Page last updated: 2024-11-12

linagliptin

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Description

Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
Ionegenus[no description available]OrchidaceaeA plant family of the order Asparagales. All members of the orchid family have the same bilaterally symmetrical flower structure, with three sepals, but the flowers vary greatly in color and shape.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID10096344
CHEMBL ID237500
CHEBI ID68610
SCHEMBL ID160188
MeSH IDM0554626

Synonyms (100)

Synonym
HY-10284
8-[(3r)-3-aminopiperidin-1-yl]-7-but-2-yn-1-yl-3-methyl-1-[(4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl]-3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione
ondero
linagliptin
bi-1356-bs
trazenta
bi-1356
trajenta
tradjenta
bdbm50228403
(r)-8-(3-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-(but-2-ynyl)-3-methyl-1-((4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl)-1h-purine-2,6(3h,7h)-dione
bi 1356
bi-1356bs
CHEMBL237500 ,
bs 1356 bs
chebi:68610 ,
bs-1356-bs
bi 1356 bs
D09566
linagliptin (jan/usan/inn)
tradjenta (tn)
1h-purine-2,6-dione, 8-((3r)-3-amino-1-piperidinyl)-7-(2-butynyl)-3,7-dihydro-3-methyl-1-((4-methyl-2-quinazolinyl)methyl)-
linagliptin [usan:inn:jan]
hsdb 8204
(r)-8-(3-amino-piperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione
3x29zej4r2 ,
unii-3x29zej4r2
linagliptin (bi-1356)
8-[(3r)-3-amino-1-piperidinyl]-7-(2-butynyl)-3,7-dihydro-3-methyl-1-[(4-methyl-2-quinazolinyl)methyl]-1h-purine-2,6-dione
668270-12-0
AKOS015951179
ione
AKOS015995251
BCP9000854
BCPP000185
NCGC00346655-01
linagliptin component of trijardy xr
linagliptin [mi]
linagliptin [mart.]
1h-purine-2,6-dione, 8-((3r)-3-amino-1-piperidinyl)-7-(2-butynyl)-3,7-dihydro-3-methyl-1-((4-methyl-2- quinazolinyl)methyl)-
linagliptin [inn]
trijardy xr component linagliptin
linagliptin [orange book]
jentadueto component of linagliptin
linagliptin [jan]
linagliptin [usan]
linagliptin component of glyxambi
linagliptin [vandf]
glyxambi component linagliptin
linagliptin component of jentadueto
linagliptin [who-dd]
(r)-8-(3-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methylquinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione
8-[(3r)-3-aminopiperidin-1-yl]-7-(but-2-yn-1-yl)-3-methyl-1-[(4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl]-3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione
CS-0637
S3031
c25h28n8o2
gtpl6318
8-[(3r)-3-aminopiperidin-1-yl]-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-[(4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl]purine-2,6-dione
DB08882
smr004701306
MLS006010217
SCHEMBL160188
AB01563307_01
AB01563307_03
(r)-8-(3-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-(but-2-yn-1-yl)-3-methyl-1-((4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl)-1h-purine-2,6(3h,7h)-dione
J-519354
EX-A076
AC-8761
(r)-8-(3-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-(but-2-yn-1-yl)-3-methyl-1-((4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl)-3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione
SW219813-1
8-[(3r)-3-aminopiperidin-1-yl]-7-but-2-yn-1-yl-3-methyl-1-[(4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl]-3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-d
AS-35080
mfcd14635356
1233245-11-8
1-[(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-yl)methyl]-3-methyl-7-(2-butyn-1-yl)-8-(3-(r)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)xanthine
LTXREWYXXSTFRX-QGZVFWFLSA-N
1-[(4-methyl-quinazolin-2yl) methyl]-3-methyl-7-(2-butyn-1-yl)-8-[3-(r) amino-piperidin-1-yl]-xanthine
1-[(4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl]-3-methyl-7-(2-butin-1-yl)-8-(3-(r)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-xanthine
1-[(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-yl)methyl]-3-methyl-7-(2-butyn-1-yl)-8-(3-(r)aminopiperidin-1-yl)xanthine
1-[(4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)-methyl]-3-methyl-7-(2-butin-1-yl)-8-(3-(r)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-xanthine
BCP02462
Q909745
linagliptin; (r)-8-(3-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-(but-2-yn-1-yl)-3-methyl-1-((4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl)-1h-purine-2,6(3h,7h)-dione
8-[(3r)-3-aminopiperidin-1-yl]-7-(but-2-yn-1-yl)-3- methyl-1-[(4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl]-3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione
linaglitpin
AMY8953
CCG-269463
NCGC00346655-02
8-[(3r)-3-aminopiperidin-1-yl]-7-but-2-yn-1-yl-3-methyl-1-[(4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl]-3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-d ione
BL164627
DTXSID201021653
8-[(3r)-3-aminopiperidin-1-yl]-7-(but-2-yn-1-yl)-3-methyl-1-[(4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl]-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione
EN300-6481354
Z2235801970
linagliptin (mart.)
a10bh05
linagliptine
linagliptinum
linagliptina
8-((3r)-3-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-(but-2-yn-1-yl)-3-methyl-1-((4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl)-3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione

Research Excerpts

Overview

Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, with additional beneficial effects for the kidney. It suppresses the rapid degradation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Linagliptin is a highly potent dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. "( Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
Ebner, T; Ishiguro, N; Kishimoto, W; Schaefer, O; Shimizu, H, 2013
)
2.07
"Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, with additional beneficial effects for the kidney. "( Linagliptin treatment is associated with altered cobalamin (VitB12) homeostasis in mice and humans.
Delić, D; Frankenreiter, S; Hess, R; Hocher, B; Klein, T; Kömhoff, M; Lund, SS; Mark, M; Tammen, H; von Eynatten, M, 2023
)
3.8
"Linagliptin is a selective dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor capable of successfully regulating blood glucose levels. "( Linagliptin ameliorated cardiac fibrosis and restored cardiomyocyte structure in diabetic mice associated with the suppression of necroptosis.
Adhikari, J; Hirai, T; Iwai, K; Kanasaki, K; Kawakita, E; Koya, D, 2023
)
3.8
"Linagliptin is a xanthine-based, non-peptidomimetic, selective dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor with a different pharmacological profile when compared to other DPP-4 inhibitors already available in India. "( Simplifying Type 2 DM Care with Linagliptin: A Position Paper.
Bhattacharyya, A; Chadha, M; Dharmalingam, M; Majumder, A; Mithal, A; Ramachandran, A; Sanyal, D, 2023
)
2.64
"Linagliptin is a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor which suppresses the rapid degradation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). "( The role of linagliptin, a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, in the morphine rewarding effects in rats.
Gibuła-Tarłowska, E; Kotlińska, J; Listos, J; Listos, P; Talarek, S; Łupina, M, 2020
)
2.38
"Linagliptin is a highly specific, long-acting inhibitor that is used as an orally administrable agent for type-2 diabetes treatment. "( A capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of the linagliptin enantiomeric impurity.
Kang, JS; Kim, KH; Le, TA; Mai, XL; Mar, W; Nguyen, BT; Nguyen, NVT; Pham, TV, 2020
)
2.24
"Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that inhibits the degradation of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and has been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in clinic. "( Differential Effects of Linagliptin on the Function of Human Islets Isolated from Non-diabetic and Diabetic Donors.
Dong, EW; Fonseca, VA; Htun, W; Mauvais-Jarvis, F; Wu, H; Wu, M; Zhang, Y, 2017
)
2.2
"Linagliptin is a glucose-lowering agent of the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor class that is of particular interest for the prevention of accelerated cognitive decline, because it may potentially benefit the brain through pleiotropic effects, beyond glucose lowering."( Rationale and design of the CAROLINA® - cognition substudy: a randomised controlled trial on cognitive outcomes of linagliptin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Biessels, GJ; Espeland, MA; Janssen, J; Johansen, OE; Mattheus, M; van den Berg, E; Zinman, B, 2018
)
1.41
"Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor with a primarily nonrenal route of excretion. "( Renal impairment has no clinically relevant effect on the long-term exposure of linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Emser, A; Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Woerle, HJ,
)
1.8
"Linagliptin is a xanthine-based, oral DPP-4 inhibitor that has been approved in the United States and Europe. "( Clinical utility of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin.
Grunberger, G, 2013
)
2.08
"Linagliptin is an oral antihyperglycemic drug that acts by inhibiting the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme. "( Bioequivalence of Linagliptin 5 mg once daily and 2.5 mg twice daily: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in an open-label crossover trial.
Friedrich, C; Jungnik, A; Meinicke, T; Retlich, S; Ring, A, 2014
)
2.18
"Linagliptin is a novel, highly selective and long acting DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). "( Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Friedrich, C; Retlich, S; Sarashina, A; Staab, A; Tadayasu, Y; Takano, M; Tatami, S; Tsuda, Y, 2013
)
2.06
"Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitor approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. "( The DPP-IV inhibitor linagliptin and GLP-1 induce synergistic effects on body weight loss and appetite suppression in the diet-induced obese rat.
Hansen, G; Hansen, HH; Jelsing, J; Klein, T; Mark, M; Paulsen, S; Vrang, N, 2014
)
2.16
"Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor, used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). "( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Linagliptin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Duval, V; Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Jaehde, U; Patel, S; Retlich, S; Staab, A, 2015
)
2.11
"Linagliptin is an inhibitor of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4), which improves impaired insulin secretion and insulin downstream signaling in the in peripheral tissues."( DPP-4 Inhibitor Linagliptin Attenuates Aβ-induced Cytotoxicity through Activation of AMPK in Neuronal Cells.
Chang, HH; Huang, CN; Huang, WN; Kornelius, E; Li, HH; Lin, CL; Lu, YL; Peng, CH; Yang, YS, 2015
)
1.48
"Linagliptin (BI 1356) is a novel, orally available inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). "( Evaluation of the potential for steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and metformin in healthy subjects.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Padula, S; Ring, A; Withopf, B, 2009
)
2
"Linagliptin (BI 1356) is a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. "( Binding to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 determines the disposition of linagliptin (BI 1356)--investigations in DPP-4 deficient and wildtype rats.
Fuchs, H; Greischel, A; Jaehde, U; Retlich, S; Staab, A; Withopf, B, 2009
)
2.03
"Linagliptin is a new oral antidiabetic agent associated with minimal risk of hypoglycemia, which holds promise for treatment of type 2 diabetes."( Linagliptin, a xanthine-based dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor with an unusual profile for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Deacon, CF; Holst, JJ, 2010
)
3.25
"Linagliptin is an orally active dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that is under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and shows dose-dependent pharmacokinetics in rats and humans. "( The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin exhibits time- and dose-dependent localization in kidney, liver, and intestine after intravenous dosing: results from high resolution autoradiography in rats.
Baierl, J; Binder, R; Greischel, A, 2010
)
2.08
"Linagliptin (BI 1356) is a highly specific inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4, which is currently in phase III clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. "( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects.
Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010
)
2
"Linagliptin is a recently approved DPP-4 inhibitor with unique pharmacological properties, including very high affinity for the DPP-4 enzyme, postdose DPP-4 inhibition>80% after 24 hours, and a primarily fecal route of elimination."( Linagliptin: a new DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Toth, PP, 2011
)
2.53
"Linagliptin is an oral dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor that has been recently approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. "( Effect of multiple oral doses of linagliptin on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of a combination oral contraceptive in healthy female adults: an open-label, two-period, fixed-sequence, multiple-dose study.
Friedrich, C; Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Port, A; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
2.09
"Linagliptin is a selective, competitive dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, recently approved in the USA, Japan and Europe for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. "( Excretion of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin in rats is primarily by biliary excretion and P-gp-mediated efflux.
Fuchs, H; Held, HD; Runge, F, 2012
)
2.07
"• Linagliptin is an oral, highly selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that was approved in the United States, Europe and elsewhere in 2011 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. "( Pharmacokinetics of linagliptin in subjects with hepatic impairment.
Cinca, R; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Rose, P; Waldhauser, L; Woerle, HJ, 2012
)
1.42
"Linagliptin is a new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor recently approved for use in the USA. "( The effect of linagliptin on glycaemic control and tolerability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Elrod, S; Harrington, C; McLaughlin-Middlekauff, J; Singh-Franco, D, 2012
)
2.18
"Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor that was approved in 2011 by the US Food and Drug Administration as a treatment adjunctive to diet and exercise for the improvement of glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)."( Review of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Neumiller, JJ; Setter, SM, 2012
)
2.22
"Linagliptin (Trajenta) is a selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, an enzyme that degrades two incretin hormones, GLP-1 ("Glucagon-Like Peptide-1") and GIP ("Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide"). "( [Linagliptin (Trajenta): a selective DPP-4 inhibitor with limited renal elimination].
Scheen, AJ; Van Gaal, LF, 2012
)
2.73
"Linagliptin (BI 1356) is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor for treatment of Type 2 diabetes which recently gained approval in the US, Europe, and Japan. "( The concentration-dependent binding of linagliptin (BI 1356) and its implication on efficacy and safety.
Derendorf, H; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S; Singh, RP; Wright, S, 2012
)
2.09
"Linagliptin is an orally active small-molecule inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4, which was first licensed in the US, Europe, Japan and other territories in 2011 to improve glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. "( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linagliptin.
Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S, 2012
)
2.07
"Linagliptin (TRADJENTA™) is a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. "( Linagliptin improves insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obesity.
Blüher, M; Kern, M; Klein, T; Klöting, N; Mark, M; Niessen, HG; Stiller, D; Thomas, L, 2012
)
3.26
"Linagliptin is a novel DPP IV inhibitor that is excreted primarily by the hepatic route, with little need for dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment."( Linagliptin as add-on therapy for type 2 diabetes - an overview.
Brown, DX; Choudhury, M; Evans, M, 2012
)
2.54
"Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor in clinical use against type 2 diabetes."( The DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin counteracts stroke in the normal and diabetic mouse brain: a comparison with glimepiride.
Darlöf, E; Darsalia, V; Klein, T; Nyström, T; Olverling, A; Ortsäter, H; Patrone, C; Sjöholm, Å; Wolbert, P, 2013
)
1.43
"Linagliptin is an oral inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the United States, Europe, Japan, and Canada."( A randomized, open-label, crossover study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin and linagliptin after coadministration in healthy male volunteers.
Friedrich, C; Mattheus, M; Metzmann, K; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ, 2013
)
1.33

Effects

Linagliptin has a low oral bioavailability due to intestinal degradation and low permeability. It has a protective role on endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes with moderate hyperglycemia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Linagliptin has a low oral bioavailability due to intestinal degradation and low permeability."( Architecting novel multilayer nanosponges for co-administration of two drugs managing high-risk type II diabetes mellitus patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases.
Abdelmalak, NS; Hammad, RW; Latif, R; Sanad, RA, 2022
)
1.44
"Linagliptin has a xanthine-based structure, a difference that might account for some of the pharmacological differences observed with linagliptin versus other dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with consideration of Asian patient populations.
Ceriello, A; Inagaki, N, 2017
)
1.43
"Linagliptin has a protective role on endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes with moderate hyperglycemia."( Linagliptin improves endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized study of linagliptin effectiveness on endothelial function.
Hirose, T; Iga, R; Kanda, E; Kobayashi, Y; Kumashiro, N; Miyagi, M; Shigiyama, F; Uchino, H, 2017
)
2.62
"Linagliptin has a unique PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) profile and is the first DPP-4 inhibitor with a nonrenal elimination route."( Linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (pharmacokinetic evaluation).
Scheen, AJ, 2011
)
2.53
"Linagliptin also has a favorable safety profile; nasopharyngitis is one of the more common observed side effects."( Linagliptin: the newest dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Aletti, R; Cheng-Lai, A,
)
2.3
"Linagliptin has a long terminal half-life (>100 hours); however, its accumulation half-life is much shorter (approximately 10 hours), accounting for the rapid attainment of steady state."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linagliptin.
Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S, 2012
)
1.35
"Linagliptin has been studied in combination with the most commonly used classes of antihyperglycemic medications, with demonstrated efficacy and a safety profile comparable to placebo."( Use of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin in combination therapy for type 2 diabetes.
Lajara, R, 2012
)
1.36

Actions

Linagliptin might inhibit the N-terminal degradation of the transcobalamin receptor CD320. It did not increase the risk of adverse kidney outcomes or hospitalization for heart failure across age groups.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Linagliptin might inhibit the N-terminal degradation of the transcobalamin receptor CD320, which is necessary for uptake of Cbl into endothelial cells."( Linagliptin treatment is associated with altered cobalamin (VitB12) homeostasis in mice and humans.
Delić, D; Frankenreiter, S; Hess, R; Hocher, B; Klein, T; Kömhoff, M; Lund, SS; Mark, M; Tammen, H; von Eynatten, M, 2023
)
3.07
"Linagliptin did not increase the risk of adverse kidney outcomes or hospitalization for heart failure across age groups."( Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes of linagliptin treatment in older people with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease: A prespecified subgroup analysis of the randomized, placebo-controlled CARMELINA® trial.
Clark, D; Cooper, ME; Johansen, OE; Kadowaki, T; Rosenstock, J; Schnaidt, S; Seino, Y; Wanner, C, 2020
)
1.55
"Linagliptin did not increase risk for cardiovascular events or hypoglycaemia and kidney function remained stable in older people with T2D and established CVD with albuminuria and/or kidney disease."( Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes of linagliptin treatment in older people with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease: A prespecified subgroup analysis of the randomized, placebo-controlled CARMELINA® trial.
Clark, D; Cooper, ME; Johansen, OE; Kadowaki, T; Rosenstock, J; Schnaidt, S; Seino, Y; Wanner, C, 2020
)
2.27
"Linagliptin reduced the increase in DNA fragmentation as well as the increase in TUNEL-positive cells in podocytes induced by high-glucose condition."( Linagliptin affects IRS1/Akt signaling and prevents high glucose-induced apoptosis in podocytes.
Mima, A; Nakamura, T; Ueshima, S; Yasuzawa, T, 2020
)
2.72
"Linagliptin did not increase NSC number in vitro indicating that the effect of linagliptin on NSC proliferation in T2D is indirect."( Linagliptin enhances neural stem cell proliferation after stroke in type 2 diabetic mice.
Darsalia, V; Klein, T; Larsson, M; Mansouri, S; Nathanson, D; Nyström, T; Olverling, A; Patrone, C; Sjöholm, Å, 2014
)
2.57
"Linagliptin can inhibit all of the following: DPP-4 activity and protein level, integrin β1 protein levels, EndMT, and DPP-4 3'UTR activity; Sitagliptin, however, inhibited none of these in the current study."( Linagliptin but not Sitagliptin inhibited transforming growth factor-β2-induced endothelial DPP-4 activity and the endothelial-mesenchymal transition.
Kanasaki, K; Koya, D; Shi, S, 2016
)
2.6

Treatment

Linagliptin treatment significantly reduced the hazard of kidney disease events by 16% compared with placebo (HR, 0.84; 95% CI,. 0.72-0.97; P=0.02) Linagli leptin treatment in the BMVEC was able to reduce TLR2 expression in cells from both diabetic and nondiabetic rats.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Linagliptin treatment also prevented the migration and gel contraction of HTFs."( DPP-4 Inhibitors Attenuate Fibrosis After Glaucoma Filtering Surgery by Suppressing the TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway.
Himori, N; Kokubun, T; Nakazawa, T; Sato, K; Tsuda, S; Yokoyama, Y; Yoshida, M, 2023
)
1.63
"Linagliptin treatment significantly decreased the viability of Saos-2 cells and hFOB1.19 cells (p < 0.001). "( Exploring the molecular mechanism of linagliptin in osteosarcoma cell lines for anti-cancer activity.
Dasci, MF; Yurttas, AG, 2023
)
2.63
"The linagliptin treatment did not change the podocyte stress in both therapeutic groups."( The dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor linagliptin ameliorates renal injury and accelerated resolution in a rat model of crescentic nephritis.
Amann, K; Daniel, C; Ebert, N; Klein, T; Mayer, AL; Scheitacker, I, 2021
)
1.38
"Linagliptin treatment resulted in fewer mild hypoglycemic events <70 mg/dL (3% vs."( A Randomized Controlled Study Comparing a DPP4 Inhibitor (Linagliptin) and Basal Insulin (Glargine) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Long-term Care and Skilled Nursing Facilities: Linagliptin-LTC Trial.
Cardona, S; Chachkhiani, D; Fayfman, M; Haw, JS; Johnson, TM; Olson, DE; Pasquel, FJ; Saiyed, S; Umpierrez, GE; Vellanki, P; Wang, H, 2018
)
1.45
"Linagliptin treatment in subjects with CAD and early T2DM did not improve endothelial function or the arginine bioavailability ratios. "( Effects of linagliptin on endothelial function and postprandial lipids in coronary artery disease patients with early diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
Aberer, F; Aziz, F; Brachtl, G; Brodmann, M; Dimsity, G; Hafner, F; Hödl, R; Meinitzer, A; Riedl, R; Sourij, H; Stojakovic, T; Strunk, D; Tripolt, NJ; Url, J, 2018
)
2.31
"Linagliptin treatment improved behavioural and motor abnormalities induced by cuprizone, as demonstrated by open field, rotarod and grip strength tests."( Neuroprotective effect of linagliptin against cuprizone-induced demyelination and behavioural dysfunction in mice: A pivotal role of AMPK/SIRT1 and JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB signalling pathway modulation.
El-Tanbouly, DM; Elbaz, EM; Sayed, RH; Senousy, MA, 2018
)
1.5
"Linagliptin treatment suppresses TNF-α-induced production of reactive oxygen species and improves mitochondrial membrane potential."( Vascular protection of DPP-4 inhibitors in retinal endothelial cells in in vitro culture.
Li, H; Lin, L; Xu, L; Zhang, J, 2019
)
1.24
"Linagliptin-treated mice exhibited higher levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 and decreased fasting blood glucose, compared with the vehicle-treated mice at 8 months."( The Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Linagliptin Ameliorates High-fat Induced Cognitive Decline in Tauopathy Model Mice.
Ihara, M; Maki, T; Nakaoku, Y; Saito, S; Takahashi, R; Yamamoto, Y, 2019
)
1.51
"Linagliptin treatment for 104 weeks was recently reported to achieve non-inferior glucose-lowering effects compared with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin. "( Linagliptin is more effective than glimepiride at achieving a composite outcome of target HbA₁c < 7% with no hypoglycaemia and no weight gain over 2 years.
Emser, A; Gallwitz, B; Rosenstock, J; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2013
)
3.28
"Linagliptin-treated diabetic mice exhibited a suppression of DPP-4 activity/protein expression and an amelioration of kidney fibrosis associated with the inhibition of EndMT."( Linagliptin-mediated DPP-4 inhibition ameliorates kidney fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by inhibiting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a therapeutic regimen.
He, J; Ishigaki, Y; Kanasaki, K; Kanasaki, M; Kitada, M; Koya, D; Nagai, T; Nakamura, Y; Shi, S; Srivastava, SP, 2014
)
2.57
"In linagliptin-treated subjects, overall adverse event (AE) rates and serious AE rates were similar to placebo."( Linagliptin treatment in subjects with type 2 diabetes with and without mild-to-moderate renal impairment.
Crowe, S; Del Prato, S; Gong, Y; Groop, PH; Owens, DR; Patel, S; Taskinen, MR; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2014
)
2.36
"Linagliptin treatment was carried out for 7 weeks."( Linagliptin enhances neural stem cell proliferation after stroke in type 2 diabetic mice.
Darsalia, V; Klein, T; Larsson, M; Mansouri, S; Nathanson, D; Nyström, T; Olverling, A; Patrone, C; Sjöholm, Å, 2014
)
2.57
"Linagliptin-treated patients demonstrated a low overall risk of hypoglycemia (risk increased by concomitant sulfonylurea therapy)."( Safety and Tolerability of Linagliptin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Pooled Analysis of 22 Placebo-controlled Studies.
Cheng, K; Crowe, S; Johansen, OE; Lehrke, M; Marx, N; Patel, S; Seck, T; von Eynatten, M, 2014
)
1.42
"Linagliptin treatment reduced vascular injury-induced neointima formation, compared with controls (p <0.05). "( Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin attenuates neointima formation after vascular injury.
Hamaguchi, Y; Kawanami, T; Murase, K; Nagaishi, R; Nomiyama, T; Takahashi, H; Tanabe, M; Tanaka, T; Terawaki, Y; Yanase, T, 2014
)
2.13
"Linagliptin treatment significantly reduced the hazard of kidney disease events by 16% compared with placebo (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72-0.97; P=0.02)."( Kidney Disease End Points in a Pooled Analysis of Individual Patient-Level Data From a Large Clinical Trials Program of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor Linagliptin in Type 2 Diabetes.
Cooper, ME; Groop, PH; Hehnke, U; McGill, JB; Perkovic, V; Rosenstock, J; von Eynatten, M; Wanner, C; Woerle, HJ, 2015
)
1.34
"Linagliptin treatment in the BMVEC was able to reduce TLR2 expression in cells from both diabetic and nondiabetic rats."( Linagliptin reduces effects of ET-1 and TLR2-mediated cerebrovascular hyperreactivity in diabetes.
Abdul, Y; Ergul, A; Hardigan, T, 2016
)
2.6
"Linagliptin treatment regressed vascular remodeling of MCAs in diabetic animals but had no effect on blood glucose. "( Diabetes-mediated middle cerebral artery remodeling is restored by linagliptin: Interaction with the vascular smooth muscle cell endothelin system.
Ergul, A; Hardigan, T; Yasir, A, 2016
)
2.11
"Linagliptin treatment was initiated once they reached NODII levels."( Vascular effects of linagliptin in non-obese diabetic mice are glucose-independent and involve positive modulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/caveolin-1 (CAV-1) pathway.
Brancaleone, V; Bucci, M; Cirino, G; Esposito, F; Gargiulo, A; Klein, T; Matassa, D; Mitidieri, E; Vellecco, V, 2016
)
1.48
"Linagliptin treatment increased urinary sodium excretion and attenuated the increase in glomerular filtration rate which reflects glomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration."( Stromal cell-derived factor-1 is upregulated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition and has protective roles in progressive diabetic nephropathy.
Drucker, DJ; Fujishima, H; Fujita, H; Morii, T; Narita, T; Sato, T; Seino, Y; Shimizu, T; Takahashi, T; Takashima, S; Tsukiyama, K; Yamada, Y, 2016
)
1.16
"Linagliptin treatment led to significant mean (SE) placebo-corrected reductions from baseline in HbA1c across all subgroups (-0.42% [±0.11] to -0.79% [0.08]; all p < 0.001)."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin according to patient baseline characteristics: A pooled analysis of three phase 3 trials.
Crowe, S; Del Prato, S; Patel, S; von Eynatten, M, 2016
)
1.47
"Linagliptin treatment resulted in a placebo-corrected change in HbA1c from baseline of -0.69% (p < 0.0001) at 24 weeks. "( Effect of linagliptin monotherapy on glycaemic control and markers of β-cell function in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
Barnett, AH; Del Prato, S; Dugi, KA; Huisman, H; Neubacher, D; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
2.21
"Linagliptin treatment resulted in statistically significant and clinically relevant reductions in HbA(1c) as soon as 4 weeks after starting therapy in these Japanese patients with T2DM, suggesting that clinical studies of longer duration in Japanese T2DM patients are warranted."( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and tolerability profiles of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin: a 4-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa study in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Kanada, S; Sarashina, A; Taniguchi, A; Watada, H; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
1.31
"Linagliptin treatment profoundly reduced hepatic fat compared with vehicle, with an effect comparable to that of sibutramine."( Evaluation of body fat composition after linagliptin treatment in a rat model of diet-induced obesity: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in comparison with sibutramine.
Cheetham, S; Ittrich, C; Kassubek, J; Klein, T; Mark, M; Mayoux, E; Mueller, HP; Niessen, HG; Stiller, D, 2012
)
1.37
"Linagliptin treatment also decreased liver expression of PTP1B, SOCS3, SREBP1c, SCD-1 and FAS (P<0.05)."( Linagliptin improves insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obesity.
Blüher, M; Kern, M; Klein, T; Klöting, N; Mark, M; Niessen, HG; Stiller, D; Thomas, L, 2012
)
2.54
"Linagliptin treatment was associated with a placebo-corrected mean (95% CI) change in HbA(1c) from baseline (8.6%) to 18 weeks of -0.47% (-0.70 to -0.24; P < 0.0001)."( Efficacy and tolerability of linagliptin added to a sulfonylurea regimen in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 18-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Arvay, L; Lewin, AJ; Liu, D; Patel, S; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2012
)
1.39
"Pretreatment with linagliptin showed significant higher levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione in brain homogenate of animals."( Neuroprotective effects of linagliptin in a rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease.
Abhangi, KV; Patel, JI,
)
0.75
"Treatment with linagliptin was performed for 4 weeks."( DPP-4 inhibition with linagliptin ameliorates the progression of premature aging in klotho-/- mice.
Cheng, C; Hasegawa, Y; Hayashi, K; Kim-Mitsuyama, S; Komohara, Y; Lin, B; Takane, K; Takemoto, Y, 2017
)
1.11
"Treatment with linagliptin resulted in no significant differences in mean daily BG (146 ± 34 mg/dL vs. "( A Randomized Controlled Study Comparing a DPP4 Inhibitor (Linagliptin) and Basal Insulin (Glargine) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Long-term Care and Skilled Nursing Facilities: Linagliptin-LTC Trial.
Cardona, S; Chachkhiani, D; Fayfman, M; Haw, JS; Johnson, TM; Olson, DE; Pasquel, FJ; Saiyed, S; Umpierrez, GE; Vellanki, P; Wang, H, 2018
)
1.08
"Treatment with linagliptin resulted in noninferior glycemic control and in significantly lower risk of hypoglycemia compared to insulin glargine in long-term care and skilled nursing facility residents with type 2 diabetes."( A Randomized Controlled Study Comparing a DPP4 Inhibitor (Linagliptin) and Basal Insulin (Glargine) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Long-term Care and Skilled Nursing Facilities: Linagliptin-LTC Trial.
Cardona, S; Chachkhiani, D; Fayfman, M; Haw, JS; Johnson, TM; Olson, DE; Pasquel, FJ; Saiyed, S; Umpierrez, GE; Vellanki, P; Wang, H, 2018
)
1.08
"The treatment with linagliptin was able to normalize the BM, restore the glucose tolerance and the cross-sectional area of adipocytes."( High dose of linagliptin induces thermogenic beige adipocytes in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue in diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice.
de Oliveira Correia, BR; de Oliveira Glauser, JS; Mandarim-de-Lacerda, CA; Martins, FF; Rachid, TL; Souza-Mello, V, 2019
)
1.2
"Treatment with linagliptin may support individualized treatment goals, while effectively managing the risk of hypoglycaemia or drug-related side effects."( Safety and efficacy of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a comprehensive analysis of data from 1331 individuals aged ≥ 65 years.
Barnett, AH; Hehnke, U; Patel, S; Schernthaner, G; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2014
)
0.98
"Treatment with linagliptin provided a relative weight benefit and reduced insulin requirements without affecting blood pressure, heart rate or lipids."( Efficacy and Cardiovascular Safety of Linagliptin as an Add-On to Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes: A Pooled Comprehensive Post Hoc Analysis.
Ahrén, B; Johansen, OE; Neubacher, D; Patel, S; Woerle, HJ; Zinman, B, 2016
)
1.05
"Pre-treatment with linagliptin or liraglutide reduced infarct size, protected cardiomyocytes from injury and preserved cardiac contractile function in a similar fashion."( Modulation of myocardial injury and collagen deposition following ischaemia-reperfusion by linagliptin and liraglutide, and both together.
Budhiraja, M; Chen, P; Dai, Y; Ding, Z; Mehta, JL; Singh, S; Theus, S; Wang, X; Yang, F, 2016
)
0.97
"Treatment with linagliptin reduced glycated hemoglobin by 0.6% to 0.8%, with a safety profile comparable with placebo."( Linagliptin: a new DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Toth, PP, 2011
)
2.15

Toxicity

Linagliptin, when added to ongoing insulin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes, improves glycemic control and has a neutral impact on major adverse CV events. Overall, the safety profile of linagli leptin in this patient group was comparable to that of placebo, with comparable incidence of adverse events.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" BI 1356 was well tolerated and safe up to and including a dose of 600 mg."( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single oral doses of BI 1356, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, in healthy male volunteers.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hüttner, S; Ring, A; Withopf, B, 2008
)
0.35
"1%) patients reported adverse events; the incidence was similar across all five groups."( Linagliptin (BI 1356), a potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitor, is safe and efficacious in combination with metformin in patients with inadequately controlled Type 2 diabetes.
Dugi, KA; Forst, T; Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Herbach, K; Ring, A; Uhlig-Laske, B; Woerle, HJ, 2010
)
1.8
" The proportion of patients that experienced at least one adverse event was similar for both groups."( Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with linagliptin and pioglitazone in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Dugi, KA; Espadero, RM; Gomis, R; Jones, R; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.62
" Drug-related adverse event rates were comparable across treatment groups over 12 weeks (9."( Linagliptin monotherapy provides superior glycaemic control versus placebo or voglibose with comparable safety in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo and active comparator-controlled, double-blind study.
Araki, E; Dugi, KA; Gong, Y; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Inagaki, N; Kawamori, R; Sarashina, A; von Eynatten, M; Watada, H; Woerle, HJ, 2012
)
1.82
" The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) or serious AEs with linagliptin was similar to placebo (AEs 55."( Safety and tolerability of linagliptin: a pooled analysis of data from randomized controlled trials in 3572 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Barnett, AH; Emser, A; Patel, S; Schernthaner, G; Troost, J; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2012
)
0.91
" Overall adverse event incidence was similar over 1 year (94."( Long-term efficacy and safety of linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe renal impairment: a 1-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
McGill, JB; Newman, J; Patel, S; Sauce, C; Sloan, L; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2013
)
0.67
" Long-term treatment with linagliptin was well tolerated; adverse events (AEs) of special interest and serious AEs occurred in small percentages of patients."( Long-term safety of linagliptin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Araki, E; Dugi, K; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Inagaki, N; Kawamori, R; Sarashina, A; Thiemann, S; von Eynatten, M; Watada, H; Woerle, HJ, 2013
)
1.01
" Adverse event rates were similar for linagliptin (61."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and poor glycemic control: pooled analysis of data from three placebo-controlled phase III trials.
Chiavetta, S; Del Prato, S; Emser, A; Gong, Y; Owens, DR; Patel, S; Taskinen, MR; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ,
)
0.71
" Even if linagliptin is safe in patients with renal impairment, the use of metformin (and thus of the linagliptin plus metformin FDC) is still controversial in this population."( Efficacy and safety of Jentadueto® (linagliptin plus metformin).
Scheen, AJ, 2013
)
1.08
" The incidence of drug-related adverse events was similar for linagliptin and placebo (10."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in type 2 diabetes subjects at high risk for renal and cardiovascular disease: a pooled analysis of six phase III clinical trials.
Emser, A; Gong, Y; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2013
)
0.94
" Overall adverse event (AE) rates with linagliptin and placebo including background medication were similar (38."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin added to metformin and sulphonylurea in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a sub-analysis of data from a randomised clinical trial.
Gong, Y; Tong, N; Woerle, HJ; Yan, S; Yang, JK; Zeng, Z; Zhang, X, 2013
)
0.97
" Adverse event rates were similar between groups, with most events being mild or moderate, and the incidence of investigator-defined hypoglycaemia was low, with no severe events."( Initial combination of linagliptin and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: efficacy and safety in a randomised, double-blind 1-year extension study.
Haak, T; Jones, R; Meinicke, T; von Eynatten, M; Weber, S; Woerle, HJ, 2013
)
0.7
" In the overall study population, a similar proportion of patients in both groups had adverse events (58."( Efficacy and Safety of Linagliptin in Black/African American Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 6-month, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study.
Daniels, K; Patel, S; Thrasher, J; Whetteckey, J; Woerle, HJ, 2014
)
0.71
"This review considers the pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects and drug interactions of DPP-4 inhibitors."( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected].
Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014
)
0.4
" However, DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their pharmacokinetic properties that may be associated with different clinical effects and adverse event profiles."( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected].
Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014
)
0.4
" Safety was assessed by incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs) with a focus on hypoglycaemia."( Safety and efficacy of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a comprehensive analysis of data from 1331 individuals aged ≥ 65 years.
Barnett, AH; Hehnke, U; Patel, S; Schernthaner, G; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2014
)
0.64
" Assessments of pooled data included incidence of patient-reported adverse events (AEs)."( Safety and Tolerability of Linagliptin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Pooled Analysis of 22 Placebo-controlled Studies.
Cheng, K; Crowe, S; Johansen, OE; Lehrke, M; Marx, N; Patel, S; Seck, T; von Eynatten, M, 2014
)
0.7
" Safety data were pooled from a wider group of 10 trials with varying durations to capture the largest possible incidence of adverse events (AEs)."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin as monotherapy or add-on treatment in Asian patients with suboptimal glycemic control: a pooled analysis.
Choi, DS; Emser, A; Gong, Y; Mohan, V; Patel, S; Siddiqui, K; Woerle, HJ; Zeng, Z, 2015
)
0.73
" Overall, linagliptin was well tolerated, with drug-related adverse events in 21."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in subjects with long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus (>10 years): evidence from pooled data of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trials.
Aguilar, R; Hehnke, U; Lajara, R; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2014
)
1.12
" Adverse events occurred in similar proportions in the linagliptin and placebo patients (27."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled by metformin: A multinational 24-week, randomized clinical trial.
Gong, Y; Izumoto, T; Ning, G; Patel, S; Wang, W; Yang, G; Yang, J; Zhang, C, 2016
)
0.99
" Overall, the safety profile of linagliptin in this patient group was comparable to that of placebo, with comparable incidence of adverse events; linagliptin was weight-neutral in this patient population."( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin in black/African American patients with type 2 diabetes: Pooled analysis from eight Phase III trials.
Crowe, S; Kountz, DS; Thrasher, J; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2015
)
0.94
"Linagliptin, when added to ongoing insulin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes, improves glycemic control and has a neutral impact on major adverse CV events."( Efficacy and Cardiovascular Safety of Linagliptin as an Add-On to Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes: A Pooled Comprehensive Post Hoc Analysis.
Ahrén, B; Johansen, OE; Neubacher, D; Patel, S; Woerle, HJ; Zinman, B, 2016
)
2.15
" The overall frequency of drug-related adverse events (linagliptin, 18."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin as add-on therapy to basal insulin and metformin in people with Type 2 diabetes.
Durán-Garcia, S; Hehnke, U; Lee, J; Patel, S; Rosenstock, J; Thiemann, S; Woerle, HJ; Yki-Järvinen, H, 2016
)
0.99
" Occurrence of cardiac adverse events (AEs) was similar for linagliptin- and placebo-treated patients (9."( Safety and efficacy of linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: Analysis of pooled events from 19 clinical trials.
Bhandari, A; Hehnke, U; Johansen, OE; Lehrke, M; Leiter, LA; Meinicke, T; Thiemann, S,
)
0.68
"8% of the linagliptin and placebo groups, respectively, reported drug-related adverse events while 10."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in type 2 diabetes patients with self-reported hepatic disorders: A retrospective pooled analysis of 17 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials.
Bhandari, A; Crowe, S; Gong, Y; Inagaki, N; Owens, DR; Patel, S; Sheu, WH,
)
0.84
" Hypoglycemic adverse events were low across groups."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin/metformin single-pill combination as initial therapy in drug-naïve Asian patients with type 2 diabetes.
Du, J; Fan, B; Gong, Y; Hehnke, U; Liu, J; Ma, J; Mu, Y; Pan, C; Wang, X; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2017
)
0.77
" The overall rates of adverse events were similar between the 2 groups."( Comparative efficacy and safety of gemigliptin versus linagliptin in type 2 diabetes patients with renal impairment: A 40-week extension of the GUARD randomized study.
Cha, DR; Han, BG; Han, SY; Jang, Y; Jeong, KH; Jo, YI; Kang, SW; Kim, B; Kim, NH; Kim, SG; Na, KR; Oh, KH; Park, HC; Park, SH; Shin, S; Yoon, SA, 2018
)
0.73
" As such, we assessed disproportionate reporting of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) among reports for DPP-4i submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from 2006 to 2015."( Cardiovascular safety signals with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: A disproportionality analysis among high-risk patients.
Alexander, GC; Baksh, SN; McAdams-DeMarco, M; Segal, JB, 2018
)
0.48
"3 million adverse event reports, 13."( Cardiovascular safety signals with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: A disproportionality analysis among high-risk patients.
Alexander, GC; Baksh, SN; McAdams-DeMarco, M; Segal, JB, 2018
)
0.48
" The adverse events that were more frequent with Empa/Lina were known empagliflozin-associated events (eg, increased urination, increased blood ketones)."( Empagliflozin as add-on to linagliptin in a fixed-dose combination in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Glycaemic efficacy and safety profile in a 52-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Cheng, G; George, J; Haneda, M; Kawamori, R; Lee, C; Lee, J; Miyamoto, Y; Shiki, K; Solimando, F; Suzaki, K, 2018
)
0.78
"We identified 16 studies, and the most frequent adverse events (AEs) were nasopharyngitis with linagliptin at 5 and 10mg in monotherapy (31."( Linagliptin safety profile: A systematic review.
Baldoni, AO; de Camargos Ramos, AI; de Sousa, CT; Gomes, GKA; Pereira, ML; Sanches, C, 2018
)
2.14
" Adverse events (AEs) were assessed descriptively in patients who took ≥ 1 dose of study drug."( Safety and Tolerability of Combinations of Empagliflozin and Linagliptin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Pooled Data from Two Randomized Controlled Trials.
DeFronzo, RA; Kohler, S; Lee, C, 2018
)
0.72
" Empa/Lina was well tolerated, with no unexpected adverse events or diabetic ketoacidosis."( Linagliptin as add-on to empagliflozin in a fixed-dose combination in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Glycaemic efficacy and safety profile in a two-part, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
George, J; Haneda, M; Kaku, K; Lee, C; Lee, G; Lee, J; Miyamoto, Y; Shiki, K; Solimando, F; Tanaka, Y, 2019
)
1.96
"1 mmol/L), daily linagliptin is a safe and effective alternative to multi-dose insulin therapy, resulting in similar glucose control with lower hypoglycaemia."( Glycaemic efficacy and safety of linagliptin compared to a basal-bolus insulin regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing non-cardiac surgery: A multicentre randomized clinical trial.
Alexanian, S; Anzola, I; Baldwin, D; Cardona, S; Pasquel, FJ; Peng, L; Rasouli, N; Umpierrez, GE; Urrutia, M; Vellanki, P, 2019
)
1.13
" The incidence and types of adverse events were comparable between the two groups for 24 weeks."( Efficacy and safety of evogliptin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: A multicentre, active-controlled, randomized, double-blind study with open-label extension (the EVERGREEN study).
Ahn, KJ; Chung, CH; Chung, DJ; Kim, ES; Kim, G; Kim, HS; Kim, M; Kim, SG; Kim, TH; Kwon, HS; Kwon, SK; Lee, CB; Lee, MK; Lim, S; Moon, MK; Park, CY; Park, IB; Park, KS; Park, SW, 2020
)
0.56
" Evogliptin therapy improved glycaemic variability without causing any serious adverse events in patients with type 2 diabetes."( Efficacy and safety of evogliptin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: A multicentre, active-controlled, randomized, double-blind study with open-label extension (the EVERGREEN study).
Ahn, KJ; Chung, CH; Chung, DJ; Kim, ES; Kim, G; Kim, HS; Kim, M; Kim, SG; Kim, TH; Kwon, HS; Kwon, SK; Lee, CB; Lee, MK; Lim, S; Moon, MK; Park, CY; Park, IB; Park, KS; Park, SW, 2020
)
0.56
" Data for adverse events and laboratory parameters were evaluated."( Safety and tolerability of empagliflozin and linagliptin combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis of data from five randomized, controlled clinical trials.
Heilmann, C; Taniguchi, A; Watada, H; Yamamoto, F; Yamauchi, T; Yarush, L; Yasui, A, 2020
)
0.82
" Overall, the incidence of adverse events with the empagliflozin/linagliptin combination was similar to that with empagliflozin or linagliptin alone."( Safety and tolerability of empagliflozin and linagliptin combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis of data from five randomized, controlled clinical trials.
Heilmann, C; Taniguchi, A; Watada, H; Yamamoto, F; Yamauchi, T; Yarush, L; Yasui, A, 2020
)
1.06
" Adverse events in both groups were similar, with no new safety findings or clinically relevant changes in body weight."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin as add-on therapy to insulin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Lei, T; Li, L; Ma, J; Meinicke, T; Shen, J; Xu, X; Yang, W; Ye, B; Zhu, S, 2021
)
0.93
" The primary endpoint was time to first occurrence of three-point major adverse CV events (MACE: CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke)."( Cardiovascular outcomes and safety with linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, compared with the sulphonylurea glimepiride in older people with type 2 diabetes: A subgroup analysis of the randomized CAROLINA trial.
Andersen, KR; Espeland, MA; Johansen, OE; Kadowaki, T; Keller, A; Marx, N; Mattheus, M; McGuire, DK; Pratley, RE; Rosenstock, J; Seino, Y; Weber, M; Zinman, B, 2021
)
0.89
" Adverse events increased with age, but were generally balanced between treatment groups."( Cardiovascular outcomes and safety with linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, compared with the sulphonylurea glimepiride in older people with type 2 diabetes: A subgroup analysis of the randomized CAROLINA trial.
Andersen, KR; Espeland, MA; Johansen, OE; Kadowaki, T; Keller, A; Marx, N; Mattheus, M; McGuire, DK; Pratley, RE; Rosenstock, J; Seino, Y; Weber, M; Zinman, B, 2021
)
0.89
" The primary outcome was the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."( Long-term safety and effectiveness of linagliptin as add-on therapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: final results of a 3-year post-marketing surveillance.
Hayashi, N; Ito, T; Naito, Y; Ochiai, K; Okamura, T; Shimmoto, N, 2021
)
0.89
" Endpoints were the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and the change in HbA1c."( Safety and effectiveness of linagliptin in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes: A postmarketing surveillance study.
Bae, J; Cho, JH; Choi, SH; Chung, YS; Jeong, IK; Kang, ES; Kim, HJ; Lee, JH; Lim, YH; Park, JS; Song, KH, 2021
)
0.92
" We evaluated adverse events (AEs) and laboratory parameters in Asian participants living in Asia, both overall and in the East Asian subgroup."( Safety and tolerability of linagliptin in Asians with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 4457 patients from 21 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials.
Ji, L; Kanasaki, K; Qu, S; Sani Simões, R; Schepers, C; Yabe, D; Yamamoto, F, 2022
)
1.02
" Incidence of adverse drug reactions [ADR] with linagliptin was 11."( Long-term safety and effectiveness of linagliptin by baseline body mass index in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a 3-year post-marketing surveillance study.
Kadowaki, T; Lund, SS; Okamura, T; Yabe, D; Yamamoto, F, 2022
)
1.25
" The study endpoints were mean changes from baseline (CFB) in HbA1c (primary), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), post-prandial plasma glucose (PPG), body weight (BW) and blood pressure (BP) for efficacy and adverse events (AE) monitoring for safety assessments."( Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed Dose Combination of Remogliflozin Etabonate and Vildagliptin in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Active-Controlled, Double-Blind, Phase III Study.
Barkatestrong/Strong, H; Khaladkar, K; Mohan, B; Suryawanshi, S, 2022
)
0.72
" The primary outcome was incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."( Safety and effectiveness of empagliflozin and linagliptin fixed-dose combination therapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: final results of a one-year post-marketing surveillance study.
Inagaki, N; Nishimoto, T; Nishiya, Y; Nitta, D, 2023
)
1.17
" There were no significant differences between treatments in the incidence of adverse events, except that liraglutide+metformin had significant adverse effect such as abdominal pain."( Comparative efficacy and safety of glucose-lowering drugs in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Feng, Y; Ge, Y; He, Y; Hou, L; Huo, M; Ji, Y; Li, H; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Luo, Q; Qian, F; Wang, J; Wei, Y; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Xue, F; Yu, Y, 2022
)
0.72
" With a vague consensus, the advantageous and non-inferior effects of evogliptin relative to other DPP-4i drugs were recently demonstrated on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and overall adverse events in T2DM patients."( The efficacy and safety of evogliptin for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Pan, W; Peng, L; Tang, Q, 2022
)
0.72
" Data about HbA1c levels and the adverse events of T2DM patients were collected and analyzed."( The efficacy and safety of evogliptin for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Pan, W; Peng, L; Tang, Q, 2022
)
0.72
"The study provides preliminary evidence regarding the similarity in the efficacy of evogliptin compared to other DPP-4i drugs, including sitagliptin and linagliptin, for managing HbA1c levels and adverse events."( The efficacy and safety of evogliptin for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Pan, W; Peng, L; Tang, Q, 2022
)
0.92

