Compounds > 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
Page last updated: 2024-11-04

3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine

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Description

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID1614
CHEMBL ID6731
CHEBI ID166520
SCHEMBL ID393456
MeSH IDM0023232

Synonyms (75)

Synonym
1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-amine
CHEBI:166520
1,3-benzodioxole,5-ethanamine-.alpha.-methyl-(.+/-.)
phenethylamine, .alpha.-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)-
DIVK1C_000964
KBIO1_000964
IDI1_000964
tenamfetaminum [latin]
tenamfetamina [spanish]
tenamfetamine [inn]
PDSP2_001394
dl-alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenylethylamine
4764-17-4
(+/-)-3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine
5-(2-aminopropyl)-1,3-benzodioxole
alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine
phenethylamine, alpha-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)-
ai3-24882
1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propylamine
(r,s)-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
alpha-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole-5-ethanamine
ea-1299
mda (pharmaceutical)
5-19-08-00417 (beilstein handbook reference)
3,4-(methylenedioxy)-alpha-methylphenylethylamine
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
1,3-benzodioxole-5-ethanamine, alpha-methyl- (9ci)
3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine
methylenedioxyamphetamine
brn 0150196
3,4-methylenedioxy-alpha-methyl-beta-phenylethylamine
love
alpha-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine
1,3-benzodioxole-5-ethanamine, alpha-methyl-
tenamfetamine
dea no. 7400
DB01509
NINDS_000964
PDSP1_001410
CHEMBL6731 ,
skf-5
methylene dioxyamphetamine
AKOS002433952
(+/-)2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine
2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine
mda,r(-)
(r)-(-)-2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine
(s)-(+)-2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine
mda, (r,s)
bdbm50005247
(-)2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine
2-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-1-methyl-ethylamine((r)-(-)-mda)
hsdb 7593
tenamfetaminum
unii-xjz28fj27w
xjz28fj27w ,
tenamfetamina
tenamfetamine [mart.]
mda (psychedelic)
(+/-)-.alpha.-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine
mda [mi]
tenamfetamine [who-dd]
SCHEMBL393456
.alpha.-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine
.alpha.-methyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine
1,3-benzodioxole-5-ethanamine, .alpha.-methyl-
51497-09-7
1-(2h-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-amine
rac-mda (rac-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) 1.0 mg/ml in methanol
1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)propan-2-amine
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (mda)
FT-0739487
DTXSID40859958
(-)-tenamfetamine
Q223020

