml)
AID1917491	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI based continuous dilution method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
AID1537276	Inhibition of GSK3B (unknown origin) at 10 uM relative to control	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID1352414	Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis after 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI two fold serial dilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1486115	Inhibition of electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate incubated for 15 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-01, Volume: 25, Issue:15	BACE1 inhibitory activity and molecular docking analysis of meroterpenoids from Sargassum serratifolium.
AID1293873	Inhibition of HDAC in mouse C127-LT cells assessed as activation of EGFP expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by fluorescence microscopy	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 26, Issue:9	Identification of new quinic acid derivatives as histone deacetylase inhibitors by fluorescence-based cellular assay.
AID1530126	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA41 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1818871	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus assessed as decrease in bacterial growth incubated for 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1510766	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli after 24 hrs	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Nitroimidazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
AID1538899	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C86 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 128 ug/ml)
AID613439	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus	2011	Journal of natural products, Jul-22, Volume: 74, Issue:7	Synergy-directed fractionation of botanical medicines: a case study with goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis).
AID1774373	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as promotion of bacterial growth at 3 to 50 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs in presence of 80 to 120 ug/ml tetracycline by OD600 based analysis
AID1464209	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 100 at 4 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1653088	Cytotoxicity against human SW1990 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 165	Quinolone hybrids and their anti-cancer activities: An overview.
AID1774360	Upregulation of efflux pump regulator promoter activity in Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in beta-galactosidase activity at 3 to 50 ug/ml by LacZ based OD600 analysis
AID694206	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 by CLSI broth microdilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 22, Issue:22	Antibacterial activity of substituted dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium derivatives.
AID576612	Inhibition of human ERG	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 46, Issue:2	Predicting hERG activities of compounds from their 3D structures: development and evaluation of a global descriptors based QSAR model.
AID1774368	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as promotion of bacterial growth at 3 to 6 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs in presence of efflux pump inhibitor, CCCP and 1 to 2 ug/ml tetracycline by OD600 based analysis
AID1538925	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C59 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1546634	Drug excretion in rat bile	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187	Potential cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects of berberine on gynaecological cancers with drug-associated resistance.
AID1917496	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI based continuous dilution method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
AID1538906	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR48 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 32 ug/ml)
AID1502948	Reduction in LDL-C level in hypercholesterolemic patient dosed for for 3 months	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140	Lipid lowering agents of natural origin: An account of some promising chemotypes.
AID1481573	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 76615 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1538911	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C95 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring increase in tobramycin-mediated bactericidal activity at 80 ug/ml in presence of 0.5XMIC tobramycin measured after 4 hrs by Tim
AID1774390	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ciprofloxacin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.0390625 ug/ml)
AID718414	Antibacterial activity against log-phase vancomycin-sensitive Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 assessed as growth inhibition after 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24	3-Phenyl substituted 6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline derivatives as FtsZ-targeting antibacterial agents.
AID1537270	Inhibition of human BuChE using butyrylthiocholine iodide as substrate measured for 1 min by Ellman's method	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID1770340	Antibacterial activity against penicillin-susceptible Bacillus pumilus CMCC63202 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID694208	Antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51575 by CLSI broth microdilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 22, Issue:22	Antibacterial activity of substituted dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium derivatives.
AID1917500	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI based continuous dilution method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
AID1538891	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C59 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 64 ug/ml)
AID629586	Inhibition of self-mediated amyloid beta (1 to 42) aggregation at 20 uM after 48 hrs by thioflavin T fluorescence assay	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Synthesis, biological evaluation of 9-N-substituted berberine derivatives as multi-functional agents of antioxidant, inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and amyloid-β aggregation.
AID1510762	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after 24 hrs	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Nitroimidazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
AID1774454	Hormesis activity against overnight-compound treated Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring azithromycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 200 ug/ml)
AID1774433	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring streptomycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID1774418	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring atreonamMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 1.5625 ug/ml)
AID720953	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by two fold serial dilution method	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Novel berberine triazoles: synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and competitive interactions with metal ions to human serum albumin.
AID1770342	Antibacterial activity against erythromycin-susceptible Streptococcus pyogenes assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1774382	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ampicillin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID1481568	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus proteus ATCC 13315 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1546631	Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells measured at 40 mg/L after 48 hrs relative to control	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187	Potential cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects of berberine on gynaecological cancers with drug-associated resistance.
AID720958	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by two fold serial dilution method	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Novel berberine triazoles: synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and competitive interactions with metal ions to human serum albumin.
AID1774459	Hormesis activity against overnight-compound treated Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ampicillin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 100 ug/ml)
AID1538930	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C76 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1538940	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR48 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1774450	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring cefotaxime MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID1546630	Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells measured at 20 mg/L after 48 hrs relative to control	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187	Potential cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects of berberine on gynaecological cancers with drug-associated resistance.
AID1774363	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumonia assessed as promotion of delayed bacterial growth at 25 to 50 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs in presence of 1 ug/ml tetracycline by OD600 based analysis
AID1431424	Activation of LXR in mouse 3T3L1 preadipocytes assessed as decrease in triglyceride level at 1 to 10 uM for 3 days measured on day 6	2016	Journal of natural products, Dec-23, Volume: 79, Issue:12	Pterosin Sesquiterpenoids from Pteris cretica as Hypolipidemic Agents via Activating Liver X Receptors.
AID1774442	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring rifampicin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 1.5625 ug/ml)
AID656691	Cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts assessed as cell viability by microplate reader	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8	Structure-activity studies of some berberine analogs as inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii.
AID1538902	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C95 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 32 ug/ml)
AID1230138	Inhibition of BChE (unknown origin) using butyrylthiocholine as substrate assessed as substrate hydrolysis by spectrophotometric/Ellman method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 23, Issue:13	Isolation of cholinesterase and β-secretase 1 inhibiting compounds from Lycopodiella cernua.
AID1538947	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C61 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1352461	Oral bioavailability in ICR mouse at 10.4 to 83.2 mg/kg after 60 mins by HPLC method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1530127	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA1720 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1774365	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumonia assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth at 25 to 50 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs in presence of 2 ug/ml tetracycline by OD600 based analysis
AID1774411	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring streptomycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.78125 ug/ml)
AID1538884	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C15 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 8 ug/ml)
AID1201481	Inhibition of FtsZ (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in enzyme GTPase activity	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 95	Advances in the discovery of novel antimicrobials targeting the assembly of bacterial cell division protein FtsZ.
AID1770351	Antibacterial activity against Vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium ATCC 19434 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1833884	Ratio of MIC for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 to IC50 for inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus sortase A using Abz-LPETGK(Dnp)-NH2 fluorescent peptide as substrate	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 52	Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition.
AID1917498	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI based continuous dilution method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
AID1546633	Drug excretion in rat feces	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187	Potential cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects of berberine on gynaecological cancers with drug-associated resistance.
AID1653955	Inhibition of TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis in human HaCaT cells after 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide double staining-based flow cytometry
AID1481564	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH52 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1538921	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C31 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1537275	Inhibition of POP (unknown origin)	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID1774385	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring atreonamMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 1.5625 ug/ml)
AID656693	Ratio of trimethoprim ID50 to compound ID50 for Toxoplasma gondii ATCC 50839	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8	Structure-activity studies of some berberine analogs as inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii.
AID1352420	Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii after 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI two fold serial dilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1365367	Cytotoxicity against MDCK cells incubated for 48 hrs assessed as reduction in cell viability by SRB assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	Discovery of berberine based derivatives as anti-influenza agent through blocking of neuraminidase.
AID1538950	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C84 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1364699	Activation of recombinant AMPKalpha2beta1gamma1 (unknown origin) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 in presence of CaMKKbeta (unknown origin) at 10 uM incubated for 45 mins in presence of substrate-1 peptide and ATP by HTRF assay relative to untreated con	2017	Journal of natural products, 04-28, Volume: 80, Issue:4	Malonylginsenosides with Potential Antidiabetic Activities from the Flower Buds of Panax ginseng.
AID1809970	Binding affinity to human MycG4 DNA (unknown origin) assessed as compound-DNA complex at 3:1 ratio by 1D NMR analysis	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Berberine Molecular Recognition of the Parallel MYC G-Quadruplex in Solution.
AID1365387	Antiviral activity against Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)) infected in MDCK cells assessed as reduction in virus-induced cytopathogenicity at 1 ug/ml pre-incubated for 1 hr with virus before virus infection of cells and measured after 48 hr	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	Discovery of berberine based derivatives as anti-influenza agent through blocking of neuraminidase.
AID1464203	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 100 assessed as fluconazole MIC80 at 1 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID656690	Antiparasitic activity against Toxoplasma gondii ATCC 50839 infected in human fibroblasts assessed as inhibition of replication of tachyzoites after 4 days by bacterial beta-galactosidase assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8	Structure-activity studies of some berberine analogs as inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii.
AID1538934	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C89 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1530118	Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecium ATCC 49624 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1538895	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C73 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 128 ug/ml)
AID1774372	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as promotion of bacterial growth by measuring prolonged logarithmic growth phase at 3 to 50 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs by OD600 based analysis
AID1538905	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C104 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 32 ug/ml)
AID632314	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as cell viability at 50 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 21, Issue:23	Alkaloids from Chelidonium majus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells.
AID648338	Inhibition of telomerase	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 20, Issue:6	JFCR39, a panel of 39 human cancer cell lines, and its application in the discovery and development of anticancer drugs.
AID1917493	Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI based continuous dilution method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
AID1510763	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 24 hrs	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Nitroimidazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
AID1464208	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 100 at 8 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1774461	Hormesis activity against overnight-compound treated Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring cefotaxime MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID1538939	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C104 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1910608	Inhibition of ADP-induced Akt activation in C57BL/6J mouse platelet assessed as reduction of AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 by western blot analysis	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 65, Issue:10	Palmatine Derivatives as Potential Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents via Protein Kinase G/Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Phosphorylation.
AID1538920	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C30 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID694207	Antibacterial activity against vancomycin-sensitive Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 by CLSI broth microdilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 22, Issue:22	Antibacterial activity of substituted dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium derivatives.
AID1464211	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 100 at 1 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1449710	Binding affinity to 5'-dabcyl/3'-fluorescein labeled human telomeric sequence G-quadruplex DNA assessed as change in melting temperature at 10 uM by fluorescence assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 25, Issue:9	Indenocinnoline derivatives as G-quadruplex binders, topoisomerase IIα inhibitors and antiproliferative agents.
AID1846491	Inhibition of efflux pump in wild type Pseudomonas aeruginosa K767 assessed as fold reduction in CFU count in presence of tobramycin incubated for 24 hrs by ethidium bromide efflux assay relative to tobramycin alone
AID1432743	Induction of myoblast differentiation in mouse C2C12 cells expressing MyoD-responsive 4RTK-Luc assessed as increase in MHC protein expression at 10 nM after 2 days by Western blot analysis	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6	Isoquinoline alkaloids from Coptis japonica stimulate the myoblast differentiation via p38 MAP-kinase and Akt signaling pathway.
AID1352412	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21216 after 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI two fold serial dilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1295972	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus SA1199 after 24 hrs by CLSI method	2016	Journal of natural products, Feb-26, Volume: 79, Issue:2	Biochemometrics for Natural Products Research: Comparison of Data Analysis Approaches and Application to Identification of Bioactive Compounds.
AID1538943	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C67 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1352410	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 after 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI two fold serial dilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1774440	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring atreonamMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 3.125 ug/ml)
AID1510767	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 after 24 hrs	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Nitroimidazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
AID720955	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH52 by two fold serial dilution method	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Novel berberine triazoles: synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and competitive interactions with metal ions to human serum albumin.
AID1770347	Antibacterial activity against clinical isolate Staphylococcus aureus C1 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1774356	Upregulation of efflux pump regulator gene expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by transcriptome analysis
AID670959	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 after 24 hrs by microdilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14	Synthesis and anti Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity of substituted chalcones alone and in combination with non-beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID1774448	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ampicillin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 100 ug/ml)
AID1910611	Inhibition of ADP-induced Akt activation in C57BL/6J mouse platelets assessed as reduction in phosphorylation Akt level at Ser473 at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 2 weeks by western blot analysis	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 65, Issue:10	Palmatine Derivatives as Potential Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents via Protein Kinase G/Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Phosphorylation.
AID1429787	Antistaphylococcal activity against gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus NRS-108 after 18 hrs by two fold serial dilution method	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	The synthesis and antistaphylococcal activity of 9, 13-disubstituted berberine derivatives.
AID646469	Binding affinity to human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA at 200 uM after 1 hr by ESI-TOF-MS analysis	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4	Synthesis and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA-binding activity of glucosaminosides of shikonin/alkannin.
AID1481563	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli JM109 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1774379	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ciprofloxacin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.0390625 ug/ml)
AID1415677	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH52 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution based spectrophotometric analysis	2017	MedChemComm, May-01, Volume: 8, Issue:5	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel Schiff base-bridged tetrahydroprotoberberine triazoles as a new type of potential antimicrobial agents.
AID659696	Inhibition of electric eel AChE using acetylcholine as substrate by Ellman's method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 20, Issue:9	Inhibition of cholinesterase activity and amyloid aggregation by berberine-phenyl-benzoheterocyclic and tacrine-phenyl-benzoheterocyclic hybrids.
AID1558357	Antiviral activity against Zika virus infected in African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in virus infectivity preincubated with virus for 1 hr followed by cell infection and measured after 96 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-23, Volume: 63, Issue:2	Drugs for the Treatment of Zika Virus Infection.
AID1537266	Inhibition of PCSK9 mRNA level in mouse RAW264.7 cells by qRT-PCR assay
AID1538941	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR51 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1538933	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C86 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1774388	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring azithromycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 1.5625 ug/ml)
AID1833875	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 assessed as zone of inhibition at 125 ug/ml measured after 24 hrs by disc diffusion method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 52	Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition.
AID1538945	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C25 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1464204	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 103 at 8 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1538892	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C60 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = >128 ug/ml)
AID767360	Inhibition of C-terminal YFP-fused Escherichia coli FtsZ cloned in Escherichia coli envA1 assessed as mislocalization of protein throughout cell at 680 uM after 30 mins by fluorescence microscopic analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 21, Issue:18	Chrysophaentins are competitive inhibitors of FtsZ and inhibit Z-ring formation in live bacteria.
AID629584	Inhibition of self-mediated amyloid beta (1 to 42) aggregation after 48 hrs by thioflavin T fluorescence assay	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Synthesis, biological evaluation of 9-N-substituted berberine derivatives as multi-functional agents of antioxidant, inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and amyloid-β aggregation.
AID644953	Binding affinity to human pre-hsa-mir-155 miRNA assessed as inhibition of dicer-catalysed (33P)-labelled pre-miRNA processing at 1 mM after 1 hr by PAGE analysis	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4	Pre-microRNA binding aminoglycosides and antitumor drugs as inhibitors of Dicer catalyzed microRNA processing.
AID1538916	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C6 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1538938	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C103 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1774367	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as promotion of bacterial growth at 3 to 6 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs in presence of efflux pump inhibitor, CCCP by OD600 based analysis
AID1774430	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring tetracycline MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 8 ug/ml)
AID1774445	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ciprofloxacin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.3125 ug/ml)
AID1774415	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ampicillin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID1774374	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as promotion of bacterial growth at 3 to 50 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs in presence of efflux pump inhibitor, CCCP and 80 to 120 ug/ml tetracycline by OD600 based analysis
AID1882604	Antiviral activity against HCV assessed as inhibition of viral fusion and replication at attachment stage	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 60	Recent advancement in small molecules as HCV inhibitors.
AID1774393	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ampicillin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID718413	Antibacterial activity against log-phase vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51575 assessed as growth inhibition after 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24	3-Phenyl substituted 6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline derivatives as FtsZ-targeting antibacterial agents.
AID1774369	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as promotion of bacterial growth by measuring prolonged logarithmic growth phase at 3 to 6 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs by OD600 based analysis
AID1352417	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 after 18 to 24 hrs by CLSI two fold serial dilution method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Discovery of 2-aminothiazolyl berberine derivatives as effectively antibacterial agents toward clinically drug-resistant Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumanii.
AID1774402	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring chloramphenicol MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6.25 ug/ml)
AID1415678	Antibacterial activity against Shigella dysenteriae after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution based spectrophotometric analysis	2017	MedChemComm, May-01, Volume: 8, Issue:5	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel Schiff base-bridged tetrahydroprotoberberine triazoles as a new type of potential antimicrobial agents.
AID1774401	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ciprofloxacin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.0390625 ug/ml)
AID1481571	Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1774453	Hormesis activity against overnight-compound treated Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring rifampicin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 1.5625 ug/ml)
AID1538894	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C70 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 32 ug/ml)
AID1774434	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ciprofloxacin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.0390625 ug/ml)
AID699540	Inhibition of human liver OATP1B3 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10	Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID1538931	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C83 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1765425	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as cell viability at 0.5 uM incubated for 24 hrs by CCK8 assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222	Discovery of chiral N-2'-aryletheryl-1'-alkoxy-ethyl substituted arylisoquinolones with anti-inflammatory activity from the nucleophilic addition reactions of the thiophenols and oxazolinium.
AID629585	Inhibition of self-mediated amyloid beta (1 to 42) aggregation at 10 uM after 48 hrs by thioflavin T fluorescence assay	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Synthesis, biological evaluation of 9-N-substituted berberine derivatives as multi-functional agents of antioxidant, inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and amyloid-β aggregation.
AID1774404	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ampicillin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID1502960	Increase in hepatic LDLR protein hyperlipidemic hamster relative to untreated control	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140	Lipid lowering agents of natural origin: An account of some promising chemotypes.