Pharmacokinetics

Linagliptin is the most recently launched gliptin, with a unique pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. It is now also available as a fixed-dose combination (FDC) with metformin.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"This randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled, single rising-dose study investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of BI 1356 (once-daily, given orally) in healthy men."( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single oral doses of BI 1356, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, in healthy male volunteers.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hüttner, S; Ring, A; Withopf, B, 2008
)
0.35
"To investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of multiple oral doses of linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in male type 2 diabetes patients.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Heise, T; Hüttner, S; Ring, A; Trommeshauser, D, 2009
)
0.78
" Accumulation half-life was short (8."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of multiple oral doses of linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in male type 2 diabetes patients.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Heise, T; Hüttner, S; Ring, A; Trommeshauser, D, 2009
)
0.58
" Linagliptin improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients by increasing the half-life of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)."( Evaluation of the potential for steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and metformin in healthy subjects.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Padula, S; Ring, A; Withopf, B, 2009
)
1.47
" Although unbound linagliptin is cleared efficiently (CL/F 220 L/h), the concentration-dependent binding is responsible for the long terminal half-life (approximatelly 120 hours) of linagliptin and its nonlinear pharmacokinetics."( Impact of target-mediated drug disposition on Linagliptin pharmacokinetics and DPP-4 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients.
Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Jaehde, U; Retlich, S; Staab, A, 2010
)
0.95
" This study aimed to investigate any potential pharmacokinetic interaction between linagliptin and pioglitazone, a CYP 2C8 substrate."( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin and pioglitazone in healthy volunteers.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Jungnik, A; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2010
)
0.81
"Linagliptinand pioglitazone have no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction and may be co-administered without dose adjustment."( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin and pioglitazone in healthy volunteers.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Jungnik, A; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2010
)
2.02
" Noncompartmental analysis and population pharmacokinetic modelling were performed."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects.
Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010
)
0.55
" The terminal elimination half-life was comparable across dose groups (126-139 hours)."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects.
Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010
)
0.55
"The nonlinear pharmacokinetic characteristics and the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of linagliptin were independent of the mode of administration (intravenous or oral)."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects.
Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010
)
0.77
" However, this was not seen as clinically relevant due to the absence of a reliable dose-response relationship and the known large pharmacokinetic interindividual variability of glyburide."( Assessment of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the novel DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and a sulfonylurea, glyburide, in healthy subjects.
Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ; Zander, K, 2011
)
0.6
" There were no clinically significant changes in steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin when it was co-administered with linagliptin."( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction after multiple oral doses of linagliptin and digoxin in healthy volunteers.
Brand, T; Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, EU; Ring, A; Sennewald, R; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.8
"The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) (90% confidence interval (CI)) of AUC0-∞ and Cmax for (linagliptin + warfarin)/warfarin were 98."( Effect of linagliptin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers.
Brand, T; Graefe-Mody, EU; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Stangier, J; Withopf, B; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.99
" The accumulation half-life of linagliptin ranged from 14-15 h in subjects with normal renal function to 18 h in severe renal impairment."( Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin(*).
Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Halabi, A; Heise, T; Port, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.88
" The pharmacokinetic parameters measured were maximum steady-state plasma concentration during a dosage interval (C(max,ss)), time to reach maximum plasma concentration following administration at steady state (t(max,ss)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosage interval (τ) at steady state (AUC(τ,ss))."( Effect of multiple oral doses of linagliptin on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of a combination oral contraceptive in healthy female adults: an open-label, two-period, fixed-sequence, multiple-dose study.
Friedrich, C; Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Port, A; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.65
" For analysis of pharmacokinetic properties, linagliptin concentrations were determined from plasma and urinary samples obtained throughout the treatment phase, with more intensive samplings on days 1 and 28."( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and tolerability profiles of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin: a 4-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa study in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Kanada, S; Sarashina, A; Taniguchi, A; Watada, H; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.85
" The terminal half-life was long (223-260 hours) but did not reflect the accumulation half-life (10."( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and tolerability profiles of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin: a 4-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa study in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Kanada, S; Sarashina, A; Taniguchi, A; Watada, H; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.59
"Linagliptin demonstrated a nonlinear pharmacokinetic profile in these Japanese patients with T2DM consistent with the findings of previous studies in healthy Japanese and white patients."( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and tolerability profiles of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin: a 4-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa study in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Kanada, S; Sarashina, A; Taniguchi, A; Watada, H; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
2.03
" The novel compound linagliptin has important different pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, when compared with previously commercialized DPP-4 inhibitors, which may offer some advantages in clinical practice."( Linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (pharmacokinetic evaluation).
Scheen, AJ, 2011
)
2.14
" Linagliptin has a long terminal half-life (>100 hours); however, its accumulation half-life is much shorter (approximately 10 hours), accounting for the rapid attainment of steady state."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linagliptin.
Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S, 2012
)
1.54
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of linagliptin after single and multiple doses in healthy Chinese volunteers."( Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple oral doses of 5 mg linagliptin in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Friedrich, C; Patel, S; Ring, A; Shi, X; Woerle, HJ; Zeng, P, 2012
)
0.87
"Linagliptin demonstrated a favorable safety profile in healthy Chinese volunteers, with a pharmacokinetic profile that was similar to that observed previously in subjects of Japanese, Caucasian, or African American origin."( Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple oral doses of 5 mg linagliptin in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Friedrich, C; Patel, S; Ring, A; Shi, X; Woerle, HJ; Zeng, P, 2012
)
2.06
" Linagliptin geometric mean AUC was 194 nmol l(-1) h (geometric coefficient of variation, 26%), with a Cmax of 16."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of linagliptin in African American patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Friedrich, C; Glund, S; Graefe-Mody, U; Kissling, CJ; Lionetti, D; Patel, S; Retlich, S; Righetti, J; Woerle, HJ, 2013
)
1.55
" Linagliptin is the most recently launched gliptin, with a unique pharmacokinetic (PK) profile characterized by negligible renal excretion and is now also available as a fixed-dose combination (FDC) with metformin."( Linagliptin plus metformin: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation.
Scheen, AJ, 2013
)
2.74
"An extensive literature search was performed to analyze the potential PK and pharmacodynamic interactions between linagliptin and metformin."( Linagliptin plus metformin: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation.
Scheen, AJ, 2013
)
2.04
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation in mice of selected inhibitors demonstrated high oral bioavailability, plasma half-life, and the potential to selectively and completely inhibit FAP in vivo."( Extended structure-activity relationship and pharmacokinetic investigation of (4-quinolinoyl)glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine inhibitors of fibroblast activation protein (FAP).
Augustyns, K; Cheng, JD; Cos, P; De Meester, I; Heirbaut, L; Jansen, K; Joossens, J; Lambeir, AM; Maes, L; Van der Veken, P; Verkerk, R, 2014
)
0.4
"This review considers the pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects and drug interactions of DPP-4 inhibitors."( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected].
Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014
)
0.4
" However, DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their pharmacokinetic properties that may be associated with different clinical effects and adverse event profiles."( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected].
Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014
)
0.4
" Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses were performed to characterize the impact of clinically relevant intrinsic/extrinsic factors (covariates) on linagliptin exposure and DPP-4 inhibition in patients with T2DM."( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Linagliptin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Duval, V; Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Jaehde, U; Patel, S; Retlich, S; Staab, A, 2015
)
0.86
"The pharmacokinetic analysis included 6,907 measurements of plasma linagliptin concentrations from 462 patients; the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis included 9,674 measurements of plasma DPP-4 activity and linagliptin plasma concentrations from 607 patients."( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Linagliptin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Duval, V; Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Jaehde, U; Patel, S; Retlich, S; Staab, A, 2015
)
0.9
" The long terminal half-life of linagliptin results from its strong binding to dipeptidyl-peptidase-4."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with consideration of Asian patient populations.
Ceriello, A; Inagaki, N, 2017
)
0.99
"The efficacy and safety of drugs can vary between different races or ethnic populations because of differences in the relationship of dose to exposure, pharmacodynamic response or clinical efficacy and safety."( Comparable pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of linagliptin 5 mg among Japanese, Asian and white patients with type 2 diabetes.
Crowe, S; Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Patel, S; Sarashina, A, 2016
)
0.68
"Trough exposure, pharmacodynamic response, and efficacy and safety of linagliptin monotherapy were comparable among Japanese, Asian (non-Japanese) and white patients, confirming that the recommended 5-mg once-daily dose of linagliptin is appropriate for use among different race groups."( Comparable pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of linagliptin 5 mg among Japanese, Asian and white patients with type 2 diabetes.
Crowe, S; Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Patel, S; Sarashina, A, 2016
)
0.92
" Areas covered: The aim of the review is to present the available data on pharmacokinetic properties/pharmacodynamics, metabolic and cardiovascular effects of empagliflozin plus linagliptin combination."( Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of empagliflozin plus linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD; Rizos, CV, 2018
)
0.92
" The purpose of the present study was to explain the nonlinear pharmacokinetic profiles using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with saturable binding of linagliptin to soluble and membrane-bound DPP-4 in blood and organs including kidneys."( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of the DPP-4 Inhibitor Linagliptin to Describe its Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics in Humans.
Chiba, K; Kato, Y; Sarashina, A; Tatami, S, 2020
)
0.99
" This study sought to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions between fimasartan and linagliptin after co-administration in healthy Korean subjects."( A Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Between Fimasartan and Linagliptin in Healthy Volunteers.
Cho, S; Gwon, MR; Kang, WY; Lee, HW; Lee, KT; Seong, SJ; Shim, WS; Yang, DH; Yoon, YR, 2020
)
1.03
"Our results suggest that there are no clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between fimasartan and linagliptin when co-administered."( A Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Between Fimasartan and Linagliptin in Healthy Volunteers.
Cho, S; Gwon, MR; Kang, WY; Lee, HW; Lee, KT; Seong, SJ; Shim, WS; Yang, DH; Yoon, YR, 2020
)
1.01
" In the current study, we established a novel whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK)-TMDD model for linagliptin."( Incorporating Pharmacological Target-Mediated Drug Disposition (TMDD) in a Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model of Linagliptin in Rat and Scale-up to Human.
An, G; Wu, N, 2020
)
0.97

Compound-Compound Interactions

Linagliptin and its combination with metformin successfully ameliorated diabetic osteoporosis in HFD-fed mice possibly through modulation of BMP-2 and sclerostin. We used a panel of stably and transiently transfected cell lines to elucidate the carrier-mediated transport processes that are involved in linagli leptin disposition in vivo.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are generally treated with many pharmacological compounds and are exposed to a high risk of drug-drug interactions."( Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors (gliptins): focus on drug-drug interactions.
Scheen, AJ, 2010
)
0.36
" We used a panel of stably and transiently transfected cell lines to elucidate the carrier-mediated transport processes that are involved in linagliptin disposition in vivo and to assess the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."( Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
Ebner, T; Ishiguro, N; Kishimoto, W; Schaefer, O; Shimizu, H, 2013
)
0.83
"The effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, linagliptin, alone and in combination with voglibose or exendin-4, on glycaemic control and body weight were assessed in an animal model of type 2 diabetes."( Effect of linagliptin, alone and in combination with voglibose or exendin-4, on glucose control in male ZDF rats.
Cheetham, SC; Headland, KR; Jones, RB; Klein, T; Mark, M; Vickers, SP, 2014
)
1.05
" Interestingly, treatment with linagliptin and its combination with metformin significantly reverted the impaired bone architecture, BMD, and positively modulated bone turnover biomarkers, while metformin alone did not exhibit any significant improvement."( Linagliptin in Combination With Metformin Ameliorates Diabetic Osteoporosis Through Modulating BMP-2 and Sclerostin in the High-Fat Diet Fed C57BL/6 Mice.
Nirwan, N; Vohora, D, 2022
)
2.45
"Linagliptin and its combination with metformin successfully ameliorated diabetic osteoporosis in HFD-fed mice possibly through modulation of BMP-2 and sclerostin."( Linagliptin in Combination With Metformin Ameliorates Diabetic Osteoporosis Through Modulating BMP-2 and Sclerostin in the High-Fat Diet Fed C57BL/6 Mice.
Nirwan, N; Vohora, D, 2022
)
3.61
"To probe into the efficacy of Yishen Huashi granules combined with linagliptin tablets in the treatment of type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN) and its effect on blood glucose and renal function in patients."( Efficacy of Yishen Huashi Granules Combined with Linagliptin Tablets on Blood Glucose and Renal Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy.
Duan, M; Li, D; Meng, J; Wang, R; Zhang, P, 2022
)
1.21

Bioavailability

Linagliptin has a low oral bioavailability due to intestinal degradation. Two studies evaluated the role of P-gp-mediated transport in the bioavailability and intestinal secretion of linaglipt in rats. The oral bio availability of linAGliptin estimated with this model is approximately 30%.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The objectives of the study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after intravenous administration of linagliptin and to determine its absolute bioavailability (F)."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects.
Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010
)
0.76
" The absolute bioavailability was estimated to be about 30% for the linagliptin 10 mg tablet."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects.
Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010
)
0.79
" Because of the nonlinear pharmacokinetics, the standard approach of comparing the AUC after oral administration with the AUC after intravenous administration was inappropriate to determine the absolute bioavailability of linagliptin."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects.
Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010
)
0.74
"75 mg/day × 1 day) on the relative bioavailability of either compound in healthy subjects (n = 20, age 18-55 years)."( Assessment of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the novel DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and a sulfonylurea, glyburide, in healthy subjects.
Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ; Zander, K, 2011
)
0.6
"The objective of this study was to determine the relative bioavailability of the dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor linagliptin when administered with and without food, in accordance with regulatory requirements to support dosing recommendations for patients."( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects.
Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.79
" Relative bioavailability was assessed by the total area under the curve between 0 and 72 hours (AUC(0-72)) and maximum measured plasma concentration (C(max)) of linagliptin."( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects.
Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.78
"3 kg; male, 53%; white race, 100%), intake of a high-fat meal resulted in comparable bioavailability with regard to AUC(0-72) (geometric mean ratio [GMR] between the fed and fasted group means was 103."( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects.
Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.58
" Two studies evaluated the role of P-gp-mediated transport in the bioavailability and intestinal secretion of linagliptin in rats."( Excretion of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin in rats is primarily by biliary excretion and P-gp-mediated efflux.
Fuchs, H; Held, HD; Runge, F, 2012
)
0.84
"In recent years, new and effective therapeutic agents for blood glucose control have been added to standard diabetes therapies: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which prolong the bioavailability of the endogenously secreted incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)."( The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin attenuates inflammation and accelerates epithelialization in wounds of diabetic ob/ob mice.
Engelmann-Pilger, K; Frank, S; Klein, T; Linke, A; Mark, M; Pfeilschifter, J; Schürmann, C; Steinmetz, C, 2012
)
0.65
" The oral bioavailability of linagliptin estimated with this model is approximately 30%."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linagliptin.
Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S, 2012
)
0.92
" Pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) to increase the bioavailability of glucagon-like peptide-1 is an emerging therapy for control of glycemia in type 2 diabetes patients."( Dipeptidylpeptidase inhibition is associated with improvement in blood pressure and diastolic function in insulin-resistant male Zucker obese rats.
Aroor, AR; Bender, SB; Demarco, VG; Garro, M; Hayden, MR; Johnson, MS; Mugerfeld, I; Nistala, R; Salam, M; Sowers, JR; Whaley-Connell, A, 2013
)
0.39
"The objectives of the studies reported here were to determine the relative bioavailability of linagliptin and metformin when administered in a fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet with and without food, and to investigate the relative bioavailability of linagliptin and metformin FDC tablets from two treatment batches with different dissolution behavior."( Effect of food and tablet-dissolution characteristics on the bioavailability of linagliptin fixed-dose combination with metformin: evidence from two randomized trials.
Friedrich, C; Hohl, K; Jungnik, A; Meinicke, T; Metzmann, K; Ring, A; Schnell, D; Theodor, R, 2014
)
0.85
"The administration of the FDC tablet with food had no influence on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin and metformin with regard to the extent of exposure as determined by AUC(0-72) (linagliptin) and AUC(0-inf) (metformin) compared with FDC tablet administration while fasting."( Effect of food and tablet-dissolution characteristics on the bioavailability of linagliptin fixed-dose combination with metformin: evidence from two randomized trials.
Friedrich, C; Hohl, K; Jungnik, A; Meinicke, T; Metzmann, K; Ring, A; Schnell, D; Theodor, R, 2014
)
0.85
"Food did not have a relevant impact on the bioavailability of linagliptin from the FDC tablet."( Effect of food and tablet-dissolution characteristics on the bioavailability of linagliptin fixed-dose combination with metformin: evidence from two randomized trials.
Friedrich, C; Hohl, K; Jungnik, A; Meinicke, T; Metzmann, K; Ring, A; Schnell, D; Theodor, R, 2014
)
0.87
" Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A inhibits endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) through VEGF-R2, but through VEGF-R1 promotes EndMT by reducing the bioavailability of VEGF-A."( Interactions of DPP-4 and integrin β1 influences endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
He, J; Kanasaki, K; Kanasaki, M; Kitada, M; Koya, D; Nagai, T; Nitta, K; Shi, S; Srivastava, SP; Takagi, S, 2015
)
0.42
"To evaluate the relative bioavailability of single pill combination (SPC) tablets of linagliptin and metformin compared with separate tablets co-administered in healthy Chinese subjects."( Relative bioavailability study of linagliptin/metformin tablets in healthy Chinese subjects.
Cui, Y; Friedrich, C; Hohl, K; Meinicke, T; Pichereau, S; Zhao, S; Zhao, X, 2015
)
0.92
"Linagliptin, a xanthine derivative, is a highly potent, selective, long-acting and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes."( Synthesis and Characterization of Process-Related Impurities of Antidiabetic Drug Linagliptin.
He, X; Huang, Y; Wu, T; Zhang, F, 2016
)
2.1
"This relative bioavailability study compared a fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet of empagliflozin 25 mg/linagliptin 5 mg with the corresponding individual components."( Relative bioavailability of an empagliflozin 25-mg/linagliptin 5-mg fixed-dose combination tablet
.
Friedrich, C; Glund, S; Mattheus, M; Rose, P; Runge, F, 2017
)
0.92
" Administering the tablet after food or a tablet with a slow-dissolution profile did not have a clinically-relevant impact on the bioavailability of empagliflozin/linagliptin FDC tablets."( Relative bioavailability of an empagliflozin 25-mg/linagliptin 5-mg fixed-dose combination tablet
.
Friedrich, C; Glund, S; Mattheus, M; Rose, P; Runge, F, 2017
)
0.9
" The secondary objective was to investigate the effect of linagliptin treatment on arginine bioavailability ratios [Global arginine bioavailability ratio (GABR) and arginine to ornithine ratio (AOR)]."( Effects of linagliptin on endothelial function and postprandial lipids in coronary artery disease patients with early diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
Aberer, F; Aziz, F; Brachtl, G; Brodmann, M; Dimsity, G; Hafner, F; Hödl, R; Meinitzer, A; Riedl, R; Sourij, H; Stojakovic, T; Strunk, D; Tripolt, NJ; Url, J, 2018
)
1.12
" No significant improvements were seen in the arginine bioavailability ratios (GABR; p = 0."( Effects of linagliptin on endothelial function and postprandial lipids in coronary artery disease patients with early diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
Aberer, F; Aziz, F; Brachtl, G; Brodmann, M; Dimsity, G; Hafner, F; Hödl, R; Meinitzer, A; Riedl, R; Sourij, H; Stojakovic, T; Strunk, D; Tripolt, NJ; Url, J, 2018
)
0.87
"Linagliptin treatment in subjects with CAD and early T2DM did not improve endothelial function or the arginine bioavailability ratios."( Effects of linagliptin on endothelial function and postprandial lipids in coronary artery disease patients with early diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
Aberer, F; Aziz, F; Brachtl, G; Brodmann, M; Dimsity, G; Hafner, F; Hödl, R; Meinitzer, A; Riedl, R; Sourij, H; Stojakovic, T; Strunk, D; Tripolt, NJ; Url, J, 2018
)
2.31
" Based on a statistical approach and data from a bioavailability study, a clinical relevant specification for the disintegration time was established."( Dissolution or disintegration - substitution of dissolution by disintegration testing for a fixed dose combination product.
Brendel, M; Gerlitzki, C; Grube, A, 2019
)
0.51
" The oral bioavailability of linagliptin is low (29."( Enhanced oral bioavailability of linagliptin by the influence of gallic acid and ellagic acid in male Wistar albino rats: involvement of p-glycoprotein inhibition.
Shaik, M; Vanapatla, SR, 2019
)
1.09
" Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors increase the bioavailability of both GLP-1 and GIP but the dogma continues to be that it is the increase in GLP-1 that contributes to the improved glucose homeostasis."( The role of GIP and pancreatic GLP-1 in the glucoregulatory effect of DPP-4 inhibition in mice.
Augustin, R; D'Alessio, DD; Haller, A; Hutch, CR; Klein, T; Leix, K; Roelofs, K; Sandoval, DA; Seeley, RJ; Sorrell, J, 2019
)
0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019
)
0.51
" One of the major disadvantages of LGP is its low oral bioavailability (29."( Formulation development of linagliptin solid lipid nanoparticles for oral bioavailability enhancement: role of P-gp inhibition.
Chavda, K; Patel, S; Shah, P; Vyas, B, 2021
)
0.92
"The purpose of the study is to understand the bioavailability and physicochemical approaches of Linagliptin and Azithromycin interaction mediated through the strength and nature of the complexation."( Analysis between Linagliptin and Azithromycin:
Asif, F; Kawsar, MH; Mondal, TK; Sohel, MD; Sumon, MHU, 2021
)
1.18
" Linagliptin has a low oral bioavailability due to intestinal degradation and low permeability."( Architecting novel multilayer nanosponges for co-administration of two drugs managing high-risk type II diabetes mellitus patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases.
Abdelmalak, NS; Hammad, RW; Latif, R; Sanad, RA, 2022
)
1.63
" Co-administration of linagliptin with either carvedilol or atorvastatin can modulate the oral bioavailability of linagliptin."( Investigation of the effect of concurrently administered carvedilol, atorvastatin and bile salts on intestinal absorption of linagliptin.
El Maghraby, GM; Embaby, MA; Osman, MA; Sultan, AA, 2023
)
1.43

Dosage Studied

Linagliptin is suitable for once-daily dosing in a broad range of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In vitro inhibition of renal-specific DPP-4 activity was more sustained in Sprague Dawley rats after exposure to linaglipt than it was after sitaglipton. Compared to patients with vildagli leptin-associated BP, those with linaglisptin- associated BP were managed by higher dosage of systemic corticosteroids.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The effect of 1 to 2 months of chronic dosing of BI 1356 in two different animal models was investigated."( Chronic treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor BI 1356 [(R)-8-(3-amino-piperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione] increases basal glucagon-like peptide-1 and improves glycemic contro
Mark, M; Tadayyon, M; Thomas, L, 2009
)
0.35
" The steady-state pharmacokinetics of linagliptin and metformin and the inhibition of DPP-4 activity were determined at the end of each dosing period."( Evaluation of the potential for steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and metformin in healthy subjects.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Padula, S; Ring, A; Withopf, B, 2009
)
0.83
" dosing of [(14)C]-radio labeled BI 1356."( Tissue distribution of the novel DPP-4 inhibitor BI 1356 is dominated by saturable binding to its target in rats.
Binder, R; Fuchs, H; Greischel, A, 2009
)
0.35
" The accumulation ratio with multiple dosing was <1."( Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a Phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of single and multiple escalating doses in healthy adult male Japanese subjects.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Nakashima, M; Sarashina, A; Sesoko, S; Taniguchi, A; Woerle, HJ, 2010
)
1.8
" Multiple dosing of linagliptin for 12 days was well tolerated and exhibited a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile consistent with a once-daily regimen."( Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a Phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of single and multiple escalating doses in healthy adult male Japanese subjects.
Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Nakashima, M; Sarashina, A; Sesoko, S; Taniguchi, A; Woerle, HJ, 2010
)
2.13
" However, this was not seen as clinically relevant due to the absence of a reliable dose-response relationship and the known large pharmacokinetic interindividual variability of glyburide."( Assessment of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the novel DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and a sulfonylurea, glyburide, in healthy subjects.
Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ; Zander, K, 2011
)
0.6
" At the end of the 24-h dosing interval, inhibition was still high (82-90%)."( The oral DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin significantly lowers HbA1c after 4 weeks of treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Dugi, KA; Forst, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Ring, A; Ritzhaupt, A; Uhlig-Laske, B, 2011
)
0.67
" It shows highly selective, potent, dose-dependent inhibition of DPP-4, with ≥ 80% inhibition of DPP-4 throughout the 24-hour dosing interval."( Linagliptin: in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Scott, LJ, 2011
)
1.81
"Coadministration of linagliptin did not alter the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of R- or S-warfarin, indicating that no dosage adjustment for warfarin is necessary when co-administered with linagliptin."( Effect of linagliptin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers.
Brand, T; Graefe-Mody, EU; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Stangier, J; Withopf, B; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
1.1
" The pharmacokinetic parameters measured were maximum steady-state plasma concentration during a dosage interval (C(max,ss)), time to reach maximum plasma concentration following administration at steady state (t(max,ss)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosage interval (τ) at steady state (AUC(τ,ss))."( Effect of multiple oral doses of linagliptin on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of a combination oral contraceptive in healthy female adults: an open-label, two-period, fixed-sequence, multiple-dose study.
Friedrich, C; Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Port, A; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.65
"The objective of this study was to determine the relative bioavailability of the dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor linagliptin when administered with and without food, in accordance with regulatory requirements to support dosing recommendations for patients."( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects.
Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.79
" Plasma samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected before dosing and at prespecified time points after dosing."( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects.
Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.58
" Since adequate drug exposure for inhibition of DPP-4 was still given for the entire 24-hour dosing interval, this result was considered to be of no clinical relevance."( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects.
Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011
)
0.58
" Since linagliptin is mostly eliminated via the enterohepatic system (80%) and not to a significant extent through renal excretion, dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with renal impairment."( Linagliptin: the newest dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Aletti, R; Cheng-Lai, A,
)
2.03
" Further enhancements to the PK profile were possible by changing from the deazahypoxanthine to the deazaxanthine template, culminating in compound 12g, which displayed good ex vivo DPP-4 inhibition and a superior PK profile in rat, suggestive of once daily dosing in man."( Novel heterocyclic DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Baeschlin, DK; Clark, DE; Dunsdon, SJ; Duttaroy, A; Fenton, G; Fillmore, A; Gangl, E; Gerhartz, B; Harris, NV; Hassiepen, U; Higgs, C; Hurley, CA; Krintel, SL; MacKenzie, RE; Maniara, W; Namoto, K; Ostermann, N; Sedrani, R; Sirockin, F; Sutton, JM; Trappe, J, 2012
)
0.38
" Therefore, a potential effect of hepatic impairment on the elimination of linagliptin may have important implications for dosing recommendations."( Pharmacokinetics of linagliptin in subjects with hepatic impairment.
Cinca, R; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Rose, P; Waldhauser, L; Woerle, HJ, 2012
)
0.93
"• This study shows that mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment did not result in an increase in linagliptin exposure after single and multiple dosing as compared with normal hepatic function."( Pharmacokinetics of linagliptin in subjects with hepatic impairment.
Cinca, R; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Rose, P; Waldhauser, L; Woerle, HJ, 2012
)
0.92
"Mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment did not result in an increase in linagliptin exposure after single and multiple dosing compared with normal hepatic function."( Pharmacokinetics of linagliptin in subjects with hepatic impairment.
Cinca, R; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Rose, P; Waldhauser, L; Woerle, HJ, 2012
)
0.93
" It contrasts with other agents in its class by not requiring dosage adjustment in patients with renal or hepatic impairment."( Pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Neumiller, JJ, 2012
)
0.65
"The purpose of this article is to review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, tolerability including drug-drug interactions, contraindications/precautions, and dosage and administration of linagliptin, and the potential role of linagliptin in the management of glycemia in adults with T2DM."( Review of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Neumiller, JJ; Setter, SM, 2012
)
0.97
" Dosage adjustments based on renal or hepatic function are not required."( Review of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Neumiller, JJ; Setter, SM, 2012
)
0.78
" Dosage adjustment of linagliptin is not required in patients with renal impairment."( Review of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Neumiller, JJ; Setter, SM, 2012
)
1.1
"5 mg twice-daily dosing of linagliptin has comparable efficacy and safety to 5 mg once-daily dosing when given in addition to metformin twice daily in patients with inadequate glycaemic control."( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin 2.5 mg twice daily versus 5 mg once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Meinicke, T; Rafeiro, E; Ross, SA; Toorawa, R; Weber-Born, S; Woerle, HJ, 2012
)
0.99
" Additional trials and subgroup analyses of pooled data suggest that linagliptin improves glycaemic control regardless of factors such as age, duration of type 2 diabetes, ethnicity and renal function, and as linagliptin is eliminated primarily via a nonrenal route, it can be used without dosage adjustment in patients with renal impairment of any degree."( Linagliptin: a review of its use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Deeks, ED, 2012
)
2.06
" Animals were then dosed with vehicle or linagliptin (3 mg/kg PO) orally once-daily for a 28 day period."( Effects of the DPP-4 inhibitor, linagliptin, in diet-induced obese rats: a comparison in naive and exenatide-treated animals.
Birmingham, GD; Cheetham, SC; Dickinson, K; Grempler, R; Headland, KR; Hocher, B; Klein, T; Mark, M; Rowley, HL; Vickers, SP, 2012
)
0.93
" However, linagliptin is the first DPP-4 inhibitor to be approved as a once-daily, 5-mg dose and, due to its primarily non-renal route of excretion, no dosage adjustment is required for patients with renal or hepatic impairment."( Clinical utility of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin.
Grunberger, G, 2013
)
1.04
" Hypertensive animals entered a 16-week dosing period."( Effects of telmisartan and linagliptin when used in combination on blood pressure and oxidative stress in rats with 2-kidney-1-clip hypertension.
Alter, ML; Chaykovska, L; Hocher, B; Hohmann, M; Klein, T; Kraft, R; Kutil, B; Reichetzeder, C; Tsuprykov, O; von Websky, K, 2013
)
0.69
"5 mg twice-daily provided bioequivalent exposure and similar inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 over the whole dosing interval."( Bioequivalence of Linagliptin 5 mg once daily and 2.5 mg twice daily: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in an open-label crossover trial.
Friedrich, C; Jungnik, A; Meinicke, T; Retlich, S; Ring, A, 2014
)
0.74
" The convenient, once-daily dosing does not need adjustment in patients with hepatic and/or renal impairment."( Linagliptin as add-on therapy to insulin for patients with type 2 diabetes.
Hocher, B; Reichetzeder, C; von Websky, K, 2013
)
1.83
" Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were dosed for 3 days, fasted overnight and a sucrose/glucose tolerance test was performed."( Effect of linagliptin, alone and in combination with voglibose or exendin-4, on glucose control in male ZDF rats.
Cheetham, SC; Headland, KR; Jones, RB; Klein, T; Mark, M; Vickers, SP, 2014
)
0.8
" The median time from dosing to the maximum concentration of linagliptin in plasma (t(max)) was similar under both conditions."( Effect of food and tablet-dissolution characteristics on the bioavailability of linagliptin fixed-dose combination with metformin: evidence from two randomized trials.
Friedrich, C; Hohl, K; Jungnik, A; Meinicke, T; Metzmann, K; Ring, A; Schnell, D; Theodor, R, 2014
)
0.87
" Linagliptin is the first DPP-4 inhibitor to be eliminated primarily via a nonrenal route, enabling its use without dosage adjustment in patients with any degree of renal impairment."( Linagliptin: an update of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
McKeage, K, 2014
)
2.76
" Use of STCs in the treatment of T2DM can simplify drug dosing regimen, reduce pill burden and increase treatment adherence."( Empagliflozin/linagliptin single-tablet combination: first-in-class treatment option.
Woo, V, 2015
)
0.78
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics of linagliptin make it suitable for once-daily dosing in a broad range of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with consideration of Asian patient populations.
Ceriello, A; Inagaki, N, 2017
)
0.98
" This prescribing could have been due to the complexity of different dosing requirements, or a lack of awareness of the need for dose adjustment of most DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with renal impairment."( Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Initiating Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors: A Retrospective Study of UK General Practice.
Bingham-Gardiner, P; Bolodeoku, J; Hassan, SW; Lee, S; Scowcroft, A; Spencer, W; Tebboth, A, 2016
)
0.43
"To estimate the proportion of patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) whose initial dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4-i) dosage was concordant with prescribing information (label) recommendations in the United States."( Concordance with prescribing information dosage recommendations for dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease.
Bauer, E; Huang, H; Lang, K; Shetty, S, 2018
)
0.48
"9% for saxagliptin and 0% for linagliptin [which does not require dosage adjustment])."( Concordance with prescribing information dosage recommendations for dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease.
Bauer, E; Huang, H; Lang, K; Shetty, S, 2018
)
0.77
"More than a third of DPP4-i patients with CKD stage 3b or higher were prescribed doses not concordant with DPP4-i label dosage recommendations."( Concordance with prescribing information dosage recommendations for dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease.
Bauer, E; Huang, H; Lang, K; Shetty, S, 2018
)
0.48
" In this study, sensitive and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of such hypoglycemic drug combinations in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical dosage form without prior separation."( Different resolution techniques for management of overlapped spectra: Application for the determination of novel co-formulated hypoglycemic drugs in their combined pharmaceutical dosage form.
Fawzy, MG; Mahrouse, MA; Moussa, BA, 2018
)
0.48
" Twenty-four hours after oral dosing particularly in vivo inhibition of renal-specific DPP-4 activity was more sustained in Sprague Dawley rats after exposure to linagliptin than it was after sitagliptin."( Differences in kidney-specific DPP-4 inhibition by linagliptin and sitagliptin.
Amann, K; Daniel, C; Klein, T; Luippold, G; Mark, M, 2018
)
0.93
" In addition, compound 15w attenuated chronic inflammation significantly in db/ db mice after oral dosing for 6 weeks."( Discovery of 4-Benzyloxybenzo[ d]isoxazole-3-amine Derivatives as Highly Selective and Orally Efficacious Human Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Inhibitors that Reduce Chronic Inflammation in db/ db Mice.
Cao, Y; Chen, Y; Chu, Y; Fei, J; Jiang, XC; Mo, M; Qi, X; Yang, J; Ye, D; Zhou, L, 2018
)
0.48
" These animal data need to be confirmed in a clinical setting to determine whether linagliptin dosing should be adjusted when given concomitantly with these phytochemicals or gallic acid/ellagic acid-containing dietary supplements."( Enhanced oral bioavailability of linagliptin by the influence of gallic acid and ellagic acid in male Wistar albino rats: involvement of p-glycoprotein inhibition.
Shaik, M; Vanapatla, SR, 2019
)
1.02
" Compared to patients with vildagliptin-associated BP, those with linagliptin-associated BP were managed by higher dosage of systemic corticosteroids in order to achieve disease control (prednisone > 1 mg/kg: 68."( Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP4i)-associated bullous pemphigoid: Estimating the clinical profile and exploring intraclass differences.
Kridin, K, 2020
)
0.8
" The developed method based on minimal mathematical data processing on the zero order spectrum for solving sever overlapping spectra of the mentioned drugs in their pure forms and pharmaceutical dosage form."( Simple mathematical data processing method for the determination of sever overlapped spectra of linagliptin and empagliflozin in their pure forms and pharmaceutical formulation: Fourier self deconvulated method.
Elmasry, MS; Hassan, WS; Merey, HA; Nour, IM, 2021
)
0.84
" The proposed HPLC method was highly robust for method transfer, regulatory flexibility within design space and can be used for assay of pharmaceutical dosage forms comprising these analytes."( Quality-by-Design Approach for Chromatographic Analysis of Metformin, Empagliflozin and Linagliptin.
Anumolu, PD; Cvs, S; Gurrala, S; Raj, S, 2022
)
0.94
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitorAn EC 3.4.14.* (dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitor that specifically inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (EC 3.4.14.5).
hypoglycemic agentA drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
quinazolinesAny organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
aminopiperidine
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (20)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
EWS/FLI fusion proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.86010.001310.157742.8575AID1259252; AID1259253; AID1259255; AID1259256
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9Bos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)100.00000.68000.68000.6800AID1501063
Dipeptidyl peptidase IVPorphyromonas gingivalisIC50 (µMol)10.00001.30001.30001.3000AID1501058
Cytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.30000.00011.774010.0000AID1631916
Cytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)100.00000.00011.753610.0000AID1305313
Cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)100.00000.00002.015110.0000AID1305313
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.29670.00001.403910.0000AID1631916; AID304455; AID646546
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)100.00000.00040.908610.0000AID1129903
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00080.00010.444410.0000AID1305311; AID1501061; AID1581626; AID1631905; AID1801383; AID1802590; AID1915713; AID1917944; AID304453; AID331175; AID646406; AID749996
Prolyl endopeptidaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)100.00000.00111.98969.7500AID1129903; AID748310
Prolyl endopeptidase FAPMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.37000.06600.18840.3700AID1129901; AID748314
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)30.00000.00091.901410.0000AID646415
Prolyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.07990.01201.15895.8300AID1305312; AID688691
Dipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)80.00000.00192.653210.0000AID1305314; AID1501062; AID688693
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)55.00000.00011.420710.0000AID1305315; AID688690
Solute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)100.00004.93007.39009.9200AID1219117
Dipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)100.00000.00020.93166.6000AID1305313; AID1501064; AID688688
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)100.00000.05002.37979.7000AID1219118
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.00270.00000.00800.0285AID1631907; AID1631913
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (133)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
steroid catabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
porphyrin-containing compound metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
toxin biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
post-embryonic developmentCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expressionCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
dibenzo-p-dioxin metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
lung developmentCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
methylationCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
monocarboxylic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular respirationCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
aflatoxin metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylationCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cadmium ionCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
lipid hydroxylationCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
androgen metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
calcitriol biosynthetic process from calciolCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
aflatoxin metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylationCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responsePOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 productionPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
coumarin metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid catabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylationCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular organofluorine metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
saliva secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of glial cell proliferationMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intracellular protein transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear responseDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysisDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassemblyDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone processingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cellDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
T cell costimulationDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrinDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory exploration behaviorDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
psychomotor behaviorDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
T cell activationDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell migrationDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cellDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cellDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative chemotaxisDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
membrane fusionDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neutrophil chemotaxisDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
glucagon processingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysisProlyl endopeptidaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by hormonePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion homeostasisPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle contractionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion export across plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion import across plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesisProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysisProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of collagen catabolic processProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassemblyProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell migrationProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysis involved in protein catabolic processProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibrinolysisProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in contact inhibitionProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
melanocyte proliferationProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
melanocyte apoptotic processProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extracellular matrix organizationProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysisDipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processDipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseDipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of programmed cell deathDipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)
pyroptosisDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of programmed cell deathDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysisDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
inorganic anion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysisDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
lysosomal protein catabolic processDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transportSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transportSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone transportSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (69)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
serine-type peptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 9Bos taurus (cattle)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
demethylase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
caffeine oxidase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 2-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
caffeine oxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
quinine 3-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone 6-beta-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 23-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 2-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific DNA bindingPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA bindingPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific DNA bindingPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
virus receptor activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
aminopeptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type peptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptidyl-peptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
chemorepellent activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityProlyl endopeptidaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingProlyl endopeptidaseHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type peptidase activityProlyl endopeptidaseHomo sapiens (human)
oligopeptidase activityProlyl endopeptidaseHomo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
inward rectifier potassium channel activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
delayed rectifier potassium channel activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
C3HC4-type RING finger domain bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
endopeptidase activityProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
peptidase activityProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type peptidase activityProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
dipeptidyl-peptidase activityProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
aminopeptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingDipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type peptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptidyl-peptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)
aminopeptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type peptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptidyl-peptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
solute:inorganic anion antiporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
aminopeptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type peptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type exopeptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptidyl-peptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (46)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 9Bos taurus (cattle)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organellePOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organellePOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complexPOU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
lysosomal membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
lamellipodiumDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicleDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
lamellipodium membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusProlyl endopeptidaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmProlyl endopeptidaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolProlyl endopeptidaseHomo sapiens (human)
membraneProlyl endopeptidaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolProlyl endopeptidaseHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfacePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel complexPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
inward rectifier potassium channel complexPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
membraneProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
lamellipodiumProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
lamellipodium membraneProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
ruffle membraneProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
basal part of cellProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
peptidase complexProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneProlyl endopeptidase FAPHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmDipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmDipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolDipeptidyl peptidase 8Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
microtubuleDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
cell leading edgeDipeptidyl peptidase 9Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
azurophil granule lumenDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
vesicleDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
vesicleDipeptidyl peptidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneSolute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (182)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1219133Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of apical to basolateral side in pig LLC-PK1 cells by measuring nontransporter-related passive membrane permeability by Transwell experiment/liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219112Inhibition of human P-glycoprotein expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]digoxin substrate transport from basolateral to apical side by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1631908Binding affinity to human recombinant DPP4 (39 to 766 residues) assessed as association rate constant by surface plasmon resonance analysis2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1219121Ratio of unbound Cmax to IC50 for P-glycoprotein (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219149Drug uptake assessed as OCTN1 (unknown origin)-mediated drug uptake expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting relative to control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID749996Inhibition of DPP4 in human Caco2 cells using H-Ala-Pro-7-amido-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin as substrate after 1 hr by fluorescence assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
Synthetic approaches to the 2011 new drugs.
AID304455Displacement of [N-methyl-3H]scopolamine from human recombinant muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1219127Ratio of unbound Cmax to IC50 for OATP1B1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1305311Inhibition of human DPP4 preincubated for 30 mins followed by Gly-Pro-AMC addition measured for 50 mins by continuous fluorescence assay2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-12, Volume: 7, Issue:5
Discovery of Novel Tricyclic Heterocycles as Potent and Selective DPP-4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.
AID1305313Inhibition of QPP (unknown origin) preincubated for 30 mins followed by Nle-Pro-AMC addition measured for 50 mins by continuous fluorescence assay2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-12, Volume: 7, Issue:5
Discovery of Novel Tricyclic Heterocycles as Potent and Selective DPP-4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.
AID1219172Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated transport across basolateral to apical side expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells at 500 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1581626Inhibition of human DPP4 in pH 7.4 Tris buffer using AP-7-ATFMC as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by microplate reader analysis2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187Synthesis and discovery of triazolo-pyridazine-6-yl-substituted piperazines as effective anti-diabetic drugs; evaluated over dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition mechanism and insulinotropic activities.
AID304456Clearance in rat at 5 mg/kg, po and 5 mg/kg, iv2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID331175Inhibition of DPP4 in human Caco-2 cells after 1 hr2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
3,5-Dihydro-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazin-4-ones: a class of potent DPP-4 inhibitors.
AID1219124Ratio of unbound Cmax to IC50 for OCT1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID304468Inhibition of plasma DPP4 activity in rhesus monkey at 1 mg/kg, po after 7 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1501064Inhibition of DPP2 (unknown origin)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Crystal structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and structure-activity relationships based on inhibitor profiling.
AID1219162Inhibition of OATP1B3 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]CCK8 substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID304463Total mean residence time in cynomolgus monkey at 5 mg/kg, po2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1501063Inhibition of bovine DPP92017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Crystal structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and structure-activity relationships based on inhibitor profiling.
AID1219144Drug uptake assessed as OAT3 (unknown origin)-mediated drug uptake expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting relative to control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219148Drug uptake assessed as OCT1 (unknown origin)-mediated drug uptake expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting relative to control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219118Inhibition of OATP1B1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]E217betaG substrate uptake by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID304467Inhibition of plasma DPP4 activity in Beagle dog at 1 mg/kg, po after 7 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1631924Invivo binding affinity to DPP4 in mouse plasma at >100 nM relative to control2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID646542Clearance in rat at 1 mg/kg, iv2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Novel heterocyclic DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1631920Invivo binding affinity to DPP4 in human plasma at <1 nM relative to control2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1631916Inhibition of M1 receptor (unknown origin)2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1219153Inhibition of OCT1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [14C]metformin substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID304472Reduction in plasma glucose excursion in db/db C57BL/KSJ mouse at 0.1 mg/kg, po by oral glucose tolerance test2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID646420Cmax in rat2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Novel heterocyclic DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1631927Renal clearance in DPP4 knockout mouse at 0.01 mg/kg, iv2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1219110Inhibition of human P-glycoprotein expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]digoxin substrate transport by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID748314Inhibition of mouse recombinant FAP expressed in HEK293 cells using Ala-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate incubated for 15 mins prior to substrate addition2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-09, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Selective Inhibitors of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) with a (4-Quinolinoyl)-glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine Scaffold.
AID1219152Drug uptake assessed as OCT2 (unknown origin)-mediated drug uptake expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting in presence of 10 mM cimetidine OCT inhibitor2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID614482Ratio of Kinact/Ki for CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 19, Issue:18
2-({6-[(3R)-3-amino-3-methylpiperidine-1-yl]-1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-5-yl}methyl)-4-fluorobenzonitrile (DSR-12727): a potent, orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor without mechanism-based inactivatio
AID1581625Inhibition of human DPP4 in pH 7.4 Tris buffer using AP-7-ATFMC as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by microplate reader analysis relative to control2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187Synthesis and discovery of triazolo-pyridazine-6-yl-substituted piperazines as effective anti-diabetic drugs; evaluated over dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition mechanism and insulinotropic activities.
AID646546Inhibition of M1 receptor2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Novel heterocyclic DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID748312Inhibition of DPP9 in bovine testis using Ala-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate incubated for 15 mins prior to substrate addition2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-09, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Selective Inhibitors of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) with a (4-Quinolinoyl)-glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine Scaffold.
AID1219160Inhibition of OAT4 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]E-sul substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219119Unbound Cmax in human at 5 mg, po2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219134Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of basolateral to apical side in pig LLC-PK1 cells by measuring nontransporter-related passive membrane permeability by Transwell experiment/liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID304461Clearance in cynomolgus monkey at 5 mg/kg, po and 1.5 mg/kg, iv2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID688687Selectivity ratio of IC50 for DPP8 to IC50 for human DPP42012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 20, Issue:19
Discovery of 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4(5H)-ones as potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors.
AID1219114Inhibition of human BCRP expressed in MDCK2 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]E-sul substrate transport up to 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1501059Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human DPP4 to IC50 for Porphyromonas gingivalis N-terminal His-tagged DPP4 expressed in Escherichia coli2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Crystal structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and structure-activity relationships based on inhibitor profiling.
AID1385533Anti-obesity activity in db/db mouse model assessed as reduction in triglyceride levels in liver at 20 mg/kg, po administered daily for 6 weeks2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-27, Volume: 61, Issue:18
Discovery of 4-Benzyloxybenzo[ d]isoxazole-3-amine Derivatives as Highly Selective and Orally Efficacious Human Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Inhibitors that Reduce Chronic Inflammation in db/ db Mice.
AID1305312Inhibition of FAP (unknown origin) preincubated for 20 mins followed by Nle-Pro-AMC addition measured for 40 mins by continuous fluorescence assay2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-12, Volume: 7, Issue:5
Discovery of Novel Tricyclic Heterocycles as Potent and Selective DPP-4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.
AID1129902Inhibition of DPP4 purified from human seminal plasma using Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate by spectrophotometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 57, Issue:7
Extended structure-activity relationship and pharmacokinetic investigation of (4-quinolinoyl)glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine inhibitors of fibroblast activation protein (FAP).
AID1219143Drug uptake assessed as OAT1 (unknown origin)-mediated drug uptake expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting relative to control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1501057Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis N-terminal His-tagged DPP4 expressed in Escherichia coli at 100 uM using Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate relative to control2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Crystal structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and structure-activity relationships based on inhibitor profiling.
AID1305315Inhibition of DPP9 (unknown origin) preincubated for 20 mins followed by Gly-Pro-AMC addition measured for 50 mins by continuous fluorescence assay2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-12, Volume: 7, Issue:5
Discovery of Novel Tricyclic Heterocycles as Potent and Selective DPP-4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.
AID1219157Inhibition of OCT2 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [ethyl 1-14C]TEA substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1385535Anti-obesity activity in db/db mouse model assessed as reduction in LDL-C levels in liver at 20 mg/kg, po administered daily for 6 weeks2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-27, Volume: 61, Issue:18
Discovery of 4-Benzyloxybenzo[ d]isoxazole-3-amine Derivatives as Highly Selective and Orally Efficacious Human Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Inhibitors that Reduce Chronic Inflammation in db/ db Mice.
AID1631913Binding affinity to human recombinant DPP4 (39 to 766 residues) at 5 uM by isothermal titration calorimetry2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1395907Elimination half life in human2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 151Recent progress of the development of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
AID304457Volume of distribution at steady state in rat at 5 mg/kg, po and 5 mg/kg, iv2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1129901Inhibition of recombinant mouse FAP purified from HEK293 cell supernatant using Ala-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate by spectrophotometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 57, Issue:7
Extended structure-activity relationship and pharmacokinetic investigation of (4-quinolinoyl)glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine inhibitors of fibroblast activation protein (FAP).
AID1219125Ratio of unbound Cmax to IC50 for OCT2 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1631915Binding affinity to human recombinant DPP4 (39 to 766 residues) at 50 uM in presence of 7-benzyl-8-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione by isothermal titration calorimetry2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1631925Invivo binding affinity to DPP4 in Fischer rat plasma at >100 nM relative to control2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1129904Inhibition of DPP9 purified from bovine testes using Ala-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate by spectrophotometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 57, Issue:7
Extended structure-activity relationship and pharmacokinetic investigation of (4-quinolinoyl)glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine inhibitors of fibroblast activation protein (FAP).
AID1219132Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated active membrane transport by measuring basolateral to apical side expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells by Transwell experiment/liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219169Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated transport across apical to basolateral side expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells at 2 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID304469Aqueous solubility at pH 7.42007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1219163Inhibition of OCTN1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]ergothioneine substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID304464Half life in cynomolgus monkey at 5 mg/kg, po2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1219161Inhibition of OATP1B1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]E217betaG substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219158Inhibition of OAT1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]PAH substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1631909Binding affinity to human recombinant DPP4 (39 to 766 residues) assessed as dissociation rate constant by surface plasmon resonance analysis2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID646407Permeability from apical side to basal side of human Caco2 cells2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Novel heterocyclic DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID688691Inhibition of FAPalpha2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 20, Issue:19
Discovery of 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4(5H)-ones as potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors.
AID1219159Inhibition of OAT3 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]E-sul substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219146Drug uptake assessed as OATP1B1 (unknown origin)-mediated drug uptake expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting relative to control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID688685Selectivity ratio of IC50 for FAPalpha to IC50 for human DPP42012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 20, Issue:19
Discovery of 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4(5H)-ones as potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors.
AID304474Inhibition of plasma DPP4 activity in db/db C57BL/KSJ mouse at 1 mg/kg, po after 30 mins of glucose administration2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID304466Inhibition of plasma DPP4 activity in Han Wistar rat at 1 mg/kg, po after 7 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1219126Ratio of unbound Cmax to IC50 for OAT3 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1129905Inhibition of DPP2 purified from human seminal plasma using Lys-Ala-p-nitroanilide as substrate by spectrophotometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 57, Issue:7
Extended structure-activity relationship and pharmacokinetic investigation of (4-quinolinoyl)glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine inhibitors of fibroblast activation protein (FAP).
AID1631922Invivo binding affinity to DPP4 in Fischer rat plasma at <1 nM relative to control2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID688689Inhibition of DPP4 in human plasma using Gly-Pro-AMC as substrate by fluorimetric analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 20, Issue:19
Discovery of 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4(5H)-ones as potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors.
AID1631921Invivo binding affinity to DPP4 in mouse plasma at <1 nM relative to control2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1631910Binding affinity to human recombinant DPP4 (39 to 766 residues) assessed as residence time on target by surface plasmon resonance analysis2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1501062Inhibition of DPP8 (unknown origin)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Crystal structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and structure-activity relationships based on inhibitor profiling.
AID1631905Inhibition of human recombinant DPP4 (39 to 766 residues) using Ala-Pro-AFC as substrate incubated for 1 hr by fluorescence assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1219151Drug uptake assessed as OCT2 (unknown origin)-mediated drug uptake expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting relative to control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID646408Efflux ratio of permeability across human Caco2 cells2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Novel heterocyclic DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1219136Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated transport across basolateral to apical side expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells by measuring membrane permeability time by Transwell experiment/liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1688640Antidiabetic activity in ICR mouse assessed as reduction in blood glucose AUC at 2 mg/kg, po administered as single dose followed by glucose challenge measured upto 120 mins by OGTT relative to control
AID304473Reduction in plasma glucose excursion in db/db C57BL/KSJ mouse at 1 mg/kg, po by oral glucose tolerance test2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID304475Dissociation constant, pKa corresponding to the protonation of the primary amino group2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1385534Anti-obesity activity in db/db mouse model assessed as reduction in NEFA levels in liver at 20 mg/kg, po administered daily for 6 weeks2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-27, Volume: 61, Issue:18
Discovery of 4-Benzyloxybenzo[ d]isoxazole-3-amine Derivatives as Highly Selective and Orally Efficacious Human Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Inhibitors that Reduce Chronic Inflammation in db/ db Mice.
AID304459Half life in rat at 5 mg/kg, po2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1631923Invivo binding affinity to DPP4 in human plasma at >100 nM relative to control2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID304462Volume of distribution at steady state in cynomolgus monkey at 5 mg/kg, po and 1.5 mg/kg, iv2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID688686Selectivity ratio of IC50 for DPP9 to IC50 for human DPP42012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 20, Issue:19
Discovery of 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4(5H)-ones as potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors.
AID1219145Drug uptake assessed as OAT4 (unknown origin)-mediated drug uptake expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting relative to control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219128Efflux ratio assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated of permeability ratio of basolateral to apical side over apical to basolateral side expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells at 2 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219120Protein binding in plasma (unknown origin)2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1915713Inhibition of DPP4 (unknown origin)2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211Therapeutic progression of quinazolines as targeted chemotherapeutic agents.
AID1219154Inhibition of OCT1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [ethyl 1-14C]TEA substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID304465Oral bioavailability in cynomolgus monkey at 5 mg/kg2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1219147Drug uptake assessed as OATP1B3 (unknown origin)-mediated drug uptake expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting relative to control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219117Inhibition of OAT3 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]E-sul substrate uptake by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1917944Inhibition of human DPP4 using Gly-Pro-AMC as substrate incubated for 30 mins by continuous fluorescent assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76Proline based rationally designed peptide esters against dipeptidyl peptidase-4: Highly potent anti-diabetic agents.
AID304453Inhibition of human DPP4 in Caco-2 cells by fluorescene assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID304460Oral bioavailability in rat at 5 mg/kg2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1631911Inhibition of DPP4 in human CaCo2 cells assessed as dissociation rate constant using Ala-Pro-AFC as substrate preincubated for 1 hr followed by substrate addition by fluorescence assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1219123Ratio of drug uptake in human intestine at 5 mg, po to IC50 for P-glycoprotein (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219156Inhibition of OCT2 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [14C]metformin substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219130Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated of transport of basolateral to apical side expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells by Transwell experiment/liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID646406Inhibition of human C-terminal step-tagged DPP4 expressed using baculovirus system2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Novel heterocyclic DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID304470Distribution coefficient, log D at pH 7.42007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID304454Inhibition of human hERG current at 1 uM2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID646415Inhibition of human ERG by dofetilide binding assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Novel heterocyclic DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1219122Drug uptake in human intestine at 5 mg, po2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1129906Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for recombinant human PREP purified from Escherichia coli to IC50 for recombinant mouse FAP purified from HEK293 cell supernatant2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 57, Issue:7
Extended structure-activity relationship and pharmacokinetic investigation of (4-quinolinoyl)glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine inhibitors of fibroblast activation protein (FAP).
AID1501056Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis N-terminal His-tagged DPP4 expressed in Escherichia coli at 10 uM using Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate relative to control2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Crystal structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and structure-activity relationships based on inhibitor profiling.
AID1631928Lipophilicity, log D of the compound at pH 7.42016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1631926Renal clearance in wild type mouse at 0.01 mg/kg, iv2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1219155Inhibition of OCT2 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]MPP+ substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1127773Inhibition of plasma DPP4 (unknown origin) after 24 hrs2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-27, Volume: 57, Issue:6
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its inhibitors: therapeutics for type 2 diabetes and what else?
AID688690Inhibition of DPP92012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 20, Issue:19
Discovery of 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4(5H)-ones as potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors.
AID1631919Cmax in human plasma at 5 mg2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID748313Inhibition of DPP4 in human seminal plasma using Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate incubated for 15 mins prior to substrate addition2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-09, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Selective Inhibitors of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) with a (4-Quinolinoyl)-glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine Scaffold.
AID1501061Inhibition of human DPP42017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Crystal structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and structure-activity relationships based on inhibitor profiling.
AID1129903Inhibition of recombinant human PREP purified from Escherichia coli using Z-Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate by spectrophotometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 57, Issue:7
Extended structure-activity relationship and pharmacokinetic investigation of (4-quinolinoyl)glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine inhibitors of fibroblast activation protein (FAP).
AID1219164Inhibition of OCTN2 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]carnitine substrate uptake at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219131Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated active membrane transport by measuring apical to basolateral side expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells by Transwell experiment/liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219170Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated transport across apical to basolateral side expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells at 500 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID646544Oral bioavailability in rat2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Novel heterocyclic DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1219129Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated transport across apical to basolateral side expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells by Transwell experiment/liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1631907Binding affinity to human recombinant DPP4 (39 to 766 residues) by surface plasmon resonance analysis2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 59, Issue:16
Comparative Analysis of Binding Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Their Relationship to Structure.
AID1305314Inhibition of recombinant DPP8 (unknown origin) preincubated for 20 mins followed by Ala-Pro-AFC addition measured for 40 mins by continuous fluorescence assay2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-12, Volume: 7, Issue:5
Discovery of Novel Tricyclic Heterocycles as Potent and Selective DPP-4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.
AID748311Inhibition of DPP2 in human seminal plasma using Lys-Ala-p-nitroanilide as substrate incubated for 15 mins prior to substrate addition2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-09, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Selective Inhibitors of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) with a (4-Quinolinoyl)-glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine Scaffold.
AID688688Inhibition of human DPP2 using Lys-Ala-AMC as substrate by fluorimetric analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 20, Issue:19
Discovery of 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4(5H)-ones as potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors.
AID1219111Maximal inhibition of human P-glycoprotein expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]digoxin substrate transport at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID646421AUC in rat2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Novel heterocyclic DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID748310Inhibition of human recombinant PREP expressed in Escherichia coli using Z-Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate incubated for 15 mins prior to substrate addition2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-09, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Selective Inhibitors of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) with a (4-Quinolinoyl)-glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine Scaffold.
AID1219135Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated transport across apical to basolateral side expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells by measuring membrane permeability time by Transwell experiment/liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID304471Dissociation constant, pKa corresponding to the protonation of the quinazoline2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1219171Permeability assessed as human P-glycoprotein-mediated transport across basolateral to apical side expressed in pig LLC-PK1 cells at 2 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID1219113Inhibition of human MRP2 expressed in MDCK2 cells assessed as reduction of [3H]E217betaG substrate transport up to 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID688693Inhibition of DPP82012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 20, Issue:19
Discovery of 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4(5H)-ones as potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors.
AID1219150Drug uptake assessed as OCTN2 (unknown origin)-mediated drug uptake expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting relative to control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 41, Issue:1
Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods.
AID304458Total mean residence time in rat at 5 mg/kg, po2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1501058Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis N-terminal His-tagged DPP4 expressed in Escherichia coli using Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Crystal structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and structure-activity relationships based on inhibitor profiling.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1745855NCATS anti-infectives library activity on the primary C. elegans qHTS viability assay2023Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3
In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID1745854NCATS anti-infectives library activity on HEK293 viability as a counter-qHTS vs the C. elegans viability qHTS2023Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3
In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID1802590DPP-4 Activity Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.02.004: \\Design and synthesis of quinazoline-3,4-(4H)-diamine endowed with thiazoline moiety as new class for DPP-4 and DPPH inhibitor.\\2017Bioorganic chemistry, 04, Volume: 71Design and synthesis of quinazoline-3,4-(4H)-diamine endowed with thiazoline moiety as new class for DPP-4 and DPPH inhibitor.
AID1801383In vitro Assay for Inhibition of DPP-4 from Article 10.1111/cbdd.12560: \\Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Derivatives as Novel DPP-4 Inhibitors.\\2015Chemical biology & drug design, Oct, Volume: 86, Issue:4
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Derivatives as Novel DPP-4 Inhibitors.
AID1345443Human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (S9: Prolyl oligopeptidase)2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
8-(3-(R)-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (BI 1356), a highly potent, selective, long-acting, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (580)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's13 (2.24)29.6817
2010's393 (67.76)24.3611
2020's174 (30.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 98.67