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The risk of adverse reactions to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), more commonly known as "ecstasy", is now widely known in both the USA and UK, but the patterns of illness remain varied."( Toxicity and deaths from 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy")
Dawling, S; Henry, JA; Jeffreys, KJ, 1992)		0.28
"Regulation of neurotoxicants is generally based on setting allowable doses (exposures) by dividing a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) by uncertainty factors that hopefully account for interspecies and intraspecies differences for extrapolations of experimental results obtained in animals to humans."( Risk assessment for neurotoxic effects.
Gaylor, DW; Slikker, W, 1990)		0.28
" These findings suggest that neither of MDA's major metabolites mediate its toxic effects on 5-HT neurons and that either a minor metabolite is responsible or that alternate mechanisms are involved."( Major metabolites of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) do not mediate its toxic effects on brain serotonin neurons.
McCann, UD; Ricaurte, GA, 1991)		0.58
" However, a comparison of the relative toxic effects of MDMA and MBDB indicates that MBDB may be slightly less neurotoxic."( Neurotoxic effects of the alpha-ethyl homologue of MDMA following subacute administration.
Johnson, MP; Nichols, DE, 1989)		0.28
" The central monoamine stores of rats were significantly decreased with reserpine (5 mg/kg) prior to toxic injections of MDMA."( Reserpine does not prevent 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the rat.
Hekmatpanah, CR; McKenna, DJ; Peroutka, SJ, 1989)		0.28
"Using the systemically active, non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dextrorphan, we explored the role of the NMDA receptor-calcium channel complex in the toxic mechanism of action of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)."( The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, dextrorphan, prevents the neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in rats.
Finnegan, KT; Irwin, I; Langston, JW; Skratt, JJ, 1989)		0.28
" Perhaps as a consequence of this, the toxic effects of MDMA in the monkey involve serotonergic nerve fibers as well as cell bodies, whereas in the rat, only nerve fibers are affected."( Studies of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in nonhuman primates: a basis for evaluating long-term effects in humans.
Ricaurte, GA, 1989)		0.28
" MDMA was either equally toxic or slightly to moderately less toxic than its close congener, MDA, (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine."( Toxicity of MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) considered for relevance to hazards of MDMA (Ecstasy) abuse.
Davis, WM; Hatoum, HT; Waters, IW, 1987)		0.83
"This study compared the toxic effects of oral versus subcutaneous and single versus multiple doses of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on central serotonergic neurons in non-human primates."( Toxic effects of MDMA on central serotonergic neurons in the primate: importance of route and frequency of drug administration.
DeLanney, LE; Irwin, I; Langston, JW; Ricaurte, GA, 1988)		0.27
" Toxicity studies showed all of the compounds to have LD50 values similar to N-methyl MDA (MDMA)."( Synthesis, identification, and acute toxicity of some N-alkyl derivatives of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine.
Clark, CR; Coker, ST; DeRuiter, J; Noggle, FT, )		0.36
" None of the protective drugs inhibited the initial 5-HT loss following MDMA, rendering unlikely any proposal that they are protective because they inhibit 5-HT release and the subsequent formation ofa toxic indole derivative."( A study of the mechanism of MDMA ('ecstasy')-induced neurotoxicity of 5-HT neurones using chlormethiazole, dizocilpine and other protective compounds.
Colado, MI; Green, AR, 1994)		0.29
" The third step is to define an adverse level for a response so that the probability (risk) of exceeding that level can be estimated as a function of dose."( Modeling for risk assessment of neurotoxic effects.
Gaylor, DW; Slikker, W, 1994)		0.29
"The way in which sex may be constructed as safe through its relationship with 'love' is the concern of this study."( Safe sex or safe love: competing discourses?
Gifford, S; Moore, S; Rosenthal, D, 1998)		0.3
" The restraint manipulation is utilized as a technique to characterize the physiological, cellular and molecular consequences of stress as well as a tool to understand the ways in which stress may interact with toxic substances."( Restraint as a stressor in mice: against the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of D-MDMA, low body weight mitigates restraint-induced hypothermia and consequent neuroprotection.