AID1464202	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 100 assessed as fluconazole MIC80 at 2 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID720954	Antibacterial activity against Shigella dysenteriae by two fold serial dilution method	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Novel berberine triazoles: synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and competitive interactions with metal ions to human serum albumin.
AID1502956	Reduction in triglyceride level in hypercholesterolemic patient dosed for for 3 months	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140	Lipid lowering agents of natural origin: An account of some promising chemotypes.
AID1415698	Induction of Escherichia coli supercoiled pUC19 DNA cleavage at 0.0125 mM after 16 hrs in absence of Zn2+ by ethidium bromide staining-based agarose gel electrophoresis method	2017	MedChemComm, May-01, Volume: 8, Issue:5	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel Schiff base-bridged tetrahydroprotoberberine triazoles as a new type of potential antimicrobial agents.
AID1515722	Inhibition of N-terminal GST-tagged recombinant human AKR1C3 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE) Codon Plus RP cells assessed as reduction in NADPH production using S-tetralol as substrate in presence of NADP+ by fluorimetry assay	2019	MedChemComm, Aug-01, Volume: 10, Issue:8	Exploration of [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerisation methodology to prepare tetrahydroisoquinoline-based compounds with potential aldo-keto reductase 1C3 target affinity.
AID1774420	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring rifampicin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 25 ug/ml)
AID1774405	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring meropenem MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.39625 ug/ml)
AID1910624	Antiplatelet activity against ADP-induced C57BL/6J mouse platelet aggregation assessed as inhibition of platelet aggregation at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 2 weeks	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 65, Issue:10	Palmatine Derivatives as Potential Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents via Protein Kinase G/Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Phosphorylation.
AID1774394	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring meropenem MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.39625 ug/ml)
AID1502957	Reduction in total cholesterol level in hypercholesterolemic patient dosed for for 3 months	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140	Lipid lowering agents of natural origin: An account of some promising chemotypes.
AID1774431	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring rifampicin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 25 ug/ml)
AID1774412	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring ciprofloxacin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.0390625 ug/
AID1774439	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring cefotaxime MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 1.5625 ug/ml)
AID767359	Inhibition of C-terminal RFP-fused Escherichia coli FtsZ cloned in Escherichia coli envA1 assessed as intact red fluorescent Z-ring formation at 680 uM after 30 to 60 mins by fluorescence microscopic analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 21, Issue:18	Chrysophaentins are competitive inhibitors of FtsZ and inhibit Z-ring formation in live bacteria.
AID1415673	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus N315 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution based spectrophotometric analysis	2017	MedChemComm, May-01, Volume: 8, Issue:5	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel Schiff base-bridged tetrahydroprotoberberine triazoles as a new type of potential antimicrobial agents.
AID694205	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 by CLSI broth microdilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 22, Issue:22	Antibacterial activity of substituted dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium derivatives.
AID1833870	Solubility of the compound in 5% DMSO in MHB assessed as precipitation at up to 3.9 ug/ml measured over 24 hrs	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 52	Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition.
AID1510768	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae after 24 hrs	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Nitroimidazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
AID1818870	Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis assessed as decrease in bacterial growth incubated for 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1538886	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C30 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 8 ug/ml)
AID1774362	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumonia assessed as promotion of bacterial growth by measuring prolonged logarithmic growth phase at 3 to 6 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs in presence of 1 ug/ml tetracycline by OD600 based analysis
AID629588	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of AAPH-induced peroxyl radical scavenging activity at 0.5 to 10 uM after 10 mins by oxygen radical absorbance capacity-fluorescein assay	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 46, Issue:12	Synthesis, biological evaluation of 9-N-substituted berberine derivatives as multi-functional agents of antioxidant, inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and amyloid-β aggregation.
AID1538883	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C9 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 2 ug/ml)
AID1538915	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa K767 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1464205	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 103 at 4 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1538918	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C15 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1502961	Increase in hepatic LDLR mRNA hyperlipidemic hamster relative to untreated control	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140	Lipid lowering agents of natural origin: An account of some promising chemotypes.
AID1429784	Antistaphylococcal activity against aminoglycosides/tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus NRS-1 after 18 hrs by two fold serial dilution method	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	The synthesis and antistaphylococcal activity of 9, 13-disubstituted berberine derivatives.
AID1365368	Antiviral activity against Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)) infected in MDCK cells assessed as reduction in virus-induced cytopathogenicity incubated for 48 hrs by SRB assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	Discovery of berberine based derivatives as anti-influenza agent through blocking of neuraminidase.
AID1274728	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus H209P at 125 nmol/disk after 12 hrs by paper disk method	2015	Journal of natural products, Dec-24, Volume: 78, Issue:12	11-Hydroxylation of Protoberberine by the Novel Berberine-Utilizing Aerobic Bacterium Sphingobium sp. Strain BD3100.
AID1765424	Antiinflammatory activity against LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed inhibition of TNFalpha release at 0.5 uM incubated for 24 hrs in presence of LPS by ELISA	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222	Discovery of chiral N-2'-aryletheryl-1'-alkoxy-ethyl substituted arylisoquinolones with anti-inflammatory activity from the nucleophilic addition reactions of the thiophenols and oxazolinium.
AID1774357	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumonia deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as promotion of bacterial growth at 3 to 6 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs by OD600 based analysis
AID1357414	Inhibition of mPGES1 in human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in PGE2 production at 50 uM by enzyme immunoassay relative to control	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 153	Plant-derived mPGES-1 inhibitors or suppressors: A new emerging trend in the search for small molecules to combat inflammation.
AID1774446	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring chloramphenicol MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6.25 ug/ml)
AID1770348	Antibacterial activity against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1429786	Antistaphylococcal activity against oxacillin/tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus NRS-100 after 18 hrs by two fold serial dilution method	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	The synthesis and antistaphylococcal activity of 9, 13-disubstituted berberine derivatives.
AID1774403	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae deficient in KmrA gene expression assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring hygromycinMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 12.5 ug/ml)
AID1167294	Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-Nacetylneuraminic acid sodium salt hydrate as substrate by fluorometry	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21	Neuraminidase inhibitory activities of quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids from Corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome.
AID656692	Therapeutic index, ratio of TD50 for human fibroblast cell to ID 50 for Toxoplasma gondii ATCC 50839	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8	Structure-activity studies of some berberine analogs as inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii.
AID1295973	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 LAC AH1263 after 24 hrs by CLSI method	2016	Journal of natural products, Feb-26, Volume: 79, Issue:2	Biochemometrics for Natural Products Research: Comparison of Data Analysis Approaches and Application to Identification of Bioactive Compounds.
AID1774432	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring azithromycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6.25 ug/ml)
AID1770341	Antibacterial activity against erythromycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1910592	Antiplatelet activity against ADP-induced C57BL/6J mouse platelet aggregation assessed as maximal aggregration rate at 10 uM preincubated for 10 mins followed by ADP addition relative to control	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 65, Issue:10	Palmatine Derivatives as Potential Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents via Protein Kinase G/Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Phosphorylation.
AID1167297	Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase by Dixon plot	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21	Neuraminidase inhibitory activities of quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids from Corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome.
AID1774380	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring chloramphenicol MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 6.25 ug/ml)
AID1818879	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 assessed as decrease in bacterial growth incubated for 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1357412	Inhibition of COX2 in human A375 cells assessed as reduction in PGE2 production up to 20 uM by immunoblot analysis relative to control	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 153	Plant-derived mPGES-1 inhibitors or suppressors: A new emerging trend in the search for small molecules to combat inflammation.
AID1533721	Inhibition of human CYP1B1 expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha cell membranes coexpressing human NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase using 7-Ethoxyresorufin as substrate by EROD assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163	Phytoestrogens and their synthetic analogues as substrate mimic inhibitors of CYP1B1.
AID1538888	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C51 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 0.125 ug/ml)
AID718415	Antibacterial activity against log-phase methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 assessed as growth inhibition after 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24	3-Phenyl substituted 6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline derivatives as FtsZ-targeting antibacterial agents.
AID1774441	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring tetracycline MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 240 ug/ml)
AID1774429	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring atreonamMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 3.125 ug/ml)
AID1530130	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2,4-disubstituted-6-thiophenyl-pyrimidines.
AID1449712	Binding affinity to double stranded DNA (unknown origin) assessed as compound concentration required for 30% displacement of thiazole orange from double stranded DNA by fluorescent intercalator displacement assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 25, Issue:9	Indenocinnoline derivatives as G-quadruplex binders, topoisomerase IIα inhibitors and antiproliferative agents.
AID1538924	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C54 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1845962	Inhibition of recombinant LSD1 (unknown origin) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using H3K4me2 as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by fluorescence based analysis	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 214	Annual review of LSD1/KDM1A inhibitors in 2020.
AID1774370	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as promotion of bacterial growth up to 25 ug/ml measured for 24 hrs in presence of 8 ug/ml tetracycline by OD600 based analysis
AID1481561	Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1910626	Antithrombotic activity in BALB/c mouse model of carrageenan-induced thrombus formation assessed as reduced thrombus formation in lung at 100 mg/kg, iv measured after 14 days by H and E staining based assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 65, Issue:10	Palmatine Derivatives as Potential Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents via Protein Kinase G/Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Phosphorylation.
AID1364951	Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus LR2006-OPY1 infected in BHK21 cells after 48 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16	The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID1429794	Cytotoxicity against HAF assessed as decrease in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTS assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	The synthesis and antistaphylococcal activity of 9, 13-disubstituted berberine derivatives.
AID720956	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis by two fold serial dilution method	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Novel berberine triazoles: synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and competitive interactions with metal ions to human serum albumin.
AID1774353	Hormesis activity against Klebsiella pneumonia assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by measuring shortened logarithmic growth phase at 25 to 50 ug/ml measured after 24 hrs by OD600 based analysis
AID1818873	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 assessed as decrease in bacterial growth incubated for 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-13, Volume: 65, Issue:1	Natural Berberine-derived Azolyl Ethanols as New Structural Antibacterial Agents against Drug-Resistant
AID1464210	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 100 at 2 ug/ml by checkerboard microdilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1481567	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus typhi after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1453012	Inhibition of human CYP1B1 expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha coexpressing human NADPH-P450 reductase using 4-estradiol as substrate in presence of NADP+ by HPLC analysis	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135	Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1.
AID1538926	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C60 assessed as bacterial growth up to 320 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1833879	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 assessed as bacterial growth inhibition measured after 24 hrs by resazurin dye based broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 52	Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition.
AID1770339	Antibacterial activity against penicillin-susceptible Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9372 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1463671	Cytotoxicity against mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 48 hrs by CCK8 assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	The design and synthesis of a novel compound of berberine and baicalein that inhibits the efficacy of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AID1774443	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring azithromycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 200 ug/ml)
AID1770353	Antibacterial activity against Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 20 hrs by two-fold microdilution assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 224	Modification of 5-methylphenanthridium from benzothiazoles to indoles as potent FtsZ inhibitors: Broadening the antibacterial spectrum toward vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AID1774389	Hormesis activity against overnight compound-treated Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring streptomycin MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 0.78125 ug/ml)
AID1464197	Potentiation of fluconazole-induced anti-fungal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolate 100 by two-fold dilution method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 27, Issue:19	Design, synthesis, and SAR study of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide as novel potent synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.
AID1537271	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human BuChE to IC50 for human AChE	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID1774419	Hormesis activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring tetracycline MIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 8 ug/ml)
AID1463686	Suppression of lipogenesis associated gene expression in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as reduction in Scd1 mRNA expression at 2.5 and 5 uM incubated for 48 hrs by qPCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	The design and synthesis of a novel compound of berberine and baicalein that inhibits the efficacy of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AID1416212	Self-aggregating behavior of compound at 32 to 500 uM by 1D-1H NMR method	2017	MedChemComm, Jun-01, Volume: 8, Issue:6	PAIN-less identification and evaluation of small molecule inhibitors against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B.
AID1538887	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C31 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method (Rvb = 8 ug/ml)
AID1463674	Cytotoxicity against mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 20 uM incubated for 48 hrs by CCK8 assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	The design and synthesis of a novel compound of berberine and baicalein that inhibits the efficacy of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AID1538948	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C70 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1167295	Inhibition of recombinant Influenza A virus H1N1 neuraminidase using 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-Nacetylneuraminic acid sodium salt hydrate as substrate by fluorometry	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21	Neuraminidase inhibitory activities of quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids from Corydalis turtschaninovii rhizome.
AID1481566	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 24 hrs by two-fold serial dilution assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Novel benzimidazolyl tetrahydroprotoberberines: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and multi-targeting exploration.
AID1365383	Antiviral activity against Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)) infected in MDCK cells assessed as reduction in virus-induced cytopathogenicity at 1 ug/ml treated before virus infection and measured after 48 hrs by SRB assay relative to untreate	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	Discovery of berberine based derivatives as anti-influenza agent through blocking of neuraminidase.
AID1774447	Hormesis activity against Acinetobacter baumannii assessed as increase in antibiotic MIC by measuring hygromycinMIC at 3 ug/ml incubated for 12 hrs by OD600 based analysis (Rvb = 125 ug/ml)
AID1538955	Inhibition of MexXY/OPRM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa C104 assessed as reduction in bacterial resistance to tobramycin by measuring fold reduction in tobramycin MIC at 80 ug/ml incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by broth microdilution method
AID1364955	Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for BHK21 cells to EC50 for Chikungunya virus	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16	The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1347411	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).	2014	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID602156	Novartis GNF Liver Stage Dataset: Malariabox Annotation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Dec-09, Volume: 334, Issue:6061	Imaging of Plasmodium liver stages to drive next-generation antimalarial drug discovery.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	219 (5.45)	18.7374
1990's	262 (6.52)	18.2507
2000's	617 (15.36)	29.6817
2010's	1874 (46.64)	24.3611
2020's	1046 (26.03)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	102 (2.48%)	5.53%
Reviews	297 (7.23%)	6.00%
Case Studies	7 (0.17%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	3,700 (90.11%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.02	1	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
alpha-ketobutyric acid alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.	2.15	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; short-chain fatty acid
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.05	1	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.41	7	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	7.02	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
adenine [no description available]	3.16	4	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.98	4	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	4.2	5	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	8.27	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.78	3	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	7.6	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.01	1	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
carnitine [no description available]	2.82	3	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.04	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	3.34	6	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.8	3	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	5.66	23	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.49	2	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.25	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	8.17	5	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
indoleacetamide indoleacetamide: article does not mention position of acetamide group; amide of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the natural auxin found in plants. indole-3-acetamide : A member of the class of indoles that is acetamide substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2. It is an intermediate in the production of plant hormone indole acetic acid (IAA).	2.07	1	0	indoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia	bacterial metabolite; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	7.41	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.41	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	1.98	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	1.99	1	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.07	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	7.67	3	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.7	9	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3	4	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.39	7	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	3.05	4	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
histamine [no description available]	3.25	6	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.57	2	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.77	3	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	4.37	2	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	3.76	10	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	9.2	2	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	9.66	4	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.61	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	3.99	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2.	2.06	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridine alkaloid; pyrrolidine alkaloid
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.77	3	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.08	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.16	5	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.4	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	3.76	9	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	3.19	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	10.09	12	9	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
putrescine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.61	2	0	pyrazole
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.57	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	7.21	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	1.95	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	1.95	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
taurine [no description available]	7.1	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	2.63	2	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	7.31	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tungstic(vi) acid tungstic(VI) acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	tungsten coordination entity
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	3.92	10	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.72	2	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.11	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.46	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.06	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	2.02	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	3.1	5	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
1h-3-benzazepin-7-ol, 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl- 1H-3-benzazepin-7-ol, 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-: stereoselective antagonist of dopamine receptor	2.02	1	0	benzazepine
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	3.58	2	0	quinolone
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-yl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	catechin
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.5	2	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.06	1	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.2	5	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
hoe 33342 BXI-72: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	fluorochrome
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.4	2	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	7.4	2	0
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.02	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	phenols
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.9	2	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
nsc-267703 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	anthracycline
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.94	4	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	1.98	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
phenytoin [no description available]	2.47	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2.03	1	0
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	8.16	5	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.15	1	0	monoazo compound
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	3.37	6	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.15	1	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	1.95	1	0	acridines
dactinomycin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide
tyrphostin ag 1024 tyrphostin AG 1024: modulates radiosensitivity in human breast cancer cells; also an IGF1 receptor inhibitor	2.59	2	0	alkylbenzene
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
albendazole [no description available]	7.6	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	2.07	1	0
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ametantrone ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.15	1	0
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.07	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.07	1	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	8.14	5	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.17	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	4.14	3	1	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.98	4	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	3.62	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amprolium Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.	2.13	1	0	pyridinium ion	coccidiostat
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.06	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	2.25	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.51	2	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.46	2	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	8.27	5	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.76	3	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.45	2	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	2.07	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzethonium Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.	1.96	1	0	alkylbenzene
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	1.96	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	2.42	2	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	7.06	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
betaxolol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	1.97	1	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	3.08	5	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.06	1	0