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index98.67 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.62 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.22 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index177.11 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (98.67)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials149 (24.92%)5.53%
Reviews96 (16.05%)6.00%
Case Studies25 (4.18%)4.05%
Observational13 (2.17%)0.25%
Other315 (52.68%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (175)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Bioequivalence of a Low Strength Fixed Dose Combination Tablet of Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin Extended Release Compared to the Free Combination of Empagliflozin, Linagliptin, and Metformin Extended Release Tablets Following Oral Administration in [NCT03629054]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-27Completed
Evogliptin Versus Linagliptin for the Effect on Albuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Renal Insufficiency: a Multicenter, Randomised, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Non-inferiority Trial [NCT03667300]Phase 2209 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-16Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Empagliflozin Compared With Linagliptin in New-onset Diabetes Mellitus After Kidney Transplantation [NCT03642184]Phase 46 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-14Terminated(stopped due to Difficult in enrolling suitable participants)
RACELINES: Renal Actions of Combined Empagliflozin and LINagliptin in Type 2 diabetES [NCT03433248]Phase 466 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-09Active, not recruiting
Bioequivalence of a Fixed Dose Combination Tablet of Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin Extended Release Compared to the Free Combination of Empagliflozin, Linagliptin, and Metformin Extended Release Tablets Following Oral Administration in Healthy Male [NCT03259490]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-31Completed
Relative Bioavailability of Two FDC Tablet Strengths of Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin Extended Release Compared to the Free Combination of Empagliflozin, Linagliptin and Metformin Extended Release Following Oral Administration in Healthy Male and Fe [NCT02821910]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-20Completed
A Phase 4, Monocenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Comparator-controlled, Parallel-group, Mechanistic Intervention Trial to Assess the Effect of 8-week Treatment With the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor (DPP-4i) Linagliptin Versus the Sulfonylurea (SU) Der [NCT02106104]Phase 448 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Single Dose, 3x3 Partial Replicated Crossover Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety/Tolerability Between a Fixed Dose Combination of Fimasartan 120 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg and Co-administration of Fimasartan 120 mg and Li [NCT03609294]Phase 167 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-18Completed
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Multiple 5 mg Doses of BI 1356 p.o. Given Once Daily Compared to Multiple 2.5 mg Doses Given Twice Daily in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers. A Monocentric, Open Label, Cross-over Trial [NCT02173652]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multiple Dose Phase II Study of BI 1356 BS (0.5 mg, 2.5 mg, and 10 mg in Tablet q.d. Administered Orally for 28 Days) to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics in Japanese Pati [NCT02183324]Phase 272 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
Relative Bioavailability of Digoxin After Co-administration of Multiple Oral Doses of Digoxin (0.25 mg qd) and Multiple Oral Doses of BI 1356 (5 mg qd) Compared to the Bioavailability of Multiple Oral Doses of Digoxin (0.25 mg qd) Alone in Healthy Male an [NCT02183402]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Assessment of Dose Proportionality of Different Dose Strengths of Linagliptin Tablets After Oral Administration to Healthy Male and Female Volunteers in an Open, Randomised, Multiple-dose, Three-period Crossover, Phase I Trial [NCT02183480]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
Relative Bioavailability of Two Fixed Dose Combination Tablets of Linagliptin 5 mg/Pioglitazone 45 mg Compared With Single Linagliptin 5 mg and Pioglitazone 45 mg Tablets Administered Together to Healthy Male and Female Subjects (Open, Randomised, Single [NCT02183636]Phase 139 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Single Rising Oral Doses of BI 1356 BS as a Solution at Dose Levels 2.5 -5 mg and Tablets at Dose Levels 25 - 600 mg Administered to Healthy Male Subjects. A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo- [NCT02173665]Phase 164 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
Relative Bioavailability of Both BI 1356 and Pioglitazone After Co-administration Compared to the Bioavailability of Multiple Oral Doses of BI 1356 10 mg qd Alone and Pioglitazone 45 mg qd Alone in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers (an Open Label, Random [NCT02183337]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Multiple Oral Doses (2.5, 5, and 10 mg q.d. for 28 Days) of BI 1356 BS as Tablet in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Within the Dose Groups) [NCT02183415]Phase 177 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
Relative Bioavailability of a 5 mg BI 1356 Tablet Administered With and Without Food to Healthy Male and Female Subjects in an Open, Randomised, Single Dose, Two-way Crossover, Phase I Trial [NCT02183493]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Bioequivalence of a 2.5 mg Linagliptin / 1000 mg Metformin Fixed-dose Combination Tablet Compared With Single Linagliptin 2.5 mg and Metformin 1000 mg Tablets Administered Together in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers (an Open-label, Randomised, Single D [NCT02221401]Phase 196 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Prevalence of Contrast Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Microalbuminuria [NCT03470454]40 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2018-07-01Completed
A Phase I Clinical Trial to Evaluate Pharmacokinetic Interactions and Safety Between Fimasartan and Linagliptin in Healthy Male Volunteers [NCT03250052]Phase 139 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-14Completed
Effects of Linagliptin in Addition to Empagliflozin on Islet Cell Physiology and Metabolic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Stable Metformin Treatment [NCT02401880]Phase 489 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
A Phase III, Randomised, Double-blind, Parallel Group, 24-week Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Once Daily Empagliflozin 10 mg and Linagliptin 5 mg Fixed Dose Combination Compared With Empagliflozin 10 mg Plus Placebo and a 52-week Study to Evalua [NCT02489968]Phase 3880 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-12Completed
Relative Bioavailability of a 2.5 mg Linagliptin / 1000 mg Metformin Fixed Dose Combination Tablet Administered With and Without Food to Healthy Male and Female Subjects in an Open, Randomised, Single-dose, Two-way Crossover, Phase I Trial [NCT02223026]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
A Comparative Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Empagliflozin or Linagliptin as an Alternative to Metformin for Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Egyptian Women [NCT05200793]Phase 475 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-07Recruiting
A Randomized Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Effect of Linagliptin on Pancreatic Beta Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Metformin Monotherapy [NCT02097342]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-12-31Recruiting
A Phase III, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group, Efficacy and Safety Study of Linagliptin, Administered Orally Once Daily, in Combination With Insulin Therapy for 24 Weeks in Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Insuffi [NCT02897349]Phase 3206 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
Rotation for Optimal Targeting of Albuminuria and Treatment Evaluation: A Rotation Study of Different Albuminuria Lowering Drug Classes to Study Individual Drug Response in Diabetes [NCT03504566]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-15Withdrawn(stopped due to Registered and published incorrectly)
Relative Bioavailability of Multiple Doses BI 10773 50 mg and Linagliptin 5 mg After Concomitant Administration Compared to Multiple Doses of BI 10773 50 mg and Linagliptin 5mg Administered Alone to Healthy Male Volunteers (an Open-label, Randomised, Cros [NCT02172222]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
The Effect of Combination of Mosapride and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor on Plasma Concentration of Incretin Hormones [NCT02180334]Phase 412 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Single Rising Doses (0.5 mg to 10 mg) of BI 1356 BS as Formulation for Intravenous Administration in Healthy Male Volunteers. A Randomised, Single-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial, Including a [NCT02183298]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of BI 1356 5 mg Once Daily in Male and Female Subjects With Different Degrees of Liver Impairment (Child Pugh Classification A-C) as Compared to Male and Female Healthy Subjects (a Non-blinded, Parallel Group Study of [NCT02183376]Phase 133 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Oral Doses of 5 mg BI 1356 in Healthy Chinese Volunteers [NCT02183532]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
Investigation of the Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of 10 mg [14C] BI 1356 Administered Orally Compared to 5 mg [14C] BI 1356 Administered Intravenously in Healthy Male Volunteers in an Open Label, Single-dose and Parallel Study Design [NCT02183610]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
Single-center, Open, Randomized, Single-dose, Crossover Bioequivalence Study Evaluating the Use of the Subject Formulation, Empagliflozin And Linagliptin Tablets, Versus the Reference Formulation, Empagliflozin And Linagliptin Tablets (Glyxambi®), in Heal [NCT05956522]Phase 1106 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-07-01Completed
Effect of Linagliptin on Intestinal Triglyceride-rich-lipoprotein Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT02280174]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-09-30Recruiting
An Open, Two-period, Fixed-sequence, Phase I Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Multiple Doses of BI 1356 on the Multiple-dose Pharmacokinetics of a Combination of Ethinylestradiol and Levonorgestrel [NCT02175394]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Multiple Rising Oral Doses (1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 25 mg q.d. for 12 Days) of BI 1356 BS as Powder in the Bottle (PIB) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled [NCT02183350]Phase 147 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Relative Bioavailability of BI 1356 and Glyburide After Concomitant Administration of Multiple Oral Doses of BI 1356 5 mg Once Daily and a Single Oral Dose of Glyburide 1.75 mg Compared With the Bioavailability of BI 1356 and Glyburide After Each Treatmen [NCT02183428]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Bioavailability of Both BI 1356 BS and Metformin After Co-administration Compared to the Bioavailability of Multiple Oral Doses of BI 1356 BS 10 mg Daily Alone and Metformin 850 mg Three Times a Day Alone in Healthy Male Volunteers (an Open-label, Randomi [NCT02183506]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
An Open Label, Two-period, Fixed Sequence, Phase 1 Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Multiple Doses of Rifampicin on the Multiple-dose Pharmacokinetics of Linagliptin [NCT02183584]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety and Tolerability of Single and Multiple 5 mg Doses of Linagliptin Tablets in Patients With Different Degrees of Renal Impairment in Comparison to Subjects With Normal Renal Function in a Monocentric, Open, Parall [NCT02191228]Phase 151 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Bioequivalence of a 2.5 mg Linagliptin / 500 mg Metformin Fixed Dose Combination Tablet Compared With Single Linagliptin 2.5 mg and Metformin 500 mg Tablets Administered Together in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers (an Open-label, Randomised, Single-dos [NCT02221414]Phase 195 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Linagliptin on Glycemic Outcomes, Renal Outcomes and Body Composition in Renal Transplant Recipients With Diabetes Mellitus: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06098625]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-10Not yet recruiting
A Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Empagliflozin and Linagliptin Over 26 Weeks, With a Double-blind Active Treatment Safety Extension Period up to 52 Weeks, in Children and Adolescen [NCT03429543]Phase 3175 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-20Completed
12 Week Randomised Double-blind BI 1356 2.5 mg Bid vs 5 mg qd add-on to Metformin [NCT01012037]Phase 2491 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Open Label, Randomized, Single Dose, Two-way Crossover Bioequivalence Study of Linagliptin From Prevaglip 5 mg Tablets (Eva Pharma, Egypt) and Trajenta 5 mg Tablets (Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Germany) [NCT02857946]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
A 4-week, Randomized, Double Blind, Double Dummy, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group Study Comparing the Influence of BI 1356 (5 mg) and Sitagliptin (100 mg) Administered Orally Once Daily on Various Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT00716092]Phase 2121 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
The Role of Glucagon in the Effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Sodium-glucose Co-transporter-2 Inhibitors [NCT02792400]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-31Completed
A Pilot Study to Assess the Efficacy of Linagliptin as an Adjunct in Schizophrenia Patients [NCT01943019]Phase 11 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Inability to obtain patients)
Bioavailability of BI 1356 After Single Oral Administration of 5 mg BI 1356 Given as Tablet Formulation TF IIb Relative to Tablet Formulation TF II and Tablet Formulation iFF in Healthy Male Volunteers (an Open Label, Randomised, Single-dose, Three-way Cr [NCT02183363]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
Relative Bioavailability of a Single Oral Dose of BI 1356 (5 mg) After Co-administration With Multiple Oral Doses of Ritonavir (200 mg Bid for 3 Days) Compared to the Bioavailability of a Single Oral Dose of BI 1356 (5 mg) Alone in Healthy Male Volunteers [NCT02183441]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
A Randomized, Open, Controlled, Parallel Group Study of Adding Linagliptin to Control Glycemic Variability and HbA1c in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients With Type 2 Diabetes(PDPD) With Premixed Insulin Therapy [NCT03320031]Phase 4232 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-06-03Recruiting
Linagliptin as a Modulator of Vascular Inflammation in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02077309]Phase 34 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Terminated(stopped due to bad recruitment of suitable participants, just 4 patients in one year)
A Phase Ib/II, Open-Label, Multicenter, Randomized Umbrella Study Evaluating The Efficacy And Safety Of Multiple Immunotherapy-Based Treatment Combinations In Patients With Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (Morpheus-Lung) [NCT03337698]Phase 1/Phase 2470 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-01-02Recruiting
[NCT02092597]Phase 442 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
An Open-label, Randomized, Single-dose Crossover Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of IN-C009 in Healthy Subjects [NCT05066516]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-25Completed
Early Prevention of Diabetes Complications in People With Hyperglycaemia in Europe: e-PREDICE Study [NCT03222765]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-03-15Recruiting
Bioequivalence of a Fixed Dose Combination Tablet of Empagliflozin/Linagliptin Compared With the Free Combination of Empagliflozin Tablet and Linagliptin Tablet in Healthy Male and Female Subjects (an Open-label, Randomised, Single-dose, Crossover Study) [NCT02758171]Phase 156 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-17Completed
Relative Oral Bioavailability of a Fixed Dose Combination Tablet of BI 1356 2.5 mg / Metformin 1000 mg, Compared With Single BI 1356 2.5 mg and Metformin 1000 mg Tablets Administered Together to Healthy Male and Female Subjects in an Open, Randomised, Sin [NCT02173639]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Single Rising Oral Doses (1 to 10 mg) and Multiple Rising Oral Doses (2.5 to 10 mg Once Daily for 12 Days) of BI 1356 BS in Healthy Male Volunteers (a Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo Contro [NCT02183311]Phase 156 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Relative Bioavailability of a Single Oral Dose of Warfarin (10 mg qd) After Coadministration With Multiple Oral Doses of BI 1356 (5 mg qd) Compared to the Bioavailability of a Single Oral Dose of Warfarin (10 mg qd) Alone in Healthy Male Volunteers (an Op [NCT02183389]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Assessment of the Effect of 5 mg and 100 mg of BI 1356 as Single Dose on the QT Interval in Healthy Female and Male Subjects. A Randomised, Placebo Controlled, Double-blind, Four-way Crossover Study With Moxifloxacin as Positive Control [NCT02183467]Phase 144 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Relative Bioavailability of 1 mg and 10 mg BI 1356 BS as Powder in the Bottle (PIB) Reconstituted With 0.1% Tartaric Acid Compared to 1 mg and 10 mg BI 1356 BS as Tablets as Single Oral Administration in Healthy Male Volunteers (Separately at Each Dose Le [NCT02180503]Phase 124 participants Interventional2005-08-31Completed
The Effect of Multiple Oral Doses of BI 1356 BS as Tablets Once Daily for Six Days on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Oral Doses of 40 mg Simvastatin Given Once Daily for 20 Days and on the Pharmacokinetics of Its Metabolite Simv [NCT02183623]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Linagliptin on Glycemic Outcomes, Renal Outcomes and Body Composition in Renal Transplant Recipients With Diabetes Mellitus: Randomized Controlled Trial (EmLina Renal Trial) [NCT06095492]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-30Recruiting
A Phase III, Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Parallel Group Efficacy and Safety Study of Linagliptin 5 mg Administered Orally Once Daily Over 24 Weeks in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Insufficient Glycaemic Control Despite a Therapy of Metfor [NCT00996658]Phase 3278 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Bioequivalence of a 2.5 mg Linagliptin / 850 mg Metformin Fixed Dose Combination Tablet Compared With Single Linagliptin 2.5 mg and Metformin 850 mg Tablets Administered Together in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers (an Open-label, Randomised, Single-dos [NCT02220647]Phase 196 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
The Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on Advanced Glycation End Products [NCT02768220]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-01Withdrawn(stopped due to no funding)
Effects of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor Linagliptin on Left Ventricular Myocardial DYsfunction in Patients With Type 2 DiAbetes Mellitus and Concentric Left Ventricular Geometry [NCT02851745]Phase 3188 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Effect of Linagliptin on Incretin Axis in Type 1 Diabetes [NCT02725502]20 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-07-31Recruiting
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Parallel Group Efficacy and Safety Study of BI 1356 (5 mg) Administered Orally Once Daily Over 24 Weeks, With an Open-label Extension to One Year (Placebo Patients Switched to BI 1356), in Type 2 Diabetic Pat [NCT00602472]Phase 31,058 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Parallel Group Efficacy and Safety Study of BI 1356 (One Dose, e.g. 5 mg), Administered Orally Once Daily Over 24 Weeks, With an Open Label Extension to 80 Weeks (Placebo Patients Switched to BI 1356), in Typ [NCT00601250]Phase 3701 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
A Phase IIA , Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo and Positive Drug Parallel Control Study of TQ-F3083 Capsules With Different Doses in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT03986073]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-01Recruiting
Effect of Low Dose Combination of Linagliptin and Metformin to Improve Pancreatic Beta Cell Function, Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Function in Patients With Prediabetes and Overweight/Obesity: Randomizer Clinical Trial [NCT04134650]Phase 334 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-01Recruiting
A Phase III Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Parallel Group Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Twice Daily Administration of the Free Combination of BI 1356 2.5 mg + Metformin 500 mg, or of BI 1356 2.5 mg + Metformin 1000 mg, With the [NCT00798161]Phase 3857 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
A Double-blind Phase III Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of BI 1356 5 mg and 10 mg vs. Placebo for 12 Weeks and vs. Voglibose 0.6 mg for 26 Weeks in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Insufficient Glycaemic Control, Followed by an Extension Study t [NCT00654381]Phase 3561 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
A Phase III Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Efficacy and Safety Study of Linagliptin (5 mg), Administered Orally Once Daily for at Least 52 Weeks in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Combination With Basal Insulin Therapy [NCT00954447]Phase 31,263 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Comparison of Type 2 Diabetes Pharmacotherapy Regimens Using Targeted Learning [NCT05073692]270,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2021-07-01Recruiting
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group 24 Week Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of BI 1356 (5 mg) in Combination With 30 mg Pioglitazone (Both Administered Orally Once Daily), Compared to 30 mg Pioglitazone Plus Placebo in D [NCT00641043]Phase 3389 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind Parallel Group Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Initial Combination Therapy With Linagliptin 5 mg + Pioglitazone 15 mg, 30 mg, or 45 mg, vs. Monotherapy With Pioglitazone (15 mg, 30 mg, or 45 mg) or Linagliptin 5 mg O [NCT01183013]Phase 3936 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
A Phase IIIb, 24-week, Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Double-blinded, Efficacy and Safety Study of Linagliptin (BI 1356) in Black/African American Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With a MTT Sub-study [NCT01194830]Phase 3234 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass for BMI 27-32 Type 2 Diabetes vs Best Medical Treatment [NCT02041234]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
A Randomized, db, Placebo Controlled Parallel Group Efficacy and Safety Study Over 24 Weeks in T2D Patients in China [NCT01214239]Phase 3300 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
Relative Bioavailability Investigations of a 25 mg BI 10773 / 5 mg Linagliptin Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Tablet (Formulation A1) Including the Comparison With Its Mono-components, the Comparison With a Second FDC Tablet (Formulation A3), and the Invest [NCT01189201]Phase 142 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
A Phase Ib/II, Open-Label, Multicenter, Randomized, Umbrella Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Multiple Immunotherapy-Based Treatment Combinations in Patients With Locally Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction [NCT03281369]Phase 1/Phase 2410 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-13Active, not recruiting
An Open Label, Phase I Trial to Investigate the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Linagliptin (BI 1356) 5 mg After Single and Multiple Oral Administration in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus of African American Origin for 7 Days [NCT00935220]Phase 141 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Effect of Linagliptin + Metformin on Glucose Metabolism and Pancreatic Beta Cell Function in Patients With Prediabetes Who do Not Achieve Normoglycemia After 12 Months of Treatment With Metformin Alone [NCT04088461]Phase 431 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
Effect of Linagliptin Therapy on Myocardial Diastolic Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01888796]Phase 38 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Terminated(stopped due to bad recruitment of suitable participants, just 8 patients in one year)
EFFECTS OF LINAGLIPTIN ON ACTIVE GLP-1 CONCENTRATIONS IN SUBJECTS WITH RENAL IMPAIRMENT [NCT01903070]Phase 499 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-11Completed
A Randomised Double-blind, Active-controlled Parallel Group Efficacy and Safety Study of BI 1356 ( 5.0 mg, Administered Orally Once Daily) Compared to Glimepiride Over Two Years in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Insufficient Glycaemic Control Despite Metfo [NCT00622284]Phase 31,560 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
A Randomised, db, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Efficacy and Safety Study of BI 1356 (5mg), Administered Orally Once Daily for 18 Weeks Followed by a 34 Week Double-blind Extension Period (Placebo Patients Switched to Glimepiride) in Type 2 Diabetic [NCT00740051]Phase 3227 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Five Parallel Group Study Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of BI 1356 BS (0.5 mg, 2.5 mg and 5.0 mg Administered Orally Once Daily) Over 12 Weeks in Drug Naive and Treated Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00328172]Phase 2302 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Five Parallel Groups Study Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of BI 1356 BS (1 mg, 5 mg and 10 mg Administered Orally Once Daily) Over 12 Weeks as add-on Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Insuf [NCT00309608]Phase 2333 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
Linagliptin Plus Insulin for Hyperglycemia Immediately After Renal Transplantation: A Comparative Study [NCT03970668]28 participants (Actual)Observational2016-01-01Completed
Effects of Linagliptin on Endothelial- , Renal-, and Retinal Function in Comparison to Placebo in Patients With Hypertension and Albuminuria [NCT02376075]Phase 343 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
A Multicenter,Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group, Double-blind, Phase IIIb Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy After 12 Weeks Administration of Gemigliptin and Placebo in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Moderate or Severe Renal Im [NCT01968044]Phase 3132 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
A Regulatory Requirement Non-interventional Study to Monitor the Safety and Effectiveness of Esgliteo (Empagliflozin/Linagliptin, 10/5mg, 25/5mg) in Korean Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT05130463]684 participants (Actual)Observational2022-03-22Active, not recruiting
Off taRget Effects of Linagliptin monothErapy on Arterial Stiffness in Early Diabetes [NCT02015299]Phase 345 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
A Phase III Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group, Efficacy and Safety Study of Linagliptin (5 mg) Administered Orally Once Daily Over 24 Weeks in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (Age >= 70 Years) With Insufficient Glycaemic Control( HbA1c [NCT01084005]Phase 3241 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Multiple-dose, Crossover Phase I Clinical Study to Evaluate DW1029M Influence the Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Linagliptin After Oral Administration in Healthy Male Volunteer [NCT02212782]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
A Phase III, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Parallel Group Safety and Efficacy Study of Linagliptin (5 mg Administered Orally Once Daily) Over 12 Weeks Followed by a 40 Week Double-blind Extension Period (Placebo Patients Switched to Glimepi [NCT01087502]Phase 3241 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Effect of the Combination of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor (DPP4i) and Insulin in Comparison to Insulin on Metabolic Control and Prognosis in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 [NCT04542213]Phase 370 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-01Completed
An Open Label, Randomised, Parallel Group Safety and Efficacy Study of Linagliptin (5 mg Administered Orally Once Daily) Over 52 Weeks in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Insufficient Glycaemic Control Despite Background Mono-therapy With an App [NCT01204294]Phase 3574 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Dose-finding Study of Linagliptin (1 and 5 mg Administered Orally Once Daily) Over 12 Weeks in Children and Adolescents, From 10 to 17 Years of Age, With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01342484]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controled Parallel Group Efficacy and Safety Study of BI 1356 (5 mg Administered Orally Once Daily) Over 24 Weeks, in Drug Naive or Previously Treated (6 Weeks Washout) Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Insufficient Glycemi [NCT00621140]Phase 3503 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Effect of a Quadruple Therapy on Pancreatic Islet Function, Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Function in Patients With Mixed Prediabetes and Obesity: Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04131582]Phase 334 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-01Recruiting
A Non-interventional Study of Patient Medication Adherence and Treatment Effectiveness Among New Users of Linagliptin and Acarbose in the Real-world Clinical Setting in China [NCT04180813]85 participants (Actual)Observational2020-03-04Terminated(stopped due to Study enrollment did not meet expectation.)
Extension Study Linagliptin 2.5 mg Bid + Metformin 500 or 1000 mg Bid Versus Metformin 1000 mg Bid [NCT00915772]Phase 3567 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Parallel Group Efficacy and Safety Study of BI 1356 (5 mg Administered Orally Once Daily) Over 18 Weeks in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Insufficient Glycaemic Control (HbA1c 7.0-10%) Despite Background Thera [NCT00819091]Phase 3245 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
Safety in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Severe Chronic Renal Impairment, 5 mg BI 1356 vs. Placebo, DB, Parallel Group, Randomized, Insulin Background Inclusive [NCT00800683]Phase 3133 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
A Multicentre, International, Randomised, Parallel Group, Double Blind Study to Evaluate Cardiovascular Safety of Linagliptin Versus Glimepiride in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at High Cardiovascular Risk. [NCT01243424]Phase 36,103 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-11Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Parallel Group Efficacy and Safety Study of BI 1356 Over 24 Weeks in T2D Patients With Insufficient Glycaemic Control Despite Metformin Therapy [NCT01215097]Phase 3306 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
ELMI - Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-arm Study to Assess the Effects of the Combined Therapy of Empagliflozin and Linagliptin Compared to Metformin and Insulin Glargine on Renal and Vascular Changes in Type 2 Diabetes [NCT02752113]Phase 3101 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Open Label, Parallel, 12-month Study to Explore and Evaluate the Therapeutic Effects ofLiraglutide, Empagliflozin and Linagliptin on the Cognitive Function, Olfactory Function, and Odor-induced Brain Activation in T2DM Patients [NCT05313529]324 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-08Recruiting
The Efficacy and Safety of Sodium-glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitor or Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor Added to Premix Insulin Injection Twice Daily in Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Patients [NCT03458715]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-09-21Recruiting
Glucose Metabolism in South Asian Women With IGT or IFG. DIAbetes in South Asians - DIASA 3: A 12-week Intervention Trial With Oral Antidiabetic Medication to Improve Hepatic and Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity [NCT04662866]Phase 264 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-10Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Diabetic Patients With Established COVID-19 [NCT04371978]Phase 364 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-01Terminated(stopped due to End of COVID-19 outbreak in Israel)
Investigation of the Effect of Food on the Bioavailability of Empagliflozin / Linagliptin Fixed Dose Combination Tablet in an Open, Randomised, Single Dose, Two Way Cross-over Study in Healthy Japanese Male Subjects [NCT02815644]Phase 122 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-15Completed
Relative Bioavailability of Two Newly Developed Extended Release FDC Tablet Strengths (5mg/1000mg and 2.5 mg/750 mg) of Linagliptin/Metformin Extended Release Compared With the Free Combination of Linagliptin and Metformin Extended Release in Healthy Subj [NCT01845077]Phase 172 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Effect of Linagliptin in Comparison With Glimepiride as Add on to Metformin on Postprandial Beta Cell Function, Postprandial Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01547104]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-04-30Recruiting
Research on Optimal Strategy of Hypoglycemic Therapy for Cirrhosis With Diabetes [NCT05641337]Phase 3184 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-01Recruiting
A Single Dose Comparative Bioavailability Study of Linagliptin/Metformin hydrochloride2.5mg/500mg Combination Tablets Versus Linagliptin 2.5mg Tablets Administered With Glucophage 500mg Tablets Under Fasting Conditions [NCT01383356]Phase 158 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Four Second Line Pharmacological Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes Study [NCT05220917]781,430 participants (Anticipated)Observational2021-08-01Active, not recruiting
Two-way Crossover Study in Healthy Male and Female Subjects to Evaluate the Bioequivalence of Jentadueto® (Two Fixed Dose Combination Tablets of Linagliptin 2.5 mg and Metformin 500 mg) Compared With the Free Combination of Linagliptin 5 mg and Metformin [NCT01947153]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
A Randomized, Open Label, Parallel-group, Non-inferiority, Active-controlled, Phase Ⅳ Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Teneligliptin Versus Linagliptin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients [NCT03011177]Phase 4168 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
Bioequivalence of a Fixed Dose Combination Tablet of Linagliptin 5 mg / Pioglitazone 30 mg Compared With Its Mono-components in Healthy Male and Female Subjects (an Open-label, Randomised, Single-dose, Replicate Design Study With Two Treatments in Four Cr [NCT01276327]Phase 164 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Study Comparing a DPP4 Inhibitor (Linagliptin) and Basal Insulin (Glargine) in Long-Term Care Residents With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT02061969]Phase 4140 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-25Completed
Linagliptin Inpatient Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Safety and Efficacy of Linagliptin (Tradjenta®) Therapy for the Inpatient Management of General Surgery Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT02004366]Phase 4295 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Rapid Effects of the DPP-4 Inhibitor Linagliptin on Monocyte Polarization and Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With and Without Chronic Renal Failure. A Randomized Cross-over Trial Versus Placebo [NCT01617824]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Association of Fasting GLP-1 Level With the Effect of Linagliptin After an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT05290506]Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-01Completed
Effects of Linagliptin on Renal Endothelium Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01835678]Phase 365 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
A Phase III Randomised, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Parallel Group Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Twice Daily Administration of the Fix Dose Combination of Linagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin 500 mg, or of Linagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin 1000 mg, W [NCT01708902]Phase 3876 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
A Phase III Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Once Daily Oral Administration of BI 10773 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg and BI 10773 10 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg Fixed Dose Combination Tablets Compared With the Indivi [NCT01422876]Phase 31,405 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
The Effect of TRADJENTA ® (LINAGLIPTIN) on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Insulin Resistance in Obese Type 2 Diabetes Subjects [NCT02372630]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-23Completed
Effects of DPP4 Inhibition on COVID-19 Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT04341935]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Logistical challenges amid COVID-19 pandemic and lack of financial support)
Replication of the CARMELINA Diabetes Trial in Healthcare Claims [NCT03936036]101,830 participants (Actual)Observational2017-09-22Completed
Use of Combination Empagliflozin/Linagliptin or Dapagliflozin/Saxagliptin vs Empagliflozin or Dapagliflozin Alone, Subclinical Inflammation of the Genito-urinary Tract and Risk of Infections. [NCT04735042]60 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-10-07Recruiting
A Phase 1 Clinical Trial to Compare and Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics After Administration of Fixed-dose Combination of DW6013 and Loose Combination of Each Component in Healthy Adult Volunteers in Fed Condition [NCT05874180]Phase 131 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-01-09Completed
A Phase 1 Clinical Trial to Compare and Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics After Administration of Fixed-dose Combination of DW6013 and Loose Combination of Each Component in Healthy Adult Volunteers in Fast Condition [NCT05874167]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-08-08Completed
Safety and Efficacy of Linagliptin Therapy in the Setting of Internal Medicine Department Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT03051243]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-01Not yet recruiting
A Randomised, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active-comparator Controlled Study Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of Linagliptin Co-administered With Metformin QD at Evening Time Versus Metformin BID Over 14 Weeks in Treatment Naive Patients With Type 2 [NCT01438814]Phase 4689 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-contrelled, Parallel-group, Phase IV Clinical Trial to Investigate the Effect on Blood Glucose of Evogliptin After Oral Administration in Patiend With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT02974504]Phase 4207 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
Investigating the Protective Effect of Newer Antidiabetic Drugs on Cognitive Decline in Diabetic Patients [NCT05347459]100 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-03-02Recruiting
Role of Linagliptin in Improving Renal Failure by Improving CD34+ Stem Cell Number, Function and Gene Expression in Renal Function Impaired Type 2 Diabetes Patients. [NCT02467478]Phase 431 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
CORDIALLY® - CEE: Characteristics of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Modern Antidiabetic Drugs. A Real World Data Collection of Patient Baseline Characteristics, Treatment Patterns and Comorbidities in Central Eastern European (CEE) Countries [NCT03807440]4,083 participants (Actual)Observational2019-08-26Completed
Bioequivalence of a Fixed Dose Combination Tablet of Linagliptin/Metformin Extended Release (5 mg/1000 mg) Compared With the Free Combination of Linagliptin and Metformin Extended Release Tablets in Healthy Subjects (an Open-label, Randomised, Single Dose [NCT02084082]Phase 168 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
Effects of Linagliptin on Endothelial Function and Global Arginine Bioavailability Ratio in Coronary Artery Disease Patients With Early Diabetes [NCT02350478]Phase 449 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
A Phase III, Randomised, Double-blind, Parallel Group, 52 Week Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Once Daily Empagliflozin and Linagliptin Fixed Dose Combination Compared With Linagliptin Plus Placebo in Japanese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Wi [NCT02453555]Phase 3275 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-14Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Adding HSK7653 to Metformin in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Inadequate Glycaemic Control [NCT04564872]Phase 3465 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-13Completed
Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Assess Glycemia in Chronic Kidney Disease - Changing Glucose Management [NCT02608177]3 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
Real World Glycemic Effectiveness of Linagliptin Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Adults by Age and Renal Function [NCT03338803]11,001 participants (Actual)Observational2017-11-21Completed
Bioequivalence of Metformin Under Fed Conditions After Administration of a 2.5 mg Linagliptin / 500 mg Metformin Fixed Dose Combination Tablet Compared With Single Linagliptin 2.5 mg and Metformin 500 mg Tablets Administered Together in Healthy Male and F [NCT01581931]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
Characterisation of Fixed Dose Combination Tablets of Linagliptin 2.5 mg/Metformin 850 mg or Linagliptin 2.5 mg/Metformin 500 mg and Relative Oral Bioavailability Compared With Single Linagliptin 2.5 mg and Metformin 850 mg or 500 mg Tablets Administered [NCT01540487]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
A 24-week, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Parallel Group Trial to Assess the Superiority of Oral Linagliptin and Metformin Compared to Linagliptin Monotherapy in Newly Diagnosed, Treatment-naïve, Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient [NCT01512979]Phase 4316 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Bioequivalence of a Fixed Dose Combination Tablet of Linagliptin/Metformin Extended Release (2.5 mg/1000 mg) Compared With the Free Combination of Linagliptin and Metformin Extended Release Tablets in Healthy Subjects (an Open-label, Randomised, Single Do [NCT02084056]Phase 174 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
Linagliptin and Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Pilot Study [NCT02442817]Phase 410 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-02Completed
[NCT01969084]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
A Regulatory Requirement Non Interventional Study to Monitor the Safety and Effectiveness of Trajenta (Linagliptin, 5 mg, q.d) in Korean Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(SELINA Study) [NCT01707147]3,219 participants (Actual)Observational2012-11-16Completed
Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, National, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lima Association in the Control of Type II Diabetes Mellitus [NCT03766750]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Sponsor decision)
A Post-Marketing Surveillance Study on the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Linagliptin Among Filipino Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01826370]678 participants (Actual)Observational2012-05-31Terminated
A Phase IIIb, Multicenter, Multinational, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Glycemic and Renal Efficacy of Once Daily Administration of Linagliptin 5 mg for 24 Weeks in Type 2 Diabetes Patients, With Micro- [NCT01792518]Phase 3360 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
A Regulatory Requirement Non Interventional Study to Monitor the Safety and Effectiveness of Trajenta Duo® (Linagliptin/Metformin HCl, 2.5 mg/500 mg, 2.5 mg/850 mg and 2.5 mg/1000 mg, b.i.d) in Korean Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01903356]724 participants (Actual)Observational2013-07-11Completed
Relative Bioavailability of Two Different Batches of a 2.5 mg Linagliptin / 1000 mg Metformin Fixed Dose Combination Tablet (FDC) in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers (an Open-label, Randomised, Single Dose, Two-way Crossover, Phase I Trial) [NCT01216397]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
National, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Triple-dummy, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Madalena Association in the Treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. [NCT04670666]Phase 3270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-31Not yet recruiting
CARMELINA: A Multicenter, International, Randomized, Parallel Group, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Cardiovascular Safety and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study With Linagliptin, 5 mg Once Daily in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at High Vascular [NCT01897532]Phase 46,991 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-10Completed
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Linagliptin 5 mg Compared to Placebo, Administered as Oral Fixed Dose Combination With Empagliflozin 10 mg or 25 mg for 24 Weeks, in Patients With Type 2 Di [NCT01778049]Phase 3708 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Effect of Linagliptin + Metformin vs Metformin Alone on the Role of Pancreatic Islet Function, Insulin Resistance and Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Prediabetes: Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03004612]Phase 4144 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
A Phase III, Randomised, Double-blind, Parallel Group, 24 Week Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Once Daily Empagliflozin 10 mg and 25 mg Compared to Placebo, All Administered as Oral Fixed Dose Combinations With Linagliptin 5 mg, in Patients With [NCT01734785]Phase 3607 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Randomized, Three Period Cross Over, Double Blind, Double Dummy Study in Type 2 Diabetic Patients to Assess the Endothelial Effects of Linagliptin, Glimepiride and Placebo Therapy for 28 Days ('ENDOTHELINA') [NCT01703286]Phase 142 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
A 24 Week Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group, Efficacy and Safety Trial of Once Daily Linagliptin, 5 Milligrams Orally, as Add on to Basal Insulin in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Insufficient Glycaemic Control [NCT02240680]Phase 4302 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-23Completed
Association of Clinical Covariates With Non-insulin Diabetes Medication Initiation Using Electronic Medical Records (EMR) [NCT02140645]166,613 participants (Actual)Observational2014-05-31Completed
An Individualized treatMent aPproach for oldER patIents: A Randomized, Controlled stUdy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (IMPERIUM) [NCT02072096]Phase 4192 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Terminated(stopped due to The trial was terminated per protocol because of lack of feasibility.)
Bioequivalence of a Fixed Dose Combination Tablet of Linagliptin/Metformin Extended Release (2.5 mg/750 mg) Compared With the Free Combination of Linagliptin and Metformin Extended Release Tablets in Healthy Subjects (an Open-label, Randomised, Single Dos [NCT02121509]Phase 174 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
National, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Triple-dummy, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of LID104 in the Treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus [NCT05886088]Phase 3597 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-02-29Not yet recruiting
A One-year Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Impact of Pioglitazone Versus Linagliptin on Bone Turnover Markers [NCT02429232]Phase 4160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-10-31Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00309608 (3) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT00309608 (3) [back to overview]Fasting Blood Plasma Glucose Level (FPG) Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT00309608 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<=7.0% at Week 12
NCT00328172 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c <= 7.0%) at 12 Weeks
NCT00328172 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 12
NCT00328172 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Haemoglobin) at Week 12
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0% at Week 24
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Have a HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 24
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]Adjusted Means for 2h Post Prandial Blood Glucose (PPG) Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]2 Hour Post-Prandial Glucose (PPG) Increment Over Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 24
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24.
NCT00601250 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<6.5% at Week 24
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<6.5% at Week 24
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0% at Week 24
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 18
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 24
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Have a HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 24
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 18
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24
NCT00602472 (13) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 24
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<7.0% at Week 24
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]Adjusted Means for 2h Post Prandial Blood Glucose (PPG) Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<6.5% at Week 24
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 24
NCT00621140 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Body Weight Change From Baseline at Week 52
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Change in Baseline Lipid Parameter Cholesterol at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Change in Baseline Lipid Parameter HDL at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Change in Baseline Lipid Parameter Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Change in Baseline Lipid Parameter Triglyceride at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 52
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 52
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]2 hr Postprandial Glucose (PPG) Change From Baseline at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Body Weight Change From Baseline at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Incidence of Hypoglycaemic Events up to 52 Weeks
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Incidence of Hypoglycaemic Events up to 104 Weeks
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline at Week 52
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change at Week 12
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change at Week 16
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change at Week 28
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change at Week 4
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change at Week 40
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change at Week 52
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change at Week 65
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change at Week 78
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change at Week 8
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change at Week 91
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 104
NCT00622284 (29) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 52
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 18
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Have an HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<7.0 at Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<6.5% at Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 18
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00654381 (9) [back to overview]Examination of Long-term Safety of Linagliptin (52-week Treatment)
NCT00654381 (9) [back to overview]Relative Efficacy Response of HbA1c at Week 52
NCT00654381 (9) [back to overview]Relative Efficacy Response of HbA1c at Week 26
NCT00654381 (9) [back to overview]Relative Efficacy Response of HbA1c at Week 12
NCT00654381 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 26
NCT00654381 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 26
NCT00654381 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 12
NCT00654381 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 12
NCT00654381 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 52
NCT00716092 (8) [back to overview]Exploratory Sensitivity Analysis of Plasma Glucose AUEC (0-3h) Change From Baseline at Day 28
NCT00716092 (8) [back to overview]Weighted Mean Glucose (WMG) Change From Baseline at Day 28
NCT00716092 (8) [back to overview]Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline at Day 28
NCT00716092 (8) [back to overview]GLP-1 (Glucagon Like Peptide 1) AUEC (0-2h) (Area Under Effect Curve) Change From Baseline at Day 28
NCT00716092 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Glucose Area Under Effect Curve (AUEC) (0-3h) Change From Baseline at Day 28
NCT00716092 (8) [back to overview]Exploratory Sensitivity Analysis of FPG Change From Baseline at Day 28
NCT00716092 (8) [back to overview]Exploratory Sensitivity Analysis of the WMG Change From Baseline at Day 28
NCT00716092 (8) [back to overview]Exploratory Sensitivity Analysis of GLP-1 AUEC (0-2h) Change From Baseline at Day 28
NCT00740051 (8) [back to overview]Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline at Week 18 (Interim Analysis)
NCT00740051 (8) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18 (Final Analysis)
NCT00740051 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 18 (Interim Analysis)
NCT00740051 (8) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18 (Interim Analysis)
NCT00740051 (8) [back to overview]The Change in FPG From Baseline by Visit Over Time
NCT00740051 (8) [back to overview]The Change in HbA1c From Baseline by Visit Over Time
NCT00740051 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<7.0 at Week 18 (Interim Analysis)
NCT00740051 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<6.5 at Week 18 (Interim Analysis)
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]Use of Rescue Therapy
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24 for Open-label Patients
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24 for Open-label Patients
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 2
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5% at Week 24
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 24
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 24
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]Adjusted Means for 2h Post-Prandial Glucose (PPG) Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00798161 (18) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<7.0 at Week 24
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 48
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 42
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 36
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 30
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at week52
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 30
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 48
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 42
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 36
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]Clinically Relevant Drug-related Abnormalities for Blood Chemistry, Pulse Rate, Laboratory Parameters and ECG
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Antidiabetic Background Therapy Dose at 52 Weeks Compared to Baseline and Over Time
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]The Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response, That is an HbA1c Under Treatment of <6.5% After 52 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]The Occurrence of a Treat to Target Efficacy Response, That is an HbA1c Under Treatment of <7.0% After 52 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 52
NCT00800683 (21) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 52
NCT00819091 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 7%) at Week 18
NCT00819091 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% From Baseline at Week 18
NCT00819091 (10) [back to overview]Mixed Model Repeated Measurements Analysis of Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 18
NCT00819091 (10) [back to overview]Mixed Model Repeated Measurements Analysis of Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 12
NCT00819091 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) at Week 18
NCT00819091 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 6
NCT00819091 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 18
NCT00819091 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 12
NCT00819091 (10) [back to overview]Mixed Model Repeated Measurements Analysis of Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 6
NCT00819091 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 6.5%) at Week 18
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Change in HbA1c From Baseline Over Time
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Change in HbA1c From Baseline Over Time
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Frequency of Patients With Possibly Clinically Significant Abnormal Laboratory Parameters: Haematology
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c of at Least <0.5% Over Time
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Frequency of Patients With Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Clinical Relevant Drug-related Abnormal Findings in Physical Examination and ECG as Reported as AE
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Possibly Clinically Significant Abnormal Laboratory Parameters: Clinical Chemistry
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Rescue Therapy
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% After 54 Weeks
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% Over Time
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline at Week 54 in Pulse Rate
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline at Week 54 in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
NCT00915772 (13) [back to overview]Change in FPG From Baseline Over Time
NCT00935220 (9) [back to overview]DPP-4 Inhibition: E_24
NCT00935220 (9) [back to overview]DPP-4 Inhibition: E_24,ss
NCT00935220 (9) [back to overview]Linagliptin: C_max
NCT00935220 (9) [back to overview]Linagliptin: AUC_τ,ss
NCT00935220 (9) [back to overview]Linagliptin: C_max,ss
NCT00935220 (9) [back to overview]Patients With Electrocardiogram (ECG), Vital Signs, Physical Finding or Laboratory Finding Abnormalities Reported as an Adverse Event
NCT00935220 (9) [back to overview]Electrocardiogram (ECG), Vital Signs, Physical Finding or Laboratory Finding Abnormalities
NCT00935220 (9) [back to overview]Treatment Emergent Adverse Events
NCT00935220 (9) [back to overview]Linagliptin: AUC_0-24
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 6
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 52 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Insulin Dose at 52 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in FPG
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Incremental Post-prandial Glucose (iPPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 12
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 18
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 32
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 40
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 52
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Weighted Mean Daily Glucose After 24 and 52 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Number of Patients Lowering HbA1c by at Least 0.5 Percent
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5 Percent
NCT00954447 (16) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0 Percent
NCT00996658 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 6 Weeks
NCT00996658 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 24 Weeks
NCT00996658 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 18 Weeks
NCT00996658 (11) [back to overview]Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (Reduction in HbA1c >= 0.5%) After 24 Weeks
NCT00996658 (11) [back to overview]Occurrence of Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 7%) After 24 Weeks
NCT00996658 (11) [back to overview]Occurrence of Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 6.5%) After 24 Weeks
NCT00996658 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 12 Weeks
NCT00996658 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 6 Weeks
NCT00996658 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks
NCT00996658 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 18 Weeks
NCT00996658 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 12 Weeks
NCT01012037 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% or More at Week 12
NCT01012037 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Rescue Therapy
NCT01012037 (10) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT01012037 (10) [back to overview]The Occurrence of a Treat to Target Efficacy Response (HbA1c <6.5 %) After 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01012037 (10) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12 From Mixed Model Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis
NCT01012037 (10) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6 From Mixed Model Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis
NCT01012037 (10) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT01012037 (10) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12 From Mixed Model Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis
NCT01012037 (10) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6 From Mixed Model Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis
NCT01012037 (10) [back to overview]The Occurrence of a Treat to Target Efficacy Response (HbA1c <7.0%) After 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Rescue Therapy
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Have a HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% at Week 24
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 6
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 18
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 6
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 24
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 18
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24
NCT01084005 (12) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 24
NCT01087502 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Have a HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5%
NCT01087502 (8) [back to overview]Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01087502 (8) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01087502 (8) [back to overview]Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline Over Time
NCT01087502 (8) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline Over Time
NCT01087502 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Concentration of Linagliptin at Trough
NCT01087502 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0%
NCT01087502 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5%
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline by Visit Over Time
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]Time to First Use of Rescue Therapy
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 30 Weeks of Treatment.
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline After 30 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]Incidence of Rescue Therapy During the First 30 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]Occurrence of Cumulative Treat to Target Efficacy Response, of HbA1c Under Treatment of < 6.5% After 30 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]Occurrence of Cumulative Treat to Target Efficacy Response, of HbA1c Under Treatment of < 7.0% After 30 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 30 Weeks of Treatment)
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]Two-hour Postprandial Glucose (2hPPG) Change From Baseline at Week 30 by Meal Tolerance Test (MTT)
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline by Visit Over Time
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Linagliptin Formulation Comparison: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Linagliptin Formulation Comparison: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Empagliflozin: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Linagliptin: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Linagliptin: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Linagliptin: Area Under the Curve 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Linagliptin: Time From Last Dosing to Maximum Measured Concentration (Tmax)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Empagliflozin: Area Under the Curve 0 to the Last Quantifiable Drug Plasma Concentration (AUC0-tz)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Empagliflozin Formulation Comparison: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Empagliflozin Formulation Comparison: Area Under the Curve 0 to the Last Quantifiable Drug Plasma Concentration (AUC0-tz)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Empagliflozin Formulation Comparison: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Empagliflozin Fed vs Fasted: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Empagliflozin Fed vs Fasted: Area Under the Curve 0 to the Last Quantifiable Drug Plasma Concentration (AUC0-tz)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Empagliflozin Fed vs Fasted: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Clinically Relevant Abnormalities for Physical Examination, Vital Signs, ECG, Blood Chemistry and Assessment of Tolerability by the Investigator
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Empagliflozin: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Empagliflozin: Time From Last Dosing to Maximum Measured Concentration (Tmax)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Linagliptin Fed vs Fasted: Area Under the Curve 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Linagliptin Fed vs Fasted: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Linagliptin Fed vs Fasted: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01189201 (21) [back to overview]Linagliptin Formulation Comparison: Area Under the Curve 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)
NCT01194830 (9) [back to overview]Occurrence of Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 7%) After 24 Weeks
NCT01194830 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 18 Weeks
NCT01194830 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 24 Weeks
NCT01194830 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 6 Weeks
NCT01194830 (9) [back to overview]Occurrence of Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 6.5%) After 24 Weeks
NCT01194830 (9) [back to overview]Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (Reduction in HbA1c >= 0.5%) After 24 Weeks
NCT01194830 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 12 Weeks
NCT01194830 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 2-hour Post-prandial Glucose (PPG) After 24 Weeks
NCT01194830 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks
NCT01204294 (2) [back to overview]Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
NCT01204294 (2) [back to overview]Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24 in the Subset of Chinese Patients
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]Number With HbA1c at Least Lowering 0.5%
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0% at Week 24 With Baseline HbA1c >= 7.0%.
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5% at Week 24 With Baseline HbA1c >= 6.5%.
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5%
NCT01214239 (14) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0%
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24(Chinese Only)
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5%
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5% at Week 24 With Baseline HbA1c >= 6.5%.
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0%
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]Number of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0% at Week 24 With Baseline HbA1c >= 7.0%.
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]Number With HbA1c at Least Lowering 0.5%
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18
NCT01215097 (14) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Metformin: AUC0-tz
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Metformin: AUC0-infinity
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Linagliptin: λz (Terminal Elimination Rate Constant in Plasma)
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Linagliptin: Time to Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analyte in Plasma (Tmax)
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Linagliptin: Percentage of AUCtz-∞ Obtained by Extrapolation
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Linagliptin: MRTpo (Mean Residence Time of the Analyte in the Body After Peroral Administration)
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Metformin: MRTpo (Mean Residence Time of the Analyte in the Body After Peroral Administration)
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Metformin: Vz/F
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Metformin: Percentage of AUCtz-∞ Obtained by Extrapolation
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Metformin: Tmax
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Linagliptin: Apparent Clearance of the Analyte in Plasma After Extravascular Administration (CL/F)
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Metformin: t1/2 (Terminal Half-life of the Analyte in Plasma)
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Linagliptin: Apparent Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Phase Following an Extravascular Dose (Vz/F)
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Linagliptin: AUC0-infinity
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Metformin: CL/F
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Linagliptin: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Metformin: λz (Terminal Elimination Rate Constant in Plasma)
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Participants Who Discontinued the Trial Because of an Adverse Event
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]t1/2 (Terminal Half-life of the Analyte in Plasma)
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Assessment of Tolerability by the Investigator
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Electrocardiogram (ECG), Vital Signs, Physical Finding or Laboratory Finding Abnormalities
NCT01216397 (24) [back to overview]Metformin: Cmax
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Taking Trial Medication at Trial End, Maintained Glycaemic Control (HbA1c ≤7.0%) Without Need for Rescue Medication, Without >2% Weight Gain, and Without Moderate/Severe Hypoglycaemic Episodes During Maintenance Phase
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Insulin Secretion Rate (ISR) at Fixed Glucose Concentration at 208 Weeks
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With the Occurrence of at Least One Event of 3P-MACE
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With the Occurrence of at Least One Event of 4P -MACE
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]The First 3-point Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (3P-MACE)
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]The First 4-point (4P)- MACE
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Time to First Occurrence of Any of the Components of the Composite Endpoint of All Adjudication-confirmed Events
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Final Visit Fasting Total Cholesterol, Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol and High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Transition in Albuminuria Classes
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Sub-study: Change From Baseline in the Inter-quartile Range of Diurnal Glucose Variability (Milligrams/ Deciliter) to End of Study
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Creatinine
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Triglycerides
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR)
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]CGM Sub-study : Change From Baseline in the Inter-quartile Range of Diurnal Glucose Variability (Millimoles/ Litre) to End of Study
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Occurrence of Any of the Components of the Composite Endpoint of All Adjudication-confirmed Events
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Were on Trial Medication at Trial End, Maintained Glycaemic Control (HbA1c ≤7.0%) Without Need for Rescue Medication, and Without >2% Weight Gain During Maintenance Phase
NCT01243424 (20) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Occurrence of Accelerated Cognitive Decline at End of Follow-up
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]AUC0-tz of Pioglitazone
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]AUC0-tz for Linagliptin
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]AUC0-72 of Linagliptin
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]AUC0-∞ of Pioglitazone
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]AUC0-∞ of Linagliptin
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]Cmax of Linagliptin
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]Tmax for Pioglitazone
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]Tmax for Linagliptin
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]Cmax of Pioglitazone
NCT01342484 (3) [back to overview]Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibition (%) at Trough at Steady State
NCT01342484 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) (%) After 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01342484 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01383356 (3) [back to overview]Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01383356 (3) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve 0 to Last Measurable Value (AUC0-t)
NCT01383356 (3) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve 0 to Inf (AUC0-inf)
NCT01422876 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Weight for Treatment Naive Patients
NCT01422876 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 24 for Metformin Background Patients
NCT01422876 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 24 for Treatment Naive Patients
NCT01422876 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) for Metformin Background Patients
NCT01422876 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) for Treatment Naive Patients
NCT01422876 (8) [back to overview]Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response for Metformin Background Patients
NCT01422876 (8) [back to overview]Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response for Treatment Naive Patients
NCT01422876 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Weight for Metformin Background Patients
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Composite Endpoint of Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response, That is an HbA1c Under Treatment of <7.0% After 14 Weeks of Treatment, on no Occurrence of Moderate or Severe Gastrointestinal (GI) Side Effects During 14 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Composite Endpoint of Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response, That is an HbA1c Under Treatment of <6.5% After 14 Weeks of Treatment, and no Occurrence of Moderate or Severe Metformin Pre-specified GI Side Effects Assessed by Investigators
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Metformin Pre-specified GI Symptom Intensity Score Assessed by Investigators During 14 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Metformin Pre-specified GI Symptom Intensity Score Assessed by Patients During 14 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c Over Time
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Occurence of Metformin Pre-specified Moderate to Severe GI Side Effects Assessed by Investigators During 14 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) After 14 Weeks Treatment
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 14 Weeks of Treatment)
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.8% After 14 Weeks of Treatment)
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Composite Endpoint of Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.8% After 14 Weeks of Treatment) and no Occurrence of Moderate and Severe Metformin Pre-specified GI Side Effects Assessed by Investigators During 14 Weeks
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Composite Endpoint of Occurence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 14 Weeks of Treatment) and no Occurence of Moderate and Severe Metformin Pre-specified GI Side Effects Assessed by the Investigators During 14 Weeks
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 14 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01438814 (13) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Weight by Visit at Week 14
NCT01512979 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time
NCT01512979 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks
NCT01512979 (7) [back to overview]Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment)
NCT01512979 (7) [back to overview]Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 1.0% After 24 Weeks of Treatment)
NCT01512979 (7) [back to overview]Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response (HbA1c <7.0%) After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01512979 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01512979 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time
NCT01540487 (7) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration Time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-infinity) for Linagliptin
NCT01540487 (7) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax) of Metformin
NCT01540487 (7) [back to overview]AUC(0-infinity) for Metformin
NCT01540487 (7) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)
NCT01540487 (7) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval 0 to the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC0-tz)
NCT01540487 (7) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax) of Linagliptin.
NCT01540487 (7) [back to overview]AUC0-tz for Linagliptin
NCT01581931 (5) [back to overview]Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) of Metformin
NCT01581931 (5) [back to overview]Terminal Half-life t1/2 of Metformin
NCT01581931 (5) [back to overview]Maximum Concentration (Cmax) of Metformin
NCT01581931 (5) [back to overview]Area Under Curve From 0 to tz Hours (AUC0-tz) of Metformin
NCT01581931 (5) [back to overview]Area Under Curve From 0 to Infinity Hours (AUC0-infty) of Metformin
NCT01703286 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Flow Mediated Vasodilation (FMD) 2 h Post Meal on Day 28
NCT01703286 (4) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Adverse Events
NCT01703286 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Flow Mediated Vasodilation (FMD) Under Fasted Condition on Day 28
NCT01703286 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 2 Hours Post Meal Endothelial Independent Vasodilation (EIDV) on Day 28
NCT01707147 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Incidence of Adverse Events Who Had Taken at Least One Dose of Trajenta
NCT01707147 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Occurrence of Relative Effectiveness Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment)
NCT01707147 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Occurrence of Treat to Target Effectiveness Response, That is HbA1c Under Treatment of < 6.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01707147 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
NCT01707147 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 12 Weeks of Treatment in APG
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks of Treatment in Main Group
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks of Treatment in Main Group - FAS (OC)
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) From Baseline After 12 Weeks of Treatment in APG
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Frequency of Patients With Use of Rescue Therapy During 12 Week Treatment Period in APG
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Frequency of Patients With Use of Rescue Therapy During 24 Week Treatment Period in Main Group
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response in Terms of HbA1c < 7.0 % After 12 Weeks of Treatment in APG
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response in Terms of HbA1c < 6.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment in Main Group
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response in Terms of HbA1c < 7.0 % After 24 Weeks of Treatment in Main Group
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response in Terms of HbA1c < 6.5% After 12 Weeks of Treatment in APG
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) From Baseline After 24 Weeks of Treatment in Main Group
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response in Main Group
NCT01708902 (13) [back to overview]The Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response in APG
NCT01734785 (3) [back to overview]Body Weight Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01734785 (3) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks Double-blind Randomized Treatment
NCT01734785 (3) [back to overview]Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.
NCT01778049 (2) [back to overview]Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline at 24 Weeks.
NCT01778049 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of HbA1c After 24 Weeks of Treatment.
NCT01792518 (3) [back to overview]The Time Weighted Average of Percentage Change From Baseline in UACR During the Course of 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01792518 (3) [back to overview]The Change From Baseline in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01792518 (3) [back to overview]HbA1c Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks Double-blind Randomized Treatment
NCT01826370 (3) [back to overview]Frequency of Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events
NCT01826370 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 of HbA1c
NCT01826370 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Fasting Blood Sugar
NCT01845077 (6) [back to overview]Cmax of Metformin
NCT01845077 (6) [back to overview]Cmax of Linagliptin
NCT01845077 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-72 of Linagliptin
NCT01845077 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-infinity of Linagliptin
NCT01845077 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-infinity of Metformin
NCT01845077 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-tz of Metformin
NCT01897532 (2) [back to overview]Time to the First Occurrence of Any of the Following Adjudication-confirmed Components: Renal Death, Sustained End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), or Sustained Decrease of 40% or More in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR).
NCT01897532 (2) [back to overview]Time to the First Occurrence of Any of the Following Adjudication-confirmed Components of the Primary Composite Endpoint 3-point Major Adverse Cardiovascular (CV) Events (3-point MACE): CV Death, Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction (MI) or Non-fatal Stroke.
NCT01903356 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment.
NCT01903356 (5) [back to overview]Target Effectiveness Response Rate
NCT01903356 (5) [back to overview]Incidence Rate of Adverse Events (AE)
NCT01903356 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) After 24 Weeks of Treatment.
NCT01903356 (5) [back to overview]Relative Effectiveness Response Rate
NCT01947153 (7) [back to overview]Metformin: Cmax (Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analyte in Plasma)
NCT01947153 (7) [back to overview]Linagliptin: AUC 0-72 (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours)
NCT01947153 (7) [back to overview]Linagliptin: AUC 0-inf (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity)
NCT01947153 (7) [back to overview]Linagliptin: AUC 0-tz (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Data Point)
NCT01947153 (7) [back to overview]Linagliptin: Cmax (Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analyte in Plasma)
NCT01947153 (7) [back to overview]Metformin: AUC 0-inf (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity)
NCT01947153 (7) [back to overview]Metformin: AUC0-tz (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Data Point)
NCT01969084 (5) [back to overview]Change in Muscle Oxygenation Recovery Time
NCT01969084 (5) [back to overview]Changes in Vascular Reactivity in the Micro- and Macro-circulation.
NCT01969084 (5) [back to overview]Changes in SDF1-α and Substance P
NCT01969084 (5) [back to overview]Changes in Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cell Phenotypes
NCT01969084 (5) [back to overview]Phosphocreatine (PCR) Recovery Time After Exhaustive or up to 6 Minutes of Leg Exercise.
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Subjects With Wound and Other Infections
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Subjects With Surgical Reinterventions
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring ICU Care During Hospitalization
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Fasting BG Concentration
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Emergency Room Visits
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Differences in Glycemic Control
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Outpatient Mortality
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Acute Renal Failure During Hospitalization
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]HbA1c Level
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Hospital Mortality
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Hyperglycemia
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Hypoglycemia < 40 mg/dl
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Hypoglycemia <70 mg/dl
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Daily Dose of Insulin
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Length of Hospital Stay
NCT02004366 (16) [back to overview]Hospital Complications
NCT02061969 (11) [back to overview]Mean Fasting Blood Glucose Level
NCT02061969 (11) [back to overview]Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury
NCT02061969 (11) [back to overview]HbA1c
NCT02061969 (11) [back to overview]Number of Hypoglycemic Events < 70mg/dl
NCT02061969 (11) [back to overview]Mortality
NCT02061969 (11) [back to overview]Total Number of Hospital Visits
NCT02061969 (11) [back to overview]Total Number of Emergency Room Visits
NCT02061969 (11) [back to overview]Total Number of Complications
NCT02061969 (11) [back to overview]Total Daily Dose of Insulin
NCT02061969 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Acute Complications
NCT02061969 (11) [back to overview]Number of Hypoglycemic Events < 40mg/dl
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Total Hypoglycemia and Other Categories of Hypoglycemia
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Requiring Alternative Treatment Due to Glycemic Failure of First Line Injectable Therapy
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Achieving and Maintaining Individualized Glycated Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Targets Without Clinically Significant Hypoglycemia
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT02084056 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-inf)
NCT02084056 (6) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of Linagliptin in Plasma (Cmax)
NCT02084056 (6) [back to overview]Cmax of Metformin in Plasma
NCT02084056 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-inf of Metformin in Plasma
NCT02084056 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)
NCT02084056 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)
NCT02084082 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-inf)
NCT02084082 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)
NCT02084082 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)
NCT02084082 (6) [back to overview]Cmax of Metformin in Plasma
NCT02084082 (6) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of Linagliptin in Plasma (Cmax)
NCT02084082 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-inf of Metformin in Plasma
NCT02121509 (6) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of Linagliptin in Plasma (Cmax)
NCT02121509 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-inf of Metformin in Plasma
NCT02121509 (6) [back to overview]Cmax of Metformin in Plasma
NCT02121509 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-inf)
NCT02121509 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)
NCT02121509 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Missing EMR Characteristic: BMI (Continuous)
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Missing EMR Characteristic: Diastolic BP
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Missing EMR Characteristic: Duration of Diabetes (Continuous)
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Missing EMR Characteristic: eGFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Missing EMR Characteristic: Duration of Diabetes
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Missing EMR Characteristic: HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin))
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Binary EMR Characteristic: Pancreatitis
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Missing EMR Characteristic: Systolic BP (Blood Pressure)
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Missing EMR (Electronic Medical Record) Characteristic: Smoking
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Missing EMR Characteristic: BMI (Body Mass Index)
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Binary EMR Characteristic: Nephropathy
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Binary EMR Characteristic: Neuropathy
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Missing EMR Characteristic: Total Cholesterol
NCT02140645 (14) [back to overview]Binary EMR Characteristic: Retinopathy
NCT02240680 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
NCT02240680 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) After 24 Weeks of Treatment.
NCT02240680 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c on Treatment <7.0%
NCT02240680 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<8.0%
NCT02240680 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Experiencing at Least One Hypoglycaemia Accompanied by a Prespecified Glucose Value.
NCT02240680 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5%.
NCT02350478 (6) [back to overview]Changes in Biochemical Markers (svCAM-1)
NCT02350478 (6) [back to overview]Changes in the Area Under Curve (AUC) of Glucose, Insulin and C-peptide During the Meal Tolerance Test From Baseline to 12 Weeks
NCT02350478 (6) [back to overview]Changes in Global Arginine Bioavailability Ratio (Ratio of Arginine to [Ornithine + Citrulline]) and Arginine to Ornithine Ratio From Baseline to 12 Weeks
NCT02350478 (6) [back to overview]Changes in the Area Under Curve (AUC) of Free Fatty Acids During the Meal Tolerance Test From Baseline to 12 Weeks
NCT02350478 (6) [back to overview]Changes in Endothelial Function (FMD - Flow Mediated Dilatation) From Baseline to 12 Weeks
NCT02350478 (6) [back to overview]Changes in Biochemical Markers (sICAM-1)
NCT02372630 (4) [back to overview]Oxidative Stress (as ROS Generation Level)
NCT02372630 (4) [back to overview]Insulin Sensitivity by Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamp
NCT02372630 (4) [back to overview]IL-1β mRNA Levels
NCT02372630 (4) [back to overview]JNK-1 Protein in MNC
NCT02453555 (5) [back to overview]Change in HbA1c From Baseline at Week 52 (Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg Versus Linagliptin 5 mg + Placebo 25 mg)
NCT02453555 (5) [back to overview]Change in HbA1c From Week 28 at Week 52 (Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg Only)
NCT02453555 (5) [back to overview]Change of Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c (Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c After 24 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment From Baseline)
NCT02453555 (5) [back to overview]Change in HbA1c From Baseline at Week 52 (All Empagliflozin Versus All Placebo)
NCT02453555 (5) [back to overview]Change in HbA1c From Baseline at Week 52 (Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg Versus All Placebo)
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Serum Endothelial Inflammatory Markers
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Adiposity
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Estimation of Creatinine Clearance
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Glycemic Control
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Glycemic Control: Fasting Glucose
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Glycemic Control: Insulin
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Pulse Wave Velocity
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Serum Endothelial Inflammatory Markers
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Urinary Function Marker in CKD
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Cellular Markers
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Fasting Lipid Profile
NCT02467478 (13) [back to overview]Pulse Wave Analysis
NCT02489968 (1) [back to overview]Change in Glycated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (%) From Baseline After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT02608177 (3) [back to overview]Glycemic Variability
NCT02608177 (3) [back to overview]Hypoglycemia
NCT02608177 (3) [back to overview]Glucose Time in Range
NCT02758171 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-72 (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours)
NCT02758171 (6) [back to overview]Cmax (Maximum Measured Concentration of Linagliptin Analyte in Plasma)
NCT02758171 (6) [back to overview]Cmax (Maximum Measured Concentration of Empagliflozin Analyte in Plasma)
NCT02758171 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-tz (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Empagliflozin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point)
NCT02758171 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-infinity (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity)
NCT02758171 (6) [back to overview]AUC0-infinity (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Empagliflozin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity)
NCT02815644 (7) [back to overview]AUC 0-tz for Linagliptin
NCT02815644 (7) [back to overview]Cmax for Linagliptin
NCT02815644 (7) [back to overview]Cmax for Empagliflozin
NCT02815644 (7) [back to overview]AUC0-infinity for Linagliptin
NCT02815644 (7) [back to overview]AUC0-infinity for Empagliflozin
NCT02815644 (7) [back to overview]AUC0-72 for Linagliptin
NCT02815644 (7) [back to overview]AUC 0-tz for Empagliflozin
NCT02821910 (9) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of Empagliflozin in Plasma (Cmax)
NCT02821910 (9) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of Metformin in Plasma (Cmax)
NCT02821910 (9) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of Linagliptin in Plasma (Cmax)
NCT02821910 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT02821910 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT02821910 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Empagliflozin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT02821910 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC0-tz)
NCT02821910 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)
NCT02821910 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Empagliflozin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC0-tz)
NCT02897349 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT02897349 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Any Severe Hypoglycaemic AE
NCT02897349 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Any Investigator-defined Hypoglycaemic Adverse Event (AE) With Plasma Glucose (PG) ≤70 mg/dL
NCT02897349 (8) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT02897349 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT02897349 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 2-hour (2-h) Postprandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT02897349 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With HbA1c on Treatment < 6.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT02897349 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With HbA1c on Treatment <7.0 Percentage (%) After 24 Weeks of Treatment
NCT03259490 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz) for Empagliflozin
NCT03259490 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72) for Linagliptin
NCT03259490 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity) for Empagliflozin (AUC(0-∞)
NCT03259490 (9) [back to overview]AUC(0-∞) for Metformin
NCT03259490 (9) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of the Empagliflozin in Plasma (Cmax)
NCT03259490 (9) [back to overview]Cmax for Metformin in Plasma
NCT03259490 (9) [back to overview]Cmax for Linagliptin in Plasma
NCT03259490 (9) [back to overview]AUC0-tz for Metformin.
NCT03259490 (9) [back to overview]AUC(0-∞) for Linagliptin
NCT03338803 (4) [back to overview]Change in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Across Age Categories
NCT03338803 (4) [back to overview]Change in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Across Renal Function Categories
NCT03338803 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Adults With T2DM Who Achieve HbA1c < 7.0% Across Renal Function Categories
NCT03338803 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Adults With T2DM Who Achieve HbA1c < 7.0% Across the Pre-defined Age Categories
NCT03629054 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Linagliptinin Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT03629054 (10) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of the Metformin in Plasma (Cmax)
NCT03629054 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Drug-related Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT03629054 (10) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of the Linagliptin in Plasma (Cmax)
NCT03629054 (10) [back to overview]Maximum Measured Concentration of the Empagliflozin in Plasma (Cmax)
NCT03629054 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (h) (AUC0-72)
NCT03629054 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Empagliflozin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)
NCT03629054 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Metformin Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT03629054 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)
NCT03629054 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Empagliflozin Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Time to Discontinuation of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Treatment According to Study Medication
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Clinical Parameter Relevant for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Percentage of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Clinical Parameter Relevant for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Percentage of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Body Mass Index (BMI) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Body Mass Index (BMI) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Baseline Characteristic: Body Mass Index (BMI) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Baseline Characteristic: Age According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Baseline Characteristic: Age According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Time Since Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]10-year Risk for Fatal Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients in Each Category of the Different Types of Cardiovascular Disease
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]10-year Risk for Fatal Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Time Since Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients in Each Category of Different Types of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication Initiated at Study Index Date 1
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Documentation of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) / Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) Status
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by Physician's Assessment
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) Status
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by eGFR and UACR Status According to Prescribing Specialist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]10-year Risk for Fatal Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Any Type of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Clinical Parameter Relevant for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Percentage of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients Per Type of Medical Specialty of Other Physicians Involved in Treatment Decision According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients Per Type of Medical Specialty of Other Physicians Involved in Treatment Decision According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients Per Type of Medical Specialty of Other Physicians Involved in Treatment Decision According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Time Since Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients Initiated on a Modern Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication Who Also Received Concomitant T2D Medications at Study Index Date 1 According to Prescribing Specialist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients Initiated on a Modern Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication Who Also Received Concomitant Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and/or Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Medication at Study Index Date 1 According to Prescribing Specialist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Number of Patients for Each Type of Physician Specialties Involved in Decision for T2D Therapy Discontinuation According to Prescribing Specialist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]Baseline Characteristic: Age According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist

HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c percent minus the HbA1c percent baseline value. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c. (NCT00309608)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.25
Linagliptin 1 mg-0.15
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.48
Linagliptin 10 mg-0.42
Glimepiride-0.59

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Fasting Blood Plasma Glucose Level (FPG) Change From Baseline at Week 12

This change from baseline reflects the Week 12 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00309608)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo13.63
Linagliptin 1 mg-5.32
Linagliptin 5 mg-21.29
Linagliptin 10 mg-15.87

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<=7.0% at Week 12

Descriptive calculation of Patients with HbA1c <= 7.0% at Week 12. (NCT00309608)
Timeframe: week 12

InterventionPercentage of Patients (Number)
Placebo1.4
Linagliptin 1 mg15.6
Linagliptin 5 mg14.5
Linagliptin 10 mg21.2
Glimepiride31.3

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Percentage of Patients With Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c <= 7.0%) at 12 Weeks

An absolute efficacy response is defined as HbA1c <= 7.0% at 12 weeks. A non-response is defined as HbA1c > 7.0% at 12 weeks. (NCT00328172)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 12

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
HbA1c <= 7%HbA1c > 7%
Linagliptin (BI 1356) 0.5 mg10.589.5
Linagliptin (BI 1356) 2.5 mg7.392.7
Linagliptin (BI 1356) 5.0 mg11.188.9
Metformin26.273.8
Placebo6.393.7

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 12

Change from baseline reflects the Week 12 FPG minus the Week 0 FPG. Means are adjusted for baseline FPG. (NCT00328172)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo4.24
Linagliptin (BI 1356) 0.5 mg6.69
Linagliptin (BI 1356) 2.5 mg-15.2
Linagliptin (BI 1356) 5.0 mg-9.09
Metformin-30.1

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Haemoglobin) at Week 12

The change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c minus the Week 0 HbA1c. Means are adjusted for baseline HbA1c. (NCT00328172)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 12

Interventionpercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.18
Linagliptin (BI 1356) 0.5 mg0.04
Linagliptin (BI 1356) 2.5 mg-0.24
Linagliptin (BI 1356) 5.0 mg-0.28
Metformin-0.68

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7.0% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 7.0%. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo11.4
Linagliptin28.3

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Percentage of Patients Who Have a HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c reduction from baseline >= 0.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c reduction less than 0.5%. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo21.7
Linagliptin49.7

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 6 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.069
Linagliptin-0.363

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 24 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.15
Linagliptin-0.49

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.147
Linagliptin-0.502

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.096
Linagliptin-0.499

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6

This change from baseline reflects the Week 6 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo4.58
Linagliptin-11.94

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24

This change from baseline reflects the Week 24 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo10.46
Linagliptin-10.68

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12

This change from baseline reflects the Week 12 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo3.86
Linagliptin-12.86

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Adjusted Means for 2h Post Prandial Blood Glucose (PPG) Change From Baseline at Week 24

This change from baseline reflects the Week 24 2h PPG minus the baseline 2h PPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline PPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo18.27
Linagliptin-48.86

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2 Hour Post-Prandial Glucose (PPG) Increment Over Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24

This change from baseline reflects the Week 24 (2h PPG - FPG) minus the baseline (2h PPG - FPG). Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline 2h PPG increment over FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo10.90
Linagliptin-30.90

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18

This change from baseline reflects the Week 18 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo10.32
Linagliptin-10.51

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 6.5%. Only patients with baseline HbA1c >= 6.5% (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo2.3
Linagliptin10.4

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24.