Johnson, EA; Miller, DB; Sharp, DS, 2000)		0.31
" The toxic effects induced following incubation of hepatocyte suspensions with these metabolites were evaluated by measuring cell viability, the extent of lipid peroxidation, levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), the formation of GSH conjugates, and the activities of GSSG reductase (GR), GSH peroxidase (GPX), and GSH S-transferase (GST)."( Hepatotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and alpha-methyldopamine in isolated rat hepatocytes: formation of glutathione conjugates.
Amado, F; Bastos, ML; Borges, F; Carvalho, F; Carvalho, M; Fernandes, E; Milhazes, N; Monks, TJ; Remião, F, 2004)		0.66
" The indirect effect of MDMA mediated by a sustained high level of circulating biogenic amines may contribute to the cardiotoxic effects, but other factors, like the direct toxic effects of MDMA and its metabolites in cardiac cells, remain to be investigated."( Metabolism is required for the expression of ecstasy-induced cardiotoxicity in vitro.
Amado, F; Bastos, ML; Borges, F; Carvalho, F; Carvalho, M; Fernandes, E; Gonçalves, MJ; Milhazes, N; Monteiro, Mdo C; Remião, F; Seabra, V, 2004)		0.32
"In mice, the recreational drug (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA ("ecstasy")] produces a selective toxic effect on brain dopamine (DA) neurons."( Identification and characterization of metallothionein-1 and -2 gene expression in the context of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced toxicity to brain dopaminergic neurons.
Becker, KG; Cheadle, C; Donovan, DM; McCann, UD; Mechan, AO; Ricaurte, GA; Tong, L; Xie, T; Yuan, J, 2004)		0.32
"XTC and other amphetamines are considered to be safe by the majority of partying young people who are unaware of (or unwilling to know about) the acute and chronic toxicity of these substances, and these drugs are widespread, illicit stimulants."( Amphetamine toxicity in the emergency department.
Bronselaer, K; De Feyter, K; De Munnynck, K; Sabbe, M; Smets, G; Van de Voorde, W, 2005)		0.33
" The results of the comparative toxicity study, using undifferentiated PC12 cells, strongly suggest that the metabolites possessing a catecholic group are more toxic to the cells than MDMA and metabolites with at least one protected phenolic group."( Synthesis and cytotoxic profile of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") and its metabolites on undifferentiated PC12 cells: A putative structure-toxicity relationship.
Borges, F; Cunha-Oliveira, T; Garrido, J; Martins, P; Milhazes, N; Oliveira, C; Rego, AC, 2006)		0.33
"3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)'s O-demethylenated metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA), has been hypothesized to serve as a precursor for the formation of toxic catechol-thioether metabolites (e."( Inhibition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine metabolism leads to marked decrease in 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine formation but no change in serotonin neurotoxicity: implications for mechanisms of neurotoxicity.
Maldonado Adrian, C; McCann, UD; Mueller, M; Ricaurte, GA; Yuan, J, 2011)		0.37
" The drug is generally thought to be safe among consumers due to its low-mortality rates."( A mechanistic insight into 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy")-mediated hepatotoxicity.
Antolino-Lobo, I; Meulenbelt, J; van den Berg, M; van Duursen, MB, 2011)		0.37
" These outcomes suggest that MDMA metabolism has hazard implications to liver cells even when metabolites are found in low concentrations, as they contribute additively to the overall toxic effect of MDMA."( Mixtures of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and its major human metabolites act additively to induce significant toxicity to liver cells when combined at low, non-cytotoxic concentrations.
Carmo, H; Carvalho, F; da Silva, DD; Silva, E, 2014)		0.4
" We showed that MDMA metabolites exhibited toxicity to SH-SY5Y differentiated cells, being the GSH and NAC conjugates more toxic than their catecholic precursors and MDMA."( "Ecstasy"-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y differentiated cells: role of hyperthermia and metabolites.
Barbosa, DJ; Bastos, ML; Branco, PS; Capela, JP; Carvalho, F; Fernandes, E; Ferreira, LM; Silva, R, 2014)		0.4
" Our findings support the view that COMT plays a pivotal role in determining the toxic response to MDMA."( Catechol-o-methyltransferase and 3,4-({+/-})-methylenedioxymethamphetamine toxicity.
Cholanians, AB; Herndon, JM; Lau, SS; Lizarraga, LE; Monks, TJ, 2014)		0.4