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	3.66	3	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	7.6	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	5.03	9	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.46	22	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.37	2	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.07	1	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cannabinol Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.	3.25	1	0	dibenzopyran
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.75	3	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxide carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.	2.05	1	0	dibenzoazepine; epoxide; ureas	allergen; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.41	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	1.97	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.96	4	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.47	2	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.01	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	3.87	11	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	12.34	7	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.06	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	9.35	6	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.76	2	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.48	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.73	3	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
aricine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cinchona alkaloid
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	10.31	9	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	2.06	1	0	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.06	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clebopride clebopride: antidopaminergic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0	piperidines
clofilium clofilium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.47	2	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	3.77	11	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.76	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	3.13	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	3.51	2	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	4.09	4	0	indoles	fluorochrome
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.18	5	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	2.43	2	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.72	3	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.39	2	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	4.04	5	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	8.28	5	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dilacor xr 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate : A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.	2.06	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; benzothiazepine; lactam; tertiary amino compound
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.06	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.41	2	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	2.47	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
stallimycin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
disulfiram [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	7.57	2	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.06	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	3.53	7	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.47	2	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
e 4031 E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD	2.06	1	0	sulfonamide
ebastine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
nsc-526417 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.05	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
embelin embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.	3.27	1	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	6.6	15	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	4.22	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.69	3	0
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	7.05	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
profenamine profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.	3.25	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic antagonist; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	7.03	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.9	4	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fendiline Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.	2.07	1	0	diarylmethane
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	4.57	5	1	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	1.99	1	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.07	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.77	3	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	5.53	19	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluphenazine [no description available]	7.1	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	5.17	13	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	4.57	7	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furafylline [no description available]	2.47	2	0	oxopurine
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	7.74	5	4	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.07	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	7.13	1	0
gentian violet crystal violet cation : An iminium ion that is malachite green cation in which the hydrogen at the para- psition of the monosubstituted phenyl group is replaced by a dimethylamino group.	2.06	1	0	iminium ion	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	3.76	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	3.35	1	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.07	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	3.77	10	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
go 6976 [no description available]	3.59	2	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	7.47	2	0
granisetron [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.41	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	1.98	1	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.07	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.07	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	9.25	18	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	7.11	1	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hesperetin [no description available]	3.31	1	0	ether; flavonoids
hexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	2.06	1	0
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	4.16	16	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydrastinine hydrastinine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #4651	2.03	1	0
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	4.14	5	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.21	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hypericin [no description available]	3.27	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	7.89	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0	piperidines
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.47	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	9.67	8	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iproniazid [no description available]	2	1	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.06	1	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.45	2	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	2.54	2	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.45	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	8.41	7	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.07	1	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itraconazole [no description available]	2.07	1	0	piperazines
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	7.6	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	7.76	3	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
lamotrigine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.52	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	8.51	1	1	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
nordefrin Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.	1.97	1	0	catecholamine
lidoflazine Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.	2.06	1	0	diarylmethane
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	2.06	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.42	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.78	3	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	3.46	1	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.89	11	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mefloquine hydrochloride [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.	2.47	2	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinolines; secondary alcohol
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	2.4	2	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	2.07	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	2.06	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	4.49	4	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	1.95	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	2.06	1	0	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	11.48	48	4	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.06	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
nocodazole [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.75	3	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	4.11	4	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	7.74	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	4.6	5	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	8.24	5	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	2.76	3	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
entinostat [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
n-acetyl-4-nitrophenylserinol N-acetyl-4-nitrophenylserinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.06	1	0
n-methylephedrine N-methylephedrine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	amphetamines
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	2.31	1	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.94	4	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
netropsin Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.	2.07	1	0
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.07	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	3.65	2	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.42	7	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	7.42	2	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoxetine nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
nitidine nitidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym NSC 146397 refers to chloride; structure	3.5	2	0	phenanthridines
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	7.41	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	10.57	12	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
norfluoxetine norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.06	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.76	3	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	3.86	2	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.47	2	0	carbazoles
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	2.06	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	2.82	2	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	4.26	18	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxiracetam oxiracetam: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.68	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	2.39	2	0	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	3.23	6	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.76	3	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.67	3	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.43	2	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2.69	2	0	oxopurine
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	2.06	1	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	3.25	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.79	3	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	7.75	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amine
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.49	2	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2.07	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	6.95	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
pilsicainide pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.	2.47	2	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.07	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	10.53	5	1	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.11	5	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.25	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	4.06	15	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.02	1	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.44	2	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.13	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.71	3	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
pronethalol pronethalol: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-66); NAPHTHYLISOPROTERENOL was see PRONETHALOL 1977-94; use ETHANOLAMINES to search PRONETHALOL 1966-94	2.06	1	0	naphthalenes
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	1.97	1	0	xanthenes
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.05	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	3.71	10	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protopine [no description available]	9.51	7	0	dibenzazecine alkaloid	plant metabolite
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	9.12	3	1	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
quetiapine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	dibenzothiazepine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	3.99	1	1	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.17	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	7.46	2	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	6.79	32	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.06	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
scriptaid scriptide: provokes translocation of GLUT4 to increase glucose uptake; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	isoquinolines
sennoside a&b [no description available]	2.07	1	0
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.07	1	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.41	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	8.65	2	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	4.04	3	1	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.05	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.4	2	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.07	1	0
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	1.95	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	3.41	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.39	2	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	azepine
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	3.61	2	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.06	1	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.77	3	0	diarylmethane
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.07	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.05	1	0	thiazolidenedione
thiethylperazine Thiethylperazine: A dopamine antagonist that is particularly useful in treating the nausea and vomiting associated with anesthesia, mildly emetic cancer chemotherapy agents, radiation therapy, and toxins. This piperazine phenothiazine does not prevent vertigo or motion sickness. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p457). thiethylperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is perazine substituted by a ethylsulfanyl group at position 2.	3.25	1	0	N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	3.88	3	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	2.07	1	0	aziridines
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.07	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.78	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	2.07	1	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
trifluoperazine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.98	4	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.01	1	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tyramine [no description available]	6.96	1	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urethane [no description available]	7.41	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
6,18,30-trimethyl-3,9,12,15,21,24,27,33,36-nona(propan-2-yl)-1,7,13,19,25,31-hexaoxa-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexazacyclohexatriacontane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35-dodecone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide
vesnarinone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	1.99	1	0
wb 4101 N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxine; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	3.08	5	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate: structure given in first source; inhibits DMBA-induced carcinogenesis by inhibiting DMBA-DNA adduct formation	3.25	1	0
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.25	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	3.53	8	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	7.81	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	9.44	8	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	6.98	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.41	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	7.4	2	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	2.71	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.8	3	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	8.12	5	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.06	1	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.92	4	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.07	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	1.95	1	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.44	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	1.96	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	7.53	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.25	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene	mutagen
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	3.25	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.07	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	7.44	2	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	2.38	2	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	3.1	4	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	7.73	3	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.86	11	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	3.15	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	3.17	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	3.21	5	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	4.13	4	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	8.6	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorobutanol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	tertiary alcohol
vincristine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	7.35	2	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	3.77	10	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	3.48	1	1	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.94	4	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	4.23	18	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.94	4	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	3.31	1	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.41	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.87	3	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	1.98	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	8.77	11	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	4.77	7	1	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.31	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.57	2	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	3.55	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	10.63	8	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.69	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.56	8	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	3.62	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.03	1	0	lactose
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.53	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	9.23	5	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	7.74	3	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.43	2	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.03	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.01	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2.05	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	3.35	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	7.75	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.49	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.03	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
phenacyl bromide phenacyl bromide: structure. phenacyl bromide : An alpha-bromoketone that is acetophenone substituted by a bromo group at position 2.	2.21	1	0	acetophenones; alpha-bromoketone	metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.07	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sulfobromophthalein sodium bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt	dye
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.11	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	7.75	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alizarin [no description available]	3.25	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	3.24	5	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.96	4	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.33	6	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.08	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.79	3	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.13	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.78	3	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	7.42	2	0
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	2.17	1	0
acrylamide [no description available]	7.69	2	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	7.5	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	3.25	5	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
purpurin purpurin: from Rubiaceae plants; structure in first source. purpurin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone derived from anthracene by substitution with oxo groups at C-9 and C-10 and with hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-4.	3.25	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	biological pigment; histological dye; plant metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	1.96	1	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.05	4	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
skimmianine skimmianine: furanoquinoline alkaloid from Teclea (RUTACEAE)	7.06	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
phanquinone phanquinone: structure. phanquone : An orthoquinone that is the 5,6-diketo derivative of 4,7-phenanthroline.	2.06	1	0	orthoquinones
(+-)stylopine [no description available]	2.99	4	0
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.15	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.06	1	0	organobromine compound; pyridines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.72	3	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
picric acid picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	7.31	1	0	C-nitro compound	antiseptic drug; explosive; fixative
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.91	3	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
quinoline [no description available]	2.06	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	1.96	1	0
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	2.39	2	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	1.99	1	0	xanthene
synephrine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.01	4	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.06	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.21	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.02	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.41	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
diphenan [no description available]	2.06	1	0	diarylmethane
2-phenylacetamide 2-phenylacetamide: structure. 2-phenylacetamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is acetamide substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2.07	1	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
acrolein [no description available]	4.9	10	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.72	3	0	alkane
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	2.02	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
cyanuric chloride cyanuric chloride : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine in which the triazine ring is substituted on each carbon by chlorine. Its main use is in the preparation of the triazine-class pesticides.	3.14	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; organochlorine compound	cross-linking reagent
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.54	2	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	2.11	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.08	1	0	aryl thiol
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	6.91	19	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.44	2	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.42	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
n-dodecane dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).	2.21	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.07	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
bromphenol blue Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.	1.96	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	4.1	3	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline [no description available]	4.23	16	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.5	2	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	1.97	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
monobutyl phthalate monobutyl phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.25	1	0	phthalic acid monoester
indolebutyric acid indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.	2.02	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; plant hormone; plant metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.51	2	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	1.99	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.58	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tetraphenylborate Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.	2.72	3	0
monomethylarsonic acid monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	arsonic acids; one-carbon compound; organoarsonic acid
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	4.43	22	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	1.96	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
cycloguanil hydrochloride cycloguanil hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cycloguanil.	2.06	1	0	hydrochloride; organic molecular entity
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	2.06	1	0	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	5.38	9	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	3.69	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	7.13	23	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	4.2	5	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2.03	1	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.07	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
1,3-benzodioxole 1,3-benzodioxole : A benzodioxole consisting of a benzene ring substituted by a the methylenedioxy group.	2.08	1	0	benzodioxole
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.41	1	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.14	5	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.48	2	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.87	3	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	3.32	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.04	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.46	2	0	organic cation
calcium gluconate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	4.04	5	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.43	2	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	7.49	2	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.69	2	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	4.44	6	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	2	1	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.15	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.05	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.07	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
isocorydine isocorydine: from root tubers of Stephania Kwangsiensis H.S. Lo; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5017	1.99	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	1.96	1	0
boldine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
rhein [no description available]	3.29	6	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
berbamine [no description available]	3.28	6	0	phenylpropanoid
indirubin [no description available]	2	1	0
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3.25	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
dihydroberberine dihydroberberine: structure in first source	6.19	21	0	alkaloid
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	4.56	4	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	7.43	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.49	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	2.02	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	7.59	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.57	2	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
dixanthogen [no description available]	2.6	1	0	thiocarbonyl compound
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.17	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
oleanolic acid [no description available]	8.86	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
anemonin anemonin: a furanone dimer found in RANUNCULACEAE; do not confuse with anemonine which is 5-(carboxymethyl)-1,1-dimethylimidazolium hydroxide inner salt; ranunculine is hydrolyzed to protoanemonin which dimerizes to anemonin; structure	2.05	1	0
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.86	3	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	3.19	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.8	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.31	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2	1	0
dequalinium chloride dequalinium chloride : An organic chloride salt that is the dichloride salt of dequalinium.	2.06	1	0	organic chloride salt	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	3.25	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.21	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.21	1	0	organic molecular entity
perillyl alcohol perillyl alcohol: inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase; structure in first source. perillyl alcohol : A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.	8.71	2	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	7.71	3	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	5.17	42	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