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7.0% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 7.0%. Only patients with baseline HbA1c >= 7% (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo9.2
Linagliptin26.2

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<6.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 6.5%. (NCT00601250)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo3.4
Linagliptin10.7

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<6.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 6.5% (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo4.2
Linagliptin13.1

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 7%. (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo9.2
Linagliptin31.2

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 12

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo-0.15
Linagliptin-0.84

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 18

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo-0.11
Linagliptin-0.81

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 24

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 24 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo-0.10
Linagliptin-0.72

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 6.5%. Only patients with baseline HbA1c >= 6.5% (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo4.2
Linagliptin13.1

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 6

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 6 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo-0.18
Linagliptin-0.67

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Percentage of Patients Who Have a HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c reduction greater than 0.5% at week 24 from baseline was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c reduction less than 0.5% (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo30.2
Linagliptin58.2

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 12

This change from baseline reflects the Week 12 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo6.2
Linagliptin-9.5

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 24

This change from baseline reflects the Week 24 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment-adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo8.1
Linagliptin-4.6

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 18

This change from baseline reflects the Week 18 FPG minus the Week 0 FPG. Means are treatment-adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo7.4
Linagliptin-4.7

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 7%. Only patients with baseline HbA1c >= 7% (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo8.1
Linagliptin29.2

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 6

This change from baseline reflects the Week 6 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment-adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00602472)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo6.3
Linagliptin-11.5

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 6.5%. Only patients with baseline HbA1c >= 6.5%. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo4.9
Linagliptin10.6

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 6 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.09
Linagliptin-0.37

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 24 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.25
Linagliptin-0.44

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.21
Linagliptin-0.45

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<7.0% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7.0% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 7.0%. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo15.3
Linagliptin28.2

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6

This change from baseline reflects the Week 6 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo6.73
Linagliptin-10.87

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24

This change from baseline reflects the Week 24 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo14.84
Linagliptin-8.47

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18

This change from baseline reflects the Week 18 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo13.11
Linagliptin-7.25

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12

This change from baseline reflects the Week 12 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo10.23
Linagliptin-10.75

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Adjusted Means for 2h Post Prandial Blood Glucose (PPG) Change From Baseline at Week 24

This change from baseline reflects the Week 24 2h PPG minus the baseline 2h PPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline PPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo24.87
Linagliptin-33.51

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.16
Linagliptin-0.46

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<6.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 6.5%. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

InterventionPercentage of Patients (Number)
Placebo4.9
Linagliptin10.8

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c reduction from baseline >= 0.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c reduction less than 0.5%. (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo19.0
Linagliptin47.1

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7.0% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 7.0%. Only patients with baseline HbA1c >= 7% (NCT00621140)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo11.6
Linagliptin25.2

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Body Weight Change From Baseline at Week 52

This key secondary endpoint, change from baseline, reflects the Week 52 body weight minus the baseline body weight. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline weight and the number of previous antidiabetic-medications. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 52

Interventionkg (Mean)
Linagliptin-1.12
Glimepiride1.38

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Change in Baseline Lipid Parameter Cholesterol at Week 104

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 104

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Linagliptin0
Glimepiride1

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Change in Baseline Lipid Parameter HDL at Week 104

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 104

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Linagliptin1
Glimepiride0

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Change in Baseline Lipid Parameter Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) at Week 104

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 104

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Linagliptin1
Glimepiride3

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Change in Baseline Lipid Parameter Triglyceride at Week 104

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 104

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Linagliptin-11
Glimepiride-7

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Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline at Week 104

This change from baseline reflects the Week 104 FPG minus the Baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and number of previous anti-diabetic medications. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 104

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Linagliptin-2.34
Glimepiride-8.72

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 104

Occurrence of relative efficacy response, defined as a lowering of 0.5% HbA1c at week 104 (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Week 104

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Linagliptin26.2
Glimepiride33.5

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 52

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7.0% at week 52, based upon patients with baseline HbA1c >= 7%. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 52 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 7.0%. The logistic regression is treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and number of previous anti-diabetic medications. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Week 52

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Linagliptin29.6
Glimepiride38.9

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 104

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7.0% at week 104, based upon patients with baseline HbA1c >= 7%. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 104 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 7.0%. The logistic regression is treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and number of previous anti-diabetic medications. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Week 104

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Linagliptin21.0
Glimepiride28.3

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 52

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 52, based upon patients with baseline HbA1c >= 6.5%. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 52 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 6.5%. The logistic regression is treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and number of previous anti-diabetic medications. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Week 52

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Linagliptin16.9
Glimepiride22.7

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 104

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 104, based upon patients with baseline HbA1c >= 6.5%. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 104 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c >= 6.5%. The logistic regression is treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and number of previous anti-diabetic medications. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Week 104

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Linagliptin10.9
Glimepiride14.7

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2 hr Postprandial Glucose (PPG) Change From Baseline at Week 104

This change from baseline reflects the Week 104 2 hr PPG minus the Baseline 2hr PPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline 2hr PPG and number of previous anti-diabetic medications. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 104

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Linagliptin-28.47
Glimepiride-18.72

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Body Weight Change From Baseline at Week 104

This key secondary endpoint, change from baseline, reflects the Week 104 body weight minus the baseline body weight. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline weight and the number of previous antidiabetic-medications. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 104

Interventionkg (Mean)
Linagliptin-1.39
Glimepiride1.29

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Incidence of Hypoglycaemic Events up to 52 Weeks

A hypoglycaemic event is defined as patient showing clinical signs suggestive of low blood glucose confirmed by a home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) of below 55 mg/dl (3.1 mmol/L) (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Week 52

InterventionPatients (Number)
Linagliptin41
Glimepiride249

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Incidence of Hypoglycaemic Events up to 104 Weeks

A hypoglycaemic event is defined as patient showing clinical signs suggestive of low blood glucose confirmed by a HBGM of below 55 mg/dl (3.1 mmol/L) (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Week 104

InterventionPatients (Number)
Linagliptin58
Glimepiride280

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Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline at Week 52

This change from baseline reflects the Week 52 FPG minus the Baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and the number of previous anti-diabetic medications. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 52

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Linagliptin-8.40
Glimepiride-15.24

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HbA1c Change at Week 104

The Full Analysis Set (FAS) included all treated and randomized patients with a baseline and at least one on-treatment HbA1c measurement available during the first phase of the study. Last observation carried forward (LOCF) was used as imputation rule. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 104

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.21
Glimepiride-0.41

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HbA1c Change at Week 12

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.43
Glimepiride-0.75

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HbA1c Change at Week 16

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 16

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.45
Glimepiride-0.78

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HbA1c Change at Week 28

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 28

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.43
Glimepiride-0.74

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HbA1c Change at Week 4

Difference of base percent value [Week x(%) - baseline (%)] (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 4

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.26
Glimepiride-0.33

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HbA1c Change at Week 40

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 40

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.42
Glimepiride-0.69

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HbA1c Change at Week 52

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 52

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.41
Glimepiride-0.63

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HbA1c Change at Week 65

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 65

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.32
Glimepiride-0.53

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HbA1c Change at Week 78

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 78

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.22
Glimepiride-0.43

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HbA1c Change at Week 8

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 8

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.37
Glimepiride-0.58

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HbA1c Change at Week 91

(NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 91

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.21
Glimepiride-0.43

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 104

This co-primary endpoint, change from baseline, reflects the Week 104 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and the number of previous anti-diabetic medications. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 104

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.16
Glimepiride-0.36

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 52

This co-primary endpoint, change from baseline, reflects the Week 52 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and the number of previous anti-diabetic medications. (NCT00622284)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 52

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Linagliptin-0.36
Glimepiride-0.57

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 24

This change from baseline reflects the Week 24 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo + Pioglitazone-18.4
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone-32.6

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 18

This change from baseline reflects the Week 18 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetes medication. (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo + Pioglitazone-19.3
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone-33.2

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 12

This change from baseline reflects the Week 12 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo + Pioglitazone-20.5
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone-33.8

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Percentage of Patients Who Have an HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c reduction from baseline greater than 0.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c reduction less than 0.5%. (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo + Pioglitazone50.8
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone75.0

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<7.0 at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 7%. (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo + Pioglitazone30.5
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone42.9

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<6.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 6.5% (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo + Pioglitazone14.1
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone17.5

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 7%. Only patients with baseline HbA1c >= 7% (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo + Pioglitazone30.5
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone42.9

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 6.5%. Only patients with baseline HbA1c >= 6.5% (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo + Pioglitazone14.1
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone17.5

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 6

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 6 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo + Pioglitazone-0.03
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone-0.41

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 24

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 24 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo + Pioglitazone-0.56
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone-1.06

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 18

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo + Pioglitazone-0.55
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone-1.06

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 12

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo + Pioglitazone-0.35
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone-0.85

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 6

This change from baseline reflects the Week 6 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00641043)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo + Pioglitazone-17.0
Linagliptin + Pioglitazone-33.3

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Examination of Long-term Safety of Linagliptin (52-week Treatment)

The incidence of AEs (Preferred Terms) with a frequency of 5% or more in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who received linagliptin (5 mg or 10 mg) once daily for 52 weeks (NCT00654381)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
NasopharyngitisBack painConstipation
Linagliptin 10 mg812119
Linagliptin 5mg841512

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Relative Efficacy Response of HbA1c at Week 52

HbA1c value decreased below 7.0%, below 6.5% and reduction from baseline ≥0.5% at Week 52 (NCT00654381)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
HbA1c <7.0%HbA1c <6.5%HbA1c reduction from baseline ≥0.5%
Linagliptin 10mg291062
Linagliptin 5mg38662

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Relative Efficacy Response of HbA1c at Week 26

HbA1c value decreased below 7.0%, below 6.5% and reduction from baseline ≥0.5% at Week 26 (NCT00654381)
Timeframe: 26 weeks

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
HbA1c <7.0%HbA1c <6.5%HbA1c reduction from baseline ≥0.5%
Linagliptin 10 mg542184
Linagliptin 5mg481591
Voglibose36761

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Relative Efficacy Response of HbA1c at Week 12

HbA1c value decreased below 7.0%, below 6.5% and reduction from baseline ≥0.5% at Week 12 (NCT00654381)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
HbA1c <7.0%HbA1c <6.5%HbA1c reduction from baseline ≥0.5%
Linagliptin 10 mg561894
Linagliptin 5mg421591
Placebo807

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 26

Change from the baseline measurement, where the baseline measurement was obtained at randomization (0 week) before receiving study medication (NCT00654381)
Timeframe: 26 weeks

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Linagliptin 5mg-0.13
Linagliptin 10 mg-0.19
Voglibose0.19

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 26

Change from the baseline measurement, where the baseline measurement was obtained at randomization (0 week) before receiving study medication (NCT00654381)
Timeframe: 26 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Linagliptin 5mg-5.0
Linagliptin 10 mg-7.8
Voglibose2.0

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 12

Change from the baseline measurement, where the baseline measurement was obtained at randomization (0 week) before receiving study medication (NCT00654381)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo7.4
Linagliptin 5mg-12.3
Linagliptin 10 mg-13.0

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 12

Change from the baseline measurement, where the baseline measurement was obtained at randomization (0 week) before receiving study medication (NCT00654381)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.63
Linagliptin 5mg-0.24
Linagliptin 10 mg-0.25

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 52

Change from the baseline measurement, where the baseline measurement was obtained at randomization (0 week) before receiving study medication (NCT00654381)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Linagliptin 5mg-3.2
Linagliptin 10 mg-5.9

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Exploratory Sensitivity Analysis of Plasma Glucose AUEC (0-3h) Change From Baseline at Day 28

The change from baseline reflects the day 28 FPG value minus the baseline FPG value. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, previous anti-diabetic medication and baseline FPG. (NCT00716092)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 28

Interventionmg*h/dL (Mean)
Placebo9.8
BI1356-96.4
Sitagliptin-119.1

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Weighted Mean Glucose (WMG) Change From Baseline at Day 28

The change from baseline reflects the day 28 WMG value minus the baseline WMG value. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, previous anti-diabetic medication, and baseline WMG. (NCT00716092)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 28

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo0.1
BI1356-19.8
Sitagliptin-26.1

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Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline at Day 28

The change from baseline reflects the day 28 FPG value minus the baseline FPG value. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, previous anti-diabetic medication and baseline FPG. (NCT00716092)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 28

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo-0.1
BI1356-10.9
Sitagliptin-15.6

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GLP-1 (Glucagon Like Peptide 1) AUEC (0-2h) (Area Under Effect Curve) Change From Baseline at Day 28

The change from baseline reflects the day 28 GLP-1 AUEC (0-2h) value minus the baseline GLP-1 AUEC (0-2h) value. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, previous anti-diabetic medication and baseline GLP-1. (NCT00716092)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 28

Interventionpmol*h/L (Mean)
Placebo0.4
BI135618.5
Sitagliptin15.3

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Plasma Glucose Area Under Effect Curve (AUEC) (0-3h) Change From Baseline at Day 28

The change from baseline reflects the day 28 Glucose AUEC (0-3h) value minus the baseline Glucose AUEC (0-3h) value. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, previous anti-diabetic medication and baseline plasma glucose AUEC (0-3h). (NCT00716092)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 28

Interventionmg*h/dL (Mean)
Placebo8.1
BI1356-98.4
Sitagliptin-119.1

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Exploratory Sensitivity Analysis of FPG Change From Baseline at Day 28

The change from baseline reflects the day 28 FPG value minus the baseline FPG value. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, previous anti-diabetic medication and baseline FPG. (NCT00716092)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 28

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo0.4
BI1356-10.3
Sitagliptin-15.6

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Exploratory Sensitivity Analysis of the WMG Change From Baseline at Day 28

The change from baseline reflects the day 28 WMG value minus the baseline WMG value. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, previous anti-diabetic medication and baseline WMG. (NCT00716092)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 28

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo-0.2
BI1356-20.1
Sitagliptin-26.1

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Exploratory Sensitivity Analysis of GLP-1 AUEC (0-2h) Change From Baseline at Day 28

The change from baseline reflects the day 28 GLP-1 AUEC (0-2h) value minus the baseline GLP-1 AUEC (0-2h) value. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, previous anti-diabetic medication and baseline GLP-1. (NCT00716092)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 28

Interventionpmol*h/L (Mean)
Placebo-0.1
BI135618.1
Sitagliptin15.3

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Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline at Week 18 (Interim Analysis)

This change from baseline reflects the Week 18 FPG minus the Week 0 FPG. Means are adjusted for baseline FPG, baseline HbA1c, prior OADs and reason for metformin intolerance (Interim Analysis). (NCT00740051)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Placebo7.2
Linagliptin-13.3

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18 (Final Analysis)

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the Week 0 HbA1c percent. Means are adjusted for baseline HbA1c, prior OADs and reason for metformin intolerance. HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the Week 0 HbA1c percent. Means are adjusted for baseline HbA1c, prior OADs and reason for metformin intolerance. The primary analysis was re-run at the completion of the study in the final study report. (NCT00740051)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Placebo0.21
Linagliptin-0.39

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 18 (Interim Analysis)

Odds ratios are adjusted for baseline HbA1c, prior OADs and reason for metformin intolerance. (NCT00740051)
Timeframe: Week 18

Interventionpercent of patients (Number)
Placebo17.8
Linagliptin36.1

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18 (Interim Analysis)

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the Week 0 HbA1c percent. Means are adjusted for baseline HbA1c, prior OADs and reason for metformin intolerance. (NCT00740051)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Placebo0.14
Linagliptin-0.44

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The Change in FPG From Baseline by Visit Over Time

This change from baseline reflects the FPG (at weeks 6, 12, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 46, 52) minus the Week 0 FPG. (NCT00740051)
Timeframe: Baseline and weeks 6,12,18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 46, 52

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Change from baseline at week 6 (N=63, 134)Change from baseline at week 12 (N=55,92)Change from baseline at week 18 (N=47, 115)Change from baseline at week 22 (N=46, 110)Change from baseline at week 26 (N=50, 108)Change from baseline at week 30 (N=48, 95)Change from baseline at week 34 (N=48, 95)Change from baseline at week 40 (N=47, 92)Change from baseline at week 46 (N=47, 92)Change from baseline at week 52 (N=43, 86)
Linagliptin-8.4-14.3-12.9-14.0-17.0-19.1-15.8-19.0-18.1-14.0
Placebo/Glimepiride9.75.45.0-19.3-22.6-31.4-25.6-19.5-22.8-19.1

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The Change in HbA1c From Baseline by Visit Over Time

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the HbA1c percent (at weeks 6, 12, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 46, 52) minus the Week 0 HbA1c percent. (NCT00740051)
Timeframe: Baseline and weeks 6,12, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 46, 52

,
Interventionpercent (Mean)
Change from baseline at week 6 (N=64, 136)Change from baseline at week 12 (N=57, 129)Change from baseline at week 18 (N=47, 118)Change from baseline at week 22 (N=46, 113)Change from baseline at week 26 (N=50, 110)Change from baseline at week 30 (N=49, 98)Change from baseline at week 34 (N=50, 96)Change from baseline at week 40 (N=49, 94)Change from baseline at week 46 (N=45, 92)Change from baseline at week 52 (N=45, 92)
Linagliptin-0.21-0.43-0.38-0.40-0.48-0.49-0.49-0.45-0.42-0.44
Placebo/Glimepiride0.260.260.10-0.32-0.53-0.79-0.75-0.73-0.78-0.72

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<7.0 at Week 18 (Interim Analysis)

Odds ratios are adjusted for baseline HbA1c, prior OADs and reason for metformin intolerance. (NCT00740051)
Timeframe: Week 18

Interventionpercent of patients (Number)
Placebo11.8
Linagliptin23.5

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<6.5 at Week 18 (Interim Analysis)

Odds ratios are adjusted for baseline HbA1c, prior OADs and reason for metformin intolerance. (NCT00740051)
Timeframe: Week 18

Interventionpercent of patients (Number)
Placebo2.9
Linagliptin8.9

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12

This change from baseline reflects the Week 12 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo8.9
M500BID-21.8
M1000BID-31.9
Lina5-8.4
L2.5+M500BID-36.2
L2.5+M1000BID-49.9

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18

This change from baseline reflects the Week 18 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo7.3
M500BID-13.7
M1000BID-30.3
Lina5-9.2
L2.5+M500BID-34.6
L2.5+M1000BID-48.1

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Use of Rescue Therapy

The use of rescue therapy (SUs, thiazolidinediones [TZDs], or insulin) was permitted only during the randomised treatment period of the trial (i.e. Visits 3 to 7), and was to be administered only if a patient had a 'confirmed' glucose level after an overnight fast. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo29.2
M500BID13.5
M1000BID8.0
Lina511.1
L2.5+M500BID7.3
L2.5+M1000BID4.3

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24 for Open-label Patients

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 24 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percentage. Mean is unadjusted. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

InterventionPercent (Mean)
OL: L2.5+M1000BID-3.19

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 24 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.13
M500BID-0.64
M1000BID-1.07
Lina5-0.45
L2.5+M500BID-1.22
L2.5+M1000BID-1.59

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.16
M500BID-0.66
M1000BID-1.06
Lina5-0.45
L2.5+M500BID-1.17
L2.5+M1000BID-1.54

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.16
M500BID-0.61
M1000BID-0.95
Lina5-0.42
L2.5+M500BID-1.13
L2.5+M1000BID-1.37

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6

This change from baseline reflects the Week 6 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo6.2
M500BID-20.8
M1000BID-31.6
Lina5-10.8
L2.5+M500BID-38.7
L2.5+M1000BID-48.3

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24 for Open-label Patients

This change from baseline reflects the Week 24 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Mean is unadjusted. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
OL: L2.5+M1000BID-73.58

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24

This change from baseline reflects the Week 24 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo10.2
M500BID-15.8
M1000BID-32.2
Lina5-8.6
L2.5+M500BID-33.2
L2.5+M1000BID-49.4

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 2

This change from baseline reflects the Week 2 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 2

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo5.3
M500BID-19.6
M1000BID-21.8
Lina5-13.0
L2.5+M500BID-34.5
L2.5+M1000BID-38.6

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 6.5% (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo3.1
M500BID5.0
M1000BID12.3
Lina53.7
L2.5+M500BID13.1
L2.5+M1000BID27.1

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 6 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.03
M500BID-0.45
M1000BID-0.61
Lina5-0.36
L2.5+M500BID-0.86
L2.5+M1000BID-1.00

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 6.5%. Only patients with baseline HbA1c =< 6.5% (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo3.1
M500BID5.0
M1000BID12.3
Lina53.7
L2.5+M500BID13.1
L2.5+M1000BID27.1

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 7%. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo10.8
M500BID18.6
M1000BID30.7
Lina510.4
L2.5+M500BID30.1
L2.5+M1000BID53.6

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c reduction from baseline greater than 0.5% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c reduction less than 0.5%. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo29.2
M500BID46.1
M1000BID65.9
Lina542.2
L2.5+M500BID71.5
L2.5+M1000BID81.4

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Adjusted Means for 2h Post-Prandial Glucose (PPG) Change From Baseline at Week 24

This change from baseline reflects the Week 24 2h PPG minus the baseline 2h PPG. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline 2h PPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo-35.4
M500BID-82.9
M1000BID-87.2
Lina5-35.3
L2.5+M500BID-86.0
L2.5+M1000BID-109.2

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<7.0 at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 7%. (NCT00798161)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo10.8
M500BID19.1
M1000BID31.2
Lina510.4
L2.5+M500BID30.7
L2.5+M1000BID54.3

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 48

HbA1c is measured as a Percent. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 48 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline HbA1c , creatinine clearance at baseline and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 48

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.04
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-0.77

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 42

HbA1c is measured as a Percent. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 42 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline HbA1c , creatinine clearance at baseline and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 42

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.08
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-0.73

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 36

HbA1c is measured as a Percent. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 36 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline HbA1c , creatinine clearance at baseline and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 36

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.03
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-0.72

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 30

HbA1c is measured as a Percent. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 30 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline HbA1c , creatinine clearance at baseline and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 30

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.04
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-0.67

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24

HbA1c is measured as a Percent. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 24 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline HbA1c , creatinine clearance at baseline and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.04
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-0.64

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18

HbA1c is measured as a Percent. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline HbA1c , creatinine clearance at baseline and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 18

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.04
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-0.57

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12

HbA1c is measured as a Percent. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline continuous HbA1c , creatinine clearance at baseline and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.15
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-0.76

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FPG Change From Baseline at week52

This change from baseline reflects the week 52 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline FPG , baseline creatinine clearance , baseline HbA1c and background of anti diabetic drugs (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-6.81
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-5.47

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 30

This change from baseline reflects the week 30 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline FPG , baseline creatinine clearance , baseline HbA1c and background of anti diabetic drugs (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 30

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-14.54
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-10.12

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 48

This change from baseline reflects the week 48 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline FPG , baseline creatinine clearance , baseline HbA1c and background of anti diabetic drugs (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 48

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-10.52
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-3.45

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 42

This change from baseline reflects the week 42 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline FPG , baseline creatinine clearance , baseline HbA1c and background of anti diabetic drugs (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 42

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-13.25
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-8.88

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 36

This change from baseline reflects the week 36 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline FPG , baseline creatinine clearance , baseline HbA1c and background of anti diabetic drugs (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 36

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-11.29
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-20.53

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12

This change from baseline reflects the week 12 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline FPG , creatinine clearance , HbA1c and background of anti diabetic drugs (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-7.08
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-8.81

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18

Model includes treatment, continuous baseline FPG , creatinine clearance , HbA1c and background of anti diabetic drugs (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 18

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-12.72
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-14.97

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24

This change from baseline reflects the week 24 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline FPG , baseline creatinine clearance , baseline HbA1c and background of anti diabetic drugs (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-6.22
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-16.93

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Change From Baseline in Antidiabetic Background Therapy Dose at 52 Weeks Compared to Baseline and Over Time

Number of patients with at least one change in daily dose, determined by at least a 10% increase in insulin. (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Week 1- Week12Week 12 - Week 52Overall (Baseline -Week 52)
Linagliptin (BI 1356)172432
Placebo112933

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The Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response, That is an HbA1c Under Treatment of <6.5% After 52 Weeks of Treatment

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 52 was calculated for each treatment arm. Non-completers were imputed as failure (NCF). Analysis was only performed on patients with baseline HbA1c>=6.5% (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo0
Linagliptin (BI 1356)6.1

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The Occurrence of a Treat to Target Efficacy Response, That is an HbA1c Under Treatment of <7.0% After 52 Weeks of Treatment

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7.0% at week 52 was calculated for each treatment arm. Non-completers were imputed as failure (NCF). Analysis was only performed on patients with baseline HbA1c>=7%. (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo9.8
Linagliptin (BI 1356)18.0

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 52

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c reduction from baseline >=0.5% at week 52 was calculated for each treatment arm. Non-completers were imputed as failure (NCF). (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo11.3
Linagliptin (BI 1356)27.3

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 52

HbA1c is measured as a Percent. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 52 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for continuous baseline HbA1c , creatinine clearance at baseline and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00800683)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.01
Linagliptin (BI 1356)-0.71

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Percentage of Patients With Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 7%) at Week 18

An absolute efficacy response is defined as HbA1c < 7.0% at 18 weeks. A non-response is defined as HbA1c >= 7.0% at 18 weeks. (NCT00819091)
Timeframe: week 18

,
InterventionPercentage of Patients (Number)
HbA1c < 7%HbA1c >= 7%
Linagliptin 5.0 mg15.284.8
Placebo3.796.3

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% From Baseline at Week 18

An efficacy response is defined as HbA1c lowered by 0.5% or more at 18 weeks. A non-response is defined as HbA1c not lowered by 0.5% or more at 18 weeks. (NCT00819091)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 18

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
HbA1c lower by at least 0.5%HbA1c not lower by at least 0.5%
Linagliptin 5.0 mg57.642.4
Placebo2278.0

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Mixed Model Repeated Measurements Analysis of Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 18

HbA1c is measured as a percent. The change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the Week 0 HbA1c percent. Means are adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00819091)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 18

Interventionpercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.08
Linagliptin 5.0 mg-0.55

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Mixed Model Repeated Measurements Analysis of Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 12

HbA1c is measured as a percent. The change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c percent minus the Week 0 HbA1c percent. Means are adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00819091)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 12

Interventionpercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.11
Linagliptin 5.0 mg-0.61

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) at Week 18

HbA1c is measured as a percent. The change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the Week 0 HbA1c percent. Means are adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00819091)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 18

Interventionpercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.07
Linagliptin 5.0 mg-0.54

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 6

Change from baseline reflects the Week 6 FPG minus the Week 0 FPG. Means are adjusted for baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00819091)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-7.6
Linagliptin 5.0 mg-13.5

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 18

Change from baseline reflects the Week 18 FPG minus the Week 0 FPG. Means are adjusted for baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00819091)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 18

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.8
Linagliptin 5.0 mg-8.2

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 12

Change from baseline reflects the Week 12 FPG minus the Week 0 FPG. Means are adjusted for baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00819091)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo4.1
Linagliptin 5.0 mg-10.3

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Mixed Model Repeated Measurements Analysis of Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 6

HbA1c is measured as a percent. The change from baseline reflects the Week 6 HbA1c percent minus the Week 0 HbA1c percent. Means are adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT00819091)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6

Interventionpercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.02
Linagliptin 5.0 mg-0.43

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Percentage of Patients With Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 6.5%) at Week 18

An absolute efficacy response is defined as HbA1c < 6.5% at 18 weeks. A non-response is defined as HbA1c >= 6.5% at 18 weeks. (NCT00819091)
Timeframe: week 18

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
HbA1c < 6.5%HbA1c >= 6.5%
Linagliptin 5.0 mg5.794.3
Placebo2.497.6

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Change in HbA1c From Baseline Over Time

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the visit HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Baseline is defined as visit 3 from study 1218.46 (NCT00915772). (NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 78 weeks

,,
InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Change in HbA1c to week 30 (n=102, 103 and 108)Change in HbA1c to week 42 (n=90, 92 and 95)Change in HbA1c to week 54 (n=81, 81 and 87)Change in HbA1c to week 66 (n=74, 73 and 84)Change in HbA1c to week 78 (n=66, 66 and 78)
L2.5+M1000-1.74-1.62-1.73-1.65-1.63
L2.5+M500-1.34-1.31-1.41-1.42-1.32
M1000-1.19-1.16-1.20-1.26-1.25

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Change in HbA1c From Baseline Over Time

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the visit HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Baseline is defined as visit 1 of 1218.52. (NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 54 weeks

,,
InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Change in HbA1c to week 6 (n=157, 207 and 166)Change in HbA1c to week 18 (n=136, 184 and 147)Change in HbA1c to week 30 (n=121, 165 and 134)Change in HbA1c to week 42 (n=110, 152 and 127)Change in HbA1c to week 54 (n=98, 132 and 117)
L2.5+M1000-0.26-0.34-0.36-0.28-0.24
L2.5+M500-0.24-0.29-0.41-0.35-0.28
M1000-0.06-0.08-0.10-0.14-0.06

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Frequency of Patients With Possibly Clinically Significant Abnormal Laboratory Parameters: Haematology

(NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 54 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Haematocrit abnormality: <=32%Haemoglobin abnormality:Female ≤9.5;Male ≤11.5g/dLRed Blood Cells abnormality: < 3* 10^12/LWhite Blood Cells abnormal decrease: < 3 * 10^9/LWhite Blood Cells abnormal increase: <20.1*10^9/LPlatelets abnormal decrease: <= 75* 10^9/LPlatelets abnormal increase: >= 700* 10^9/L
L2.5+M10000201010
L2.5+M5002403100
M10002700000

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Number of Patients With HbA1c of at Least <0.5% Over Time

(NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 54 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipant (Number)
NoYes
L2.5+M100013536
L2.5+M50017649
M100014327

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Frequency of Patients With Adverse Events (AEs)

This includes any AEs detected during routine physical examination and electrocardiogram (ECG) procedures. (NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 54 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipant (Number)
Patients with any AEsPatients with severe AEsPatients with withdrawal due to AEs (from AE page)
L2.5+M100013259
L2.5+M500149711
M1000124410

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Possibly Clinically Significant Abnormal Laboratory Parameters: Clinical Chemistry

ULN means upper limit of normal (NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 54 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Eosinophils abnormality : ≥ 10%Sodium abnormal decrease: < 130 mmol/LSodium abnormal increase: > 160 mmol/LPotassium abnormal decrease: < 3 mmol/LPotassium abnormal increase: > 5.8 mmol/LCalcium abnormal decrease: < 1.8 mmol/LCalcium abnormal increase: > 3 mmol/LPhosphate abnormal decrease: < 0.7 mmol/LPhosphate abnormal increase: > 1.7 mmol/LAspartate Transaminase abnormality: ≥3xULNAlanine Transaminase (ALT) abnormality: >= 3 x ULNAlkaline phosphatase abnormality: >= 2 x ULNγ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) increase:≥3ULNLactate dehydrogenase abnormality: >= 3 x ULNCreatine kinase abnormality: >= 3 x ULNAmylase: > 1.5 x ULNTotal cholesterol abnormality: > 300 mg/dLCreatinine abnormality: >= 1.5 mg/dLTotal bilirubin abnormality: >= 2 mg/dLTriglyceride abnormality: >300 mg/dLUric acid abnormality:Female: >10;Male: >11 mg/dLAlbumin abnormality: <2.5 g/dLBicarbonate abnormal decrease: <21 mmol/L
L2.5+M1000620040001220702410010602
L2.5+M500410021102230501501114310
M1000201022010341803200014400

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Number of Patients With Rescue Therapy

(NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 54 weeks

,,
InterventionNumber of patients (Number)
NoYes
L2.5+M100014724
L2.5+M50016362
M100012842

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Number of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% After 54 Weeks

(NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 54 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipant (Number)
NoYes
L2.5+M100010467
L2.5+M50016857
M100011951

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Number of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% Over Time

(NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 54 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipant (Number)
NoYes
L2.5+M100013041
L2.5+M50019629
M100014822

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Change From Baseline at Week 54 in Pulse Rate

Baseline is defined as Visit 1 of 1218.52. (NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 54 weeks

Interventionbeats per minute (bpm) (Mean)
M10000.0
L2.5+M5000.6
L2.5+M10000.1

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Change From Baseline at Week 54 in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

Baseline is defined as Visit 1 of 1218.52. (NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 54 weeks

,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
DBP change from baselineSBP change from baseline
L2.5+M10000.32.2
L2.5+M500-0.1-0.2
M1000-0.30.6

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Change in FPG From Baseline Over Time

Baseline is defined as visit 1 of 1218.52. (NCT00915772)
Timeframe: 54 weeks

,,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Change in FPG to week 2 (n=158, 200 and 158)Change in FPG to week 6 (n=152, 189 and 157)Change in FPG to week 18 (n=133, 174 and 142)Change in FPG to week 30 (n=116, 156 and 130)Change in FPG to week 42 (n=103, 149 and 124)Change in FPG to week 54 (n=93, 132 and 115)
L2.5+M1000-10.57-13.46-12.88-13.90-13.10-9.82
L2.5+M500-12.22-13.28-11.76-13.49-9.46-7.24
M1000-4.36-4.18-1.14-7.22-7.43-6.02

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DPP-4 Inhibition: E_24

Plasma DPP-4 inhibition 24 hours after first dose. Plasma DPP-4 inhibition is derived by calculating (1-(activity in presence of linagliptin)/baseline activity))*100%, where 'activity' is the activity of the DPP-IV enzyme. (NCT00935220)
Timeframe: One single measurement 24 h after drug administration

InterventionPercent (of inhibition) (Median)
Linagliptin 5mg75.2

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DPP-4 Inhibition: E_24,ss

Plasma DPP-4 inhibition at trough under steady state conditions. Plasma DPP-4 inhibition is derived by calculating (1-(activity in presence of linagliptin)/baseline activity))*100%, where 'activity' is the activity of the DPP-IV enzyme. (NCT00935220)
Timeframe: One single measurement 24 h after drug administration under steady state conditions

InterventionPercent (of inhibition) (Median)
Linagliptin 5mg84.7

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Linagliptin: C_max

maximum concentration of linagliptin in plasma on Day 1 (NCT00935220)
Timeframe: 24h

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 5mg10.9

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Linagliptin: AUC_τ,ss

area under the concentration time curve (AUC_τ) of linagliptin in plasma at steady state over a uniform dosing interval (NCT00935220)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 5mg194

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Linagliptin: C_max,ss

maximum concentration of linagliptin in plasma at steady state (NCT00935220)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 5mg16.4

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Patients With Electrocardiogram (ECG), Vital Signs, Physical Finding or Laboratory Finding Abnormalities Reported as an Adverse Event

Patients with Electrocardiogram (ECG), vital signs, physical finding reported as an adverse event (NCT00935220)
Timeframe: 21 days

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Linagliptin 5mg0

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Electrocardiogram (ECG), Vital Signs, Physical Finding or Laboratory Finding Abnormalities

12-lead-Electrocardiogram (ECG), vital sign (blood pressure and pulse rate), physical finding and laboratory abnormalities (NCT00935220)
Timeframe: 21 days

InterventionParticipants (Number)
ECG abnormalitiesVital signs abnormalitiesPhysical finding abnormalitiesLaboratory finding abnormalities
Linagliptin 5mg0005

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Treatment Emergent Adverse Events

Frequency of patients with AEs (NCT00935220)
Timeframe: 21 days

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Patients with any adverse events (AEs)Patients with severe AEsPatients with drug-related AEsDiscontinuation due to AEs
Linagliptin 5mg16070

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Linagliptin: AUC_0-24

area under the concentration time curve of linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 24h after administration of the first dose (NCT00935220)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 5mg137

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 6

Means adjusted for treatment, baseline HbA1c, categorical renal function impairment and concomitant OADs (NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Placebo0.00
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.45

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 52 Weeks of Treatment

(NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline and 52 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo0.63
Linagliptin 5 mg-2.55

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Change From Baseline in Mean Insulin Dose at 52 Weeks of Treatment

Means adjusted for treatment, continous baseline HbA1c, continous baseline weight, continous baseline Insulin, categorical renal function impairment and concomitant OADs (NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline and 52 weeks

InterventionInternational units (IU) (Mean)
Placebo4.18
Linagliptin 5 mg2.60

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Change From Baseline in FPG

(NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24, 32 and 40 weeks

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
after 6 weeks of treatmentafter 12 weeks of treatment (N=556, N=590)after 18 weeks of treatment (N=533, N=567)after 24 weeks of treatment (N=499, N=533)after 32 weeks of treatment (N=436, N=491)after 40 weeks of treatment (N=357, N=429)
Linagliptin 5 mg-5.29-7.59-3.30-7.07-6.30-6.50
Placebo2.97-0.332.100.04-2.67-3.99

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Change From Baseline in Incremental Post-prandial Glucose (iPPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment

(NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks: post-breakfast, post-lunch, post-dinner

,
Interventionmmol*hr/L (Mean)
post-breakfast incremental glucosepost-lunch incremental glucose (N=34, N=41)post-dinner incremental glucose (N=46, N=57)
Linagliptin 5 mg-3.78-11.00-3.26
Placebo9.31-17.80-1.71

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Adjusted for treatment, baseline HbA1c, categorical renal function impairment and concomitant Oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) (NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Placebo0.07
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.58

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 12

Means adjusted for treatment, baseline HbA1c, categorical renal function impairment and concomitant OADs (NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Placebo0.02
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.59

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 18

Means adjusted for treatment, baseline HbA1c, categorical renal function impairment and concomitant OADs (NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Placebo0.03
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.64

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at 24 Weeks of Treatment

Means adjusted for treatment, baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG, categorical renal function impairment and concomitant OADs (NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo4.52
Linagliptin 5 mg-7.09

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 32

Means adjusted for treatment, baseline HbA1c, categorical renal function impairment and concomitant OADs (NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline and 32 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Placebo0.01
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.56

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 40

Means adjusted for treatment, baseline HbA1c, categorical renal function impairment and concomitant OADs (NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline and 40 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Placebo0.05
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.50

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit at Week 52

Means adjusted for treatment, baseline HbA1c, categorical renal function impairment and concomitant OADs (NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline and 52 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Placebo0.05
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.48

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Change From Baseline in Weighted Mean Daily Glucose After 24 and 52 Weeks of Treatment

Mean Daily Glucose was calculated using the 8-point blood glucose profile (NCT00954447)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 and 52 weeks

,
Interventionmmol*hr/L (Mean)
after 24 weeks of treatmentafter 52 weeks of treatment (N=25, N=15)
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.01-0.50
Placebo0.030.10

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Number of Patients Lowering HbA1c by at Least 0.5 Percent

(NCT00954447)
Timeframe: 24 and 52 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
after 24 weeks of treatmentafter 52 weeks of treatment
Linagliptin 5 mg333231
Placebo137104

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Number of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5 Percent

(NCT00954447)
Timeframe: 24 and 52 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
after 24 weeks of treatmentafter 52 weeks of treatment
Linagliptin 5 mg5046
Placebo1012

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Number of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0 Percent

(NCT00954447)
Timeframe: 24 and 52 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
after 24 weeks of treatmentafter 52 weeks of treatment
Linagliptin 5 mg134109
Placebo5644

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 6 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT00996658)
Timeframe: baseline, 6 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet-0.19
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-0.60

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 24 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT00996658)
Timeframe: baseline, 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet-0.27
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-0.84

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 18 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT00996658)
Timeframe: baseline, 18 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet-0.37
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-0.91

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Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (Reduction in HbA1c >= 0.5%) After 24 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT00996658)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Responder (reduction in HbA1c >= 0.5%)Non-responder (reduction in HbA1c < 0.5%)Missing
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet117611
Placebo Tablet44450

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Occurrence of Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 7%) After 24 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT00996658)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Responder (HbA1c < 7.0%)Non-responder (HbA1c >= 7.0%)Missing
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet571181
Placebo Tablet12750

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Occurrence of Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 6.5%) After 24 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT00996658)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Responder (HbA1c < 6.5%)Non-responder (HbA1c >= 6.5%)Missing
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet341431
Placebo Tablet5840

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 12 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT00996658)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet-0.28
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-0.82

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 6 Weeks

Adjusted mean change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) from baseline at week 6 (NCT00996658)
Timeframe: baseline, 6 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet12.4
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-3.3

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks

Adjusted mean change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) from baseline at week 24 (NCT00996658)
Timeframe: baseline, 24 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet0.1
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-10.3

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 18 Weeks

Adjusted mean change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) from baseline at week 18 (NCT00996658)
Timeframe: baseline, 18 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet-2.4
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-8.6

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 12 Weeks

Adjusted mean change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) from baseline at week 12 (NCT00996658)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet3.8
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-7.1

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% or More at Week 12

Percentage of patients with HbA1c lowering by at least 0.5% after 12 weeks. The analysis was performed on the full analysis set (FAS) using NCF. (NCT01012037)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionpercent (Number)
Placebo16.3
Lina 2.5 Twice Daily (Bid)55.1
Lina 5 Once Daily (qd)59.7

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Percentage of Patients With Rescue Therapy

Percentage of patients with rescue therapy at Week 12. The analysis was performed on the full analysis set (FAS) using OC. (NCT01012037)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercent (Number)
Placebo7.0
Lina 2.5 Twice Daily (Bid)3.7
Lina 5 Once Daily (qd)1.8

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12

Change from baseline reflects the Week 12 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Treatment means are adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline fasting plasma glucose and use of prior oral antidiabetics (OADs) in addition to background metformin. (NCT01012037)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo-3.5
Lina 2.5 Twice Daily (Bid)-17.2
Lina 5 Once Daily (qd)-21.3

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The Occurrence of a Treat to Target Efficacy Response (HbA1c <6.5 %) After 12 Weeks of Treatment

Percentage of those patients with baseline HbA1c >= 6.5% who had HbA1c < 6.5% at Week 12. The analysis was performed on the full analysis set (FAS) using NCF. (NCT01012037)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo0.0
Lina 2.5 Twice Daily (Bid)12.7
Lina 5 Once Daily (qd)11.8

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12 From Mixed Model Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis

Mixed model includes treatment, baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG, use of prior oral antidiabetics (OADs) in addition to background metformin, week repeated within patient, week by treatment interaction. (NCT01012037)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Placebo-8.7
Lina 2.5 Twice Daily (Bid)-18.7
Lina 5 Once Daily (qd)-23.9

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6 From Mixed Model Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis

Mixed model includes treatment, baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG, use of prior oral antidiabetics (OADs) in addition to background metformin, week repeated within patient, week by treatment interaction. (NCT01012037)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Placebo-1.2
Lina 2.5 Twice Daily (Bid)-17.8
Lina 5 Once Daily (qd)-20.1

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Treatment means are adjusted for baseline HbA1c and use of prior oral antidiabetics (OADs) in addition to background metformin. (NCT01012037)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Placebo0.28
Lina 2.5 Twice Daily (Bid)-0.46
Lina 5 Once Daily (qd)-0.52

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12 From Mixed Model Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis

Mixed model includes treatment, baseline HbA1c, use of prior oral antidiabetics (OADs) in addition to background metformin, week repeated within patient, week by treatment interaction. (NCT01012037)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Placebo0.27
Lina 2.5 Twice Daily (Bid)-0.51
Lina 5 Once Daily (qd)-0.55

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6 From Mixed Model Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis

Mixed model includes treatment, baseline HbA1c, use of prior oral antidiabetics (OADs) in addition to background metformin, week repeated within patient, week by treatment interaction. (NCT01012037)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Placebo0.32
Lina 2.5 Twice Daily (Bid)-0.34
Lina 5 Once Daily (qd)-0.34

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The Occurrence of a Treat to Target Efficacy Response (HbA1c <7.0%) After 12 Weeks of Treatment

Percentage of those patients with baseline HbA1c >= 7.0% who had HbA1c < 7% at Week 12. The analysis was performed on the full analysis set (FAS) using NCF. (NCT01012037)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo10.0
Lina 2.5 Twice Daily (Bid)34.0
Lina 5 Once Daily (qd)33.0

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Number of Patients With Rescue Therapy

The use of rescue therapy was planned for patients failing to achieve preset criteria based on glucose levels during the randomised treatment period of the trial (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: week 24

InterventionNumber of patients (Number)
Placebo11
Linagliptin 5 mg7

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Percentage of Patients Who Have a HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c reduction of ≥0.5% at week 24 from baseline was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c reduction less than 0.5% (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo12.8
Linagliptin 5 mg54.4

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7% at week 24 were calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 7%. (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo11.5
Linagliptin 5 mg41.9

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 6

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 6 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and prior use of insulin. (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo-0.07
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.42

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 18

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 18 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and prior use of insulin. (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.04
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.58

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 12

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and prior use of insulin. (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo-0.03
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.60

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 6

This change from baseline reflects the Week 6 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment-adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and prior use of insulin, week repeated within patient and week by treatment interaction. (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo4.6
Linagliptin 5 mg-14.1

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 24

This change from baseline reflects the Week 24 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment-adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and prior use of insulin. (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo10.1
Linagliptin 5 mg-10.6

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 18

This change from baseline reflects the Week 18 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment-adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and prior use of insulin, week repeated within patient and week by treatment interaction. (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 18

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo9.6
Linagliptin 5 mg-12.0

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FPG Change From Baseline to Week 12

This change from baseline reflects the Week 12 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment-adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and prior use of insulin, week repeated within patient and week by treatment interaction. (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo6.8
Linagliptin 5 mg-14.7

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7% at week 24 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 24 they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 7%. Only patients with baseline HbA1c >= 7% (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo8.3
Linagliptin 5 mg38.9

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 24

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 24 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and prior use of insulin. (NCT01084005)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo0.04
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.61

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Percentage of Patients Who Have a HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5%

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c reduction of ≥0.5% at week 12 and week 52 from baseline was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 12 or 52 respectively they were considered a failure, so HbA1c reduction less than 0.5%. (NCT01087502)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 12 and week 52

,
Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Week 52 (N=120, 113)Week 12 (N= 121, 117)
Linagliptin 5 mg34.549.6
Placebo/Glimepiride23.324.0

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Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline to Week 12

This change from baseline reflects the Week 12 FPG minus the baseline FPG. Means are treatment-adjusted for baseline HbA1c, baseline FPG and prior use of insulin, week repeated within patient and week by treatment interaction. (NCT01087502)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo/Glimepiride9.53
Linagliptin 5 mg0.24

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HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 12

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 12 HbA1c percent minus the baseline HbA1c percent. Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c, renal function impairment and prior use of antidiabetic agents. (NCT01087502)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Placebo-0.11
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.53

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Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline Over Time

This change from baseline reflects the FPG over time minus the baseline FPG. This outcome measure only provides descriptive statistics without any modelling. (NCT01087502)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 4, week 8, week 12, week 20, week 24, week 28, week 34, week 40, week 46, week 52

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Week 4 (N=119, 112)Week 8 (N=119, 112)Week 12 (N=119, 112)Week 20 (N=119, 112)Week 24 (N=119, 112)Week 28 (N=119, 112)Week 34 (N=119, 112)Week 40 (N=119, 112)Week 46 (N=119, 112)Week 52 (N=119, 112)
Linagliptin 5 mg-10.55-11.25-6.26-5.92-12.78-9.31-2.78-2.69-2.033.09
Placebo/Glimepiride9.808.966.23-9.66-8.83-9.67-9.95-0.75-2.64-3.10

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HbA1c Change From Baseline Over Time

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the HbA1c percent over time minus the baseline HbA1c percent. This outcome measure only provides descriptive statistics without any modelling. (NCT01087502)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 4, week 8, week 12, week 16, week 20, week 24, week 28, week 34, week 40, week 46, week 52

,
InterventionPercent (Mean)
Week 4 (N=120, 113)Week 8 (N=120, 113)Week 12 (N=120, 113)Week 16 (N=120, 113)Week 20 (N=120, 113)Week 24 (N=120, 113)Week 28 (N=120, 113)Week 34 (N=120, 113)Week 40 (N=120, 113)Week 46 (N=120, 113)Week 52 (N=120, 113)
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.29-0.47-0.50-0.47-0.48-0.52-0.50-0.45-0.42-0.40-0.40
Placebo/Glimepiride-0.08-0.09-0.08-0.31-0.48-0.51-0.47-0.37-0.23-0.24-0.25

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Plasma Concentration of Linagliptin at Trough

Trough levels of concentration of Linagliptin in plasma. (NCT01087502)
Timeframe: Week 12, 24 and 52

InterventionNmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Week 12 (N=103)Week 24 (N=103)Week 52 (N=105)
Linagliptin 5 mg7.777.625.94

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0%

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 7% at week 12 and week 52 were calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 12 or 52 respectively, they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 7%. (NCT01087502)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 12 and week 52

,
Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Week 52 (N=110, 104)Week 12 (N=110, 108)
Linagliptin 5 mg22.119.4
Placebo/Glimepiride11.89.1

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5%

The percentage of patients with an HbA1c value below 6.5% at week 12 and week 52 was calculated for each treatment arm. If a patient did not have an HbA1c value at week 12 or 52 respectively they were considered a failure, so HbA1c above 6.5%. (NCT01087502)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 12 and week 52

,
Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Week 52 (N=119, 111)Week 12 (N=120, 115)
Linagliptin 5 mg9.96.1
Placebo/Glimepiride6.75.0

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HbA1c Change From Baseline by Visit Over Time

"HbA1c is measured as a percentage. The change from baseline is the HbA1c over time minus the baseline HbA1c. The model includes fixed effects for treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c, prior andi-diabetic medication, country, visit and treatment.~by visit interaction." (NCT01183013)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6, week 12, week 18, week 24, week 30

,,,,,,
Interventionpercent (Mean)
Change to week 6 (N=121,133,133,130,119,124,125)Change to week 12 (N=112,124,127,122,111,117,120)Change to week 18 (N=101,121,122,112,104,104,115)Change to week 24 (N=91,108,110,95,92,96,109)Change to week 30 (N=78,93,91,79,86,87,97)
Lina5-0.23-0.36-0.39-0.39-0.37
Lina5Pio15-0.43-0.71-0.81-0.84-0.87
Lina5Pio30-0.47-0.92-1.07-1.10-1.09
Lina5Pio45-0.62-1.01-1.22-1.23-1.27
Pio15-0.22-0.47-0.63-0.75-0.77
Pio30-0.16-0.43-0.58-0.67-0.73
Pio45-0.20-0.59-0.82-0.87-0.94

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Time to First Use of Rescue Therapy

Proportion of patients at 30 weeks with rescue therapy using Kaplan-Meier analysis. (NCT01183013)
Timeframe: 30 weeks

,,,,,,
InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Proportion event-freeStandard Error
Lina50.77560.0390
Lina5Pio150.88540.0313
Lina5Pio300.90780.0279
Lina5Pio450.95480.0198
Pio150.81170.0382
Pio300.85330.0330
Pio450.90510.0273

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 30 Weeks of Treatment.