Pharmacokinetics

The metabolism and disposition of N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (N-OH MDA) was studied by utilizing rat liver slices as well as by intravenous pharmacokinetic studies in rats.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The in vivo N-demethylation of (+) and (-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) was determined and the pharmacokinetic relationship between the two compounds calculated."( Stereochemical differences in the metabolism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in vivo and in vitro: a pharmacokinetic analysis.
Chang, AS; Cho, AK; Distefano, EW; Hiramatsu, M; Jenden, DJ, )		0.35
"The metabolism and disposition of N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (N-OH MDA) was studied by utilizing rat liver slices as well as by intravenous pharmacokinetic studies in rats."( The pharmacokinetics and liver metabolism of N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (N-OH MDA) in rats.
Brzozowski, D; Clark, CR; Ravis, WR; Valaer, AK, 1994)		0.8
" Cmax values for 125-mg and 75-mg MDMA doses were 236."( Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans.
Camí, J; de la Torre, R; Farré, M; Mas, M; Ortuño, J; Roset, PN; Segura, J, 1999)		0.3
" Here, we examined the pharmacokinetic profile of MDMA in squirrel monkeys after different routes of administration, and explored the relationship between acute plasma MDMA concentrations after repeated oral dosing and subsequent brain serotonin deficits."( Pharmacokinetic profile of single and repeated oral doses of MDMA in squirrel monkeys: relationship to lasting effects on brain serotonin neurons.
Hatzidimitriou, G; Irvine, RJ; McCann, UD; Mechan, A; Ricaurte, GA; Yuan, J, 2006)		0.33
" Curiously, the approximate elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of MDMA at 18 degrees C (136 min) and 31 degrees C (144 min) was increased compared with 24 degrees C (90 min) and is most likely because of volume of distribution changes induced by core temperature alterations."( Ambient temperature effects on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced thermodysregulation and pharmacokinetics in male monkeys.
Banks, ML; Czoty, PW; Kisor, DF; Nader, MA; Nichols, DE; Sprague, JE, 2007)		0.34
" The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the pharmacokinetic drug interaction between MDMA and fluoxetine and also to determine the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on mediating drug-drug interactions with MDMA."( Fluoxetine pretreatment effects pharmacokinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ECSTASY) in rat.
Eddington, ND; Upreti, VV, 2008)		0.35
" A total of 31 healthy Chinese subjects participated in the pharmacokinetic study of single bolus intravenous injection of piperphentonamine hydrochloride."( Determination of piperphentonamine and metabolites M1 and M6 in human plasma and urine by LC/MS/MS and its application in a pharmacokinetics study in Chinese healthy volunteers.
Han, L; Hu, X; Li, J; Li, K; Li, R; Shi, A; Wan, H, 2012)		0.38
" MDMA, and the associated pharmacodynamic consequences."( Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its pharmacodynamic consequences in the rat.
Baumann, MH; Concheiro, M; Huestis, MA; Marrone, GF; Rothman, RB; Scheidweiler, KB, 2014)		0.4
"Generally, pharmacokinetic studies on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in blood have been performed after conjugate cleavage, without taking into account that phase II metabolites represent distinct chemical entities with their own effects and stereoselective pharmacokinetics."( Chiral Plasma Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its Phase I and II Metabolites following Controlled Administration to Humans.
Kraemer, T; Liechti, ME; Rickli, A; Schmid, Y; Schmidhauser, C; Steuer, AE, 2015)		0.42

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" However, it cannot be excluded that co-administration of Pgp inhibitors such as ritonavir or paroxetine could increase MDMA, MDE and PMA bioavailability and also enhance brain entry leading to severe side effects."( P-glycoprotein modulation by the designer drugs methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methylenedioxyethylamphetamine and paramethoxyamphetamine.
Haefeli, WE; Ketabi-Kiyanvash, N; Mikus, G; Weiss, J, 2003)		0.32