n-hexadecane n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.	1.97	1	0	long-chain alkane	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	7.96	4	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.86	3	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
jkl 1073a 8-oxoberberine: structure given in first source	3.28	6	0
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.48	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.4	2	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.08	1	0	bis(azo) compound
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	4.4	3	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	3.63	2	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.16	5	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
bulbocapnine bulbocapnine: was heading 1975-94 (Prov 1975-90); use APORPHINES to search BULBOCAPNINE 1975-94 (as Prov 1975-94); alkaloid from Corydalis cava and other plants; induces catalepsy probably due to its antagonism of DOPAMINE. bulbocapnine : An aporphine alkaloid that has been isolated from Corydalis and exhibits inhibitory activity against enzymes such as tyrosine 3-monooxygenase and diamine oxidase.	2.51	2	0	aporphine alkaloid; aromatic ether; oxacycle; phenols	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.22 (diamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2	1	0
Berberine chloride (TN) [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
glycochenodeoxycholic acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.	2.07	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	4.28	5	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
9,10-dimethylanthracene 9,10-dimethylanthracene: RN given refers to parent ion	2.06	1	0
vinblastine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
1-methylpyridinium 1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	methylpyridines
deoxycytidine [no description available]	3.27	5	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.04	1	0
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.55	2	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
c 137 C 137: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	3.04	1	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
methdilazine methdilazine : A phenothiazine substituted on nitrogen by a (1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl group; a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties.	3.25	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; phenothiazines	antipruritic drug; cholinergic antagonist; histamine antagonist
ethidium bromide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic bromide salt	geroprotector; intercalator; trypanocidal drug
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.53	2	0
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	2	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	7.66	2	0	zinc molecular entity
molybdenum disulfide [no description available]	7.25	1	0	sulfide salt
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	8.86	3	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	3.73	9	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	4.13	15	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	6.3	10	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
lysergol lysergol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (8beta)-isomer. lysergol : An alkaloid of the ergoline family that occurs as a minor constituent in some species of fungi and in the morning glory family of plants. Its structure is that of ergoline with a methyl group at N-6 and a beta-hydroxymethyl substituent at C-8.	7.07	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.11	1	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	2.07	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	7.25	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
picloram Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine; chloropyridine; organochlorine pesticide; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	herbicide; synthetic auxin
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.17	1	0	tertiary amine
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	3.25	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.06	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.07	1	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
glaucine glaucine: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	7.72	3	0	aporphine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyether; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antitussive; muscle relaxant; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; rat metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.6	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
toluidine red [no description available]	3.13	1	0
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.11	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
tetrahydropapaveroline Tetrahydropapaveroline: A leukomaine (animal alkaloid) formed in brain and liver from dopamine and L-dopa; it may be implicated in psychiatric problems.	2.11	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	human metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.75	3	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3.41	1	0	thujene	plant metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2.15	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
palmatine burasaine: structure in first source	8.41	166	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	plant metabolite
denatonium benzoate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
streptomycin [no description available]	7.52	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
4,6-diamino-2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-1-phenyl-s-triazine 4,6-diamino-2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-1-phenyl-s-triazine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
quinacrine mustard Quinacrine Mustard: Nitrogen mustard analog of quinacrine used primarily as a stain in the studies of chromosomes and chromatin. Fluoresces by reaction with nucleic acids in chromosomes.	1.96	1	0	hydrochloride	intercalator
alpha-tocopherol succinate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	hemisuccinate; tocol
canadine, (s)-isomer (S)-canadine : The (S)-enantiomer of canadine.	2.07	1	0	an (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine; canadine	plant metabolite
buquinolate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.11	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	3.01	4	0	dioxolane
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	7.1	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.79	3	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
discretamine discretamine: structure	7.67	3	0	alkaloid
coralyne coralyne: RN given refers to parent cpd; at this time it is not known for which salt NSC-154890 is synonym; structure; DNA topoisomerse antagonist	5.65	14	0	isoquinolines
terodiline [no description available]	2.06	1	0	diarylmethane
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	7.6	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.78	3	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	7.25	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	3.11	4	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	3.46	7	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.52	2	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.43	2	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.21	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	5.06	11	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	2.03	1	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.6	1	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.55	2	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.58	2	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	2.38	2	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.79	9	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	1.98	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2.41	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.03	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.11	1	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	1.98	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.02	4	0
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.15	1	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	1.96	1	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.02	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
thiamphenicol [no description available]	3.8	1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
eedq EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent	1.99	1	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	3.96	13	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
edifenphos edifenphos: structure. edifenphos : An organic thiophosphate that is the O-ethyl-S,S-diphenyl ester of phosphorodithioic acid. Used to control a variety of fungal diseases on rice including blast, ear blight and stem rot. Edifenphos is moderately toxic to mammals and fish but poses more of a risk to aquatic invertebrates.	2.06	1	0	organic thiophosphate	antifungal agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
deslanoside Deslanoside: Deacetyllanatoside C. A cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata.. deslanoside : A cardenolide glycoside that is lanatoside C with the acetoxy group replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.25	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolide glycoside; tetrasaccharide derivative	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
cresyl violet cresyl violet: RN given refers to chloride. cresyl violet : A cationic heterotetracyclic fluorescent dye derived from benzo[a]phenoxazine.	2.03	1	0
cl 64855 [no description available]	3.31	1	0
iodine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.96	4	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	3.54	2	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
cetalkonium chloride cetalkonium chloride: Note: Bonjela is a multimeaning drug name.	1.98	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3.45	7	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	3.71	2	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	11.99	4	3	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	3.79	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	1.98	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	7.31	1	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	2.06	1	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.44	7	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	8.36	6	0
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.07	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	2.05	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.52	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.01	1	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	8.39	6	6	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	1.97	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
canadine canadine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. canadine : A berberine alkaloid that is 5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10.	11.52	60	0	aromatic ether; berberine alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxacycle
s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.21	1	0	sulfonium betaine	human metabolite
dehydrocorydalin dehydrocorydalin: alkaloid from Corydalis bulbuso D.C. used in therapy of peptic ulcer; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.17	5	0	alkaloid
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.07	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.07	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	4.59	7	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	4.45	6	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.08	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	2.6	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
propranolol glycol propranolol glycol: propranolol metabolite; potent anticonvulsant against strychnine induced convulsions	2.06	1	0
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	2.06	1	0	phenanthrenes
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	4.2	2	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	3.93	3	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	1.98	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
thiocholine Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.	2.41	1	0
bezafibrate [no description available]	8.7	1	1	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.07	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.5	2	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.81	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	7.31	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
thidiazuron [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ureas
mefloquine (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.35	1	0	[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol	antimalarial
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	1.96	1	0	epoxide	intercalator
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	3.25	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	2.63	2	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
naphthoxybutanolcyclohexylamine naphthoxybutanolcyclohexylamine: structure	2.06	1	0
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.08	1	0
lorcainide [no description available]	2	1	0	acetamides
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.41	1	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.05	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.07	1	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	2.03	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
staurosporine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound	apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	2.42	2	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	3.1	5	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
bicifadine bicifadine: a nonopioid analgesic that modulates the monoaminergic pathways involved in pain	2.06	1	0
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.07	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	3.31	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	10.61	21	7	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	7.62	13	2	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	3.68	10	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	2.4	2	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.5	2	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.07	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	7.06	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
detomidine detomidine: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	2.07	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2	1	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.31	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.69	2	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	tetralins
phellodendrine phellodendrine: structure given in first source; isolated from Phellodendron amurense, used in Japanese herbal medicines; exerts antinephritic effects	2.88	3	0
clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl	3.31	1	0	quinolines
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	2.06	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	2.83	3	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	8.27	5	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt	2.06	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin [no description available]	8.22	5	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
irinotecan [no description available]	4.8	9	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.07	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	2.06	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	2.07	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	7.46	2	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
octyl gallate [no description available]	3.35	1	0	gallate ester	food antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
3-n-butylphthalide 3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source	3.12	1	0	benzofurans
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.71	3	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	2.07	1	0
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.9	4	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
perfluoropropionic acid perfluoropropionic acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.05	1	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
trichlorophene trichlorophene: contains 20 carbon atoms; do not confuse with trichlorophene as name for trichloro derivs of 2,2'-methylenebisphenol (contain 13 carbon atoms)	2.08	1	0
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.21	1	0	hydrochloride
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.07	1	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	2.07	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	5.64	13	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	2	1	0
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.04	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
ursolic acid [no description available]	3.41	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
n-methylnicotinamide N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.07	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide	metabolite
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	1.97	1	0
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.75	3	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	8.57	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	7.12	62	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
amprenavir [no description available]	2.07	1	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.52	2	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
allicin [no description available]	3.41	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	10.41	6	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.11	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2.1	1	0
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	4.3	5	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	3.27	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.53	2	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.	2.06	1	0	phenanthrolines	chelator; copper chelator
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate: for detection of alkaline phosphatase; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse with AMPS cpd	2.17	1	0	organosulfonic acid
sinefungin [no description available]	3.35	1	0	adenosines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	3.59	2	0	beta-carbolines
tretoquinol Tretoquinol: An adrenergic beta-agonist used as a bronchodilator agent in asthma therapy.	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines
mizolastine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzimidazoles
repaglinide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.07	1	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	3.25	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
toxoflavin toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure. toxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7.	2.06	1	0	carbonyl compound; pyrimidotriazine	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; toxin; virulence factor; Wnt signalling inhibitor
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.21	1	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	9.39	4	1	1,2,3-triazole
atranorin atranorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	3.27	1	0	carbonyl compound
pinocembrin pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.	3.35	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
isopimpinellin isopimpinellin: from Ruta graveolens & Heracleum lanatum; structure	3.25	1	0	psoralens
isoimperatorin isoimperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist isolated from Glehniae root. isoimperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3.25	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
dictamnine dictamnine: furanoquinoline alkaloid; crosslinks DNA in presence of ultraviolet light	2.17	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
5-hydroxyflavone [no description available]	3.25	1	0	flavones
dimidium dimidium: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
4-methoxyestradiol 4-methoxyestradiol: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer. 4-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a methoxy group.	3.25	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; phenols	estrogen; human metabolite; rat metabolite
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	1.98	1	0	imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.11	1	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sanguinarine chloride [no description available]	2.1	1	0
budipine budipine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6541	2.06	1	0	diarylmethane
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	4.55	3	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
plasmenylserine plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. O-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.. O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.	2.06	1	0	O-phosphoserine	EC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinocide quinocide: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0
2,2',2''-terpyridine 2,2',2''-terpyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine : A tridentate heterocyclic ligand that binds metals at three meridional sites giving two adjacent 5-membered MN2C2 chelate rings.	2.06	1	0	terpyridines	chelator
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	1.98	1	0
uk 68798 [no description available]	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
clobetasone butyrate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.62	5	1	tocol
bufuralol bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.07	1	0	benzofurans
cletoquine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2.07	1	0
phorbol-12,13-diacetate phorbol-12,13-diacetate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	2	1	0
magnolol [no description available]	7.52	2	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	7.55	2	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.51	1	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
columbamine [no description available]	5.3	16	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
coptisine coptisine: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.38	133	0	alkaloid	metabolite
jatrorrhizine jatrorrhizine: isolated from bark of Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae); structure given in first source	9.57	130	1	alkaloid
lycorine lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.	2.06	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
teleocidin b-4 teleocidins: structure; RN given refers to teleocidin	1.96	1	0
grepafloxacin grepafloxacin: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
squalamine squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source	3.13	1	0	bile acid
alkannin alkannin: a naphthazarin used to promote wound healing, from the plant Alkanna tinctoria; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure	2.07	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
berberrubine berberrubine: RN refers to chloride salt; a protoberberine alkaloid antitumor agent which exhibits topoisomerase II poison activity as well as catalytic inhibition activity; structure in first source	5.34	50	0
bathophenanthroline 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 7.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; phenanthrolines	chelator
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	9.54	7	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
dehydrocostus lactone dehydrocostus lactone : An organic heterotricyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-bis(methylene)decahydoazulen-5-yl group and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to afford the corresponding gamma-lactone.	7.6	1	0	gamma-lactone; guaiane sesquiterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; metabolite; trypanocidal drug
LSM-4272 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	beta-carbolines
fr 109615 cispentacin: structure given in first source; isolated from Bacillus cereus	3.13	1	0
magnoflorine magnoflorine: opium alkaloid having the aporphine configuration; RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer; structure. (S)-magnoflorine : An aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-corytuberine in which the nitrogen has been quaternised by an additional methyl group.	3.59	8	0	aporphine alkaloid; quaternary ammonium ion	plant metabolite
dauricine dauricine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dauricine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines; phenols; tertiary amino compound	plant metabolite
brusatol brusatol: quassinoid from B. javanica; structure	2.6	1	0	triterpenoid
tryptanthrine tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai	2.06	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	3.51	1	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bilobalide [no description available]	2.1	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
homoeriodictyol homoeriodictyol: structure in first source. homoeriodictyol : A trihydroxyflavanone that consists of 3'-methoxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4', 5, and 7.	3.25	1	0	3'-methoxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	flavouring agent; metabolite
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.1	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	7.31	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
methyl orsellinate methyl orsellinate: orcinol derivative from the lichen Peltigera leucophlebia (Peltigeraceae); structure in first source	2.05	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
rivastigmine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	2.07	1	0	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	10.17	10	1	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
cryptolepine cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.	3.17	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	5.22	5	2	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
fludioxonil fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.	7.03	1	0	benzodioxoles; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrroles	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical; estrogen receptor agonist
alpha-tocopherol acetate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	tocol
ethylhydrocupreine ethylhydrocupreine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. optochin : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of 10,11-dihydrocinchonan bearing hydroxy and ethoxy substituents at positions 9 and 6' respectively.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; cinchona alkaloid	EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
gentiopicroside gentiopicroside: a secoiridoid in Gentiana with rearrangement to two pyran rings	6.99	1	0	glycoside
2,4-diamino-5,6-dihydro-6,6-dimethyl-5-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-s-triazine 2,4-diamino-5,6-dihydro-6,6-dimethyl-5-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-s-triazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	8.16	5	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
cinchonine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.41	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	7.31	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	3.01	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
coronatine coronatine: consists of a coronafacic acid joined by an amide bond to coronamic acid by coronafacate ligase; phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4(1R,2R),6beta,7alpha))-isomer;	1.98	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
taraxerol taraxerol: structure. taraxerol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanan-3-ol lacking the methyl group at position 14, with an alpha-methyl substituent at position 13 and a double bond between positions 14 and 15.	2.02	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
alpha-curcumene alpha-curcumene: active priniciple in essential oils of Curcuma xanthorrhiza. alpha-curcumene : A sesquiterpene that is 2-methyl-2-heptene in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is substituted by a p-tolyl group.	3.25	1	0	sesquiterpene
levobupivacaine Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.	2.06	1	0	1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide	adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic
lopinavir [no description available]	3.92	4	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
totarol totarol: structure given in first source; isolated from the bark of Podocarpus nagi	8.91	3	0	diterpenoid	metabolite
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.98	3	0
pyrroline pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.	2.17	1	0	pyrroline
7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	aminoquinoline
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3.26	5	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
mmv665852 MMV665852: an antischistosomal agent	2.06	1	0
1,3,4,10-Tetrahydro-9(2H)-acridinone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	acridines
eupatorin eupatorin: a flavonoid from the East Asian medicinal plant Orthosiphon spicatus; prevents oxidative inactivation of 15-lipoxygenase; structure given in first source. eupatorin : A trimethoxyflavone that is 6-hydroxyluteolin in which the phenolic hydogens at positions 4', 6 and 7 have been replaced by methyl groups.	3.25	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; polyphenol; trimethoxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Brassica napus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; P450 inhibitor; vasodilator agent
oxoglaucine 1,2,9,10-tetramethoxy-7H-dibenzo(de,g)quinolin-7-one: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110alpha inhibitor that reactivates latent HIV-1; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid
allocryptopine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; dibenzazecine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound
wr 158122 WR 158122: structure	2.06	1	0
nimbolide nimbolide: isolated from Nigerian medicinal plant Azadirachta indica; RN given refers to 4alpha,5alpha,6alpha,7alpha,15beta,17alpha-isomer; structure given in first source	7.11	1	0
fangchinoline fangchinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; limacine is the (1'beta)-isomer; 7-O-demethyltetrandrine is the (1S,1'S)-isomer. fangchinoline : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.	3.13	5	0
10-deazaaminopterin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
rapanone rapanone: antiparasitic agent from Rapanea; structure similar to embelin	2.02	1	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones
dicentrine dicentrine: structure given in first source; RN refers to (S)-isomer	3.13	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
corydaline [no description available]	3.01	4	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
benzyl selenocyanate benzyl selenocyanate: prevents colon carcinogenesis	3.25	1	0
berbine berbine: structure	5.55	9	0	berberine alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; organic heterotetracyclic compound