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. The change from baseline is the Week 30 HbA1c minus the baseline HbA1c. (NCT01183013)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 weeks

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Pio15-0.66
Pio30-0.69
Pio45-0.87
Lina5-0.39
Lina5Pio15-0.83
Lina5Pio30-1.06
Lina5Pio45-1.28

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Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline After 30 Weeks of Treatment

The change from baseline is the FPG after 30 weeks minus the baseline FPG. (NCT01183013)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Pio15-15.16
Pio30-25.49
Pio45-28.69
Lina5-1.46
Lina5Pio15-18.84
Lina5Pio30-27.33
Lina5Pio45-35.19

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Incidence of Rescue Therapy During the First 30 Weeks of Treatment

Rescue therapy was defined to include any new antidiabetic medication taken for hyperglycemia and introduced on or after the start date of study treatment and before the end date of study treatment. (NCT01183013)
Timeframe: 30 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pio1520
Pio3017
Pio4511
Lina526
Lina5Pio1512
Lina5Pio3010
Lina5Pio455

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Occurrence of Cumulative Treat to Target Efficacy Response, of HbA1c Under Treatment of < 6.5% After 30 Weeks of Treatment

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin. (NCT01183013)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pio1520
Pio3028
Pio4539
Lina514
Lina5Pio1524
Lina5Pio3038
Lina5Pio4543

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Occurrence of Cumulative Treat to Target Efficacy Response, of HbA1c Under Treatment of < 7.0% After 30 Weeks of Treatment

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin. (NCT01183013)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pio1539
Pio3055
Pio4568
Lina529
Lina5Pio1545
Lina5Pio3061
Lina5Pio4581

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Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 30 Weeks of Treatment)

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin. (NCT01183013)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pio1579
Pio3083
Pio4590
Lina554
Lina5Pio1579
Lina5Pio3091
Lina5Pio45107

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Two-hour Postprandial Glucose (2hPPG) Change From Baseline at Week 30 by Meal Tolerance Test (MTT)

The change from baseline is the 2hPPG after 30 weeks minus the baseline 2hPPG. (NCT01183013)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Pio15-30.65
Pio30-83.00
Pio45-82.98
Lina5-51.61
Lina5Pio15-67.26
Lina5Pio30-87.94
Lina5Pio45-84.77

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Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline by Visit Over Time

The change from baseline is the FPG over time minus the baseline FPG. Model includes fixed effects for treatment, continuous baseline FPG, continuous baseline HbA1c, prior anti-diabetic medication, country, visit and treatment by visit interaction (NCT01183013)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6, week 12, week 18, week 24, week 30

,,,,,,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Change at week 6 (N=118,132,133,130,119,122,124)Change at week 12 (N=111,124,126,122,108,114,118)Change at week 18 (N=100,122,121,111,104,103,114)Change at week 24 (N=90,108,108,96,93,93,108)Change at week 30 (N=76,91,89,79,82,87,98)
Lina5-4.25-7.43-7.06-4.60-0.09
Lina5Pio15-19.25-17.99-19.01-16.68-17.93
Lina5Pio30-26.89-31.25-31.22-31.48-27.11
Lina5Pio45-28.36-28.53-30.66-31.49-34.04
Pio15-14.43-10.63-16.68-16.25-17.66
Pio30-16.38-21.36-20.69-21.57-26.09
Pio45-15.72-25.30-28.68-27.67-31.76

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Linagliptin Formulation Comparison: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)423
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A3 (Fasted)393

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Linagliptin Formulation Comparison: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)

"Maximum measured concentration of linagliptin in plasma.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)7.65
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A3 (Fasted)7.93

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Empagliflozin: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of empagliflozin (empa) in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)6060
Empa Plus Linagliptin Individual Tablets (Fasted)5800

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Linagliptin: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)435
Empa Plus Linagliptin Individual Tablets (Fasted)410

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Linagliptin: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)

"Maximum measured concentration of linagliptin in plasma.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)8.19
Empa Plus Linagliptin Individual Tablets (Fasted)7.49

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Linagliptin: Area Under the Curve 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 72 hours.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)264
Empa Plus Linagliptin Individual Tablets (Fasted)250

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Linagliptin: Time From Last Dosing to Maximum Measured Concentration (Tmax)

Time from last dosing to the maximum measured concentration of linagliptin in plasma (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionhours (Median)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)1.50
Empa Plus Linagliptin Individual Tablets (Fasted)1.75
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fed)2.25
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A3 (Fasted)1.50

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Empagliflozin: Area Under the Curve 0 to the Last Quantifiable Drug Plasma Concentration (AUC0-tz)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of empagliflozin (empa) in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable drug plasma concentration.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)5990
Empa Plus Linagliptin Individual Tablets (Fasted)5720

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Empagliflozin Formulation Comparison: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)

"Maximum measured concentration of empagliflozin (empa) in plasma.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)802
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A3 (Fasted)787

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Empagliflozin Formulation Comparison: Area Under the Curve 0 to the Last Quantifiable Drug Plasma Concentration (AUC0-tz)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of empagliflozin (empa) in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable drug plasma concentration.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)5740
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A3 (Fasted)5490

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Empagliflozin Formulation Comparison: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of empagliflozin (empa) in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)5810
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A3 (Fasted)5560

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Empagliflozin Fed vs Fasted: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)

"Maximum measured concentration of empagliflozin (empa) in plasma, comparing fed with fasted.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)949
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fed)583

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Empagliflozin Fed vs Fasted: Area Under the Curve 0 to the Last Quantifiable Drug Plasma Concentration (AUC0-tz)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of empagliflozin (empa) in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable drug plasma concentration.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)6330
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fed)5400

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Empagliflozin Fed vs Fasted: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of empagliflozin (empa) in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)6410
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fed)5500

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Clinically Relevant Abnormalities for Physical Examination, Vital Signs, ECG, Blood Chemistry and Assessment of Tolerability by the Investigator

Clinically Relevant Abnormalities for Physical Examination, Vital Signs, ECG, Blood Chemistry and Assessment of Tolerability by the Investigator. New abnormal findings or worsening of baseline conditions were reported as Adverse Events. Time frame for adverse event was until the end-of-study examination. (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: Drug administration until next treatment period/end-of-study examination, up to 36 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)0
Empa Plus Linagliptin Indivdual Tablets (Fasted)0
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fed)0
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A3 (Fasted)0

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Empagliflozin: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)

"Maximum measured concentration of empagliflozin (empa) in plasma.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)862
Empa Plus Linagliptin Individual Tablets (Fasted)803

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Empagliflozin: Time From Last Dosing to Maximum Measured Concentration (Tmax)

Time from last dosing to the maximum measured concentration of empagliflozin (empa) in plasma. (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionhours (Median)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)1.50
Empa Plus Linagliptin Individual Tablets (Fasted)1.25
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fed)2.00
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A3 (Fasted)1.50

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Linagliptin Fed vs Fasted: Area Under the Curve 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 72 hours.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)275
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fed)250

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Linagliptin Fed vs Fasted: Area Under the Curve 0 to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)453
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fed)421

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Linagliptin Fed vs Fasted: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)

"Maximum measured concentration of linagliptin in plasma.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)8.97
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fed)6.14

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Linagliptin Formulation Comparison: Area Under the Curve 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 72 hours.~In this endpoint, the measured values show inter-individual variabilities, whereas the statistical analyses show intra-individual variabilities." (NCT01189201)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A1 (Fasted)256
Empa Plus Linagliptin FDC A3 (Fasted)247

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Occurrence of Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 7%) After 24 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT01194830)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Responder (HbA1c < 7.0%)Non-responder (HbA1c >= 7.0%)
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet2672
Placebo Tablet10100

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 18 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT01194830)
Timeframe: baseline, 18 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet-0.26
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-0.81

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 24 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT01194830)
Timeframe: baseline, 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet-0.25
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-0.84

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 6 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT01194830)
Timeframe: baseline, 6 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet-0.22
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-0.64

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Occurrence of Absolute Efficacy Response (HbA1c < 6.5%) After 24 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT01194830)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Responder (HbA1c < 6.5%)Non-responder (HbA1c >= 6.5%)
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet989
Placebo Tablet2108

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Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (Reduction in HbA1c >= 0.5%) After 24 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT01194830)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Responder (reduction in HbA1c >= 0.5%)Non-responder (reduction in HbA1c < 0.5%)
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet5345
Placebo Tablet3377

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) After 12 Weeks

Glycosylated hemoglobin is reported as a percentage of the total hemoglobin (NCT01194830)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet-0.17
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-0.72

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Change From Baseline in 2-hour Post-prandial Glucose (PPG) After 24 Weeks

(NCT01194830)
Timeframe: baseline, 24 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet-36.77
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-38.74

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks

(NCT01194830)
Timeframe: baseline, 24 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Tablet-11.0
Linagliptin 5 mg Tablet-22.9

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Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

The change from baseline in HbA1c after 52 weeks of treatment. When the HbA1c after 52 weeks treatment was missing, the value from the measurements at the closest preceding visit replaced the missing value. (NCT01204294)
Timeframe: Baseline and 52 weeks

,,,,,,
InterventionPercentage (Mean)
BaselineAt 52 weeksChange from baseline to 52 weeks
A-GI+Lina7.876.96-0.91
A-GI+Met8.076.98-1.09
Bigu+Lina7.987.10-0.88
Glin+Lina7.927.19-0.73
Glit+Lina7.867.07-0.79
SU+Lina8.127.42-0.70
SU+Met8.017.19-0.82

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Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs)

The number of patient with any AEs, patients with severe AE, patients with AEs leading to discontinuation of trial drug, and patients with Hypoglycaemic events (NCT01204294)
Timeframe: The first drug administration through 7 days after the last drug administration, up to 382 days

,,,,,,
InterventionPatients (Number)
Patients with any AEPatients with severe AEPatients with AEs leading to discontinuationPatients with Hypoglycaemic events
A-GI+Lina71112
A-GI+Met52002
Bigu+Lina69121
Glin+Lina55150
Glit+Lina62002
SU+Lina1142821
SU+Met441410

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.1
Linagliptin 5mg-11.0

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 18

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.0
Linagliptin 5mg-10.5

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo1.5
Linagliptin 5mg-8.1

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.8
Linagliptin 5mg-12.0

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 12

Intervention% of HbA1c (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.108
Linagliptin 5mg-0.609

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 18

Intervention% of HbA1c (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.159
Linagliptin 5mg-0.670

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 24

Intervention% of HbA1c (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.18
Linagliptin 5mg-0.68

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24 in the Subset of Chinese Patients

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 24

Intervention% of HbA1c (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.23
Linagliptin 5mg-0.69

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Number With HbA1c at Least Lowering 0.5%

Number with HbA1c at least 0.5% lowering from baseline at week 24 (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: baseline and at week 24

InterventionPatients (Number)
Placebo43
Linagliptin 5mg128

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Number of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0% at Week 24 With Baseline HbA1c >= 7.0%.

Number of patients with HbA1c < 7.0% at week 24 with baseline HbA1c >= 7.0%. (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: baseline and at week 24

InterventionPatients (Number)
Placebo23
Linagliptin 5mg80

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 6

Intervention% of HbA1c (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.072
Linagliptin 5mg-0.454

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Number of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5% at Week 24 With Baseline HbA1c >= 6.5%.

Number of patients with HbA1c < 6.5% at week 24 with baseline HbA1c >= 6.5%. (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: baseline and at week 24

InterventionPatients (Number)
Placebo11
Linagliptin 5mg36

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Number of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5%

Number of patients with HbA1c < 6.5% at week 24 (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: baseline and at week 24

InterventionPatients (Number)
Placebo12
Linagliptin 5mg38

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Number of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0%

Number of patients with HbA1c < 7.0% at week 24 (NCT01214239)
Timeframe: baseline and at week 24

InterventionPatients (Number)
Placebo26
Linagliptin 5mg94

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24(Chinese Only)

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 24 weeks

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.16
Linagliptin 5mg-0.68

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 6

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 6

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.02
Linagliptin 5mg-0.455

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Number of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5%

Number of patients with HbA1c < 6.5% at week 24 (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: baseline and at week 24

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Placebo4
Linagliptin 5mg26

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Number of Patients With HbA1c < 6.5% at Week 24 With Baseline HbA1c >= 6.5%.

Number of patients with HbA1c < 6.5% at week 24 with baseline HbA1c >= 6.5%. (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: baseline and at week 24

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Placebo3
Linagliptin 5mg26

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Number of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0%

Number of patients with HbA1c < 7.0% at week 24 (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: baseline and at week 24

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Placebo14
Linagliptin 5mg82

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Number of Patients With HbA1c < 7.0% at Week 24 With Baseline HbA1c >= 7.0%.

Number of patients with HbA1c < 7.0% at week 24 with baseline HbA1c >= 7.0%. (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: baseline and at week 24

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Placebo9
Linagliptin 5mg69

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Number With HbA1c at Least Lowering 0.5%

Number with HbA1c at least 0.5% lowering from baseline at week 24 (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: baseline and at week 24

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Placebo33
Linagliptin 5mg120

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 12

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-4.5
Linagliptin 5mg-14.7

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 18

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 18

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.9
Linagliptin 5mg-13.4

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 24

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.1
Linagliptin 5mg-10.7

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FPG Change From Baseline at Week 6

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline FPG and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 6

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo5.3
Linagliptin 5mg-16.8

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 12

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 12

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.062
Linagliptin 5mg-0.653

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 18

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 18

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.119
Linagliptin 5mg-0.645

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HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24

Means are treatment adjusted for baseline HbA1c and previous anti-diabetic medication. (NCT01215097)
Timeframe: Baseline and at week 24

InterventionPercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.14
Linagliptin 5mg-0.66

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Metformin: AUC0-tz

Geometric Mean of AUC0-tz of Metformin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionng*hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch12100
Side Batch12100

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Metformin: AUC0-infinity

Geometric Mean of AUC0-infinity of Metformin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch12400
Side Batch12300

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Linagliptin: λz (Terminal Elimination Rate Constant in Plasma)

Geometric mean of the λ_z of linagliptin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Intervention1/hr (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch0.0153
Side Batch0.0152

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Linagliptin: Time to Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analyte in Plasma (Tmax)

Median of the t_max of linagliptin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionhr (Median)
Standard Batch3.00
Side Batch3.00

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Linagliptin: Percentage of AUCtz-∞ Obtained by Extrapolation

Geometric Mean of percentage of AUCtz-∞ of linagliptin, where percentage is the unit of measurement. (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionpercentage (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch32.6
Side Batch32.1

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Linagliptin: MRTpo (Mean Residence Time of the Analyte in the Body After Peroral Administration)

Geometric mean of the MRTpo of linagliptin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionhr (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch64.6
Side Batch64.5

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Metformin: MRTpo (Mean Residence Time of the Analyte in the Body After Peroral Administration)

Geometric mean of MRTpo of metformin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionhr (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch8.27
Side Batch8.23

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Metformin: Vz/F

Geometric mean of Vz/F of metformin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

InterventionLiter (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch1640
Side Batch1580

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Metformin: Percentage of AUCtz-∞ Obtained by Extrapolation

Geometric Mean of the percentage of AUCtz-infinity of Metformin, where percentage is the unit of measurement. (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionpercentage (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch1.51
Side Batch1.52

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Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events

Number of patients with treatment emergent AEs (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 4 for period 1, and day 36 to 39 for period 2

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
HeadacheNauseaVomitingFatigue
Side Batch9110
Standard Batch6021

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Metformin: Tmax

Median of tmax of metformin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionhr (Median)
Standard Batch1.99
Side Batch2.00

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)

Geometric mean of AUC0-72 of Linagliptin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionnmol*hr/L (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch179
Side Batch179

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Linagliptin: Apparent Clearance of the Analyte in Plasma After Extravascular Administration (CL/F)

Geometric mean of the CL/F of linagliptin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

InterventionmL/min (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch330
Side Batch330

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Metformin: t1/2 (Terminal Half-life of the Analyte in Plasma)

Geometric mean of t1/2 of metformin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionhr (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch14.1
Side Batch13.5

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Linagliptin: Apparent Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Phase Following an Extravascular Dose (Vz/F)

Geometric mean of the Vz/F of linagliptin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

InterventionLiter (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch1300
Side Batch1300

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Linagliptin: AUC0-infinity

Geometric mean of AUC0-infinity of Linagliptin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionnmol*hr/L (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch267
Side Batch267

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Metformin: CL/F

Geometric mean of CL/F of metformin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

InterventionmL/min (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch1350
Side Batch1350

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Linagliptin: Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax)

Geometric mean of Cmax of Linagliptin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch5.36
Side Batch5.39

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Metformin: λz (Terminal Elimination Rate Constant in Plasma)

Geometric mean of λz of metformin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Intervention1/hr (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch0.0493
Side Batch0.0514

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Participants Who Discontinued the Trial Because of an Adverse Event

Number of participants who discontinued the trial because of an adverse event (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 4 for period 1, and day 36 to 39 for period 2

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Standard Batch0
Side Batch0

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t1/2 (Terminal Half-life of the Analyte in Plasma)

Geometric mean of the t1/2 of linagliptin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionhr (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch45.4
Side Batch45.6

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Assessment of Tolerability by the Investigator

Qualitative variable assessing the tolerability by the investigator (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 4 for period 1, and day 36 to 39 for period 2

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
GoodNot satisfactory
Side Batch400
Standard Batch391

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Electrocardiogram (ECG), Vital Signs, Physical Finding or Laboratory Finding Abnormalities

12-lead-Electrocardiogram (ECG), vital sign (blood pressure and pulse rate), physical finding and laboratory abnormalities (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 4 for period 1, and day 36 to 39 for period 2

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Physical examination abnormalitiesVital sign abnormalitiesECG abnormalitiesLaboratory finding abnormalities
Side Batch0000
Standard Batch0000

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Metformin: Cmax

Geometric Mean of Cmax of Metformin (NCT01216397)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 35 for period 1, and Day 36 to 70 for period 2

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Standard Batch1790
Side Batch1820

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Percentage of Participants Taking Trial Medication at Trial End, Maintained Glycaemic Control (HbA1c ≤7.0%) Without Need for Rescue Medication, Without >2% Weight Gain, and Without Moderate/Severe Hypoglycaemic Episodes During Maintenance Phase

The second key secondary endpoint was a composite endpoint of treatment sustainability, defined as the percentage of patients taking trial medication at trial end, maintained glycaemic control (HbA1c ≤7.0%) without need for rescue medication, without >2% weight gain, and without moderate/severe hypoglycaemic episodes during maintenance phase. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: From Visit 6 (Week 16) to Final visit (Week 432) (Maintenance Phase)

InterventionPercentage of participants (%) (Number)
Linagliptin16.0
Glimepiride10.2

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Change From Baseline of Insulin Secretion Rate (ISR) at Fixed Glucose Concentration at 208 Weeks

The endpoint change from baseline of ISR at fixed glucose concentration at 208 weeks as derived from a 3-hour meal tolerance test is Beta-cell function sub-study endpoint. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 208

InterventionPicomol/ minute/meter^2 (pmol/min/m²) (Mean)
Linagliptin11.07
Glimepiride6.95

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Percentage of Participants With the Occurrence of at Least One Event of 3P-MACE

Percentage of participants occurrence of at least one of the following adjudicated components of CV death (including fatal stroke and fatal MI), non-fatal MI (excluding silent MI) and non-fatal stroke is presented as secondary CV endpoint. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: From randomization until individual day of trial completion, up to 432 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (%) (Number)
Linagliptin11.8
Glimepiride12.0

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Percentage of Participants With the Occurrence of at Least One Event of 4P -MACE

Percentage of participants occurrence of at least one of the following adjudicated components of CV death (including fatal stroke and fatal MI), non-fatal MI (excluding silent MI), non-fatal stroke, and hospitalisation for unstable angina pectoris is presented as secondary CV endpoint. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: From randomization until individual day of trial completion, up to 432 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (%) (Number)
Linagliptin13.2
Glimepiride13.3

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The First 3-point Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (3P-MACE)

The first occurrence of any of the following Clinical Event Committee (CEC) confirmed adjudicated components of the primary composite endpoint: CV death (including fatal stroke and fatal myocardial infarction (MI)), non-fatal MI (excluding silent MI), or nonfatal stroke is presented. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: From randomization until individual day of trial completion, up to 432 weeks

InterventionEvents/ 1000 patients-years (Number)
Linagliptin20.7
Glimepiride21.2

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The First 4-point (4P)- MACE

The first key secondary endpoint was time to first occurrence of any of the following adjudicated components of the composite endpoint: CV death (including fatal stroke and fatal MI), non-fatal stroke, non-fatal MI (excluding silent MI), or hospitalisation for unstable angina pectoris. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: From randomization until individual day of trial completion, up to 432 weeks

InterventionEvents/ 1000 patients-years (Number)
Linagliptin23.4
Glimepiride23.7

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Time to First Occurrence of Any of the Components of the Composite Endpoint of All Adjudication-confirmed Events

"Time to first occurrence of any of the following components of the composite endpoint of all adjudication-confirmed events of:~CV death (including fatal stroke and fatal MI)~non-fatal MI~non-fatal stroke~hospitalisation for unstable angina pectoris~Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)~hospitalisation for heart failure~hospitalisation for coronary revascularisation procedures (CABG, PCI)" (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: From start of the treatment until 7 days after the end of treatment, up to 433 weeks

InterventionEvents/ 1000 patients-years (Number)
Linagliptin31.1
Glimepiride32.4

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Change From Baseline to Final Visit Fasting Total Cholesterol, Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol and High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol

Change from baseline to final visit in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is presented as secondary diabetes-related endpoint. Least square mean is adjusted mean. The Final Visit value referred to the last value obtained on-treatment. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 432

,
Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
LDL cholesterolHDL cholesterolTotal cholesterol
Glimepiride-6.50.3-0.5
Linagliptin-6.10.7-5.4

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Percentage of Participants With Transition in Albuminuria Classes

Percentage of patients with transition in albuminuria classes is presented as secondary endpoint. Data for last value on treatment (LVOT) to baseline (base) is presented. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 432

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (%) (Number)
Base (<30mg/gcrea) LVOT (<30mg/gcrea)Base(<30mg/gcrea)LVOT(>=30 to<=300mg/gcrea)Base (<30 mg/gcrea) LVOT (>300 mg/gcrea)Base (>=30 to <=300 mg/gcrea) LVOT(<30mg/gcrea)Base(>=30to<=300mg/gcrea)LVOT(>=30to<=300mg/gcrea)Base (>=30 to <=300 mg/gcrea) LVOT(>300 mg/gcrea)Base (>300 mg/gcrea) LVOT (<30 mg/gcrea)Base (>300 mg/gcrea) LVOT(>=30 to<=300mg/gcrea)Base (>300 mg/gcrea) LVOT(>300 mg/gcrea)
Glimepiride57.716.01.45.112.13.70.30.92.7
Linagliptin58.414.11.45.412.73.50.10.83.4

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Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Sub-study: Change From Baseline in the Inter-quartile Range of Diurnal Glucose Variability (Milligrams/ Deciliter) to End of Study

Baseline data for the continuous glucose monitoring sub-study was collected and analyzed. However, the participant number was far less than original planned. The study was stopped early around week 64 (V9) due to recruitment issues and data were not pre-specified to be analyzed and reported at week 64 time point as target was with an estimated time point of 432 weeks for primary or secondary end points. Thus this endpoint was not analysed and only the baseline data collected were analysed and the results are reported in this CGM substudy endpoint. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionMilligrams/ deciliter (mg/ dL) (Mean)
All Participants44.2

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Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Creatinine

Change from baseline to final visit in creatinine is presented as secondary diabetes-related endpoint. Least square mean is adjusted mean. The Final Visit value referred to the last value obtained on-treatment. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 432

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Linagliptin0.08
Glimepiride0.09

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Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

Change from baseline to final visit in eGFR is presented as secondary diabetes-related endpoint. Least square mean is adjusted mean. The Final Visit value referred to the last value obtained on-treatment. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 432

InterventionmL/minute/1.73 meter^2 (Least Squares Mean)
Linagliptin-4.0
Glimepiride-5.0

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Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Change from baseline to final visit in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is presented as secondary diabetes-related endpoint. Least square mean is adjusted mean. The Final Visit value referred to the last value obtained on-treatment. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 432

InterventionMilligram/ deciliter (mg/dL) (Least Squares Mean)
Linagliptin12.4
Glimepiride19.7

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Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

Change from baseline to final visit in HbA1c is presented as secondary diabetes-related endpoint. Least square mean is adjusted mean. The Final Visit value referred to the last value obtained on-treatment. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 432

InterventionPercentage glycosylated hemoglobin (%) (Least Squares Mean)
Linagliptin0.06
Glimepiride0.15

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Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Triglycerides

Change from baseline to final visit in triglycerides is presented as secondary diabetes-related endpoint. Least square mean is adjusted mean. The Final Visit value referred to the last value obtained on-treatment. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 432

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Linagliptin1.7
Glimepiride5.2

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Change From Baseline to Final Visit in Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR)

Change from baseline to final visit in UACR is presented as secondary diabetes-related endpoint. Least square mean is adjusted geometric mean (gMean) ratio. The Final Visit value referred to the last value obtained on-treatment. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 432

Interventionmg/ gcrea (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin1.52
Glimepiride1.57

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CGM Sub-study : Change From Baseline in the Inter-quartile Range of Diurnal Glucose Variability (Millimoles/ Litre) to End of Study

Baseline data for the continuous glucose monitoring sub-study was collected and analyzed. However, the participant number was far less than original planned. The study was stopped early around week 64 (V9) due to recruitment issues and data were not pre-specified to be analyzed and reported at week 64 time point as target was with an estimated time point of 432 weeks for primary or secondary end points. Thus this endpoint was not analysed and only the baseline data collected were analysed and the results are reported in this CGM substudy endpoint. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionMillimoles/ Litre (mmol/L) (Mean)
All Participants2.45

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Percentage of Participants With Occurrence of Any of the Components of the Composite Endpoint of All Adjudication-confirmed Events

"Percentage of participants with occurrence of any of the following components of the composite endpoint of all adjudication-confirmed events of:~CV death (including fatal stroke and fatal MI)~non-fatal MI~non-fatal stroke~hospitalisation for unstable angina pectoris~TIA~hospitalisation for heart failure~hospitalisation for coronary revascularisation procedures (CABG, PCI)" (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: From start of the treatment until 7 days after the end of treatment, up to 433 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (%) (Number)
Linagliptin17.1
Glimepiride17.8

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Percentage of Participants Who Were on Trial Medication at Trial End, Maintained Glycaemic Control (HbA1c ≤7.0%) Without Need for Rescue Medication, and Without >2% Weight Gain During Maintenance Phase

The third key secondary endpoint was a composite endpoint of treatment sustainability, defined as percentage of patients who were on trial medication at trial end, maintained glycaemic control (HbA1c ≤7.0%) without need for rescue medication, and without >2% weight gain during maintenance phase. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: From Visit 6 (Week 16) to Final visit (Week 432) (Maintenance Phase)

InterventionPercentage of participants (%) (Number)
Linagliptin17.4
Glimepiride14.1

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Percentage of Participants With Occurrence of Accelerated Cognitive Decline at End of Follow-up

Occurrence of accelerated cognitive decline based on regression based index (RBI) score at end of follow-up (a dichotomous outcome measure; presence or absence of accelerated cognitive decline) is Cognition sub-study endpoint. (NCT01243424)
Timeframe: 433 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (%) (Number)
Linagliptin27.8
Glimepiride27.6

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AUC0-tz of Pioglitazone

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the time of the last quantifiable data point (NCT01276327)
Timeframe: 0-72 hours (measurements at baseline, 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours)

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
FDC L5P30 (Test)6370
L5+P30 (Ref)8100

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AUC0-tz for Linagliptin

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the time of the last quantifiable data point for Linagliptin (NCT01276327)
Timeframe: 0-72 hours (measurements at baseline, 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours)

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC L5P30 (Test)278
L5+P30 (Ref)279

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AUC0-72 of Linagliptin

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 72 hours (NCT01276327)
Timeframe: 0-72 hours (measurements at baseline, 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours)

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC L5P30 (Test)278
L5+P30 (Ref)279

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AUC0-∞ of Pioglitazone

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 hours extrapolated to inf for pioglitazone (NCT01276327)
Timeframe: 0-72 hours (measurements at baseline, 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours)

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
FDC L5P30 (Test)6580
L5+P30 (Ref)8300

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AUC0-∞ of Linagliptin

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 hours extrapolated to infinity (inf) for linagliptin (NCT01276327)
Timeframe: 0-72 hours (measurements at baseline, 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours)

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC L5P30 (Test)455
L5+P30 (Ref)447

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Cmax of Linagliptin

Maximum measured concentration of the analyte in plasma was measured. Adjusted by-treatment geometric mean and CV were reported. (NCT01276327)
Timeframe: 0-72 hours (measurements at baseline, 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours)

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC L5P30 (Test)8.65
L5+P30 (Ref)9.09

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Tmax for Pioglitazone

Time from dosing to the maximum measured concentration of the analyte in plasma for pioglitazone (NCT01276327)
Timeframe: 0-72 hours (measurements at baseline, 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours)

Interventionhours (Median)
FDC L5P30 (Test)1.00
L5+P30 (Ref)1.50

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Tmax for Linagliptin

Time from dosing to the maximum measured concentration of the analyte in plasma for Linagliptin (NCT01276327)
Timeframe: 0-72 hours (measurements at baseline, 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours)

Interventionhours (Median)
FDC L5P30 (Test)1.73
L5+P30 (Ref)1.50

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Cmax of Pioglitazone

Maximum concentration of the analyte in plasma was measured. Adjusted by-treatment geometric mean and CV were calculated. (NCT01276327)
Timeframe: 0-72 hours (measurements at baseline, 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours)

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
FDC L5P30 (Test)806
L5+P30 (Ref)843

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Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibition (%) at Trough at Steady State

DPP-4 inhibition (%) at trough at steady state is the relative change between the measurement of DPP-4 activity taken 0.5 hours before dosing at baseline and the first available on-treatment measurement of DPP-4 activity taken 0.5 hour before dosing at week 4, 8 or 12: DPP-4 inhibition (%) = 100 - (DPP-4 activity at week X / DPP-4 activity at baseline) x 100. (NCT01342484)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks or 8 weeks or 12 weeks

InterventionPercentage of DPP-4 inhibition (Median)
Linagliptin 1 mg38.4
Linagliptin 5 mg78.9

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Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) (%) After 12 Weeks of Treatment

Change from baseline in Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) [%] after 12 weeks of treatment with double-blind trial medication. Baseline was defined as the last observation before the first intake of any double-blind randomised trial medication. The number of participants analysed displays the number of participants with available data at the timepoint of interest. (NCT01342484)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

InterventionPercentage of HbA1c (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.45
Linagliptin 1 mg-0.03
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.19

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 12 Weeks of Treatment

Change from baseline in FPG (mmol/L) after 12 weeks of treatment with double-blind trial medication. The number of participants analysed displays the number of participants with available data at the timepoint of interest. (NCT01342484)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Interventionmmol/L (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo1.70
Linagliptin 1 mg1.39
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.19

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Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

Maximum measured concentration of metformin in plasma, per period. (NCT01383356)
Timeframe: Prior to drug administration and at 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.33, 1.67, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, and 36 hours post dose in each treatment period

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Lina/Met 2.5mg/500mg901.82
Lina 2.5mg Plus Met 500mg770.52

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Area Under the Curve 0 to Last Measurable Value (AUC0-t)

AUC0-t is the area under the concentration versus time curve of metformin in plasma, from time zero (0) to the time of the last measurable analyte concentration (t), as calculated by the linear trapezoidal method. (NCT01383356)
Timeframe: Prior to drug administration and at 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.33, 1.67, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, and 36 hours post dose in each treatment period

Interventionng*h/ml (Mean)
Lina/Met 2.5mg/500mg7079.65
Lina 2.5mg Plus Met 500mg6808.27

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Area Under the Curve 0 to Inf (AUC0-inf)

AUC0-inf is the area under the concentration versus time curve of metformin in plasma from time zero extrapolated to infinity. (NCT01383356)
Timeframe: Prior to drug administration and at 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.33, 1.67, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, and 36 hours post dose in each treatment period

Interventionng*h/ml (Mean)
Lina/Met 2.5mg/500mg7198.79
Lina 2.5mg Plus Met 500mg6923.79

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Change From Baseline in Body Weight for Treatment Naive Patients

Change from baseline in body weight for Treatment Naive patients. (NCT01422876)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 Weeks

Interventionkg change from baseline (Least Squares Mean)
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-2.00
Treament Naive: Empagliflozin 10 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-2.74
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 25 mg-2.13
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 10 mg-2.27
Treatment Naive: Linagliptin 5 mg-0.78

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 24 for Metformin Background Patients

Change from baseline in fasting plasma glucose at week 24 for Metformin Background patients. (NCT01422876)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 Weeks

Interventionmg/dL change from baseline (Least Squares Mean)
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-35.25
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 10 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-32.18
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 25 mg-18.83
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 10 mg-20.84
Metformin Background: Linagliptin 5 mg-13.05

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 24 for Treatment Naive Patients

Change from baseline in fasting plasma glucose at week 24 for Treatment Naive patients. (NCT01422876)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 Weeks

Interventionmg/dL change from baseline (Least Squares Mean)
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-29.55
Treament Naive: Empagliflozin 10 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-28.21
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 25 mg-24.24
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 10 mg-22.39
Treatment Naive: Linagliptin 5 mg-5.92

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Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) for Metformin Background Patients

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a measurement of the percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated. The change from baseline in HbA1c is calculated as the week 24 HbA1c minus the baseline HbA1c. Since HbA1c is measured as a percentage the change from baseline is also a percentage. (NCT01422876)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Intervention% change from baseline (Least Squares Mean)
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-1.19
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 10 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-1.08
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 25 mg-0.62
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 10 mg-0.66
Metformin Background: Linagliptin 5 mg-0.70

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Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) for Treatment Naive Patients

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a measurement of the percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated. The change from baseline in HbA1c is calculated as the week 24 HbA1c minus the baseline HbA1c. Since HbA1c is measured as a percentage the change from baseline is also a percentage. (NCT01422876)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Intervention% change from baseline (Least Squares Mean)
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-1.08
Treament Naive: Empagliflozin 10 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-1.24
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 25 mg-0.95
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 10 mg-0.83
Treatment Naive: Linagliptin 5 mg-0.67

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Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response for Metformin Background Patients

Occurrence of the treat-to-target efficacy response for Metformin Background patients measured as HbA1c < 7.0% after 24 weeks of treatment for patients with HbA1c >=7.0% at baseline. (NCT01422876)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

Intervention% of patients satisfying HbA1c <7.0% (Number)
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg61.8
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 10 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg57.8
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 25 mg32.6
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 10 mg28.0
Metformin Background: Linagliptin 5 mg36.1

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Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response for Treatment Naive Patients

Occurrence of the treat-to-target efficacy response for Treatment Naive patients measured as HbA1c < 7.0% after 24 weeks of treatment for patients with HbA1c >=7.0% at baseline. (NCT01422876)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

Intervention% of patients satisfying HbA1c <7.0% (Number)
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg55.4
Treament Naive: Empagliflozin 10 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg62.3
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 25 mg41.5
Treatment Naive: Empagliflozin 10 mg38.8
Treatment Naive: Linagliptin 5 mg32.3

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Change From Baseline in Body Weight for Metformin Background Patients

Change from baseline in body weight for Metformin Background patients. (NCT01422876)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 Weeks

Interventionkg change from baseline (Least Squares Mean)
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-2.99
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 10 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-2.60
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 25 mg-3.18
Metformin Background: Empagliflozin 10 mg-2.53
Metformin Background: Linagliptin 5 mg-0.69

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Composite Endpoint of Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response, That is an HbA1c Under Treatment of <7.0% After 14 Weeks of Treatment, on no Occurrence of Moderate or Severe Gastrointestinal (GI) Side Effects During 14 Weeks of Treatment

The proportion of patients who achieved all the targets in a composite endpoint (HbA1c below 7.0% after 14 weeks of treatment; no occurrence of pre-specified moderate or severe gastrointestinal (GI) side effects of metformin, as assessed by the investigators during 14 weeks of treatment) (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lina 5mg + Met qd119
Met Bid148

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Composite Endpoint of Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response, That is an HbA1c Under Treatment of <6.5% After 14 Weeks of Treatment, and no Occurrence of Moderate or Severe Metformin Pre-specified GI Side Effects Assessed by Investigators

The proportion of patients who achieved all the targets in a composite endpoint (HbA1c below 6.5% after 14 weeks of treatment; no occurrence of pre-specified moderate or severe GI side effects of metformin, as assessed by the investigators during 14 weeks of treatment). (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lina 5mg + Met qd83
Met Bid95

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Metformin Pre-specified GI Symptom Intensity Score Assessed by Investigators During 14 Weeks of Treatment

Patients could experience multiple events, therefore, multiple answers were possible for each patient. (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

,
Interventionevents (Number)
MildModerateSevere
Lina 5mg + Met qd114376
Met Bid153651

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Metformin Pre-specified GI Symptom Intensity Score Assessed by Patients During 14 Weeks of Treatment

The intensity of the GI side effects was also assessed by the patients using VAS scaled from 0 to 10; higher scores indicate more severe events. Means are adjusted by treatment and continuous baseline HbA1c. (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lina 5mg + Met qd4.9
Met Bid4.4

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c Over Time

Means are adjusted by treatment and continuous baseline HbA1c (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 weeks and 8 weeks

,
Interventionpercent (Mean)
At week 2At week 8
Lina 5mg + Met qd-0.28-0.84
Met Bid-0.25-0.78

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Occurence of Metformin Pre-specified Moderate to Severe GI Side Effects Assessed by Investigators During 14 Weeks of Treatment

Proportion of patients who experienced at least one metformin pre-specified moderate or severe GI side effect during 14 weeks (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lina 5mg + Met qd25
Met Bid28

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Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) After 14 Weeks Treatment

Adjusted mean change in HbA1c from baseline at Week 14 was analysed using an ANCOVA model. The Model included treatment and continuous baseline HbA1c. (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: Baseline and 14 weeks

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Lina 5mg + Met qd-0.99
Met Bid-0.98

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Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 14 Weeks of Treatment)

The proportion of patients who achieved a relative efficacy response (HbA1c lowering by at least 0.5% after 14 weeks of treatment). (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lina 5mg + Met qd211
Met Bid257

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Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.8% After 14 Weeks of Treatment)

The proportion of patients who achieved a relative efficacy response (HbA1c lowering by at least 0.8% after 14 weeks of treatment). (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lina 5mg + Met qd162
Met Bid187

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Composite Endpoint of Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.8% After 14 Weeks of Treatment) and no Occurrence of Moderate and Severe Metformin Pre-specified GI Side Effects Assessed by Investigators During 14 Weeks

The proportion of patients who achieved all the targets in a composite endpoint (HbA1c lowered by at least 0.8% after 14 weeks of treatment; no occurrence of pre-specified moderate or severe GI side effects of metformin, as assessed by the investigators during 14 weeks of treatment). (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lina 5mg + Met qd149
Met Bid175

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Composite Endpoint of Occurence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 14 Weeks of Treatment) and no Occurence of Moderate and Severe Metformin Pre-specified GI Side Effects Assessed by the Investigators During 14 Weeks

The proportion of patients who achieved all the targets in a composite endpoint (HbA1c lowered by at least 0.5% after 14 weeks of treatment; no occurrence of pre-specified moderate or severe GI side effects of metformin, as assessed by the investigators during 14 weeks of treatment). (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lina 5mg + Met qd194
Met Bid236

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 14 Weeks of Treatment

Means are adjusted by treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c and continuous baseline fasting plasma glucose. (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: Baseline and 14 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Lina 5mg + Met qd-24.5
Met Bid-26.6

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Change From Baseline in Body Weight by Visit at Week 14

Means are adjusted by treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c and continuous baseline weight (NCT01438814)
Timeframe: Baseline and 14 weeks

Interventionkg (Mean)
Lina 5mg + Met qd-0.44
Met Bid-1.05

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Change From Baseline in FPG by Visit Over Time

The change from baseline is the FPG over time minus the baseline FPG. Means are adjusted for treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c, continuous baseline FPG in addition to week repeated within patient, week by baseline FPG interaction and week by treatment interaction. (NCT01512979)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Change to week 6Change to week 12Change to week 18Change to week 24
Linagliptin 5mg-31.9-30.5-35.4-30.1
Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin-52.3-54.1-52.4-47.1

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. The change from baseline is the Week 24 HbA1c minus the baseline HbA1c. Means are adjusted for treatment and continuous baseline HbA1c (NCT01512979)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin-2.81
Linagliptin 5mg-2.02

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Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment)

The proportion of patients who achieved HbA1c lowering by at least 0.5% after 24 weeks of treatment.The model includes treatment, and continuous baseline HbA1c. (NCT01512979)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin124
Linagliptin 5mg92

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Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 1.0% After 24 Weeks of Treatment)

The proportion of patients who achieved HbA1c lowering by at least 1.0% after 24 weeks of treatment. The model includes treatment, and continuous baseline HbA1c. (NCT01512979)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin116
Linagliptin 5mg82

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Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response (HbA1c <7.0%) After 24 Weeks of Treatment

The proportion of patients who achieved HbA1c below 7.0% after 24 weeks of treatment. The model includes treatment, and continuous baseline HbA1c. (NCT01512979)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin81
Linagliptin 5mg45

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment

The change from baseline is the FPG after 24 weeks minus the baseline FPG. Means are adjusted for treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c and continuous baseline fasting plasma glucose. (NCT01512979)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin-47.1
Linagliptin 5mg-30.2

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Change From Baseline in HbA1c by Visit Over Time

HbA1c is measured as a percentage. The change from baseline is the HbA1c over time minus the baseline HbA1c. The model includes treatment, continuous baseline HbA1c in addition to week repeated within patient, week by baseline HbA1c interaction and week by treatment interaction. (NCT01512979)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks

,
Interventionpercent (Mean)
Change to week 6Change to week 12Change to week 18Change to week 24
Linagliptin 5mg-1.33-1.85-2.01-2.01
Linagliptin 5mg + Metformin-1.97-2.69-2.79-2.81

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Area Under the Concentration Time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-infinity) for Linagliptin

AUC0-infinity is based on predicted last concentration values. (NCT01540487)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) prior to drug administration, 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1 h, 1 h 30 min, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 34 h, 48 h and 72 h thereafter.

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as FDC Tablet471
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as Single Tablets433
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as FDC Tablet483
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as Single Tablets541

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Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax) of Metformin

(NCT01540487)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) prior to drug administration, 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1 h, 1 h 30 min, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 34 h, 48 h and 72 h thereafter.

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as FDC Tablet1680
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as Single Tablets1780
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as FDC Tablet1220
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as Single Tablets1190

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AUC(0-infinity) for Metformin

AUC0-infinity is based on predicted last concentration values. (NCT01540487)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) prior to drug administration, 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1 h, 1 h 30 min, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 34 h, 48 h and 72 h thereafter.

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as FDC Tablet12200
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as Single Tablets12500
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as FDC Tablet8440
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as Single Tablets8210

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)

(NCT01540487)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) prior to drug administration, 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1 h, 1 h 30 min, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 34 h, 48 h and 72 h thereafter.

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as FDC Tablet248
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as Single Tablets251
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as FDC Tablet266
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as Single Tablets264

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval 0 to the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC0-tz)

(NCT01540487)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) prior to drug administration, 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1 h, 1 h 30 min, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 34 h, 48 h and 72 h thereafter.

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as FDC Tablet11700
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as Single Tablets12100
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as FDC Tablet8240
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as Single Tablets8010

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Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax) of Linagliptin.

(NCT01540487)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) prior to drug administration, 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1 h, 1 h 30 min, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 34 h, 48 h and 72 h thereafter.

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as FDC Tablet6.90
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as Single Tablets6.81
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as FDC Tablet7.54
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as Single Tablets6.77

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AUC0-tz for Linagliptin

(NCT01540487)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) prior to drug administration, 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1 h, 1 h 30 min, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 34 h, 48 h and 72 h thereafter.

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as FDC Tablet248
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 850 mg as Single Tablets251
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as FDC Tablet266
Linagliptin 2.5 mg, Metformin 500 mg as Single Tablets264

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Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) of Metformin

Time from dosing to the maximum concentration of metformin in plasma. (NCT01581931)
Timeframe: 0:20, 0:40, 1, 1:30, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24, 34, 48, 72 hours

InterventionHours (Median)
Lina+Met Single Tablets4.00
Lina+Met FDC Tablet4.00

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Terminal Half-life t1/2 of Metformin

The terminal half-life of metformin in plasma is denoted by t1/2. (NCT01581931)
Timeframe: 0:20, 0:40, 1, 1:30, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24, 34, 48, 72 hours

InterventionHours (Geometric Mean)
Lina+Met Single Tablets9.14
Lina+Met FDC Tablet8.03

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Maximum Concentration (Cmax) of Metformin

Cmax represents the maximum concentration of metformin in plasma. Note, the geometric mean is actually an adjusted geometric mean. (NCT01581931)
Timeframe: 0:20, 0:40, 1, 1:30, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24, 34, 48, 72 hours

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Lina+Met Single Tablets855.09
Lina+Met FDC Tablet844.72

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Area Under Curve From 0 to tz Hours (AUC0-tz) of Metformin

AUC0-tz represents the area under the concentration curve of metformin in plasma from 0 to the time of the last quantifiable plasma contentration of the analyte. Note, the geometric mean is actually an adjusted geometric mean. (NCT01581931)
Timeframe: 0:20, 0:40, 1, 1:30, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24, 34, 48, 72 hours

Interventionng·h/mL (Geometric Mean)
Lina+Met Single Tablets7219.03
Lina+Met FDC Tablet7057.52

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Area Under Curve From 0 to Infinity Hours (AUC0-infty) of Metformin

AUC0-infty represents the area under the concentration curve of metformin in plasma from time 0 extrapolated to infinity. Note, the geometric mean is actually an adjusted geometric mean. (NCT01581931)
Timeframe: 0:20, 0:40, 1, 1:30, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24, 34, 48, 72 hours

Interventionng·h/mL (Geometric Mean)
Lina+Met Single Tablets7343.59
Lina+Met FDC Tablet7174.30

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Change From Baseline in Flow Mediated Vasodilation (FMD) 2 h Post Meal on Day 28

Endothelial function 2 hours post meal was measured with flow mediated vasodilation (FMD). The change from baseline was calculated as the value on Day 28 divided by the respective value at baseline. (NCT01703286)
Timeframe: baseline and day 28 for each treatment arm

InterventionPercentage (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 5 mg1.262
Glimepiride 1-4 mg1.045
Placebo1.009

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Number of Patients With Adverse Events

Number of patients with any adverse events (NCT01703286)
Timeframe: up to 20 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Linagliptin 5 mg11
Glimepiride 1-4 mg25
Placebo14
REP - Linagliptin 5 mg4
REP - Glimepiride 1-4 mg7
Rep - Placebo7

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Change From Baseline in Flow Mediated Vasodilation (FMD) Under Fasted Condition on Day 28

Endothelial function under fasted condition was measured with flow mediated vasodilation (FMD). The change from baseline was calculated as the value on Day 28 divided by the respective value at baseline. (NCT01703286)
Timeframe: baseline and day 28 for each treatment arm

Interventionpercentage (Geometric Mean)
Linagliptin 5 mg0.885
Glimepiride 1-4 mg1.002
Placebo1.002

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Change From Baseline in 2 Hours Post Meal Endothelial Independent Vasodilation (EIDV) on Day 28

Endothelial function 2h post-meal was measured by endothelial independent vasodilation (EIDV). The change from baseline was calculated as the value on Day 28 divided by the respective value at baseline. (NCT01703286)
Timeframe: baseline and day 28 for each treatment arm

Interventionpercentage (Mean)
Linagliptin 5 mg1.003
Glimepiride 1-4 mg1.053
Placebo0.981

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Percentage of Patients With Incidence of Adverse Events Who Had Taken at Least One Dose of Trajenta

Percentage of patients with incidence of any adverse events who had taken at least one dose of Trajenta. (NCT01707147)
Timeframe: Up to 26 weeks (long-term surveillance)

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Trajenta (Linagliptin) 5 mg7.69

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Percentage of Patients With Occurrence of Relative Effectiveness Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment)

Percentage of patients with occurrence of relative effectiveness response (HbA1c lowering by at least 0.5% after 24 weeks of treatment). (NCT01707147)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Trajenta (Linagliptin) 5 mg57.30

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Percentage of Patients With Occurrence of Treat to Target Effectiveness Response, That is HbA1c Under Treatment of < 6.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment

Percentage of patients with occurrence of treat to target effectiveness response, that is HbA1c under treatment of < 6.5% after 24 weeks of treatment. (NCT01707147)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Trajenta (Linagliptin) 5 mg26.02

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Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Change from baseline after 24 weeks in fasting plasma glucose (FPG). (NCT01707147)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionMilligrams per Deciliter (Mean)
Before drug administrationAfter drug administration
Trajenta (Linagliptin) 5 mg161.19143.51

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Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Change from baseline after 24 weeks in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c). (NCT01707147)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionPercentage of HbA1c (Mean)
Before drug administrationAfter drug administration
Trajenta (Linagliptin) 5 mg7.987.21

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The Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 12 Weeks of Treatment in APG

"The change from baseline in HbA1c after 12 weeks of treatment in additional parallel group (APG)~The mean was adjusted by baseline HbA1c and treatment group." (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionpercentage (Mean)
APG: Linagliptin 5mg QD-3.46
APG: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID-4.71

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The Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks of Treatment in Main Group

"The change from baseline in HbA1c after 24 weeks of treatment in main group.~The mean was adjusted by baseline HbA1c and treatment group." (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage (Mean)
Main: Linagliptin 5mg QD-1.29
Main: Metformin 500mg BID-1.64
Main: Metformin 1000mg BID-2.07
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 500mg BID-2.15
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID-2.29

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The Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks of Treatment in Main Group - FAS (OC)

"The change from baseline in HbA1c after 24 weeks of treatment in main group. Only subjects from the FAS with measured HbA1c values (observed cases [OC]) were considered.~The mean was adjusted by treatment, baseline HbA1c, week and treatment*week.~The sensitivity analysis was added as the primary analysis failed with borderline results." (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionpercentage (Mean)
Main: Linagliptin 5mg QD-1.34
Main: Metformin 500mg BID-1.68
Main: Metformin 1000mg BID-2.08
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 500mg BID-2.16
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID-2.38

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The Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) From Baseline After 12 Weeks of Treatment in APG

"The Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) From Baseline After 12 Weeks of Treatment in APG.~Adjusted mean: The model includes continuous baseline HbA1c, continuous baseline FPG and treatment group." (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
APG: Linagliptin 5mg QD-56.70
APG: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID-91.92

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The Frequency of Patients With Use of Rescue Therapy During 12 Week Treatment Period in APG

The Frequency of Patients With Use of Rescue Therapy During 12 Week Treatment Period in APG. (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: From baseline until week 12

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
APG: Linagliptin 5mg QD10.0
APG: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID1.5

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The Frequency of Patients With Use of Rescue Therapy During 24 Week Treatment Period in Main Group

"The frequency of patients with use of rescue therapy during 24 week treatment period in main group.~For this analysis the main group contrast 'Metformin 1000mg BID, Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID' could not be analysed due to lack of events in the Metformin 1000mg BID group." (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: From baseline until week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Main: Linagliptin 5mg QD7.1
Main: Metformin 500mg BID2.1
Main: Metformin 1000mg BID0.0
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 500mg BID1.4
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID2.1

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The Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response in Terms of HbA1c < 7.0 % After 12 Weeks of Treatment in APG

The occurrence of treat to target efficacy response in terms of HbA1c < 7.0 % after 12 weeks of treatment in APG. (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: Week 12 (after first drug administration)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
APG: Linagliptin 5mg QD27.1
APG: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID58.8

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The Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response in Terms of HbA1c < 6.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment in Main Group

The occurrence of treat to target efficacy response in terms of HbA1c < 6.5% after 24 weeks of treatment in main group. (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: Week 24 (after first drug administration)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Main: Linagliptin 5mg QD23.4
Main: Metformin 500mg BID34.7
Main: Metformin 1000mg BID50.4
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 500mg BID56.3
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID60.3

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The Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response in Terms of HbA1c < 7.0 % After 24 Weeks of Treatment in Main Group

The occurrence of treat to target efficacy response in terms of HbA1c < 7.0 % after 24 weeks of treatment in main group. (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: Week 24 (after first drug administration)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Main: Linagliptin 5mg QD43.6
Main: Metformin 500mg BID50.0
Main: Metformin 1000mg BID69.0
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 500mg BID72.1
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID77.1

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The Occurrence of Treat to Target Efficacy Response in Terms of HbA1c < 6.5% After 12 Weeks of Treatment in APG

The occurrence of treat to target efficacy response in terms of HbA1c < 6.5% after 12 weeks of treatment in APG. (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: Week 12 (after first drug administration)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
APG: Linagliptin 5mg QD15.7
APG: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID36.8

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The Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) From Baseline After 24 Weeks of Treatment in Main Group

"The change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) from baseline after 24 weeks of treatment in main group.~Adjusted mean: The model includes continuous baseline HbA1c, continuous baseline FPG and treatment group." (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Main: Linagliptin 5mg QD-15.03
Main: Metformin 500mg BID-29.87
Main: Metformin 1000mg BID-42.07
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 500mg BID-39.33
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID-47.44

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The Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response in Main Group

The occurrence of relative efficacy response (HbA1c lowering by at least 0.5% after 24 weeks of treatment) in main group (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: From baseline until week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Main: Linagliptin 5mg QD73.0
Main: Metformin 500mg BID80.6
Main: Metformin 1000mg BID89.5
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 500mg BID93.0
Main: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID89.4

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The Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response in APG

The Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 12 Weeks of Treatment) in APG (NCT01708902)
Timeframe: From baseline until week 12

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
APG: Linagliptin 5mg QD84.3
APG: Linagliptin 2.5mg / Metformin 1000mg BID91.2

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Body Weight Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

Change from baseline Body weight after 24 weeks of treatment with double-blind trial medication. (NCT01734785)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionkg (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg-2.52
Empagliflozin 10 mg-3.06
Placebo-0.30

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HbA1c Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks Double-blind Randomized Treatment

Change from baseline in Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) [%] after 24 weeks of treatment with double-blind trial medication. Baseline was defined as the last observation before the first intake of any double-blind randomised trial medication. The term 'baseline' was not used to refer to measurements before the administration of open-label medication. (NCT01734785)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage of HbA1c (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg-0.56
Empagliflozin 10 mg-0.65
Placebo0.14

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Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.

Change from baseline FPG (mmol/L) after 24 weeks of treatment with double-blind trial medication. (NCT01734785)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmmol/L (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg-1.75
Empagliflozin 10 mg-1.46
Placebo0.34

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Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline at 24 Weeks.

Change from baseline FPG (mmol/L) after 24 weeks of treatment with double-blind trial medication, i.e. FPG change from baseline at Week 24. (NCT01778049)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmmol/L (Least Squares Mean)
Lina5 (E10)-0.44
Plc (E10)0.21
Lina5 (E25)-0.68
Plc (E25)-0.24

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Change From Baseline of HbA1c After 24 Weeks of Treatment.

"Change from baseline in Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) [%] after 24 weeks of treatment with double-blind trial medication, i.e. HbA1c change from baseline at Week 24. The term baseline was not used to refer to measurements prior to the administration of open-label medication. Such measurements were referred to as pre-treatment. Analyses of change from pre-treatment used the last value before first administration of open-label medication as point of reference.~Observed Case (OC): This method analyse only available data that were observed while patients were on treatment, i.e., excluding the missing data. All values measured after rescue medication taken were set to missing. Full Analysis Set (FAS): Includes all patients in the Treated set who had a baseline HbA1c assessment and at least 1 on-treatment HbA1c assessment during the double-blind part of the trial." (NCT01778049)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage of HbA1c (Least Squares Mean)
Lina5 (E10)-0.53
Plc (E10)-0.21
Lina5 (E25)-0.58
Plc (E25)-0.10

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The Time Weighted Average of Percentage Change From Baseline in UACR During the Course of 24 Weeks of Treatment

"The time weighted average of percentage change from baseline in UACR (mg/g creatinine) during the course of 24 weeks of treatment. The term baseline for UACR refers to the geometric mean of UACR values measured at Visits 2 and 3. The number of participants analysed displays the number of participants with available data at the timepoint of interest. The Least Squares Means are adjusted geometric means." (NCT01792518)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmg/g creatinine (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.9487
Linagliptin 5 mg0.8902

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The Change From Baseline in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) After 24 Weeks of Treatment

"The change from baseline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as assessed by chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation (cystatin C) after 24 weeks of treatment. The term baseline refers to the last observation before the start of any randomised trial treatment. The number of participants analysed displays the number of participants with available data at the timepoint of interest. This outcome measure is a secondary safety endpoint." (NCT01792518)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmilliliter/minute/1.73 square metre (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.35
Linagliptin 5 mg-4.98

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HbA1c Change From Baseline After 24 Weeks Double-blind Randomized Treatment

"Change from baseline in Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) [%] after 24 weeks of treatment with double- blind trial medication. The term baseline refers to the last observation before the start of any randomised trial treatment. The number of participants analysed displays the number of participants with available data at the timepoint of interest." (NCT01792518)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage of HbA1c (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.03
Linagliptin 5 mg-0.63

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Frequency of Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events

Frequency of adverse events and serious adverse events in an actual clinical setting, including hypoglycemic events. (NCT01826370)
Timeframe: Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Adverse EventsSerious Adverse Events
Linagliptin0.80.0

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 of HbA1c

Change from baseline to week 24 of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (NCT01826370)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of HbA1c (Mean)
Linagliptin-1.7

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Fasting Blood Sugar

Change from baseline to week 24 of fasting blood sugar (NCT01826370)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Linagliptin-65.0

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Cmax of Metformin

Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax) of Metformin in plasma. The shown geometric coefficients of variation (gCV) are the pooled intra-individual gCV - each over 2 treatment groups (FDC1000 fasted and L+M1000 fasted, FDC1000 fed and L+M1000 fed, FDC1500 fasted and L+M1500 fasted). The geometric means are actually adjusted geometric means. (NCT01845077)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1h, 1:30h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 16h, 24h, 36h, 48h and 72h after drug administration at Day 1 of each treatment period

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
FDC1000 Fasted1047.4
L+M1000 Fasted1085.6
FDC1000 Fed1119.0
L+M1000 Fed1084.5
FDC1500 Fasted1347.0
L+M1500 Fasted1250.6

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Cmax of Linagliptin

Maximum Measured Concentration (Cmax) of Linagliptin in plasma. The shown geometric coefficients of variation (gCV) are the pooled intra-individual gCV - each over 2 treatment groups (FDC1000 fasted and L+M1000 fasted, FDC1000 fed and L+M1000 fed, FDC1500 fasted and L+M1500 fasted). The geometric means are actually adjusted geometric means. (NCT01845077)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1h, 1:30h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 16h, 24h, 36h, 48h and 72h after drug administration at Day 1 of each treatment period

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC1000 Fasted10.1
L+M1000 Fasted10.6
FDC1000 Fed7.7
L+M1000 Fed7.9
FDC1500 Fasted11.6
L+M1500 Fasted10.7

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AUC0-72 of Linagliptin

Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72). The shown geometric coefficients of variation (gCV) are the pooled intra-individual gCV - each over 2 treatment groups (FDC1000 fasted and L+M1000 fasted, FDC1000 fed and L+M1000 fed, FDC1500 fasted and L+M1500 fasted). The geometric means are actually adjusted geometric means. (NCT01845077)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1h, 1:30h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 16h, 24h, 36h, 48h and 72h after drug administration at Day 1 of each treatment period

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC1000 Fasted317.0
L+M1000 Fasted319.2
FDC1000 Fed309.6
L+M1000 Fed304.9
FDC1500 Fasted325.8
L+M1500 Fasted322.9

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AUC0-infinity of Linagliptin

Area under the concentration-time curve of Linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity based on predicted last concentration values. The shown geometric coefficients of variation (gCV) are the pooled intra-individual gCV - each over 2 treatment groups (FDC1000 fasted and L+M1000 fasted, FDC1000 fed and L+M1000 fed, FDC1500 fasted and L+M1500 fasted). The geometric means are actually adjusted geometric means. (NCT01845077)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1h, 1:30h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 16h, 24h, 36h, 48h and 72h after drug administration at Day 1 of each treatment period

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC1000 Fasted546.1
L+M1000 Fasted526.5
FDC1000 Fed537.1
L+M1000 Fed510.0
FDC1500 Fasted562.9
L+M1500 Fasted581.1

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AUC0-infinity of Metformin

Area under the concentration-time curve of Metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity based on predicted last concentration values. The shown geometric coefficients of variation (gCV) are the pooled intra-individual gCV - each over 2 treatment groups (FDC1000 fasted and L+M1000 fasted, FDC1000 fed and L+M1000 fed, FDC1500 fasted and L+M1500 fasted). The geometric means are actually adjusted geometric means. (NCT01845077)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1h, 1:30h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 16h, 24h, 36h, 48h and 72h after drug administration at Day 1 of each treatment period

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
FDC1000 Fasted9037.6
L+M1000 Fasted9326.5
FDC1000 Fed14031.3
L+M1000 Fed14069.7
FDC1500 Fasted11037.7
L+M1500 Fasted11512.2

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AUC0-tz of Metformin

Area under the concentration-time curve of Metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point (AUC0-tz). The shown geometric coefficients of variation (gCV) are the pooled intra-individual gCV - each over 2 treatment groups (FDC1000 fasted and L+M1000 fasted, FDC1000 fed and L+M1000 fed, FDC1500 fasted and L+M1500 fasted). The geometric means are actually adjusted geometric means. (NCT01845077)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40 min, 1h, 1:30h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 16h, 24h, 36h, 48h and 72h after drug administration at Day 1 of each treatment period

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
FDC1000 Fasted8629.0
L+M1000 Fasted8913.7
FDC1000 Fed13772.0
L+M1000 Fed13851.1
FDC1500 Fasted10472.9
L+M1500 Fasted10543.5

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Time to the First Occurrence of Any of the Following Adjudication-confirmed Components: Renal Death, Sustained End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), or Sustained Decrease of 40% or More in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR).

"Time to the first occurrence of any of the following adjudication-confirmed components: renal death, sustained ESRD, or sustained decrease of 40% or more in eGFR.~The percentage of observed patients with first occurrence of any of the following adjudication-confirmed components: renal death, sustained ESRD, or sustained decrease of 40% or more in eGFR was reported." (NCT01897532)
Timeframe: From randomization to individual end of observation; up to 4.3 years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo8.8
Linagliptin9.4

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Time to the First Occurrence of Any of the Following Adjudication-confirmed Components of the Primary Composite Endpoint 3-point Major Adverse Cardiovascular (CV) Events (3-point MACE): CV Death, Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction (MI) or Non-fatal Stroke.

Time to event analysis of patients with first occurrence of any of the following adjudication-confirmed components of the primary composite endpoint (3-point MACE): CV death, non-fatal MI or non-fatal stroke. The percentage of observed patients with first occurrence of any of the following adjudication-confirmed components of the primary composite endpoint (3-point MACE) was reported. (NCT01897532)
Timeframe: From randomization to individual end of observation; up to 4.3 years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo12.1
Linagliptin12.4

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment.

This outcome has measured difference between Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) values from baseline to 24 weeks post treatment. The term 'baseline' refers to the last observation prior to the administration of any study medication. (NCT01903356)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

InterventionMilligram/deciLitre (mg/dL) (Mean)
TrajentaDuo® Tablet-17.12

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Target Effectiveness Response Rate

Occurrence of treatment to target effectiveness response is an HbA1c under treatment of < 6.5% after 24 weeks of treatment. This outcome measures percentage of patients achieving HbA1c < 6.5% after 24 weeks. (NCT01903356)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

InterventionPercentage of Patients (%) (Number)
TrajentaDuo® Tablet33.06

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Incidence Rate of Adverse Events (AE)

The incidence rate is the number of new cases per population at risk in a given time period. The incidence rate was calculated in patients who take at least one Trajenta Duo (NCT01903356)
Timeframe: Up to 26 weeks

InterventionPercentage of patients (%) (Number)
TrajentaDuo® Tablet11.99

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Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) After 24 Weeks of Treatment.

This outcome has measured difference between HbA1c values from baseline to 24 weeks post treatment. The term 'baseline' refers to the last observation prior to the administration of any study medication. HbA1c is a form of hemoglobin, a blood pigment that carries oxygen, which is bound to glucose. The term HbA1c also refers to glycated hemoglobin. High levels of HbA1c (Normal range is less than 6%) indicate poorer control of diabetes than level in normal range. (NCT01903356)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionPercentage (%) of HbA1c (Mean)
TrajentaDuo® Tablet-0.75

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Relative Effectiveness Response Rate

Occurrence of relative effectiveness response. This outcome measures percentage of patients for which HbA1c has reduced by at least 0.5% after 24 weeks. (NCT01903356)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

InterventionPercentage of patients (%) (Number)
TrajentaDuo® Tablet46.78

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Metformin: Cmax (Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analyte in Plasma)

"Metformin:~Cmax (maximum measured concentration of the analyte in plasma)" (NCT01947153)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Fixed Dose Combination1840
Free Combination1700

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Linagliptin: AUC 0-72 (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours)

"Linagliptin:~AUC 0-72 (area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 72 hours)" (NCT01947153)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Fixed Dose Combination293
Free Combination288

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Linagliptin: AUC 0-inf (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity)

"Linagliptin:~AUC 0-inf (area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity)" (NCT01947153)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Fixed Dose Combination467
Free Combination479

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Linagliptin: AUC 0-tz (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Data Point)

"Linagliptin:~AUC 0-tz (area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the time of the last quantifiable data point)" (NCT01947153)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Fixed Dose Combination293
Free Combination288

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Linagliptin: Cmax (Maximum Measured Concentration of the Analyte in Plasma)

"Linagliptin:~Cmax (maximum measured concentration of the analyte in plasma)" (NCT01947153)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Fixed Dose Combination10.3
Free Combination9.57

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Metformin: AUC 0-inf (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity)

"Metformin:~AUC 0-inf (area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity)" (NCT01947153)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
Fixed Dose Combination13400
Free Combination12500

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Metformin: AUC0-tz (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Data Point)

"Metformin:~AUC0-tz (area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the time of the last quantifiable data point)" (NCT01947153)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h, 1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
Fixed Dose Combination13000
Free Combination12100

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Change in Muscle Oxygenation Recovery Time

Change in muscle oxygenation after ischemia inducing occlusion for 4 minutes. (NCT01969084)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionseconds (Median)
Medial gastrocnemiusLateral gastrocnemiusSoleusTibialis anteriorPeroneus Longus
Linagliptin2.62.80.32.90.4
Sugar Pill7.12.2-1.62.40-0.12

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Changes in Vascular Reactivity in the Micro- and Macro-circulation.

Change in markers of macro- and microvascular function from the baseline visit to the post-treatment visit between the two groups. (NCT01969084)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionpercent change (Median)
ACh LDPIACh axon reflexFlow mediated dilationNitroglycerin mediated dilation
Linagliptin14.248.50.670.27
Sugar Pill-6.1-7.40.360.11

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Changes in SDF1-α and Substance P

(NCT01969084)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionpg/ml (Median)
SDF-1Substance P
Linagliptin377.4
Sugar Pill11.142.2

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Changes in Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cell Phenotypes

The measurements of the various EPC phenotypes were performed at the Beth Israel Deaconess Flow Cytometry Core Facility. Immunofluorescent cell staining was performed on peripheral blood with the use of the fluorescent conjugated antibodies. 1.000.000 events per sample were acquired using a FACS LSR II analyzer (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and the results were analyzed using the Beckman Coulter Kaluza analysis software (Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA, USA). (NCT01969084)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

,
InterventionEvents per million (Median)
CD133-KDRKDR-CD34CD133-CD34-KDR
Linagliptin514
Sugar Pill11-3

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Phosphocreatine (PCR) Recovery Time After Exhaustive or up to 6 Minutes of Leg Exercise.

Change in the time to phosphocreatine recovery between the baseline visit and post-treatment visit following the graded exercise test. (NCT01969084)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Interventionseconds (Median)
Linagliptin0.0
Sugar Pill1.01

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Subjects With Wound and Other Infections

Subjects with wound and other infections. (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: During Hospitalization and outpatient up to 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Linagliptin In-hospital7
Basal Bolus In-hospital3
Linagliptin on Discharge3
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c5
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c4

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Subjects With Surgical Reinterventions

Subjects with surgical re-interventions. (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: Inpatient and up to 12 weeks outpatient

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Linagliptin In-hospital6
Basal Bolus In-hospital4
Linagliptin on Discharge5
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c3
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c3

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Number of Participants Requiring ICU Care During Hospitalization

Need for intensive care unit (ICU) care (transfer to ICU) during hospitalization (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: During Hospitalization-average 5 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Linagliptin In-hospital1
Basal Bolus In-hospital0
Linagliptin on Discharge0
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c0
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c0

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Fasting BG Concentration

Average - per hospital stay - fasting BG concentration (for in-hospital groups), and average - per outpatient follow-up period - fasting BG concentration (for discharge groups) (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: During Hospitalization (average 5 days) and outpatient up to 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Linagliptin In-hospital160
Basal Bolus In-hospital167
Linagliptin on Discharge125
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c133
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c141

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Emergency Room Visits

Number of ER visits ONLY for outpatient arms 3,4, and 5. (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: 3 months after discharge

InterventionVisits (Number)
Linagliptin on Discharge11
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c11
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c9

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Differences in Glycemic Control

Determine differences in glycemic control as measured by mean daily BG concentration between linagliptin alone and basal bolus therapy group. (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: Inpatient (average 5 days) and outpatient up to 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Linagliptin In-hospital171
Basal Bolus In-hospital159
Linagliptin on Discharge126
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c132
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c142

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Outpatient Mortality

Deaths among patients after hospital discharge. (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: 3 months after discharge

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Linagliptin In-hospital0
Basal Bolus In-hospital0
Linagliptin on Discharge0
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c0
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c0

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Acute Renal Failure During Hospitalization

Subjects with Acute renal failure (ONLY for inpatient arms 1 and 2) (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: During Hospitalization-average 5 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Linagliptin In-hospital6
Basal Bolus In-hospital4

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HbA1c Level

HbA1c level at admission (for in-patient arms) and HbA1c level at 12-week follow-up outpatient visit (for discharge arms). (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: Admission to the hospital and 12-week follow-up outpatient visit

Intervention% DCCT (Mean)
Linagliptin In-hospital7.6
Basal Bolus In-hospital8.0
Linagliptin on Discharge6.6
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c7.0
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c8.6

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Hospital Mortality

Hospital mortality (ONLY in-patient). Mortality is defined as death occurring during hospital stay. (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: During Hospitalization-average 5 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Linagliptin In-hospital0
Basal Bolus In-hospital0

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Hyperglycemia

Subjects with BG > 300 mg/dl (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: Inpatient (average 5 days) and outpatient up to 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Linagliptin In-hospital22
Basal Bolus In-hospital18
Linagliptin on Discharge6
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c11
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c7

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Hypoglycemia < 40 mg/dl

Subjects with Hypoglycemia < 40 mg/dl (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: Inpatient and up to 12 weeks outpatient

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Linagliptin In-hospital1
Basal Bolus In-hospital0
Linagliptin on Discharge1
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c0
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c1

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Hypoglycemia <70 mg/dl

Subjects with Hypoglycemia <70 mg/dl (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: Inpatient (average 5 days) and outpatient up to 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Linagliptin In-hospital2
Basal Bolus In-hospital14
Linagliptin on Discharge8
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c15
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c10

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Daily Dose of Insulin

Total daily dose of insulin (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: Inpatient (average 5 days) and outpatient up to 12 weeks

Interventionunits/kg/day (Mean)
Linagliptin In-hospital0.09
Basal Bolus In-hospital0.31
Linagliptin on Discharge0.23
Linagliptin+50%Glargine Dose on d/c0.18
Linagliptin+80%Glargine Dose on d/c0.24

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Length of Hospital Stay

Length of hospital stay (ONLY for inpatient arms 1 and 2) (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: During Hospitalization

InterventionDays (Median)
Linagliptin In-hospital4
Basal Bolus In-hospital3

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Hospital Complications

Subjects with composite complication (ONLY for inpatient arms 1 and 2) (NCT02004366)
Timeframe: During Hospitalization-average 5 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Linagliptin In-hospital14
Basal Bolus In-hospital11

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Mean Fasting Blood Glucose Level

The primary endpoint of the study is differences between treatment groups in mean fasting blood glucose level in LTC residents with poorly controlled diabetes. (NCT02061969)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Insulin Glargine136.4
Linagliptin131.2

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Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury in LTC Residents Treated with Basal Insulin and Linagliptin Therapy (NCT02061969)
Timeframe: over 6 months

Interventionevents (Number)
Insulin Glargine2
Linagliptin1

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HbA1c

HbA1c at 6 month (NCT02061969)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercent of glycosylated hemoglobin (Mean)
Insulin Glargine6.58
Linagliptin6.82

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Number of Hypoglycemic Events < 70mg/dl

total number of hypoglycemic events (<70 mg/dl) (NCT02061969)
Timeframe: over 6 months

Interventionevents (Number)
Insulin Glargine136
Linagliptin3

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Mortality

Mortality is defined as death occurring during admission at the LTC facility (NCT02061969)
Timeframe: over 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Insulin Glargine0
Linagliptin2

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Total Number of Hospital Visits

Total number of hospital visits during the study period (NCT02061969)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionvisits (Number)
Insulin Glargine6
Linagliptin7

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Total Number of Emergency Room Visits

Total number of emergency room visits during the study period (NCT02061969)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionvisits (Number)
Insulin Glargine3
Linagliptin0

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Total Number of Complications

Total number of complications including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, diabetic foot infection, cardiac complications including myocardial infarction and heart failure, cerebrovascular accidents, and acute kidney injury and mortality. (NCT02061969)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionevents (Number)
Insulin Glargine22
Linagliptin16

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Total Daily Dose of Insulin

Total daily dose of insulin (units) (NCT02061969)
Timeframe: over 6 months

InterventionU/day (Mean)
Insulin Glargine12.0
Linagliptin4.03

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Number of Participants With Acute Complications

Number of Participants with Acute Complications (urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bedsores, diabetic foot infection). (NCT02061969)
Timeframe: over 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Insulin Glargine8
Linagliptin5

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Number of Hypoglycemic Events < 40mg/dl

total number of severe hypoglycemia (< 40 mg/dl). (NCT02061969)
Timeframe: over 6 months

Interventionevents (Number)
Insulin Glargine3
Linagliptin0

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Number of Participants With Total Hypoglycemia and Other Categories of Hypoglycemia

(NCT02072096)
Timeframe: Baseline to last participant visit (up to 72 weeks)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Total HypoglycemiaSevere HypoglycemiaClinically Significant HypoglycemiaSymptomatic HypoglycemiaAsymptomatic HypoglycemiaProbable Symptomatic HypoglycemiaUnspecified HypoglycemiaRelative HypoglycemiaNocturnal Hypoglycemia
Strategy A (Glucose-Dependent)1000580214
Strategy B (Reference)5001343077610

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Percentage of Participants Requiring Alternative Treatment Due to Glycemic Failure of First Line Injectable Therapy

(NCT02072096)
Timeframe: Baseline to last participant visit (up to 72 weeks)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Strategy A (Glucose-Dependent)21
Strategy B (Reference)13

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Percentage of Participants Achieving and Maintaining Individualized Glycated Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Targets Without Clinically Significant Hypoglycemia

Failed to reach and maintain HbA1c target, without clinically significant hypoglycemia, is defined as having 2 consecutive HbA1c > upper limit of HbA1c target over 12 weeks starting from Week 24 for participants with HbA1c data beyond Week 24, or Week 24 HbA1c > upper limit of HbA1c target for participants without HbA1c data beyond Week 24. Clinically significant hypoglycemia is defined as any severe hypoglycemia or repeated hypoglycemia interrupting participants activities or sleep and associated with blood glucose ≤3.9 millimole per liter (mmol/L), or repeated asymptomatic hypoglycemia associated with blood glucose <3.0 mmol/L. Success is defined as lacking of failure. (NCT02072096)
Timeframe: Baseline to last participant visit (up to 72 weeks)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Strategy A (Glucose-Dependent)64.5
Strategy B (Reference)54.9

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Change From Baseline of Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio

The Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio is used in addition to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) to measure the incidence and progression of diabetic kidney disease. (NCT02072096)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 72

Interventionmilligram per millimole (mg/mmol) (Mean)
Strategy A (Glucose-Dependent)1.85
Strategy B (Reference)1.85

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Change From Baseline of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

The eGFR is used in addition to the Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio to measure the incidence and progression of diabetic kidney disease. (NCT02072096)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 72

Interventionmilliliter per minute/1.73 square meter (Mean)
Strategy A (Glucose-Dependent)-5.00
Strategy B (Reference)-5.88

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Change From Baseline in Body Mass Index (BMI)

(NCT02072096)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 72

Interventionkilogram per square meter (kg/m^2) (Mean)
Strategy A (Glucose-Dependent)-0.47
Strategy B (Reference)0.20

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-inf)

"AUC0-inf (area under the concentration-time curve of linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity) for Linagliptin.~The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively." (NCT02084056)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
L+M 2000 Fasted457.780
FDC 2000 Fasted473.704
L+M 2000 Fed445.884
FDC 2000 Fed451.888

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Maximum Measured Concentration of Linagliptin in Plasma (Cmax)

Cmax (maximum measured concentration of Linagliptin in plasma) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02084056)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
L+M 2000 Fasted8.274
FDC 2000 Fasted9.480
L+M 2000 Fed6.729
FDC 2000 Fed6.613

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Cmax of Metformin in Plasma

Cmax (maximum measured concentration of Metformin in plasma) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02084056)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
L+M 2000 Fasted1516.558
FDC 2000 Fasted1485.642
L+M 2000 Fed1571.040
FDC 2000 Fed1662.954

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AUC0-inf of Metformin in Plasma

"AUC0-inf(area under the concentration-time curve of the metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity) for Metformin.~The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively." (NCT02084056)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
L+M 2000 Fasted12736.87
FDC 2000 Fasted12162.37
L+M 2000 Fed20721.20
FDC 2000 Fed20346.34

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)

AUC 0-tz (Area under the concentration-time curve of metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02084056)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
L+M 2000 Fasted12028.27
FDC 2000 Fasted11601.19
L+M 2000 Fed20411.01
FDC 2000 Fed19952.61

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)

AUC 0-72 (area under the concentration-time curve of Linagliptin in plasma from 0 to 72 hours) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02084056)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
L+M 2000 Fasted278.460
FDC 2000 Fasted288.709
L+M 2000 Fed264.509
FDC 2000 Fed268.814

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-inf)

"AUC0-inf (area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity) for Linagliptin.~The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively." (NCT02084082)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1000 Fasted461.306
FDC 1000 Fasted460.009
L+M 1000 Fed397.945
FDC 1000 Fed387.424

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)

AUC 0-72 (area under concentration-time curve of the Linagliptin in plasma from 0 to 72 hours) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02084082)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1000 Fasted286.639
FDC 1000 Fasted287.696
L+M 1000 Fed234.052
FDC 1000 Fed221.644

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)

AUC 0-t (Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02084082)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng∙h/mL (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1000 Fasted7146.61
FDC 1000 Fasted7146.00
L+M 1000 Fed11326.12
FDC 1000 Fed10980.17

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Cmax of Metformin in Plasma

Cmax (maximum measured concentration of the Metformin in plasma) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02084082)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1000 Fasted925.709
FDC 1000 Fasted923.543
L+M 1000 Fed947.445
FDC 1000 Fed937.685

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Maximum Measured Concentration of Linagliptin in Plasma (Cmax)

Cmax (maximum measured concentration of Linagliptin in plasma) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02084082)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1000 Fasted8.826
FDC 1000 Fasted9.540
L+M 1000 Fed5.791
FDC 1000 Fed5.689

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AUC0-inf of Metformin in Plasma

"AUC0-inf(area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity) for Metformin.~The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively." (NCT02084082)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng∙h/mL (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1000 Fasted7607.75
FDC 1000 Fasted7540.21
L+M 1000 Fed15047.37
FDC 1000 Fed14773.59

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Maximum Measured Concentration of Linagliptin in Plasma (Cmax)

Cmax (maximum measured concentration of Linagliptin in plasma) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02121509)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1500 Fasted8.909
FDC 1500 Fasted9.464
L+M 1500 Fed6.729
FDC 1500 Fed7.181

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AUC0-inf of Metformin in Plasma

"AUC0-inf(area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity) for Metformin.~The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively." (NCT02121509)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1500 Fasted10831.52
FDC 1500 Fasted11055.51
L+M 1500 Fed19706.52
FDC 1500 Fed19073.16

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Cmax of Metformin in Plasma

Cmax (maximum measured concentration of the Metformin in plasma) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02121509)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1500 Fasted1245.262
FDC 1500 Fasted1308.777
L+M 1500 Fed1526.907
FDC 1500 Fed1739.311

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-inf)

"AUC0-inf (area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity) for Linagliptin.~The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively." (NCT02121509)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1500 Fasted499.020
FDC 1500 Fasted506.245
L+M 1500 Fed430.765
FDC 1500 Fed458.042

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)

AUC 0-72 (area under the concentration-time curve of the Linagliptin in plasma from 0 to 72 hours) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02121509)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1500 Fasted298.982
FDC 1500 Fasted307.320
L+M 1500 Fed257.932
FDC 1500 Fed261.680

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)

AUC 0-tz (Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02121509)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before drug administration and 20 minutes (min), 40min, 1h,1h 30min, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h,34h, 48h and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
L+M 1500 Fasted10414.62
FDC 1500 Fasted10626.51
L+M 1500 Fed19434.46
FDC 1500 Fed18727.47

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Missing EMR Characteristic: BMI (Continuous)

"The missing EMR characteristic BMI is BMI value. Linear regression models were ran using a prioritized list of claims-based covariates as predictors and the value of select EMR-based clinical characteristics BMI as continuous outcomes.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by R-squared." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

InterventionKg/m^2 (Mean)
Linagliptin 136.3
Any Other DPP-435.5
Linagliptin 236.1
Pioglitazone34.2
Linagliptin 336.6
Second Generation Sulfonylurea35.1

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Missing EMR Characteristic: Diastolic BP

"The missing EMR characteristic diastolic BP defined as value in 6 months prior to and including index date.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic diastolic BP was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Linagliptin 179.5
Any Other DPP-478.8
Linagliptin 280.0
Pioglitazone79.3
Linagliptin 380.0
Second Generation Sulfonylurea79.6

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Missing EMR Characteristic: Duration of Diabetes (Continuous)

"The missing EMR characteristic duration of diabetes defined as starting year/starting age of diabetes.~Linear regression models were ran using a prioritized list of claims-based covariates as predictors and the value of select EMR-based clinical characteristics duration of diabetes as continuous outcomes.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by R-squared." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

InterventionMonths (Mean)
Linagliptin 13.5
Any Other DPP-43.1
Linagliptin 23.4
Pioglitazone3.5
Linagliptin 33.0
Second Generation Sulfonylurea2.9

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Missing EMR Characteristic: eGFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)

"The missing EMR characteristic eGFR defined as value in 6 months prior to and including index date.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic eGFR was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Upto 20 months

Interventionml/min per 1.73 m^2 (Mean)
Linagliptin 1103.8
Any Other DPP-4107.0
Linagliptin 2104.9
Pioglitazone108.7
Linagliptin 3105.5
Second Generation Sulfonylurea106.8

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Missing EMR Characteristic: Duration of Diabetes

"The missing EMR characteristic duration of diabetes defined as >7, 5-6, 3-5, 1-3, <1 (in years) in duration.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic duration of diabetes was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

,,,,,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Less than 1 year1.00-2.99 years3.00-4.99 years5.00-6.99 years7+ years
Any Other DPP-413.714.27.85.15.3
Linagliptin 111.911.57.84.95.3
Linagliptin 212.711.27.83.95.4
Linagliptin 316.012.77.34.05.3
Pioglitazone11.110.08.35.75.8
Second Generation Sulfonylurea15.413.68.44.84.8

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Missing EMR Characteristic: HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin))

"The missing EMR characteristic HbA1c defined as value in 6 months prior to and including index date.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic HbA1c was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Linagliptin 18.2
Any Other DPP-48.6
Linagliptin 28.3
Pioglitazone9.0
Linagliptin 38.0
Second Generation Sulfonylurea8.8

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Binary EMR Characteristic: Pancreatitis

"The missing EMR characteristic pancreatitis defined as participants with any note of prior pancreatitis.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic pancreatitis was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Linagliptin 10.8
Any Other DPP-40.5
Linagliptin 21.0
Pioglitazone0.2
Linagliptin 30.7
Second Generation Sulfonylurea0.5

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Missing EMR Characteristic: Systolic BP (Blood Pressure)

"The missing EMR characteristic systolic BP defined as value in 6 months prior to and including index date.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic systolic BP was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Linagliptin 1130.2
Any Other DPP-4129.7
Linagliptin 2131.0
Pioglitazone131.5
Linagliptin 3131.2
Second Generation Sulfonylurea131.3

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Missing EMR (Electronic Medical Record) Characteristic: Smoking

"The missing EMR characteristic smoking defined as current, unknown, versus past/never smoker.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic smoking was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

,,,,,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
CurrentPastNeverUnknown
Any Other DPP-47.612.235.54.9
Linagliptin 19.112.332.95.8
Linagliptin 210.712.232.76.3
Linagliptin 311.310.734.76.0
Pioglitazone7.910.230.85.1
Second Generation Sulfonylurea9.410.933.36.5

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Missing EMR Characteristic: BMI (Body Mass Index)

"The missing EMR characteristic BMI defined as not obese, overweight, obese, severe obesity.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic BMI was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

,,,,,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
UnderweightNormalOverweightObeseSevere Obesity
Any Other DPP-40.13.911.835.115.5
Linagliptin 10.42.111.535.416.5
Linagliptin 20.52.013.735.116.1
Linagliptin 30.72.710.736.016.0
Pioglitazone0.03.415.529.610.9
Second Generation Sulfonylurea0.14.014.034.215.4

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Binary EMR Characteristic: Nephropathy

"The missing EMR characteristic nephropathy defined as participants with any note of diabetic nephropathy.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic nephropathy was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Upto 20 months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Linagliptin 15.8
Any Other DPP-43.2
Linagliptin 25.9
Pioglitazone4.3
Linagliptin 34.7
Second Generation Sulfonylurea3.0

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Binary EMR Characteristic: Neuropathy

"The missing EMR characteristic neuropathy defined as participants with any note of diabetic neuropathy.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic neuropathy was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Linagliptin 19.9
Any Other DPP-410.0
Linagliptin 210.7
Pioglitazone11.3
Linagliptin 312.0
Second Generation Sulfonylurea11.0

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Missing EMR Characteristic: Total Cholesterol

"The missing EMR characteristic total cholesterol defined as value in 6 months prior to and including index date.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic total cholesterol was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Linagliptin 1188.8
Any Other DPP-4177.6
Linagliptin 2189.7
Pioglitazone185.8
Linagliptin 3194.6
Second Generation Sulfonylurea185.8

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Binary EMR Characteristic: Retinopathy

"The missing EMR characteristic retinopathy defined as participants with any note of diabetic retinopathy.~The associations between claims-based covariates and missingness on EMR characteristics were investigated by estimating a logistic regression model (and multinomial logistic regression, depending on the number of categories for the EMR characteristic) for each EMR characteristic where an indicator for missing the EMR characteristic retinopathy was the dependent variable and all claims-based covariates were included as independent variables.~The estimated value represented is actually prediction accuracy defined by C-statistics." (NCT02140645)
Timeframe: Up to 20 months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Linagliptin 11.2
Any Other DPP-41.9
Linagliptin 21.0
Pioglitazone2.8
Linagliptin 31.3
Second Generation Sulfonylurea1.7

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

This outcome has measured difference between FPG values from baseline to 24 weeks post treatment. The term 'baseline' refers to the last observation prior to the administration of any randomised study medication (NCT02240680)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionmilligram/decilitre (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Up to 24 Weeks)0.2
Linagliptin 5 Milligram (Up to 24 Weeks)-11.3

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Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) After 24 Weeks of Treatment.

This outcome has measured difference between HbA1c values from baseline to 24 weeks post treatment. The term 'baseline' refers to the last observation prior to the administration of any randomised study medication. HbA1c is a form of hemoglobin, a blood pigment that carries oxygen, which is bound to glucose. The term HbA1c also refers to glycated hemoglobin. High levels of HbA1c (Normal range is less than 6%) indicate poorer control of diabetes than level in normal range. (NCT02240680)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionPercentage (%) of HbA1c (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Up to 24 Weeks)-0.38
Linagliptin 5 Milligram (Up to 24 Weeks)-1.01

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c on Treatment <7.0%

This is the percentage of patients with HbA1c on treatment <7.0% after 24 weeks of treatment. The confidence intervals mentioned in measure of dispersion are exact 95% CI by Clopper and Pearson. (NCT02240680)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Patients (%) (Number)
Placebo (Up to 24 Weeks)14.6
Linagliptin 5 Milligram (Up to 24 Weeks)37.8

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<8.0%

This is the percentage of patients with HbA1c on treatment <8.0% after 24 weeks of treatment. The confidence intervals mentioned in measure of dispersion are exact 95% CI by Clopper and Pearson. (NCT02240680)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage of patients (%) (Number)
Placebo (Up to 24 Weeks)40.2
Linagliptin 5 Milligram (Up to 24 Weeks)70.1

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Percentage of Patients Experiencing at Least One Hypoglycaemia Accompanied by a Prespecified Glucose Value.

Hypoglycaemia accompanied by a prespecified glucose value is defined as any investigator reported hypoglycaemia (event or AE) with a reported blood glucose level of less than 54 milligram/deciLitre (3.0 millimole/Litre) or any investigator reported symptomatic hypoglycaemic AE with a reported blood glucose level of less or equal 70 milligram/deciLitre (3.9millimole/Litre) or any severe hypoglycaemic AE. Severe hypoglycaemia is an event that requires the assistance of another person to actively administer carbohydrates or glucagon because the patient is unable to take the substance on his or her own. The confidence intervals mentioned in measure of dispersion are exact 95% confidence interval by Clopper and Pearson. The percentage of patients with at least one hypoglycaemia accompanied by a glucose value less than 54mg/dL alone has also represented separately according American Diabetes Association definition of clinically significant hypoglycaemia. (NCT02240680)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
InterventionPercentage of patients (%) (Number)
Prespecified glucose valueGlucose value <54 mg/dL
Linagliptin 5 Milligram (Up to 24 Weeks)30.916.8
Placebo (Up to 24 Weeks)23.815.0

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Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5%.