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1-hexadecanol 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1-hexadecanol: intermediate in conversion of phytol to phytanic acid	3.25	1	0
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.	2.6	1	0	phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion; phosphatidylethanolamine	human metabolite
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	7.72	3	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
eudragit rl [no description available]	2.04	1	0
ecgonine methyl ester ecgonine methyl ester: major metabolite of cocaine; RN given refers to parent cpd (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer. ecgonine methyl ester : The O-debenzoyl analogue of cocaine.	2.06	1	0	methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	analgesic; central nervous system depressant; metabolite; mouse metabolite; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
norverapamil norverapamil: N-demethylated active metabolite of verapamil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in second source. norverapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-norverapamil. The major active metabolite of verapamil.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A secondary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; secondary amino compound
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.07	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
artesunic acid [no description available]	3.15	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.17	1	0
dihydroergocristine Dihydroergocristine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position of the molecule.. dihydroergocristine : Ergocristine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. It is used as the mesylate salt for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease.	2.06	1	0	ergot alkaloid	adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
18,19-dihydroetorphine 18,19-dihydroetorphine: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha(R))-isomer; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
geniposide [no description available]	9.43	20	0	terpene glycoside
phorbol-12-myristate [no description available]	2.17	1	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.31	1	0	proanthocyanidin
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	3.35	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
deguelin deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.	7.11	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; plant metabolite
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.25	1	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
triptolide [no description available]	4.06	2	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
benzamil [no description available]	2.06	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	2.1	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	3.46	7	0
bauerenol bauerenol: isolated from the stem bark of Acronychia pedunculata	1.97	1	0
trisodium 3-hydroxy-4-((2z)-2-(2-oxo-4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-ylidene)hydrazinyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate trisodium 3-hydroxy-4-((2Z)-2-(2-oxo-4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-ylidene)hydrazinyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate: a metal indicator for calcium and a colorimetric reagent for alkaline earth metal ions used for a colorimetric assay of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction reaction	2.11	1	0
9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine [no description available]	2.21	1	0
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil 3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart	2.06	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	8.8	1	1	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
higenamine higenamine: structure; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	2	1	0	norcoclaurine
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	4.7	4	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
protoberberine protoberberine: a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline derivative that appears as an isoquinoline annelated (adjoined) with a naphthylene; the nitrogen is typically quarternary; nitidine is annelated differently; RN given refers to parent cpd	6.67	41	0
paliperidone 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	2.06	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine; secondary alcohol
cubebin cubebin: structure in first source. (-)-cubebin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydrofuran-2-ol substituted by two 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively (the 2S,3R,4R stereoisomer). It is isolated from the leaves of Piper nigrum and exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and trypanocidal activities.	2.21	1	0	benzodioxoles; cyclic acetal; lactol; lignan; secondary alcohol	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antimicrobial agent; histamine antagonist; plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
obacunone obacunone: from bark of Chinese plant Phellodendron amurense; shortens sleeping time induced in mice by alpha-chloralose-urethane	7.48	2	0	limonoid
cynaropicrin cynaropicrin: structure given in first source; RN given for ((3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha,8beta,9aalpha,9bbeta)))-isomer	2.13	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
ak 2123 AK 2123: a 3-nitrotriazole cpd	2.11	1	0
roemerine roemerine: from root tubers of Stephania kwangsiensis H.S. Lo; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; synonym aporeine refers to (S)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #779	2.59	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.25	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
campestanol ergostanol: structure	2.04	1	0	3beta-sterol; C28-steroid
cleistanthin b cleistanthin B: toxic constituent of Cleistanthus collinus. cleistanthin B : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is cleistanthin A in which the 3,4-di-O-methyl-D-xylopyranosyl group is replaced by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group.	2.06	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cleistanthins; monosaccharide derivative	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic
mosapride 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound
n-acetyltyramine N-acetyltyramine: structure given in first source. N-acetyltyramine : A member of the class of tyramines that is tyramine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.06	1	0	acetamides; tyramines	animal metabolite; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor
ym 12617 YM 12617: RN given refers to HCl salt; RN from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 5/85; structure given in first source. 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide : A secondary amino compound that is ammonia in which nitrogen is substituted by a 1-(4-methoxy-3-sulfamoylphenyl)propan-2-yl group and a 2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl group.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide
brl 44408 BRL 44408: has selectivity for adrenergic alpha-2A receptors; BRL 48962 is the R-enantiomer; BRL 48553 is the R-enantiomer	2.4	2	0
magnesium pyrophosphate magnesium pyrophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd (2:1)	2.11	1	0
pd 128042 PD 128042: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	anilide
n-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal N-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal: inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidase	2.21	1	0
4-aminophenyl alpha-d-mannopyranoside p-aminophenyl alpha-D-mannoside : An alpha-D-mannoside having 4-aminophenyl as the anomeric substituent.	2.21	1	0	alpha-D-mannoside; substituted aniline
1,3-di(4-imidazolinophenoxyl)propane 1,3-di(4-imidazolinophenoxyl)propane: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	3.63	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.77	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	8.47	5	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	8.75	3	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
7,8-(methylenedioxy)-14-hydroxyberbane 7,8-(methylenedioxy)-14-hydroxyberbane: structure given in first source	4.98	39	0
angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist	2.15	1	0	organic molecular entity
proanthocyanidin a2 procyanidin A2: structure in first source. proanthocyanidin A2 : A proanthocyanidin obtained by the condensation of (-)-epicatechin units.	2.31	1	0	hydroxyflavan; proanthocyanidin	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-HIV agent; antioxidant; metabolite
dihydrosanguinarine [no description available]	2.54	2	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid	antifungal agent; metabolite
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	2.17	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
solutol hs 15 Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1	2.31	1	0	aliphatic alcohol
8-oxo-dado 2'-deoxy-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenosine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	5.18	7	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
n-formyl-13-dihydrocarminomycin N-formyl-13-dihydrocarminomycin: isolated from Actinomadura roseoviolacea; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
clausenamide clausenamide: Chinese drug isolated from leaves of Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels; used in treatment of viral hepatitis; structure given in first source	3.12	1	0
7h-pyrido(4,3-c)carbazole 7H-pyrido(4,3-c)carbazole: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	2.07	1	0	biphenyls
umifenovir umifenovir: an antiviral agent	4.61	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
imiloxan [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzodioxine
cl 246738 3,6-bis(2-piperidinoethoxy)acridine trihydrochloride: immunomodulator; structure given in first source; RN given for tri-HCl	2.06	1	0
16-fluoro-5-androsten-17-one 16-fluoro-5-androsten-17-one: RN given refers to the (16alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 2/91; has antiproliferative effects on HIV-1 and reduces HIV-1 replication	3.31	1	0
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	2.13	1	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	3.41	1	0	D-xylose
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.6	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).	2.07	1	0	carbohydrazide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	3.97	3	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	10.5	4	1	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
evodiamine [no description available]	4.26	16	0	beta-carbolines
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
vx 497 N-3-(3-(3-methoxy-4-oxazol-5-ylphenyl)ureido)benzylcarbamic acid tetrahydrofuran-3-yl ester: structure in first source	3.35	1	0
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	2.1	1	0
n-n-propyl-n-n-butyl-beta-dopamine N-n-propyl-N-n-butyl-beta-dopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; dopamine D2 receptor agonist	1.99	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.43	2	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.05	1	0	organic sulfate salt
malvidin malvidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; coloring agent from flowers of Malvaviscus conzatti. malvidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'.	2.15	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	biological pigment; metabolite
torcetrapib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; carbamate ester; quinolines	anticholesteremic drug; CETP inhibitor
mdl 74156 hydrodolasetron: active metabolite of dolasetron	2.06	1	0
celastrol methyl ester celastrol methyl ester: isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii; potent inhibitory activity on both Kir2.1 and ERG1 potassium channels, leading to LONG QT SYNDROME	2.06	1	0	carboxylic ester
ungeremine ungeremine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.15	1	0
aristololactam-glucoside aristololactam-glucoside: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (beta-D-glucopyranosyl)	3.13	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	7.42	2	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	4.22	2	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
liensinine liensinine: RN given for (R-(R,R))-isomer	7.08	1	0	isoquinolines
asimilobine asimilobine: from Nelumbro nucifera; RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2.04	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	metabolite
epiberberine epiberberine: isolated in plants of Coptis from China	6.68	38	0
2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline 2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
corydalmine corydalmine: antagonizes dopamine receptors; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	3.9	12	0
schizandrer a schizandrer A: from Fructus Schizandrae chinensis (Schisandraceae); structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
4-trifluoromethylsalicylic acid 4-trifluoromethylsalicylic acid: structure given in first source; metabolite of triflusal	2.41	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid
methylinositol methylinositol: from Ebenus haussknechtii; structure in first source. pinitol : A cyclitol ether formed by etherification of the 3-hydroxy group of chiro-inositol. It is plant metabolite isolated from the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens.. 1D-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6S-isomer).. D-pinitol : The D-enantiomer of pinitol.	3.23	1	0
boswellic acid boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal	3.27	1	0	triterpenoid
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	2.49	2	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.21	1	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.8	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.39	7	0
perlatolinic acid perlatolinic acid: C25-H32-O7; structure in first source	3.27	1	0	carbonyl compound
cypripedin cypripedin: sensitizing agent for contact dermatitis from Lady Slipper (Cypripedium calceolus); structure	2.06	1	0	phenanthrol
ly 97241 LY 97241: clofilium analog; blocks heart potassium channels; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	1.98	1	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	3.35	6	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	3.61	2	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
piboserod Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.	2.07	1	0
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	7.11	1	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
limonin [no description available]	8.01	1	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
dichamanetin dichamanetin: structure in first source	3.21	1	0	diarylheptanoid	metabolite
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	4.13	2	0	very long-chain fatty acid
pseudoprotopine pseudoprotopine: from Thalictrum delavayi; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
tetrahydrojateorrhizine corypalmine: from Corydalis chaerophylla (Fumariaceae); structure in first source	2.49	2	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.96	3	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
emd 60263 EMD 60263: a thiadiazinone derivative; a Ca+2 sensitizer devoid of any phosphorodiesterase inhibiting properties; EMD 60264 is an enantiomer of EMD 60263; structure given in second source	2.06	1	0
respinomycin d respinomycin D: structure given in first source; isolated from Streptomyces xanthocidicus	2.06	1	0
chelidonine chelidonine: benzophenanthridine derived from scoulerine from Chelidonium majus; RN given refers to parent cpd (chelidonine, (5bR-(5balpha,6beta,12alpha))-isomer)	2.74	3	0	alkaloid antibiotic; alkaloid fundamental parent; benzophenanthridine alkaloid
hydrastine [no description available]	4.19	17	0	isoquinolines	metabolite
(-)-gallocatechin gallate (-)-gallocatechin gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-gallocatechin. A natural product found in found in green tea.	3.35	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.06	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lapatinib [no description available]	2.9	3	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	2.6	1	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sorafenib [no description available]	7.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
santonin Santonin: Anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	7	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; santonin	plant metabolite
salophen salphen: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.8	3	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	3.31	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.76	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
norcoralydine norcoralydine: neuromuscular blocking agent; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure	2.31	1	0	alkaloid
cellulose triacetate cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration	2.21	1	0
acetoxycycloheximide acetoxycycloheximide: structure	2.06	1	0
eudesmin eudesmin: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source; very similar to pinoresinol	2.17	1	0
(R)-Roemerine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.48	2	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
stigmastanol stigmastanol: saturated analog of beta-sitosterol; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. stigmastanol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 5alpha-stigmastane which is substituted at the 3beta position by a hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid; phytosterols	anticholesteremic drug; plant metabolite
lanosterol [no description available]	2.31	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	7.41	2	0
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	4.58	4	0
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	4.29	2	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
berbamine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	2.51	2	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.11	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
t 1105 T 1105: has antiviral activity; structure in first source	3.25	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	4.29	2	0
anthricin anthricin: antitumor constituent from Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm; structure in first source. deoxypodophyllotoxin : A member of the class of furonaphthodioxoles that is (5R,5aR,8aR)-5,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-2H-furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6(5aH)-one substituted at position 5 by a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl group.	3.19	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; lignan; methoxybenzenes	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline 2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	3.38	1	1
aromoline aromoline: from roots of Stephania cepharantha; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
demethyleneberberine demethyleneberberine: structure in first source	7.47	20	1
tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.07	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	2.93	3	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.01	1	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.76	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
mensacarcin mensacarcin: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	2.31	1	0
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.83	3	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.17	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bradykinin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	4	2	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.45	2	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	9.62	4	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.41	1	0
bekanamycin bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.62	2	0	kanamycins
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	3.25	6	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
stachyose stachyose: RN given refers to parent cpd. stachyose : A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose.	2.69	2	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; tetrasaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
reticuline reticuline: opium alkaloid; dopamine receptor blocker; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. (S)-reticuline : The (S)-enantiomer of reticuline.	2.43	2	0	reticuline	EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.6	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2.07	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	1.97	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
tetrahydrocolumbamine tetrahydrocolumbamine: a dopamine receptor ligand; from Polygala tenuifolia; structure given in first source. (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine : A berberine alkaloid consisting of columbamine having four extra hydrogens at positions 5, 8, 13 and 13a and (S)-configuration.	2.96	4	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
obamegine obamegine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.21	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	7.7	3	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	3.14	5	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	2.07	1	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	1.98	1	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	3.27	1	0
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	2.07	1	0
linezolid [no description available]	2.57	2	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	1.99	1	0
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	3.51	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
carnosol carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata	3.27	1	0	diterpenoid
columbin columbin: from Tinospora Cordifolia Miers & Calumbae Radix (the root of Jateorhiza columba MIERS, Menispermacea) ; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
cephaelin cephaelin: do not confuse with cephalin of brain; after emetine this is the most important alkaloid of ipecac; protein synthesis inhibitor. cephaeline : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.	2.06	1	0	pyridoisoquinoline
oxyacanthine oxyacanthine: a putative calcium channel blocker; structure in first source. oxyacanthine : A macrocycle that is oxyacanthan that is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 6', and 7, methyl groups at positions 2 and 2', and a hydroxy group at the 12' position.	2.41	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines; macrocycle; phenols; tertiary amino compound
genipin [no description available]	2.51	2	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	7.57	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	7.61	2	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	5.51	11	0
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	1.95	1	0
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.36	18	0	cyclodextrin
acarbose [no description available]	2.07	1	0	amino cyclitol; glycoside
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	4.31	5	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	7.98	4	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.13	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.92	4	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	3.9	4	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.08	1	0	cyclodextrin
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	8.46	32	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.59	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	7.08	1	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	9.6	7	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.41	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).	2.07	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.89	3	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.71	3	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.25	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.77	3	0
lycopene [no description available]	8.63	2	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	3.05	4	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gw 3965 GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand	2.21	1	0	diarylmethane
epothilone b [no description available]	2.06	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-stabilising agent
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.07	1	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	4.63	25	0
12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	3.25	1	0	phorbol ester	metabolite
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	2.07	1	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
wr-142,490 (+)-(11R,2'S)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (+)-(11R,2'S)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.06	1	0	[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol	antimalarial
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.27	6	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	4.55	5	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
1,3,6-trimethylpyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione [no description available]	2.06	1	0	pyrimidotriazine
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.07	1	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
schizandrin schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name	7.11	1	0
l 743,872 [no description available]	2.21	1	0
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	3.61	2	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	3.25	1	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
likviriton liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.	3.19	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavanone glycoside; monohydroxyflavanone; monosaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; plant metabolite
incrustoporin incrustoporin: isolated from Incrustoporia carneola; structure in first source	3.13	1	0
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	1.95	1	0
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.75	3	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
jp-1302 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
olivetoric acid olivetoric acid: isolated from Pseudevernia furfuracea; structure in first source	3.27	1	0	carbonyl compound
ar-c239 AR-C239: structure given in first source; alpha(2B)-selective adrenoreceptor	2	1	0	piperazines
artemisin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	7.01	1	0	triterpenoid
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	3.25	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
7-hydroxy-2-methoxy-1,4-phenanthrenedione 7-hydroxy-2-methoxy-1,4-phenanthrenedione: structure in first source; from Dendrobium densiflorum	2.06	1	0
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	5.5	11	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
glycosides [no description available]	2.04	1	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	3.94	3	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.28	6	0	isomethyleugenol
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	7.93	3	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	6.74	15	0	stilbene
2'-hydroxychalcone 2'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2'.	2.07	1	0	chalcones; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent
2,2'-dihydroxychalcone 2,2'-dihydroxychalcone: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	3.61	2	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	8.76	2	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	1.98	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.11	1	0	diphosphate ion
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	3.17	5	0	benzamides
cgp 60474 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	substituted aniline
benzoic acid [5-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl-3-pyrazolyl] ester [no description available]	3.35	1	0	benzoate ester
amygdalin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
(1S,2R)-2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	alkylbenzene
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.13	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
2-[2-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-4-(4-morpholinyl)-1-naphthalenyl]-N-phenylacetamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	naphthols
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	4.81	5	0
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	2.07	1	0	chlorprothixene
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	3.25	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	3.13	1	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
N4-(3-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-N2-(phenylmethyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aralkylamine
n-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine N-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine: calcium-activated small conductance potassium channels inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine 2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	benzimidazoles
n-(pyridin-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine N-(pyridin-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine: an SK channel inhibitor	2.06	1	0
N-[4-(1-azepanyl)phenyl]-2-chloroacetamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	anilide
N-(4-methylphenyl)carbamic acid (cyclopentylideneamino) ester [no description available]	2.06	1	0	toluenes
(2'-(4-aminophenyl)-(2,5'-bi-1h-benzimidazol)-5-amine) [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzimidazoles
huperzine a [no description available]	2.21	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; primary amino compound; pyridone; sesquiterpene alkaloid	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; plant metabolite
1,4,8-trimethyl-12-quinolino[2,3-b]quinolinamine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aminoquinoline
tetrahydropalmatine [no description available]	6.1	39	0
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	9.7	79	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
2-furanyl-(4,4,8-trimethyl-1-sulfanylidene-5-dithiolo[3,4-c]quinolinyl)methanone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
1-(6-methoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1-quinolinyl)-2-[[5-(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]thio]ethanone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	quinolines
nootkatone nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).	2.07	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; enone; sesquiterpenoid	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	7.31	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
stk295900 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
6-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzimidazoles
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	4.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	3.78	2	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
zuclomiphene Zuclomiphene: The cis or (Z)-isomer of clomiphene.	2.06	1	0	stilbenoid
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.13	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	10.12	9	1	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
N9-(4-butoxyphenyl)-6,8,10-triazaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-7,9-diamine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether
N-[2-[5-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-ethyl-1-phenyl-2-benzimidazol-3-iumyl]ethenyl]-N-methylaniline [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzimidazoles
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.49	2	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
safranine t safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.	2	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.75	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
potassium oxonate potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.73	3	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	8.17	5	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
tamoxifen [no description available]	8.46	7	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.46	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
nadp [no description available]	3.21	5	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.78	3	0
4-(1-adamantyl)-2-methyl-1,3-thiazole [no description available]	2.06	1	0	thiazoles
2-amino-6-[4-(6-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile [no description available]	2.06	1	0	piperazines; pyridines
1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyrazolyl]urea [no description available]	2.06	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
sirtinol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aldimine; benzamides; naphthols	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
2-(4,6,7-Trimethyl-2-quinazolinyl)guanidine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	quinazolines
polysulfide rubber [no description available]	2.06	1	0
lch-7749944 LCH-7749944: potent p21-activated kinase 4 inhibitor, structure in first source	2.06	1	0
4-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-prop-2-enyl-1-piperazinecarbothioamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	piperazines
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	7.1	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	1.96	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
glycylproline Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	3.99	2	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.07	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
quinine [no description available]	4.38	6	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
glycodeoxycholic acid Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.	2.07	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.07	1	0
bradykinin, met-lys- [no description available]	1.98	1	0
glyceryl nonivamide N-(4-O-glycerol-3-methoxybenzyl)nonivamide: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
cystine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
ly335979 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	3.4	2	0	benzazepine
piperolactam a piperolactam A: isolated from Houttynia cordata; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	alkaloid
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cyclanoline cyclanoline: RN given refers to (7S-cis)-isomer. cyclanoline : A charged berberine alkaloid obtained by N-methylation of (S)-scoulerine.	3.26	6	0	berberine alkaloid; quaternary ammonium ion	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sideroxylin sideroxylin: from Hydrastis canadensis; structure in first source. sideroxylin : A monomethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 7, hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' and methyl groups at positions 6 and 8. It has been isolated from Hydrastis canadensis and Eucalyptus species.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	plant metabolite
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	4.83	7	1
thalifendine thalifendine: structure in first source	6.26	10	1
wogonoside wogonoside: from Scutellaria baicalensis; structure in first source. wogonin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of wogonin.	8.01	4	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monohydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.31	1	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	6.34	12	0
silybin [no description available]	3.25	1	0
5-bromo-1-(1-oxopropyl)-N,N-dipropyl-2,3-dihydroindole-7-sulfonamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	indoles
N-cyclohexyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazole-3-carboxamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	2.05	1	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	7.84	3	0
1,8-dinitro-4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone 1,8-dinitro-4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure in first source	3.25	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3	4	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.71	3	0
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	3.66	2	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
2-[(3-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-6,8-dihydro-5H-pyrido[2,3]thieno[2,4-b]pyrimidin-2-yl)thio]-N-(2-phenylethyl)acetamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone 3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone: a mitochondrial division inhibitor	2.6	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	4.09	2	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	7.51	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	2.17	1	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.73	3	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	2.55	2	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
8-oxocoptisine 8-oxocoptisine: anti-ulcerative colitis agent; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	8.25	5	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	7.58	29	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	4.3	4	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	5.26	15	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.42	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	4.22	2	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	3.25	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
12-oxophytodienoic acid 12-oxophytodienoic acid: structure given in first source; a jasmonate precursor that induces phytoalexin synthesis	1.98	1	0	carbocyclic fatty acid; olefinic fatty acid; oxo carboxylic acid
acacetin 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.	4.19	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	5.18	5	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	6.24	9	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.35	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	4.12	3	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
scopoletin [no description available]	3.1	4	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.6	1	0
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.13	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	3.7	1	1	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
5'-o-caffeoylquinic acid trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid : A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid.	2.13	1	0	cinnamate ester; cyclitol carboxylic acid	plant metabolite
chrysoeriol chrysoeriol: isolated from leaves of Eurya japonica & E. emarginata. 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone : The 3'-O-methyl derivative of luteolin.	3.25	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
dexmedetomidine chrysoplenol D: potentiates the activity of berberine, artemisinin, and norfloxacine against S. aureus; isolated from Artemisa annua; structure in first source. 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone : A trimethoxyflavone that is the 3,6,7-trimethyl ether derivative of quercetagetin.	2.01	1	0	trihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
alprostadil [no description available]	1.97	1	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	4.7	3	2	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	8.95	3	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	4.65	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.9	4	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.01	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.02	1	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	4.99	4	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.98	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.07	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	2.42	2	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	6.92	6	2	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
cucurbitacin b [no description available]	7.11	1	0	cucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	2.05	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
esculin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.07	1	0	alpha-humulene
baicalein [no description available]	4.08	14	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	5.02	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmetin [no description available]	4.19	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
diosmin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
fisetin [no description available]	3.25	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	9.41	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	3.14	5	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	4.99	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	4.67	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
quercetagetin quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	3.25	1	0	flavonols; hexahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	3.42	7	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	2.07	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
pterostilbene [no description available]	8.92	3	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	3.35	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	3.41	1	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	7.41	1	0	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	2.6	1	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
5'-methoxyhydnocarpin 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin: a multidrug pump inhibitor; isolated from Berberis plants; 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin-D is isomer of 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin; structure in first source	4.02	4	0
flupenthixol cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.	2.07	1	0	flupenthixol	dopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.07	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.07	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid; steroid glucosiduronic acid
l 660,711 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	quinolines
7-hydroxyflavone 7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.	3.25	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	7.07	8	3	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	3.35	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.07	1	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxychalcone 4-hydroxychalcone: structure in first source. 4-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.	2.07	1	0	chalcones; phenols	antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.07	1	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	4.29	7	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.48	2	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
oleylamide oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.	2.06	1	0	primary fatty amide	human metabolite; plant metabolite
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	3.25	5	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholesteryl oleate cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate.	2.08	1	0	CE(18:1); cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate	mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	3.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.07	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
hydroxystilbamidine hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	7.6	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	1.97	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	2.17	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	4.41	2	2	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	3.51	7	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
trichomonacid trichomonacid: RN given refers to phosphate (1:3) salt	2.06	1	0
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	3.25	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	4.61	8	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyoverdin pyoverdin: a partly cyclic octapeptide linked to a chromophore, derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline, which confers color and fluorescence to the molecule; yellow-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pyoverdin Pf from P. fluorescens; structure has been determined	2.15	1	0
N-(4-bromo-3-methylphenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-oxo-1H-isoindole-4-carboxamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	isoindoles
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	2	1	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	1.98	1	0	peptide
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.76	3	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.48	2	0
cgp 71683 a [no description available]	2.06	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	2.07	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
andrographolide [no description available]	7.11	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isoelemicin isoelemicin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.25	1	0	olefinic compound
icariin [no description available]	3.64	2	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	butenolide	metabolite
MeJA [no description available]	3.35	1	0	Jasmonate derivatives
tazettine tazettine: from Amaryllidaceae	3.35	1	0	indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
bosutinib 4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	7.41	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; N-methylpiperazine; nitrile; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
su 11248 [no description available]	2.66	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
2'-hydroxy-4-methoxychalcone [no description available]	2.07	1	0
guttiferone e guttiferone E: isolated from the fruits of Garcinia pyrifera collected in Malaysia; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	7.17	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
2-(dimethylaminostyryl)-1-ethylpyridinium 2-(dimethylaminostyryl)-1-ethylpyridinium: fluorescent monitor for energetic state of isolated brown- adipose-tissue mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym DASPEI refers to iodide	2.06	1	0	pyridinium ion
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene 2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene: potent inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 1B1; an antihypertensive agent; structure in first source	4.19	2	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.38	2	0	alkali metal atom
Isoliquiritigenin 4,4'-dimethyl ether [no description available]	2.07	1	0	chalcones
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	7.48	2	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
ethylmorphine Ethylmorphine: A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function.	1.95	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	6.21	5	2	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.7	8	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	4.16	3	1	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
alternariol monomethyl ether djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; benzochromenone	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
costunolide [no description available]	2.25	1	0
plastoquinone [no description available]	3.86	3	0	plastoquinone
puerarin [no description available]	5.03	12	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
salutaridine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	anti-HBV agent; metabolite
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	3.31	1	0
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	2.05	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
bleomycin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	bleomycin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.19	5	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.41	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	7.45	2	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.5	2	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
zerumbone zerumbone: RN given for (E,E,E)-isomer; structure in first source. zerumbone : A sesquiterpenoid and cyclic ketone that is (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene which is substituted by an oxo group at the carbon atom attached to two double bonds. It is obtained by steam distillation from a type of edible ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, grown particularly in southeast Asia.	3.41	1	0	cyclic ketone; sesquiterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor; plant metabolite
bergamottin bergamottin: constituent of bergamot oil; structure given in first source	3.25	1	0	furanocoumarin	metabolite
pinostilbene pinostilbene: structure in first source. 3-methoxy-4',5-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol in which one of the meta-hydroxy groups is converted to the corresponding methyl ether.	3.25	1	0	stilbenol
1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan 1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
narcissin flavonol narcissin flavonol: flavanol glycoside from Strumpfia maritima; do not confuse with other narcissin in Chemline, an alkaloid (lycorine (NM))	2.13	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.17	1	0
hydrocortisone acetate, (11beta)-isomer [no description available]	2.06	1	0
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.41	1	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
xib 4035 XIB 4035: a GFRalpha-1 agonist; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
Crotaoprostrin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	chalcones
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.	3.44	1	1	hydroxycalciol; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; nutraceutical
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	2.05	1	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
10-hydroxy-3-methyl-8-pentyl-2,4-dihydro-1H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-c]pyridin-5-one [no description available]	2.06	1	0	pyridochromene
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.06	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
caffeoylmalic acid caffeoylmalic acid: from extracts of Chelidonium majus & Corydalis lutea	1.99	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.31	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
3,5-dihydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene 4'-methoxyresveratrol: has anti-inflammatory effects in cell culture model	3.25	1	0
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	3.15	5	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	3.14	4	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.05	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture	2.13	1	0
raubasine raubasine: RN given refers to (19alpha)-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.21	1	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.7	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
lumefantrine Lumefantrine: A fluorene derivative that is used in combination with ARTEMETHER for the treatment of MALARIA (see ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE DRUG COMBINATION).. lumefantrine : A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.47	2	0	fluorenes; monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol; tertiary amine	antimalarial
manumycin manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.	2.1	1	0	enamide; epoxide; organic heterobicyclic compound; polyketide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol	antiatherosclerotic agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; marine metabolite
zeatin riboside zeatin riboside: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-ribosyl-trans-zeatin : A 9-ribosylzeatin having trans-zeatin as the nucleobase.	2.41	1	0	9-ribosylzeatin; nucleoside analogue	cytokinin; plant metabolite
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	3.27	1	0
mkt 077 MKT 077: structure given in first source	3.17	1	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	3.71	2	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
govadine govadine: RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2	1	0
indigo carmine 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.	2.13	1	0
isoacteoside isoacteoside: a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Indian paintbrush (Verbenaceae) Castilleja linariaefolia; also in other plants; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.31	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.47	2	0
beta-escin [no description available]	4.53	7	0
l 750667 L 750667: structure given in first source	3.03	1	0	piperazines
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	2.07	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.42	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	2.07	1	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
carboxyl radical [no description available]	2.07	1	0	carbon oxide; organic radical anion	xenobiotic metabolite
platensimycin platensimycin: has antidiabetic and antisteatotic activities; a pentacyclic ketolide (structurally similar to adamantane) connected by an amide bond to 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; inhibits cellular lipid biosynthesis; discovered while screening compounds from Streptomyces platensis bacteria in a South African soil sample with S. aureus bacteria deficient in FabF protein; structure in first source. platensimycin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the oxatetracyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.	7.41	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclic ether; cyclic ketone; dihydroxybenzoic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; polycyclic cage	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
edatrexate edatrexate: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	glutamic acid derivative
stepholidine stepholidine: protoberberine alkaloid isolated from opium; dual D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist	10.31	105	2
ginsenoside rb2 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antiviral agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.1	1	0	borneol
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	3.46	1	1	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.15	1	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.95	4	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	3.53	1	1	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
azimilide azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride	2.06	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
s-allylcysteine S-allylcysteine: structure in first source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. S-allylcysteine : An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.	2.52	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
braco-19 BRACO-19: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	acridines; N-alkylpyrrolidine
ave 0118 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
dehydroevodiamine dehydroevodiamine: RN given refers to hydroxide, inner salt; structure in first source.	2.06	1	0
bicyclol bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.	7.41	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.47	2	0	oligopeptide
11-keto-boswellic acid [no description available]	3.27	1	0
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	2.41	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
flag peptide FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.	2.21	1	0	peptide
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	4.09	14	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	7.41	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	2.54	2	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.93	3	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
gentamicin sulfate [no description available]	2.48	2	0
norketotifen norketotifen: Ketotifen is an antimalarial prodrug of norketotifen with blood schizonticidal and liver-stage efficacy; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	organosulfur heterocyclic compound
pifithrin-alpha [no description available]	3.25	1	0
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	piperazines; pyridines
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	3.5	1	1	diterpenoid
chir 99021 Chir 99021: structure in first source. CHIR 99021 : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.	2.21	1	0	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; cyanopyridine; diamine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
hypaconitine hypaconitine: RN given refers to the (1alpha,6alpha,14alpha,15alpha,16beta)-isomer	7.06	1	0
crebanine crebanine: RN refers to R-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
methyl 3,5-di-o-caffeoyl quinate 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester: results suggest that the effect of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic esters on CHS is associated with a decrease in the production of interleukins, but not with the inhibition of iNOS expression. Moreover, esterification of the carboxyl group at C-1 enhanced protection against tyrosine nitration in the skin. methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid with methanol. Isolated from Suaeda glauca and Dichrocephala bicolor, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.13	1	0
acutumine acutumine: dechloroacutumine is the dechloro derivative of acutumine	2.04	1	0	alkaloid
sargahydroquinoic acid sargahydroquinoic acid: vasodilatator from the brown alga Sargassum macrocarpum; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
sotrastaurin sotrastaurin: a potent protein kinase C-selective inhibitor; structure in first source. sotrastaurin : A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.	4.19	2	0	indoles; maleimides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	anticoronaviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
aee 788 AEE 788: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	6-{4-[(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]phenyl}-N-(1-phenylethyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; trypanocidal drug
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.51	1	0
gsk 369796 N-tert-butylisoquine: an antimalarial; structure in first source	3.35	1	0
ko 143 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	beta-carbolines; tert-butyl ester
n-allylsecoboldine N-allylsecoboldine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
cj 033466 CJ 033466: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
galidesivir [no description available]	3.35	1	0
sargachromenol sargachromenol: nerve growth factor-potentiating substance from Sargassum macrocarpum; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
macrosphelide a macrosphelide A: an anti-cell adhesion substance; a 16-membered macrolide antibiotic with 3 ester bonds in the ring structure; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	7.82	2	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.96	4	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
cobalt thiocyanate [no description available]	7	1	0
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source	3.27	1	0	triterpenoid
abt-737 [no description available]	2.54	2	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.43	2	0	nystatins
np 031112 tideglusib: an NSAID and neuroprotective agent. tideglusib : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a naphthalen-1-yl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) and has neuroprotective effects. Currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.	2.31	1	0	benzenes; naphthalenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
3-o-acetyl-beta-boswellic acid 3-O-acetyl-beta-boswellic acid: isolated from Boswellia serrata; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
Dihydrotanshinone I dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae	3.41	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	7.41	1	0	stilbenoid
kalopanax saponin b kalopanax saponin B: isolated from Kalopanax septemlobus; structure given in first source. kalopanaxsaponin B : A triterpenoid saponin with hederagenin as the aglycone part. It has been isolated from the stem bark of Kalopanax pictus.	2.6	1	0	carboxylic ester; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
zstk474 ZSTK-474 : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by morpholin-4-yl groups while the third hydrogen has been replaced by a 2-(difluoromethyl)benzimidazol-1-yl group. It is an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.	3.17	1	0	benzimidazoles; morpholines; organofluorine compound; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
ginsenoside rd ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.15	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
telomestatin telomestatin: isolated from Spreptomyces anulatus; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.45	2	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	3.04	1	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	4.03	4	0
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	3.17	1	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	5.45	5	0
tomaymycin tomaymycin: structure. tomaymycin : A pyrrolobenzodiazepine that is (11aS)-2,3,5,10,11,11a-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 2,5,7,8 and 11R by ethylidene, oxo, methoxy, hydroxy and methoxy groups, respectively. It is a natural product of Streptomyces achromogenes that binds covalently with guanine in the minor groove of DNA. It is an antitumoral compound which is active in ovarian, plasmacytoma, and leukemia cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentrations.. (Z)-tomaymycin : The (Z)-isomer of tomaymycin.	2.06	1	0	tomaymycin
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.05	1	0
8-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 8-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine: compound with potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity from Chelidonium majus L.; structure in first source	2.45	2	0
mogrol mogrol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is cucurbitadienol in which the side-chain double bond (position 24-25) has undergone formal oxidation to introduce hydroxy groups at positions 24 and 25 (the 24R stereoisomer). It is a biometabolite of mogrosides found in Siraitia grosvenorii.	2.06	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
pseudoberberine pseudoberberine: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	3.08	4	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vonoprazan 1-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine: a proton pump inhibitor; structure in first source	8.99	1	1	pyrroles