The percentage of patients who attained lowering of HbA1c by ≥0.5% from baseline after 24 weeks of treatment were analysed. The confidence intervals mentioned in measure of dispersion are exact 95% CI by Clopper and Pearson. (NCT02240680)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage of patients (%) (Number)
Placebo (Up to 24 Weeks)37.4
Linagliptin 5 Milligram (Up to 24 Weeks)69.1

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Changes in Biochemical Markers (svCAM-1)

Soluble cell adhesion molecules-1 (svCAM-1) of endothelial function from baseline to 12 weeks (NCT02350478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Linagliptin-34
Placebo5

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Changes in the Area Under Curve (AUC) of Glucose, Insulin and C-peptide During the Meal Tolerance Test From Baseline to 12 Weeks

"The Area under the curve was calculated for glucose, insulin and for the free fatty acids based on the trapezoidal rule with baseline value as the mean of the values at time points -5 and 0 minutes.~The Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) was performed after an overnight fast (apart from water). A pre-meal blood sample will be taken (-5mins) and then all subjects will be asked to drink Fortimel compact (10 kcal/kg) over a period of 2-4 mins (time 0 mins). During the mixed meal test further blood samples will be taken at 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. All samples will be used for the determination of glucose, insulin and free fatty acids. The blood at each time point will be placed into a fluoride oxalate tube (1ml) for plasma glucose and into a serum tube for insulin and free fatty acids." (NCT02350478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionmg*min/dl (Mean)
Glucose AUCC-peptide AUCInsulin AUC
Linagliptin-1135-3249
Placebo481-3440

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Changes in Global Arginine Bioavailability Ratio (Ratio of Arginine to [Ornithine + Citrulline]) and Arginine to Ornithine Ratio From Baseline to 12 Weeks

Arginine, ornithine and citrulline will be measured in serum samples with a conventional usual amino acid analysis technique, involving separation of amino acids by ion exchange chromatography followed by postcolumn continuous reaction with ninhydrin. Global arginine bioavailability ratio (GABR) will be calculated by L-arginine divided by the sum of (L-ornithine plus L-citrulline). The arginine to ornithine ratio will be calculated by dividing L-arginine by L-ornithine levels. (NCT02350478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
InterventionRatio (Mean)
Global Arginine Bioavailabilty Ratio (%)Arginine to ornithine ratio (%)
Linagliptin-0.11-0.13
Placebo-0.06-0.05

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Changes in the Area Under Curve (AUC) of Free Fatty Acids During the Meal Tolerance Test From Baseline to 12 Weeks

"The Area under the curve was calculated for glucose, insulin and for the free fatty acids based on the trapezoidal rule with baseline value as the mean of the values at time points -5 and 0 minutes.~The MTT was performed after an overnight fast (apart from water). A pre-meal blood sample will be taken (-5mins) and then all subjects will be asked to drink Fortimel compact (10 kcal/kg) over a period of 2-4 mins (time 0 mins). During the mixed meal test further blood samples will be taken at 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. All samples will be used for the determination of glucose, insulin and free fatty acids. The blood at each time point will be placed into a fluoride oxalate tube (1ml) for plasma glucose and into a serum tube for insulin and free fatty acids." (NCT02350478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionµmol*min/l (Mean)
Linagliptin2.0
Placebo-3.1

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Changes in Endothelial Function (FMD - Flow Mediated Dilatation) From Baseline to 12 Weeks

"Endothelium-dependent FMD following reactive hyperaemia was examined in the brachial artery according to the guidelines described by Coretti et al (J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(2):257-65). FMD-diameter is calculated as the average of the three diameter measurements following reactive hyperaemia. FMD was calculated as the percent change in diameter compared to baseline. Flow-mediated dilation is reported such as percentage of change in diameter (%)." (NCT02350478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change in diameter (%) (Mean)
Linagliptin0.4
Placebo-0.5

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Changes in Biochemical Markers (sICAM-1)

Soluble cell adhesion molecules-1 (sICAM-1) of endothelial function from baseline to 12 weeks (NCT02350478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionng/ml (Median)
Linagliptin-15
Placebo-21

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Oxidative Stress (as ROS Generation Level)

oxidative stress (ROS generation level) following linagliptin. ROS generation measurement by chemiluminescence of PMN cells (NCT02372630)
Timeframe: Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, Week 12

,
InterventionmV (Mean)
Week 0Week 2Week 4Week 12
Linagliptin 5mg Per Day91858176
Placebo102959497

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Insulin Sensitivity by Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamp

Insulin sensitivity is measured with HE clamp. Glucose Infusion Rate was titrated to maintain blood glucose concentration at the fasting glucose level. Plasma samples for glucose was obtained at 10-minute intervals starting 30 minutes before the clamp, to quantitate rates of whole-body glucose disposal. Difference from baseline at 12 weeks is calculated and compared to placebo arm (NCT02372630)
Timeframe: At baseline and week 12

,
InterventionmL/hr (Mean)
BaselineAt 12 Weeks
Linagliptin 5mg Per Day137141
Placebo123119

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IL-1β mRNA Levels

Comparing IL-1B between Linagliptin group and placebo group based on the PCR test, between week 0 and week 12. (NCT02372630)
Timeframe: Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, Week 12

,
InterventionArbitrary Units (Mean)
Week 0Week 2Week 4Week 12
Linagliptin 5mg Per Day1.2761.1661.0630.870
Placebo0.7680.8850.7360.811

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JNK-1 Protein in MNC

JNK-1 protein in MNC before and after linagliptin use as compared to placebo. (NCT02372630)
Timeframe: Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, Week 12

,
InterventionArbitrary Units (Mean)
Week 0Week 2Week 4Week 12
Linagliptin 5mg Per Day0.8010.7890.7020.550
Placebo0.9431.1061.9330.939

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Change in HbA1c From Baseline at Week 52 (Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg Versus Linagliptin 5 mg + Placebo 25 mg)

Change from baseline in HbA1c at Week 52 was calculated as: HbA1c at Week 52 - HbA1c at baseline. Baseline is referred to the last observed measurement prior to the administration of randomized trial medication. Adjusted mean (Least square mean) and its standard error (SE) is presented. (NCT02453555)
Timeframe: Baseline and 52 week

InterventionPercentage (%) (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-1.10
Linagliptin 5 mg + Placebo 25 mg0.11

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Change in HbA1c From Week 28 at Week 52 (Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg Only)

"Change from Week 28 in HbA1c at Week 52 was calculated as: HbA1c at Week 52 - HbA1c at Week 28. Week 28 (pre up-titration) is referred to the last observed measurement prior to the first administration of any double-blind randomized trial medication in the up-titration period. Adjusted mean (Least square mean) and its standard error (SE) is presented.~This endpoint was based on 1 group of the Full analysis set with up-titration (FASUT-II) whose dose was up-titrated to Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg fixed dose combination thus there is no comparison group. Hence, no comparison is made. A restricted maximum likelihood (REML)-based mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) approach was used with baseline HbA1c as linear covariate and baseline eGFR, prior use of antidiabetic drug, visit as fixed effect(s). The covariance used to fit the model was unstructured." (NCT02453555)
Timeframe: 28 Week (pre up-titration) and 52 Week

InterventionPercentage (%) (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-0.21

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Change of Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c (Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c After 24 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment From Baseline)

Change from baseline in Glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at Week 24 was calculated as: HbA1c at Week 24 - HbA1c at baseline. Baseline is referred to the last observed measurement prior to the administration of randomized trial medication. Adjusted mean (Least square mean) and its standard error (SE) is presented. (NCT02453555)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 week

InterventionPercentage (%) (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin 10 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-0.93
Linagliptin 5 mg + Placebo 10 mg0.21

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Change in HbA1c From Baseline at Week 52 (All Empagliflozin Versus All Placebo)

Change from baseline in HbA1c at Week 52 was calculated as: HbA1c at Week 52 - HbA1c at baseline. Baseline is referred to the last observed measurement prior to the administration of randomized trial medication. Adjusted mean (Least square mean) and its standard error (SE) is presented. (NCT02453555)
Timeframe: Baseline and 52 week

InterventionPercentage (%) (Least Squares Mean)
All Empagliflozin-1.16
All Placebo0.06

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Change in HbA1c From Baseline at Week 52 (Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg Versus All Placebo)

Change from baseline in HbA1c at Week 52 was calculated as: HbA1c at Week 52 - HbA1c at baseline. Baseline is referred to the last observed measurement prior to the administration of randomized trial medication. Adjusted mean (Least square mean) and its standard error (SE) is presented. (NCT02453555)
Timeframe: Baseline and 52 week

InterventionPercentage (%) (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg/Linagliptin 5 mg-1.10
All Placebo-0.01

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Serum Endothelial Inflammatory Markers

Serum endothelial inflammatory markers included here: high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post Linagliptin or Placebo treatment

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Placebo3.08
Linagliptin5.17

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Adiposity

Measured using the Tanita Body Composition Analyzer scale, measured as percentage body fat. (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post beginning Linagliptin or placebo treatment

Interventionpercentage of body fat (Mean)
Placebo30.6
Linagliptin31.2

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Estimation of Creatinine Clearance

Measured via blood biochemistry eGFR, an alternative measurement to spot urine urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio presented above (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post beginning Linagliptin or placebo treatment

InterventionmL/min/1.73m^2 (Mean)
Placebo84.12
Linagliptin79.46

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Glycemic Control

Glycemic control is evaluated by measuring HbA1c levels to gauge changes in blood sugar control over last ~90 days (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post beginning Linagliptin or placebo treatment

Interventionpercentage of hemoglobin (Mean)
Placebo7.27
Linagliptin6.66

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Glycemic Control: Fasting Glucose

Glycemic control is evaluated by measuring fasting blood glucose at time of measurement (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post beginning Linagliptin or placebo treatment

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo129.68
Linagliptin109.93

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Glycemic Control: Insulin

Glycemic control is evaluated by measuring insulin levels at the time of the visit (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post beginning Linagliptin or placebo treatment

InterventionmIU/L (Mean)
Placebo20.82
Linagliptin20.52

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Pulse Wave Velocity

Vessel health is assessed by looking at Arterial stiffness. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) measures the delay between the pulse registered at the femoral artery from the pulse at the carotid. The difference in distance between these two measurement points from the aortic notch is divided by this delay to give a speed. In stiffer, less healthy vessels, the PWV is increased. We used Vascular Flow and wave measurement equipment, SphygmoCor Central Pressure system from AtCor to perform this calculation. (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post beginning Linagliptin or placebo treatment

Interventionm/s (Mean)
Placebo10.23
Linagliptin10.53

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Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

(RMR, similar to Resting Energy expenditure measurement): Evaluation of changes in Basal Metabolic Rate (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post beginning Linagliptin or placebo treatment

InterventionCalories/day (Mean)
Placebo1650.07
Linagliptin1657.6

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Serum Endothelial Inflammatory Markers

Serum endothelial inflammatory markers included here: Interleukin 6 (IL-6) (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post Linagliptin or Placebo treatment

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Placebo2.18
Linagliptin5.09

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Urinary Function Marker in CKD

We measure using microalbumin/creatinine ratio provided from a random spot urine sample. (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post beginning Linagliptin or placebo treatment

Interventionratio (Mean)
Placebo51.12
Linagliptin39.70

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Cellular Markers

The investigators will use participants' peripheral blood derived CD34+ cells looking at number, function, and gene expression. Post Linagliptin will be compared to pre Linagliptin measurements. Here we report fold changes in protein populations as determined by ELISA. (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: Week 12 expression as a fold difference to Week 0

,
InterventionFold Change (Mean)
PECAMVEGFASOD3SOD2GPX3
Linagliptin2.482.41.152.471.36
Placebo1.481.431.131.401.59

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Fasting Lipid Profile

Measured through serum biochemistry Lipid Panel (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post beginning Linagliptin or placebo treatment

,
Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
CholesterolTriglycerides
Linagliptin159.69124.31
Placebo171.45127.76

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Pulse Wave Analysis

Vessel health is assessed by looking at Arterial stiffness. Augmentation index (AI) is defined as the ratio of the augmentation pressure to the pulse pressure, times 100, to give a percentage. Augmentation index 75 normalizes this value to an estimate of the AI at a heart rate of 75bpm. We used Vascular Flow and wave measurement equipment, SphygmoCor Central Pressure system from AtCor. (NCT02467478)
Timeframe: 12 weeks post beginning Linagliptin or placebo treatment

,
InterventionPercentage (of pulse pressure) (Mean)
Augmentation Index 75Augmentation Index
Linagliptin22.3324.93
Placebo21.3724.17

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Change in Glycated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (%) From Baseline After 24 Weeks of Treatment

Change from baseline in HbA1c (%) after 24 weeks of treatment with double-blind trial medication. Change was calculated as: HbA1c value at 24-week - HbA1c value at baseline, for each patient. Baseline was defined as the last observation before the first intake of double-blind randomised trial medication. Statistical analysis presented is based on a restricted maximum likelihood (REML)-based mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) approach. Full Analysis Set (Observed Cases) [FAS (OC)]: This analysis set consisted of all patients who were randomised and treated with at least 1 dose of trial drug during the double-blind part of the trial and who had a baseline HbA1c assessment and at least 1 on-treatment HbA1c assessment during the 24-week double-blind part of the trial. Observed cases analysis included only the available data that were observed while patients were on treatment, i.e., excluding the missing data. (NCT02489968)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 week

InterventionPercentage (%) (Least Squares Mean)
Empagliflozin 10 mg + Linagliptin 5 mg-0.94
Empagliflozin 10 mg + Placebo-0.12
Empagliflozin 25 mg + Linagliptin 5 mg-0.91
Empagliflozin 25 mg + Placebo-0.33

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Glycemic Variability

SD of glucose readings (NCT02608177)
Timeframe: last 6 days of each 28-day treatment period

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Glipizide40.9
Linagliptin41.5

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Hypoglycemia

Glucose <70 mg/dL for at least 10 minutes (NCT02608177)
Timeframe: last 6 days of each 28-day treatment period

Interventionevents (Number)
Glipizide4
Linagliptin2

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Glucose Time in Range

Time with glucose 70-140 mg/dL (NCT02608177)
Timeframe: last 6 days of each 28-day treatment period

Interventionminutes per day (Mean)
Glipizide495.2
Linagliptin573.3

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AUC0-72 (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours)

"This outcome measure presents area under the concentration-time curve of Linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 72 hours.~Time frame description: The time -1:00h was approximate; the procedure was to be performed and completed within 2h before drug administration. PKS including participants with available data for AUC0-72 (area under the concentration-time curve of Linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 72 hours)." (NCT02758171)
Timeframe: 1:00 [hour (h): minute] before drug administration and 0:20h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, and 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC (10 mg Empagliflozin and 5 mg Linagliptin)281
Empagliflozin (10 mg) + Linagliptin (5 mg) Single Tablets283

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Cmax (Maximum Measured Concentration of Linagliptin Analyte in Plasma)

"This outcome measure presents maximum measured concentration of Linagliptin analyte in plasma.~Time frame description: The time -1:00h was approximate; the procedure was to be performed and completed within 2h before drug administration. PKS including participants with available data for Cmax (maximum measured concentration of Linagliptin analyte in plasma)." (NCT02758171)
Timeframe: 1:00 [hour (h): minute] before drug administration and 0:20h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, and 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC (10 mg Empagliflozin and 5 mg Linagliptin)9.33
Empagliflozin (10 mg) + Linagliptin (5 mg) Single Tablets8.73

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Cmax (Maximum Measured Concentration of Empagliflozin Analyte in Plasma)

"This outcome measure presents maximum measured concentration of Empagliflozin analyte in plasma.~Time frame description: The time -1:00h was approximate; the procedure was to be performed and completed within 2h before drug administration. PKS including participants with available data for Cmax (maximum measured concentration of Empagliflozin analyte in plasma)." (NCT02758171)
Timeframe: 1:00 [hour (h): minute] before drug administration and 0:20h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, and 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC (10 mg Empagliflozin and 5 mg Linagliptin)370
Empagliflozin (10 mg) + Linagliptin (5 mg) Single Tablets365

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AUC0-tz (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Empagliflozin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point)

"This outcome measure presents area under the concentration-time curve of Empagliflozin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point.~Time frame description: The time -1:00 hour (h) was approximate; the procedure was to be performed and completed within 2h before drug administration. PKS including participants with available data for AUC0-tz (area under the concentration-time curve of Empagliflozin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point)." (NCT02758171)
Timeframe: 1:00 [hour (h): minute] before drug administration and 0:20h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, and 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC (10 mg Empagliflozin and 5 mg Linagliptin)2550
Empagliflozin (10 mg) + Linagliptin (5 mg) Single Tablets2510

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AUC0-infinity (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity)

"This outcome measure presents area under the concentration-time curve of Linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity.~Time frame description: The time -1:00h was approximate; the procedure was to be performed and completed within 2h before drug administration. PKS including participants with available data for (area under the concentration-time curve of Linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity)." (NCT02758171)
Timeframe: 1:00 [hour (h): minute] before drug administration and 0:20h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, and 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC (10 mg Empagliflozin and 5 mg Linagliptin)451
Empagliflozin (10 mg) + Linagliptin (5 mg) Single Tablets462

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AUC0-infinity (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Empagliflozin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity)

"This outcome measure presents area under the concentration-time curve of Empagliflozin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity.~Time frame description: The time -1:00h was approximate; the procedure was to be performed and completed within 2h before drug administration. PKS including participants with available data for AUC0-infinity (area under the concentration-time curve of Empagliflozin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity)." (NCT02758171)
Timeframe: 1:00 [hour (h): minute] before drug administration and 0:20h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, and 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC (10 mg Empagliflozin and 5 mg Linagliptin)2580
Empagliflozin (10 mg) + Linagliptin (5 mg) Single Tablets2550

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AUC 0-tz for Linagliptin

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable drug plasma concentration (AUC 0-tz) for linagliptin (NCT02815644)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before the administration in first subject and 0:20 h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol∙h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Reference;Fasted)348
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Test;Fed)286

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Cmax for Linagliptin

Maximum measured concentration of the analyte in plasma (Cmax) for linagliptin (NCT02815644)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before the administration in first subject and 0:20 h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Reference;Fasted)15.1
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Test;Fed)8.43

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Cmax for Empagliflozin

Maximum measured concentration of the analyte in plasma (Cmax) for empagliflozin (NCT02815644)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before the administration in first subject and 0:20 h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Reference;Fasted)1010
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Test;Fed)756

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AUC0-infinity for Linagliptin

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-infinity) for linagliptin (NCT02815644)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before the administration in first subject and 0:20 h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol∙h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Reference;Fasted)597
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Test;Fed)526

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AUC0-infinity for Empagliflozin

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-infinity) for empagliflozin. (NCT02815644)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before the administration in first subject and 0:20 h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol∙h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Reference;Fasted)7270
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Test;Fed)6280

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AUC0-72 for Linagliptin

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 72 hours (AUC0-72) for linagliptin (NCT02815644)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before the administration in first subject and 0:20 h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol∙h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Reference;Fasted)348
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Test;Fed)286

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AUC 0-tz for Empagliflozin

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable drug plasma concentration (AUC 0-tz) for empagliflozin (NCT02815644)
Timeframe: 2 hours (h) before the administration in first subject and 0:20 h, 0:40h, 1:00h, 1:30h, 2:00h, 2:30h, 3:00h, 4:00h, 6:00h, 8:00h, 10:00h, 12:00h, 24:00h, 34:00h, 48:00h, 72:00h after drug administration.

Interventionnmol∙h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Reference;Fasted)7210
Empagliflozin 25 mg/ Linagliptin 5 mg (Test;Fed)6200

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Maximum Measured Concentration of Empagliflozin in Plasma (Cmax)

Maximum measured concentration of Empagliflozin in plasma (Cmax) is presented (NCT02821910)
Timeframe: 1.5 hours (h) before drug administration and 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h,10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC 25 Fed (T1)594
E25+L5+M1000 Fed (R1)630
FDC 25 Fast (T2)872
E25+L5+M1000 Fast (R2)817
FDC 10 Fed (T3)232
E10+L5+M1000 Fed (R3)235

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Maximum Measured Concentration of Metformin in Plasma (Cmax)

Maximum measured concentration of Metformin in plasma (Cmax) is presented (NCT02821910)
Timeframe: 1.5 hours (h) before drug administration and 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h,10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
FDC 25 Fed (T1)1290
E25+L5+M1000 Fed (R1)1300
FDC 25 Fast (T2)1010
E25+L5+M1000 Fast (R2)1020
FDC 10 Fed (T3)1170
E10+L5+M1000 Fed (R3)1150

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Maximum Measured Concentration of Linagliptin in Plasma (Cmax)

Maximum measured concentration of Linagliptin in plasma (Cmax) is presented (NCT02821910)
Timeframe: 1.5 hours (h) before drug administration and 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h,10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC 25 Fed (T1)6.37
E25+L5+M1000 Fed (R1)6.51
FDC 25 Fast (T2)9.66
E25+L5+M1000 Fast (R2)8.35
FDC 10 Fed (T3)6.25
E10+L5+M1000 Fed (R3)6.15

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

Area under the concentration-time curve of the Metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-∞) is presented (NCT02821910)
Timeframe: 1.5 hours (h) before drug administration and 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h,10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, and 72h after drug administration

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
FDC 25 Fed (T1)14100
E25+L5+M1000 Fed (R1)14100
FDC 25 Fast (T2)8260
E25+L5+M1000 Fast (R2)8600
FDC 10 Fed (T3)12200
E10+L5+M1000 Fed (R3)12400

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

Area under the concentration-time curve of the Linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-∞) is presented (NCT02821910)
Timeframe: 1.5 hours (h) before drug administration and 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h,10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC 25 Fed (T1)465
E25+L5+M1000 Fed (R1)483
FDC 25 Fast (T2)477
E25+L5+M1000 Fast (R2)443
FDC 10 Fed (T3)424
E10+L5+M1000 Fed (R3)420

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Empagliflozin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

Area under the concentration-time curve of the Empagliflozin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-∞) is presented (NCT02821910)
Timeframe: 1.5 hours (h) before drug administration and 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h,10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC 25 Fed (T1)6060
E25+L5+M1000 Fed (R1)6190
FDC 25 Fast (T2)6490
E25+L5+M1000 Fast (R2)6300
FDC 10 Fed (T3)2130
E10+L5+M1000 Fed (R3)2180

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC0-tz)

Area under the concentration-time curve of Metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-tz) is presented (NCT02821910)
Timeframe: 1.5 hours (h) before drug administration and 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h,10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnanograms (ng)*h/ milliliter (mL) (Geometric Mean)
FDC 25 Fed (T1)13900
E25+L5+M1000 Fed (R1)13900
FDC 25 Fast (T2)7920
E25+L5+M1000 Fast (R2)8260
FDC 10 Fed (T3)12000
E10+L5+M1000 Fed (R3)12200

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72)

Area under the concentration-time curve of Linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 72 hours (AUC0-72) is presented (NCT02821910)
Timeframe: 1.5 hours (h) before drug administration and 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h,10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
FDC 25 Fed (T1)273
E25+L5+M1000 Fed (R1)282
FDC 25 Fast (T2)290
E25+L5+M1000 Fast (R2)276
FDC 10 Fed (T3)258
E10+L5+M1000 Fed (R3)260

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Empagliflozin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC0-tz)

"Area under the concentration-time curve of Empagliflozin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-tz) is presented.~Plasma concentrations and/or parameters of a subject were considered as non-evaluable, if for example~The subject experienced emesis that occurred at or before 2 times median tmax of the respective treatment (median tmax was to be determined excluding the subject's experiencing emesis)~A pre-dose concentration was >5% of the Cmax value measured in that subject~Missing samples or concentration data at important phases of PK disposition curve" (NCT02821910)
Timeframe: 1.5 hours (h) before drug administration and 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 2.5h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h,10h, 12h, 24h, 34h, 48h, and 72h after drug administration

Interventionnanomoles (nmol)*hours (h)/litres (L) (Geometric Mean)
FDC 25 Fed (T1)5990
E25+L5+M1000 Fed (R1)6120
FDC 25 Fast (T2)6430
E25+L5+M1000 Fast (R2)6250
FDC 10 Fed (T3)2080
E10+L5+M1000 Fed (R3)2130

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Percentage of Participants With HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment

Percentage of participants with HbA1c lowering by at least 0.5% after 24 weeks of treatment. (NCT02897349)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo Matching Linagliptin36.0
Linagliptin55.4

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Percentage of Participants With Any Severe Hypoglycaemic AE

Incidence of severe hypoglycaemic events (requiring active assistance by another person, or fatal). Severe hypoglycaemic AE = hypoglycaemic event requiring the assistance of another person to actively administer carbohydrate, glucagon or other resuscitative actions. (NCT02897349)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Placebo Matching Linagliptin0.0
Linagliptin0.0

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Percentage of Participants With Any Investigator-defined Hypoglycaemic Adverse Event (AE) With Plasma Glucose (PG) ≤70 mg/dL

Incidence of investigator-reported hypoglycaemic events confirmed by a measured blood glucose ≤70 mg/dL (≤3.9 Millimoles Per Litre (mmol/L)). Severe hypoglycaemic AE = hypoglycaemic event requiring the assistance of another person to actively administer carbohydrate, glucagon or other resuscitative actions. (NCT02897349)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Placebo Matching Linagliptin7.8
Linagliptin10.6

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) After 24 Weeks of Treatment

Percentage change from baseline, that is, [[(HbA1c after 24 weeks of treatment) - (HbA1c at baseline)] / (HbA1c at baseline)] *100%, where baseline refers to the last observation prior to the start of randomised study drug, including the observation prior to the placebo run-in. (NCT02897349)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Matching Linagliptin-0.20
Linagliptin-0.61

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment

Change from baseline in Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) after 24 weeks of treatment. (NCT02897349)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

InterventionMilligram/Decilitre (mg/dL) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Matching Linagliptin0.7
Linagliptin-5.5

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Change From Baseline in 2-hour (2-h) Postprandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) After 24 Weeks of Treatment

Change from baseline in 2-hour (2-h) postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) after 24 weeks of treatment. (NCT02897349)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Matching Linagliptin-0.06
Linagliptin-32.01

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Percentage of Participants With HbA1c on Treatment < 6.5% After 24 Weeks of Treatment

Percentage of participants with HbA1c on treatment < 6.5% after 24 weeks of treatment. Participants with baseline HbA1c <6.5% were excluded from the analysis. (NCT02897349)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo Matching Linagliptin3.0
Linagliptin4.0

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Percentage of Participants With HbA1c on Treatment <7.0 Percentage (%) After 24 Weeks of Treatment

Percentage of participants with HbA1c on treatment <7.0 percentage (%) after 24 weeks of treatment. Participants with baseline HbA1c <7.0% were excluded from the analysis. (NCT02897349)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo Matching Linagliptin8.2
Linagliptin13.9

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz) for Empagliflozin

"Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point (AUC0-tz) for empagliflozin.~Plasma concentrations and/or parameters of a subject were to be considered as non-evaluable,if for example:~The subject experienced emesis that occurred at or before 2 times median tmax of the respective treatment (median tmax was to be determined excluding the subjects experiencing emesis)~A predose concentration was >5% Cmax value of that subject~Missing samples/concentration data at important phases of pharmacokinetic (PK) disposition curve.~Pharmacokinetic parameter set (PKS): This subject set included all subjects in the treated set (TS) who provided at least one primary or secondary PK parameter that was not excluded according to the description above. Thus, a subject was to be included in the PKS even if he/she contributed only one PK parameter value for one period to the statistical assessment." (NCT03259490)
Timeframe: Pharmacokinetic samples were collected at 1:30 hours: minutes pre dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 hours:minutes post dose

Interventionnanomoles*hours/ litres (nmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FDC (Test)5656.07
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FC (Reference)5488.31

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (AUC0-72) for Linagliptin

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 72 hours (AUC0-72) for Linagliptin (NCT03259490)
Timeframe: Pharmacokinetic samples were collected at 1:30 hours: minutes pre dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 hours:minutes post dose

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FDC (Test)238.84
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FC (Reference)238.11

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Analyte in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity) for Empagliflozin (AUC(0-∞)

Area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity) for Empagliflozin (AUC(0-∞) (NCT03259490)
Timeframe: Pharmacokinetic samples were collected at 1:30 hours: minutes pre dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 hours:minutes post dose

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FDC (Test)5727.20
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FC (Reference)5554.37

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AUC(0-∞) for Metformin

AUC(0-∞) for Metformin (NCT03259490)
Timeframe: Pharmacokinetic samples were collected at 1:30 hours: minutes pre dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 hours:minutes post dose

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FDC (Test)12745.62
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FC (Reference)12724.27

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Maximum Measured Concentration of the Empagliflozin in Plasma (Cmax)

Maximum measured concentration of the empagliflozin in plasma (Cmax) (NCT03259490)
Timeframe: Pharmacokinetic samples were collected at 1:30 hours: minutes pre dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 hours:minutes post dose

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FDC (Test)540.01
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FC (Reference)540.26

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Cmax for Metformin in Plasma

Cmax for metformin in plasma. (NCT03259490)
Timeframe: Pharmacokinetic samples were collected at 1:30 hours: minutes pre dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 hours:minutes post dose

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FDC (Test)1237.16
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FC (Reference)1147.88

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Cmax for Linagliptin in Plasma

Cmax for linagliptin in plasma. (NCT03259490)
Timeframe: Pharmacokinetic samples were collected at 1:30 hours: minutes pre dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 hours:minutes post dose

Interventionnmol/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FDC (Test)5.69
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FC (Reference)5.86

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AUC0-tz for Metformin.

AUC0-tz for metformin. (NCT03259490)
Timeframe: Pharmacokinetic samples were collected at 1:30 hours: minutes pre dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 hours:minutes post dose

Interventionnanogram*hours/ millilitres (ng*h/mL) (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FDC (Test)12455.82
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FC (Reference)12412.57

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AUC(0-∞) for Linagliptin

AUC(0-∞) for Linagliptin (NCT03259490)
Timeframe: Pharmacokinetic samples were collected at 1:30 hours: minutes pre dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 hours:minutes post dose

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FDC (Test)384.27
Empagliflozin/Linagliptin/Metformin FC (Reference)394.95

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Change in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Across Age Categories

"Change in HbA1c among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) within the 60 to 180 days following initiation of linagliptin across pre-defined age categories (40 to 54 years, 40 to 54 years, 65 to 74 years and 75+ years).~Change in HbA1c, was calculated for each patient by subtracting the patient's last (most recent) HbA1c value during the pre-index period (including the index date) from the patient's last (most recent) HbA1c value 60 to 180 days after the index date." (NCT03338803)
Timeframe: Baseline and 60 to 180 days

InterventionPercentage (%) (Mean)
OverallAge 40 to 54 yearsAge 55 to 64 yearsAge 65 to 74 yearsAge 75+ years
Patients With Written Prescription for Initiating Linagliptin-0.51-0.65-0.59-0.43-0.36

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Change in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Across Renal Function Categories

"Change in HbA1c among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) within the 60 to 180 days following initiation of linagliptin across pre-defined renal function categories.~Change in HbA1c, was calculated for each patient by subtracting the patient's last (most recent) HbA1c value during the pre-index period (including the index date) from the patient's last (most recent) HbA1c value 60 to 180 days after the index date. Renal function categories were presented based on patients with a pre-index estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) value (eGFR<30, eGFR 30 to 44, eGFR 45 to 59, eGFR 60 to 89, eGFR ≥ 90 milliliter/ minute/1.73 meter^2 and eGFR not available)." (NCT03338803)
Timeframe: Baseline and 60 to 180 days

InterventionPercentage (%) (Mean)
OveralleGFR<30eGFR 30 to 44eGFR 45 to 59eGFR 60 to 89eGFR ≥ 90eGFR not available
Patients With Written Prescription for Initiating Linagliptin-0.51-0.22-0.33-0.47-0.55-0.70-0.45

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Percentage of Adults With T2DM Who Achieve HbA1c < 7.0% Across Renal Function Categories

Percentage of adults with T2DM who achieve HbA1c < 7.0% within the 60 to 180 days following initiation of linagliptin across pre-defined renal function categories. Renal function categories were presented based on patients with a pre-index estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) value (eGFR<30, eGFR 30 to 44, eGFR 45 to 59, eGFR 60 to 89, eGFR ≥ 90 milliliter/ minute /1.73 meter^2 and eGFR not available). (NCT03338803)
Timeframe: 60 to 180 days

InterventionPercentage of patients (%) (Number)
OveralleGFR<30eGFR 30 to 44eGFR 45 to 59eGFR 60 to 89eGFR ≥ 90eGFR not available
Patients With Written Prescription for Initiating Linagliptin35.7246.6938.8840.1935.7530.1230.37

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Percentage of Adults With T2DM Who Achieve HbA1c < 7.0% Across the Pre-defined Age Categories

Percentage of adults with T2DM who achieve HbA1c < 7.0% within the 60 to 180 days following initiation of linagliptin across pre-defined age categories (40 to 54 years, 40 to 54 years, 65 to 74 years and 75+ years). (NCT03338803)
Timeframe: 60 to 180 days

InterventionPercentage of patients (%) (Number)
OverallAge 40 to 54 yearsAge 55 to 64 yearsAge 65 to 74 yearsAge 75+ years
Patients With Written Prescription for Initiating Linagliptin35.7230.2835.5937.8938.55

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Linagliptinin Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

AUC0-∞, area under the concentration-time curve of the linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity is presented. SE is a geometric SE. (NCT03629054)
Timeframe: PK samples were collected 1:30 h:m pre-dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 h:m after drug administration.

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Treatment (T)471.40
Reference Treatment (R)455.13

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Maximum Measured Concentration of the Metformin in Plasma (Cmax)

Cmax, maximum measured concentration of the metformin in plasma is presented. SE is a geometric SE. (NCT03629054)
Timeframe: PK samples were collected 1:30 h:m pre-dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 h:m after drug administration.

Interventionnanogram/ millilitre (ng/ mL) (Geometric Mean)
Test Treatment (T)1853.03
Reference Treatment (R)1767.69

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Maximum Measured Concentration of the Linagliptin in Plasma (Cmax)

Cmax, maximum measured concentration of the linagliptin in plasma is presented. SE is a geometric SE. (NCT03629054)
Timeframe: PK samples were collected 1:30 h:m pre-dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 h:m after drug administration.

Interventionnanomole/Litre (nmol/ L) (Geometric Mean)
Test Treatment (T)7.02
Reference Treatment (R)7.21

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Maximum Measured Concentration of the Empagliflozin in Plasma (Cmax)

Cmax, maximum measured concentration of the empagliflozin in plasma is presented. SE is a geometric SE. (NCT03629054)
Timeframe: PK samples were collected 1:30 h:m pre-dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 h:m after drug administration.

Interventionnanomole/Litre (nmol/ L) (Geometric Mean)
Test Treatment (T)209.67
Reference Treatment (R)226.50

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Linagliptin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 72 Hours (h) (AUC0-72)

AUC0-72, area under the concentration-time curve of the linagliptin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 72 h is presented. SE is a geometric SE. (NCT03629054)
Timeframe: PK samples were collected 1:30 h:m pre-dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 h:m after drug administration.

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Treatment (T)270.19
Reference Treatment (R)269.77

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Empagliflozin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)

AUC0-tz, Area under the concentration-time curve of the empagliflozin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point is presented. Standard error (SE) is a geometric SE. (NCT03629054)
Timeframe: Pharmacokinetic (PK) samples were collected 1:30 hours:minutes (h:m) pre-dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 h:m after drug administration.

Interventionnanomole*hour/litre (nmol*h/L) (Geometric Mean)
Test Treatment (T)2134.53
Reference Treatment (R)2125.57

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Metformin Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

AUC0-∞, area under the concentration-time curve of the metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity is presented. SE is a geometric SE. (NCT03629054)
Timeframe: PK samples were collected 1:30 h:m pre-dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 h:m after drug administration.

Interventionng*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
Test Treatment (T)22288.72
Reference Treatment (R)23280.48

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Metformin in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz)

AUC0-tz, Area under the concentration-time curve of the metformin in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable data point is presented. Standard error (SE) is a geometric SE. (NCT03629054)
Timeframe: Pharmacokinetic (PK) samples were collected 1:30 hours:minutes (h:m) pre-dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 h:m after drug administration.

Interventionnanogram*h/mL (ng*h/mL) (Geometric Mean)
Test Treatment (T)21687.12
Reference Treatment (R)22748.21

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Empagliflozin Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

AUC0-∞, area under the concentration-time curve of the empagliflozin in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity is presented. SE is a geometric SE. (NCT03629054)
Timeframe: PK samples were collected 1:30 h:m pre-dose and 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 24:00, 34:00, 48:00 and 72:00 h:m after drug administration.

Interventionnmol*h/L (Geometric Mean)
Test Treatment (T)2182.26
Reference Treatment (R)2166.54

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Time to Discontinuation of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Treatment According to Study Medication

"Time to discontinuation of type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment according to study medication is reported.~Time to discontinuation of T2D medication was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Patients who did not discontinue study medication at study index date 2 were censored." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: From date of first prescription (study index date 1) to stop date of initial type 2 diabetes (T2D)) medication (documented at index date 2), up to 14 months..

Interventionmonths (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin19.46
Patients Initiated on DPP4i18.28
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA20.61
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i14.04

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Clinical Parameter Relevant for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Percentage of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist

Clinical parameter relevant for type 2 diabetes (T2D): Percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

Interventionpercentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist8.2
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist7.9
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist8.4
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist8.6

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Clinical Parameter Relevant for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Percentage of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist

Clinical parameter relevant for type 2 diabetes (T2D): Percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

Interventionpercentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist7.9
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist8.1
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist7.4
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist8.5

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Body Mass Index (BMI) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist

"Baseline characteristic: Body mass index (BMI) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported.~Body mass index (BMI) is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2))." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

Interventionkilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2) (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist33.3
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist31.0
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist36.2
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist32.8

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Body Mass Index (BMI) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist

"Baseline characteristic: Body mass index (BMI) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported.~Body mass index (BMI) is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2))." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

Interventionkilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2) (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist30.8
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist29.9
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist25.8
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist30.7

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Baseline Characteristic: Body Mass Index (BMI) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist

"Baseline characteristic: Body mass index (BMI) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported.~Body mass index (BMI) is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2))." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

Interventionkilogram/meter^2 (kg/m^2) (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist33.3
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist31.3
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist36.7
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist34.3

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Baseline Characteristic: Age According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist

"Baseline characteristic: Age according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported.~Age for each patient was calculated by subtracting the year of birth from the year of registration (i.e. Year of registration - Year of birth). Year of registration was defined as the year the patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionYears (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist61.5
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist65.3
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist55.8
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist62.0

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Baseline Characteristic: Age According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist

"Baseline characteristic: Age according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported.~Age for each patient was calculated by subtracting the year of birth from the year of registration (i.e. Year of registration - Year of birth). Year of registration was defined as the year the patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionYears (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist63.0
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist67.2
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist59.2
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist62.3

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Time Since Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist

"Time since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported.~Time since diagnosis of T2D (years) was calculated by subtracting the year of T2D diagnosis from the year of registration. Year of registration was defined as the year patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionYears (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist9.1
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist9.1
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist9.2
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist9.8

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10-year Risk for Fatal Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist

"10-year risk for fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported.~10-year risk for fatal CVD was calculated according to the applying Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) Risk Chart (European Society of Cardiology) which takes into account patient´s age, gender, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and total cholesterol value at index date 1. SCORE Risk Chart takes values from from 0% to 100%. SCORE Risk Chart values from 5% and upwards indicate a high 10-year risk for a fatal cardiovascular event." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist7.0
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist7.0
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist5.4
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist6.5

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Number of Patients in Each Category of the Different Types of Cardiovascular Disease

"Number of patients in each category of the different types of cardiovascular disease is reported.~The following types of cardiovascular diseases are reported:~Myocardial infarction~Cardiology intervention (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG))~Ischemic heart disease~Congestive heart failure~Stroke~Peripheral arterial disease~The categories reported for each type of cardiovascular disease are:~Yes~No~Unknown" (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Myocardial infarction72022150Cardiology intervention (PCI or CABG)72022150Ischemic heart disease72022150Congestive heart failure72022150Stroke72022150Peripheral arterial disease72022150
YesNoUnknown
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe450
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe3558
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe47
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe525
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe3471
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe59
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe1087
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe2910
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe58
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe421
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe3511
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe123
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe248
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe3764
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe43
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe350
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe3643
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe62

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10-year Risk for Fatal Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist

"10-year risk for fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported.~10-year risk for fatal CVD was calculated according to the applying Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) Risk Chart (European Society of Cardiology) which takes into account patient´s age, gender, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and total cholesterol value at index date 1. SCORE Risk Chart takes values from from 0% to 100%. SCORE Risk Chart values from 5% and upwards indicate a high 10-year risk for a fatal cardiovascular event." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist8.9
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist9.4
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist5.0
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist3.8

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Time Since Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist

"Time since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported.~Time since diagnosis of T2D (years) was calculated by subtracting the year of T2D diagnosis from the year of registration. Year of registration was defined as the year patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionYears (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist10.7
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist10.4
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist10.1
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist10.1

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Number of Patients in Each Category of Different Types of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication Initiated at Study Index Date 1

"Number of patients in each category of different types of cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication initiated at study index date 1 is reported.~The following types of cardiovascular diseases are reported:~Myocardial infarction~Cardiology intervention (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG))~Ischemic heart disease~Congestive heart failure~Stroke~Peripheral arterial disease~The categories reported for each type of cardiovascular disease are:~Yes~No~Unknown" (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Myocardial infarction72022152Myocardial infarction72022153Myocardial infarction72022154Myocardial infarction72022155Cardiology intervention (PCI or CABG)72022153Cardiology intervention (PCI or CABG)72022152Cardiology intervention (PCI or CABG)72022155Cardiology intervention (PCI or CABG)72022154Ischemic heart disease72022152Ischemic heart disease72022153Ischemic heart disease72022154Ischemic heart disease72022155Congestive heart failure72022152Congestive heart failure72022153Congestive heart failure72022154Congestive heart failure72022155Stroke72022152Stroke72022153Stroke72022154Stroke72022155Peripheral arterial disease72022152Peripheral arterial disease72022153Peripheral arterial disease72022154Peripheral arterial disease72022155
UnknownYesNo
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin276
Patients Initiated on DPP4i91
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA22
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i61
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin1667
Patients Initiated on DPP4i1039
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA334
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i518
Patients Initiated on DPP4i14
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA5
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin328
Patients Initiated on DPP4i98
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA30
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i69
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin1614
Patients Initiated on DPP4i1024
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA324
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i509
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin24
Patients Initiated on DPP4i22
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA7
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i6
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin631
Patients Initiated on DPP4i265
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA50
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i141
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin1312
Patients Initiated on DPP4i860
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA305
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i433
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin23
Patients Initiated on DPP4i19
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA6
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i10
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin252
Patients Initiated on DPP4i104
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA14
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i51
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin1664
Patients Initiated on DPP4i997
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA337
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i513
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin50
Patients Initiated on DPP4i43
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA10
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i20
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin128
Patients Initiated on DPP4i76
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA12
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i32
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin1819
Patients Initiated on DPP4i1056
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA342
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i547
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin19
Patients Initiated on DPP4i12
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i5
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin171
Patients Initiated on DPP4i118
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA15
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i46
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin1767
Patients Initiated on DPP4i1008
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA339
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i529
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin28
Patients Initiated on DPP4i18
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i9

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Number of Patients With Documentation of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) / Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) Status

Number of patients with documentation of estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) / Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) status is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe3175

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Number of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by Physician's Assessment

Number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by physician's assessment (patients for whom CKD was reported as a comorbidity) is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe586

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Number of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) Status

Number of patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) status is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe886

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Number of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by eGFR and UACR Status According to Prescribing Specialist

Number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) status - according to prescribing specialist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist508
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist358
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist20

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10-year Risk for Fatal Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist

"10-year risk for fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported.~10-year risk for fatal CVD was calculated according to the applying Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) Risk Chart (European Society of Cardiology) which takes into account patient´s age, gender, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and total cholesterol value at index date 1. SCORE Risk Chart takes values from from 0% to 100%. SCORE Risk Chart values from 5% and upwards indicate a high 10-year risk for a fatal cardiovascular event." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist6.4
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist5.6
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist4.3
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist6.0

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Number of Patients With Any Type of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Number of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is reported. Patients with cardiovascular disease were considered patients for whom 'History of acute myocardial infarction', 'History of cardiology intervention', 'Ischemic heart disease', 'Congestive heart failure', 'History of stroke' or 'Peripheral arterial disease', were documented as comorbidities. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
T2D Patients From Central Eastern Europe1485

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Clinical Parameter Relevant for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Percentage of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist

Clinical parameter relevant for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

Interventionpercentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist8.5
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist8.1
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist8.2
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist8.5

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Number of Patients Per Type of Medical Specialty of Other Physicians Involved in Treatment Decision According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist

Number of patients per type of medical specialty of other physicians involved in treatment decision according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by endocrinologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Other endocrinologistDiabetologistCardiologistNephrologistGeneral practitionerOthersNone
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Endocrinologist360258335439
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Endocrinologist560818463697
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Endocrinologist10727376
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Endocrinologist110190121209

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Number of Patients Per Type of Medical Specialty of Other Physicians Involved in Treatment Decision According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist

Number of patients per type of medical specialty of other physicians involved in treatment decision according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by diabetologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
EndocrinologistOther diabetologistCardiologistNephrologistGeneral practitionerOthersNone
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Diabetologist0352561577
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Diabetologist374351250953
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Diabetologist0112010257
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Diabetologist0243071300

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Number of Patients Per Type of Medical Specialty of Other Physicians Involved in Treatment Decision According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist

Number of patients per type of medical specialty of other physicians involved in treatment decision according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
EndocrinologistDiabetologistOther cardiologistNephrologistGeneral practitionerOthersNone
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist01030012
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist1910410045
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist0000001
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist0000007

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Time Since Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist

"Time since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) according to T2D medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported.~Time since diagnosis of T2D (years) was calculated by subtracting the year of T2D diagnosis from the year of registration. Year of registration was defined as the year patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionYears (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist6.7
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist9.7
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist6.0
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist10.9

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Number of Patients Initiated on a Modern Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication Who Also Received Concomitant T2D Medications at Study Index Date 1 According to Prescribing Specialist

"Number of patients initiated on a modern type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication who also received concomitant T2D medications at study index date 1 according to prescribing specialist is reported.~The concomitant T2D medications reported are:~Metformin~Sulfonylurea~Acarbose~Pioglitazone~Insulin~Others" (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
MetforminSulfonylureaAcarbosePioglitazoneInsulinOthers
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist811730177
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist1794513499165891
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist13496263334259

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Number of Patients Initiated on a Modern Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication Who Also Received Concomitant Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and/or Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Medication at Study Index Date 1 According to Prescribing Specialist

"Number of patients initiated on a modern type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication who also received concomitant cardiovascular disease (CVD) and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD) medication at study index date 1 according to prescribing specialist is reported.~The reported concomitant CVD and/or chronic CKD medications are:~Antihypertensive angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)~Statins~Low dose aspirin~Beta blockers~Diuretics~Others" (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Antihypertensive ACEi or ARBsStatinsLow dose aspirinBeta blockersDiureticsOthers
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist878264734429
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist15361327622922732455
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist1256983555580471160

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Number of Patients for Each Type of Physician Specialties Involved in Decision for T2D Therapy Discontinuation According to Prescribing Specialist

Number of patients for each type of physician specialties involved in decision for T2D therapy discontinuation according to prescribing specialist is reported. (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 2 (= one year ± 2 months after index date 1 (study index date 1 was between September 2018 and December 2018)).

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
EndocrinologistDiabetologistCardiologistGeneral practitionerOtherNone
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist400100
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist020233185
Patients Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist2602142102

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Baseline Characteristic: Age According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist

"Baseline characteristic: Age according to type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication for the patients who were initiated on T2D medication by cardiologist is reported.~Age for each patient was calculated by subtracting the year of birth from the year of registration (i.e. Year of registration - Year of birth). Year of registration was defined as the year the patients where initiated on T2D medication." (NCT03807440)
Timeframe: At study index date 1 (i.e. between September 2018 and December 2018).

InterventionYears (Mean)
Patients Initiated on Empagliflozin by Cardiologist64.4
Patients Initiated on DPP4i by Cardiologist70.9
Patients Initiated on GLP-1 RA by Cardiologist54.0
Patients Initiated on Other SGLT2i by Cardiologist65.0

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