amodiaquine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.6	24	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.11	1	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.25	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	2.47	2	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	2.08	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.25	1	0	polypeptide
glycoprotein e2, hepatitis c virus glycoprotein E2, Hepatitis C virus: RN refers to quasispecies 4E; amino acid sequence known; caution: HCV also stands for hog cholera virus	2.21	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas	2.05	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.47	2	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.06	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	9.48	4	1	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	2.08	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.46	2	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	7.31	1	0
cortistatin 14 cortistatin: a cortical neuropeptide; shows strong structural similarity to somatostatin; a neuronal depressant; has sleep-modulating activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.15	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	3.13	5	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.01	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	4.73	10	0
N-methyl-3-[5-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-N-(3-thiophenylmethyl)propanamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzenes
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	7.9	3	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	8.29	6	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.11	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
buparlisib NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	3.35	1	0	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; morpholines; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.13	5	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.46	2	0
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	8.38	6	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	6.93	7	3
gdc 0941 pictrelisib : A sulfonamide composed of indazole, morpholine, and methylsulfonyl-substituted piperazine rings bound to a thienopyrimidine ring.	3.17	1	0	indazoles; morpholines; piperazines; sulfonamide; thienopyrimidine	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
chitosan [no description available]	6.06	32	0
icotinib [no description available]	7.31	1	0
butaclamol Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.	1.99	1	0
osteum [no description available]	2.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	3.46	1	1	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	3.01	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
olaparib [no description available]	2.21	1	0	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
mogroside v mogroside V: cucurbitane type sweet triterpene glycoside from fruit of Momordica grosvenori Swingle; RN given refers to (3beta,9beta,10alpha,11alpha,24R-all D)-isomer	2.06	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.05	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.	2.61	2	0	C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
tak-875 [no description available]	3.17	1	0	biphenyls
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	3.53	2	0
marneral marneral: structure in first source. marneral : A triterpenoid and aldehyde that is 3-cyclohexylpropanal in which the cyclohexyl group is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 3, by an (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl group at position 2, and by a propan-2-ylidene group at position 6 (the 1S,2R,3R-enantiomer).	7.41	1	0	aldehyde; triterpenoid
pc190723 PC190723: Antibacterial; an inhibitor of FtsZ with potent and selective anti-staphylococcal activity including methicillin- and multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	3.71	2	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.66	2	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	4.78	5	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.42	2	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
mannans [no description available]	2.73	3	0
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	3.51	1	0	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
pyridostatin pyridostatin: binds telomeric G-quadruplexes; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
thalianol thalianol: protects plant against pests and diseases; structure in first source	7.41	1	0	tricyclic triterpenoid
kurarinone kurarinone: cytotoxic lavandulyl flavanone from Sophora flavescens; structure in first source	3.19	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	4.46	4	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	3.44	7	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	10.78	19	1
nitd008 NITD008: inhibits enterovirus 71	3.35	1	0
gx 15-070 obatoclax: a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor potentially useful in treating mantle cell lymphoma	2.31	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	3.35	1	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
chrysophaentin a chrysophaentin A: structure in first source	3.6	2	0
dinaciclib [no description available]	3.35	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.73	3	0
apr-246 eprenetapopt: works in tandem with cisplatin to cause apoptosis of tumor cells; structure in first source	7.41	1	0
gardenoside gardenoside: structure given in first source; RN given refers to 1S(1alpha,4alpha,7alpha,7aalpha)-isomer. gardenoside : A cyclopentapyran that is 7-deoxyloganin with a methyl and hydrogen replaced by hydroxy and hydroxymethyl groups at position 7.	2.42	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; tertiary alcohol	metabolite
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.05	1	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	2.51	2	0	polypeptide
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.14	5	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	3.93	3	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	9.07	12	8
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.41	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	2.07	1	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.31	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.49	2	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	2.07	1	0	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
arzanol arzanol: a prenylated alpha-pyrone-phloroglucinol etherodimer from Helichrysum italicum subsp.microphyllum; has antioxidant and cytotoxic activity; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
methacycline monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
minocycline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
demeclocycline hydrochloride demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	2.07	1	0
tetracycline hydrochloride Actisite: tradename; fiber for periodontal use	2.07	1	0
abt-267 ombitasvir: inhibits HCV NS5A protein, component of Viekirax. ombitasvir : A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	3.51	1	0	aromatic amide; carbamate ester; dipeptide; pyrrolidines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
betalains Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.	3.41	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	8.37	6	0
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	2.08	1	0	peptide
charybdotoxin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	4.35	17	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.47	2	0	ketal
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.11	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
saroglitazar saroglitazar: a PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonist. saroglitazar : A monocarboxylic acid that is (2S)-2-ethoxy-3-(p-ethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens of the p-ethoxy substituent has been replaced by the nitrogen of 2-methyl-5-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-1H-pyrrole. An agonist at the subtypes alpha and gamma of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) with predominant PPARalpha activity, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.	3.03	1	0	aromatic ether; methyl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	hypoglycemic agent; PPARalpha agonist; PPARgamma agonist
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	7.41	1	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	6.93	1	0
glutaminase [no description available]	7.06	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	4.26	16	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.17	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.05	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.43	2	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.54	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	3.76	3	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.01	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
epoxyhomofarnesyl diazoacetate [no description available]	2.6	1	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.07	1	0
neferine neferine: isolated from green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn	2.78	3	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	4.18	4	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	7.41	2	0
s 8932 [no description available]	3.17	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	2.53	2	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	11.61	10	2
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	3.73	2	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	9.36	5	0
triciribine triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.	2.11	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	1.98	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	3.06	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	9.72	4	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.11	1	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.07	1	0
icg 001 ICG 001: PRI-724 is an enantiomer of ICG-001; binds to cAMP response element-binding protein; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.41	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.76	3	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.07	1	0
kutkin kutkin: alcoholic extract of the root and rrhizome of Picrorhiza kurrooa; has heptatoprotective activity; contains picroside I, kutkoside, and a small amount of other minor glycosides of P. kurrooa	2.04	1	0
tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.53	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	8.45	7	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.8	3	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.1	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.43	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	7.8	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	5.49	5	3	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.61	2	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.05	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	3.31	6	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	8.14	5	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.03	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	2.07	1	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.	2.47	2	0	piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	5.82	7	1	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.	3.23	1	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	2.25	1	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
1-[amino-[(6-methoxy-4-methyl-2-quinazolinyl)amino]methylidene]-3-phenylurea [no description available]	2.06	1	0	quinazolines
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.49	7	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	2.06	1	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.5	2	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
xav939 XAV939: selectively inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription; structure in first source. XAV939 : A thiopyranopyrimidine in which a 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton is substituted at C-4 by a hydroxy group and at C-2 by a para-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.	2.21	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; thiopyranopyrimidine	tankyrase inhibitor
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.79	3	0	guanosines	biomarker
desmethylolanzapine desmethylolanzapine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	benzodiazepine
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	1.96	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	1.97	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	2.13	1	0
eye [no description available]	2.6	1	0
ganodermanontriol ganodermanontriol: an antineoplastic agent; isolated from Ganoderma lucidum; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.75	3	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.01	1	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	2	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	10.1	9	1
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.5	2	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	5.1	5	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	8.92	68	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	8.92	68	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	4.25	6	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	9.25	6	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	10.29	56	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	10.29	56	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	4.1	3	1
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	4.1	3	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	0	2.55	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	5.2	7	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	5.2	7	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.13	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	18.12	126	16
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	1	20.12	126	16
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	3.42	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	18.05	46	1
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	0	4.66	3	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	14.09	40	9
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	14.09	40	9
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	13.69	171	4
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	13.69	171	4
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.83	3	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	3.83	3	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	3.17	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	16.97	261	9
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	8.19	46	1
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	8.19	46	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	5.26	11	1
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	5.26	11	1
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	3.43	2	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	3.88	3	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	8.88	3	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	3.43	2	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	6.47	62	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	6.56	68	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	6.47	62	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	6.56	68	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	0	3.26	5	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	4.92	7	1
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	11.09	21	6
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	11.09	21	6
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	9.11	133	1
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	5.64	26	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	17.14	37	6
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	5.16	3	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	5.62	25	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	5.16	3	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	5.62	25	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	9.66	8	4
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	12.31	49	5
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	1	11.66	8	4
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	12.31	49	5
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	17.78	136	23
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	0	11.51	25	7
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	17.78	136	23
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	0	11.51	25	7
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	7.24	20	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	12.24	20	1
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Neonatal Sepsis Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.	0	7.31	1	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	7.35	42	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	7.35	42	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	15.45	62	16
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	1	17.45	62	16
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	3.05	4	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	0	3.58	7	0
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	0	3.17	4	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	9.26	24	3
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	9.26	24	3
Prediabetes [description not available]	0	10.25	3	1
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	1	7.25	3	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	5.61	13	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	6.94	23	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	6.94	23	1
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	0	2.72	2	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	0	2.72	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	4.87	12	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	4.87	12	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	2.98	3	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	2.98	3	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	5.32	17	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	10.25	17	1
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	10.25	17	1
Joint Pain [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	5.47	13	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	5.47	13	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	0	2.41	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	4.53	22	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	0	4.46	13	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	4.53	22	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	0	4.58	6	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	5.93	8	1
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	0	4.58	6	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	5.93	8	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	7.7	51	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	7.7	51	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	2.31	1	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	0	9.9	9	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	4.87	6	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	4.87	6	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	4.9	9	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.66	2	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	8.68	50	1
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	4.84	10	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	4.84	10	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	4.93	12	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	7.97	4	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	8.46	13	4
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	8.46	13	4
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	7.02	14	2
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	0	3.22	3	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	3.22	3	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	3.25	5	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	9	12	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	4	12	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	8.37	35	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	8.37	35	0
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	0	2.76	3	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	11.34	67	1
Autoimmune Experimental Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	3.03	4	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	3.03	4	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	3.62	8	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	3.62	8	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.9	2	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	2.9	2	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	5.67	17	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	4.68	26	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	5.67	17	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	4.5	18	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	0	7.41	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	4.5	18	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	6.4	57	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	6.4	57	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	5	14	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	10	14	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	7.72	2	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	2.72	2	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	13.94	73	10
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	13.08	19	3
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	10.93	8	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	4.92	12	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	5.93	8	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	4.92	12	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	6.08	41	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	6.08	41	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	4.33	18	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	4.33	18	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	4.78	9	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	0	7.31	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	4.53	4	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	4.53	4	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	0	2.41	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	0	2.94	3	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	10.88	18	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	10.88	18	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	6.43	19	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	6.43	19	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	4.29	17	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Ache [description not available]	0	6.15	11	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	6.15	11	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	0	2.58	2	0
Diathesis [description not available]	0	3.68	2	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	2.94	3	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	4.44	7	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	7.94	3	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	5.79	14	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	4.78	11	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	5.79	14	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	4.78	11	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	5.15	14	0
Allodynia [description not available]	0	3.53	7	0
Adenomyosis The extension of endometrial tissue (ENDOMETRIUM) into the MYOMETRIUM. It usually occurs in women in their reproductive years and may result in a diffusely enlarged uterus with ectopic and benign endometrial glands and stroma.	0	2.66	2	0
Chemo-Fog [description not available]	0	3.68	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	3.7	3	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	3.7	3	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	6.76	11	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.82	2	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	0	2.82	2	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	2.41	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	3.82	3	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	3.82	3	0
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	5.77	28	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	5.77	28	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	0	2.9	2	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	0	2.9	2	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	0	2.41	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	2.69	2	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	15.04	53	5
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	15.04	53	5
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	5.88	7	1
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	0	4.35	3	1
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	0	4.35	3	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	5.88	7	1
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	4.54	3	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	9.54	3	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	4.54	7	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	4.54	7	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	3.57	2	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	3.57	2	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	0	7.41	1	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	3.82	10	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	3.82	10	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	16.84	60	33
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	16.84	60	33
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	7.69	2	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	2.69	2	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	7.37	20	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	7.37	20	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	3.79	10	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	6.88	9	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	6.88	9	1
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	2.91	3	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	2.91	3	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	2.83	3	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	4.7	10	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	4.7	10	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	5.65	6	1
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1.5 [description not available]	0	4.72	1	1
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Autoimmune diabetes in adults with slowly progressive PANCREATIC BETA CELL failure and the presence of circulating autoantibodies to PANCREATIC ISLETS cell antigens.	0	9.72	1	1
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	5.65	6	1
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	3.71	9	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	3.71	9	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	2.89	3	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	2.89	3	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	3.55	7	0
Tardive Dystonia [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	2.91	3	0
Tardive Dyskinesia Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).	0	2.41	1	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	2.91	3	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	12.66	34	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	7.66	34	0
Atheroma [description not available]	0	5.84	7	1
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	3.2	5	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	4.82	12	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	3.2	5	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	2.72	2	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	2.72	2	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	4.03	12	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	4.03	12	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	0	3.64	2	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	0	3.64	2	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	3.38	2	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	12.96	25	18
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	8.57	2	0
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	0	4.15	4	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	3.38	2	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	12.96	25	18
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	3.09	4	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	3.09	4	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	4.82	3	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	0	7.72	2	0
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	4.89	7	1
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.01	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	0	3.01	3	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	3.25	4	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	3.25	4	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	5.18	5	2
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	5.18	5	2
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.74	3	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	3.74	3	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	6.83	22	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	6.83	22	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	0	2.76	2	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	0	2.76	2	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	3.22	5	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.59	2	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	3.22	5	0
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available]	0	5.68	2	2
Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.	0	5.68	2	2
EBV Infections [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	0	2.6	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	4.21	12	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	5.23	14	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	4.28	13	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	5.23	14	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	4.28	13	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	5.97	6	1
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	4.84	7	1
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	5.97	6	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	4.84	7	1
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	3.42	6	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	8.42	6	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	0	3.33	4	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	5.77	7	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	5.77	7	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	0	3.33	4	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	0	3.33	4	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Metastase [description not available]	0	10.38	20	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	3.45	6	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	5.38	20	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	4.28	6	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	2.66	2	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	3.42	7	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	3.42	7	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	4.03	13	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	4.03	13	0
Allergy, Peanut [description not available]	0	3.51	2	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	2.6	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	2.6	1	0
Peanut Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.	0	3.51	2	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	4.6	5	1
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	4.6	5	1
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	0	7.6	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	6.76	20	3
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.31	5	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	6.76	20	3
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	3.31	5	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	7.6	1	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	0	7.6	1	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	0	7.6	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	5.71	11	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	5.71	11	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	6.38	12	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	6.38	12	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	0	8.93	2	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	0	8.93	2	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	3.52	1	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	3.52	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	3.11	3	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	3.27	5	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	3.11	3	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	3.27	5	0
Colitis-Associated Cancer [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Aura [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	7.6	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	0	2.55	2	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	0	2.6	1	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	0	3.26	5	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	3.04	4	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	2.88	3	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	1	4.88	3	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	0	5.25	10	1
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	8.27	25	3
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	0	5.25	10	1
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	3.02	4	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	3.02	4	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	3.1	4	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	3.1	4	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	2.76	2	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	3.4	6	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	3.4	6	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	0	2.6	1	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	2.96	3	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	2.96	3	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	0	8.98	2	1
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.74	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	7.6	1	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	0	2.6	1	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	3.43	6	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	4.86	2	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	4.86	2	1
Aortic Heart Disease [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Aortic Valve Disease Diseases involving the AORTIC VALVE functionality. Aortic valve disease often results in a backward and/or regurgitated blood flow into the LEFT VENTRICLE or a decreased blood flow from the heart. It includes congenital (e.g., bicuspid aortic valve), syndromic, and acquired (e.g., age-related, infection-associated) conditions.	0	7.6	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	3.14	1	0
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	0	2.91	3	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	0	2.91	3	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	0	3.14	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	0	3.77	3	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	0	3.77	3	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	0	7.6	1	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	0	2.6	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	2.59	2	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	5.02	8	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	5.02	8	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	0	2.6	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	2.6	1	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	7.96	3	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	2.96	3	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	9	15	2
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	9	15	2
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	10.82	8	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	5.82	8	1
Rhabdomyosarcoma 2 [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. Alveolar refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	0	2.25	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	0	2.25	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	0	2.99	4	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	3.1	4	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	8.1	4	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	5.05	9	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	5.05	9	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	5.28	11	1
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	3.45	6	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	2.25	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	3.45	6	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	6.44	8	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	2.96	3	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	2.96	3	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	0	2.25	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	8.51	9	5
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	0	2.59	2	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	3.98	2	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	3.17	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	4.1	3	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	4.1	3	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	5.06	6	0
Amentia [description not available]	0	3.97	2	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	3.97	2	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	0	3.17	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	0	2.61	2	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.07	4	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	3.07	4	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	0	7.25	1	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	0	2.25	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	3.88	12	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	7.02	6	1
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	12.02	6	1
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	3.16	5	0
Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral An autosomal dominant degenerative muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. Affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. This tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (Neuromuscul Disord 1997;7(1):55-62; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1420)	0	2.25	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	3.86	11	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	2.63	2	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	5.29	11	1
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	5.29	11	1
Protein Folding Diseases [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
DDPAC [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.25	1	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	2.58	2	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	0	2.25	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	3.39	6	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	3.64	8	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	3.39	6	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.64	8	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	3.17	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	7.25	1	0
Infection [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	2.55	2	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	4.49	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	4.49	2	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	7.25	1	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	0	2.25	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.73	10	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	0	2.31	1	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	0	2.31	1	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	0	2.25	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	4.11	5	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.31	1	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	3.17	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Lacerations Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.	0	2.25	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).	0	3.17	1	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	4.64	6	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	4.64	6	1
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	0	2.31	1	0
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	0	7.31	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	9.66	28	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	0	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	3.91	11	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	3.91	11	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	2.87	3	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	2.87	3	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	3.78	10	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	3.78	10	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	12.6	27	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	12.6	27	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	2.83	3	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	2.82	3	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	2.82	3	0
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	0	7.58	2	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	0	2.31	1	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	0	2.31	1	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	2.31	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	2.31	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	7.61	2	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	3.31	6	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	3.31	6	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	2.31	1	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	0	7.31	1	0
Candidiasis, Invasive An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.	0	2.31	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	3.81	10	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	0	2.31	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	2.41	2	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.72	2	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	0	3.22	5	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	0	3.77	10	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	0	3.77	10	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	0	5.63	10	0
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	0	2.15	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	4.77	11	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	9.77	11	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	3.5	2	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	3.5	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	0	2.15	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	7.15	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	2.15	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	2.15	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	7.15	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	2.15	1	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.15	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	3.36	6	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	2.4	2	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	7.54	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	3.61	8	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	3.48	2	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	3.48	2	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.51	2	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	2.43	2	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	0	2.58	2	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	0	2.17	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	7.97	4	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	2.97	4	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	3.05	4	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	0	3.05	4	0
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	0	2.17	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	3.15	5	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	3.51	8	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	5.12	10	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	5.12	10	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	0	2.59	2	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	2.58	2	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	2.59	2	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	2.99	4	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	0	7.17	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Abortion, Septic Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.	0	2.17	1	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	0	3.37	2	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	0	3.37	2	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	0	2.84	3	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	0	2.84	3	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	0	7.25	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	0	2.25	1	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	0	4.73	3	2
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	0	4.73	3	2
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	2.52	2	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.17	1	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	0	7.17	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	5	38	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	0	2.21	1	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	0	2.17	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	2.61	2	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	0	8.12	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	0	7.52	2	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	7.55	2	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	0	3.17	1	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	0	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	6.39	14	1
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	4.48	8	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	6.39	14	1
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	4.48	8	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	0	2.25	1	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	0	2.21	1	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	0	2.21	1	0
Azoospermia A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).	0	2.21	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	4.71	3	2
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Leigh Disease A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).	0	2.21	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Syndrome, VKH (Vogt Koyanagi Harada) [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome A syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous UVEITIS with IRITIS and secondary GLAUCOMA, premature ALOPECIA, symmetrical VITILIGO, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), HEARING DISORDERS, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p748; Surv Ophthalmol 1995 Jan;39(4):265-292)	0	2.08	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	2.08	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	0	2.76	3	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	0	2.08	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	2.08	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	2.77	3	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Common Migraine [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Migraine without Aura Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	2.08	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	7.08	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	0	2.08	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	0	4.46	2	2
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous [description not available]	0	3.48	1	1
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	0	4.46	2	2
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.	0	3.48	1	1
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	0	2.08	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	0	7.08	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	0	2.08	1	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.51	2	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	2.1	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	2.1	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	3.14	5	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	3.14	5	0
ADPKD [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	0	2.47	2	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	2.08	1	0
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	0	2.77	3	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	0	2.1	1	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.1	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	0	2.1	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	0	2.1	1	0
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	0	2.1	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	2.1	1	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.51	2	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	0	2.11	1	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	0	7.11	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	2.47	2	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	0	7.11	1	0
Benign Essential Tremor [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Essential Tremor A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)	0	2.11	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	0	2.77	3	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	2.77	3	0
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	0	2.11	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	0	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	0	2.11	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.1	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.11	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	2.11	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	3.4	2	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	3.4	2	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	3.46	2	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	3.46	2	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	0	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	2.11	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	0	2.11	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.13	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Fusobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.	0	2.11	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	3.5	1	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	3.5	1	1
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	0	2.13	1	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.11	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	2.11	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.48	2	0
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	0	2.11	1	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	3.04	1	0
Embolus [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	0	3.04	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	2.13	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	7.73	3	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	2.73	3	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	2.13	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	0	2.43	2	0
MODS [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	2.54	2	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	2.42	2	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	7.13	1	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	0	2.78	3	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	2.45	2	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	0	2.13	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	7.13	1	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	0	2.15	1	0
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. Patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. Multiple subtypes or forms are recognized based on presence or absence of TAU PROTEIN inclusions. FTLD includes three clinical syndromes: FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA, semantic dementia, and PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA.	0	2.13	1	0
TDP-43 Proteinopathies Diseases characterized by the presence of abnormally phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and cleaved DNA-binding protein TDP-43 in affected brain and spinal cord. Inclusions of the pathologic protein in neurons and glia, without the presence of AMYLOID, is the major feature of these conditions, thus making these proteinopathies distinct from most other neurogenerative disorders in which protein misfolding leads to brain amyloidosis. Both frontotemporal lobar degeneration and AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS exhibit this common method of pathogenesis and thus they may represent two extremes of a continuous clinicopathological spectrum of one disease.	0	2.13	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	2.15	1	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	0	2.15	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	7.15	1	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Diastolic Heart Failure [description not available]	0	7.04	1	0
Heart Failure, Diastolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.	0	2.04	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	0	7.42	2	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	0	9.77	7	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	2.04	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	2.04	1	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	0	3.82	2	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	0	3.82	2	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	2.43	2	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	0	2.04	1	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	0	2.74	3	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	2.05	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	0	2.05	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	2.46	2	0
Black Fever [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	0	2.68	3	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Acute Radiation Syndrome A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.	0	3.44	1	1
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	3.44	1	1
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	0	3.44	1	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	3.44	1	1
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	3.44	1	1
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	0	3.44	1	1
Seminoma A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.44	1	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	0	2.05	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	3.36	2	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	0	2.06	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	2.06	1	0
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	0	2.06	1	0
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	0	2.06	1	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	0	2.06	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	2.06	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	0	2.06	1	0
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	0	2.05	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	0	2.41	2	0
Indigestion [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	0	2.06	1	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	0	7.37	2	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	3.46	1	1
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	0	7.69	3	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	0	2.07	1	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	9.37	1	1
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	0	2.07	1	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	0	2.07	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	0	3.46	1	1
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.	0	2.07	1	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	0	2.08	1	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	0	2.07	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.07	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	2.07	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	2.08	1	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	0	2.07	1	0
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	0	2.07	1	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	0	7.07	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	0	2.07	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	2.07	1	0
Aphthae [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	0	3.47	1	1
Eunuchism The state of being a eunuch, a male without TESTES or whose testes failed to develop. It is characterized by the lack of mature male GERM CELLS and TESTICULAR HORMONES.	0	2.08	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	0	7.01	1	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	0	2.39	2	0
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	0	3.4	1	1
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	8.08	5	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	1.93	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	0	6.93	1	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	0	3.28	2	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	0	3.28	2	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	2.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	0	2.71	3	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	7.42	2	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	0	7.03	1	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	0	2.44	2	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	0	2.03	1	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	0	2.4	2	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	2.04	1	0
Carcinoma, Giant Cell An epithelial neoplasm characterized by unusually large anaplastic cells. It is highly malignant with fulminant clinical course, bizarre histologic appearance and poor prognosis. It is most common in the lung and thyroid. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	2.04	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	0	1.96	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	2.36	2	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.96	1	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	0	5	5	2
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	2.65	3	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	0	1.96	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	2.9	4	0
Axon Reaction [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Gliosarcoma Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)	0	1.98	1	0
Bilirubin Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Kernicterus A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)	0	1.98	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Mast-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Leukemia, Mast-Cell A form of systemic mastocytosis (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC) characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue MAST CELLS in the peripheral blood without skin lesions. It is a high-grade LEUKEMIA disease with bone marrow smear of	0	2	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	1.99	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	2.41	2	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	2	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	0	2	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	2	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	0	7	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	2	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	3.39	1	1
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	0	1.99	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	0	2	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	3.75	2	1
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	1.95	1	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	0	1.95	1	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	0	5.36	5	3
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	0	5.36	5	3
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	0	1.95	1	0
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	0	1.95	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	0	1.98	1	0
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	0	1.98	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	1.98	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	2.38	2	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	0	2.38	2	0
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.	0	1.97	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	0	4.32	2	2
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	0	4.32	2	2
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	0	3.36	1	1
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	0	3.36	1	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	1.97	1	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	0	1.96	1	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	0	1.96	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	1.97	1	0
Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0

berberine

Cross-References

Synonyms (131)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (20)

Drug Classes (4)

Pathways (4)

Protein Targets (45)

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Biological Processes (244)

Molecular Functions (107)

Ceullar Components (46)

Bioassays (530)

Research

Studies (4,018)

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Research Demand Index: 70.87

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berberine

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (131)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (20)

Drug Classes (4)

Pathways (4)

Protein Targets (45)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (244)

Molecular Functions (107)

Ceullar Components (46)

Bioassays (530)

Research

Studies (4,018)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 70.87

Study Types

Related Drugs (1,642)

Related Conditions (948)