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The amount of metabolite increased on hydrolyzing the urine from dosed dogs and monkeys with a preparation containing beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase."( Identification of 3-O-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine as a urinary metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine in dog and monkey.
By, A; Cooper, JK; Ethier, JC; Midha, KK, )		0.36
" Side effects, insight gained, pleasure, and intensity of the MDMA experience were evaluated as were the influence of set and setting at the time the MDMA was taken and the dosage utilized."( Phenomenology and sequelae of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine use.
Bravo, GL; Grob, CS; Liester, MB; Walsh, RN, 1992)		0.28
" Three distinct dose-response patterns were observed."( The effects of MDMA and other methylenedioxy-substituted phenylalkylamines on the structure of rat locomotor activity.
Geyer, MA; Paulus, MP, 1992)		0.28
" In the latter assay, both enantiomers of 6 had identical potencies, but their dose-response curves were not parallel."( Synthesis and pharmacological examination of 1-(3-methoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane and 5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan: similarities to 3,4-(methylenedioxy)methamphetamine (MDMA).
Frescas, SP; Johnson, MP; Nichols, DE; Oberlender, R, 1991)		0.28
" More importantly, if a subacute dosing regimen (every 12 hours for 4 days) was utilized, the combination of S-amphetamine with MDAI resulted in a marked long-term decrease in the levels of cortical, hippocampal and striatal 5-HT, 5-HIAA and the number of 5-HT uptake sites."( Serotonin neurotoxicity in rats after combined treatment with a dopaminergic agent followed by a nonneurotoxic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) analogue.
Huang, XM; Johnson, MP; Nichols, DE, 1991)		0.28
" MDMA resulted in a monotonic dose-response curve for activity but exhibited a biphasic dose response in ht and hm."( Application of entropy measures derived from the ergodic theory of dynamical systems to rat locomotor behavior.
Geyer, MA; Gold, LH; Mandell, AJ; Paulus, MP, 1990)		0.28
" In rats that had been injected with MDMA on a daily basis either before or after the milk-drinking sessions, the dose-response function of MDMA was shifted to the right, indicating that tolerance had developed."( Tolerance and cross-tolerance to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine and methylenedioxyamphetamine.
Virus, RM; Woolverton, WL; Zacny, JP, 1990)		0.28
" In order to determine if MDMA produces lasting neurochemical alterations after oral administration, groups of six rats (adult male Sprague-Dawley) were dosed by gavage with either 40 or 80 mg/kg of MDMA or saline vehicle once every 12 hr for 4 days."( Neurochemical and neurohistological alterations in the rat and monkey produced by orally administered methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
Ali, SF; Bailey, JR; Frith, CH; Newport, GD; Scallet, AC; Slikker, W, 1988)		0.27
"The possible neurotoxic effects of the alpha-ethyl homologue of MDMA, N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine (MBDB), were examined following a regimen of twice daily dosing for four days."( Neurotoxic effects of the alpha-ethyl homologue of MDMA following subacute administration.
Johnson, MP; Nichols, DE, 1989)		0.28
"0 mg/kg MDA in both components of the multiple schedule, but did not affect the MDMA dose-response curve."( Behavioral effects of (+-) 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and (+-) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the pigeon: interactions with noradrenergic and serotonergic systems.
Barrett, JE; Hoffmann, SM; Nader, MA, 1989)		0.57
" Rats were subcutaneously dosed with 40 mg/kg of (+/-) MDMA."( Stereochemistry of the metabolism of MDMA to MDA.
Blanke, RV; Fitzgerald, RL; Glennon, RA; Rosecrans, JA, 1989)		0.28
" Further, they indicate that monkeys are considerably more sensitive than rats to the serotonin-depleting effects of MDMA, and that the dose-response curve of MDMA in the monkey is much steeper than in the rat."( Studies of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in nonhuman primates: a basis for evaluating long-term effects in humans.
Ricaurte, GA, 1989)		0.28
" Adult female monkeys dosed po with 5 or 10 mg/kg of MDMA twice/day for 4 consecutive days demonstrated no spontaneous behavioral changes or weight loss compared to controls, but forebrain 5-HT concentration was reduced by 80% 1 mon after dosing."( Behavioral and neurochemical effects of orally administered MDMA in the rodent and nonhuman primate.
Ali, SF; Bailey, JR; Holson, RR; Hong, JS; Kolta, MG; McMillan, DE; Paule, MG; Scallet, AC; Scalzo, FM; Slikker, W, 1989)		0.28
" Once trained, these animals were given several doses of drugs used in training and dose-response relationships and ED50 values were generated."( Discriminative profile of MDMA.
Schechter, MD, 1986)		0.27
" Brain sections from rats injected with MDMA according to this dosage regimen were stained by the Fink-Heimer method."( Biochemical and histological evidence that methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) is toxic to neurons in the rat brain.
Commins, DL; Schuster, CR; Seiden, LS; Virus, RM; Vosmer, G; Woolverton, WL, 1987)		0.27
" However, the subsequent dose-response experiments indicate that when the fast-trained rats are tested with various doses of MDMA, without prior vehicle treatment, their sensitivity to the drug is less than that of the slowly-trained rats."( Advantages and disadvantages of a rapid method to train drug discrimination.
Schechter, MD, 1988)		0.27
" In addition to these salient features, the results of this study also have an impact on stimulus specificity, and further emphasize the importance of thorough dose-response relationships as related to tests of stimulus generalization."( MDA: a psychoactive agent with dual stimulus effects.
Glennon, RA; Young, R, 1984)		0.27
" The current study evaluated the dose-response relationships of MDMA (1."( Oral administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces selective serotonergic depletion in the nonhuman primate.
Ali, SF; Bailey, JR; Binienda, Z; Ferguson, SA; Newport, GD; Paule, MG; Scallet, AC; Slikker, W, )		0.13
" Nevertheless, the dose-response curve of MMAI is parallel to those of (+)-fenfluramine (m-trifluoromethyl-N-ethylamphetamine) and p-chloroamphetamine."( Behavioral effects of the highly selective serotonin releasing agent 5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan.
Marona-Lewicka, D; Nichols, DE, 1994)		0.29
" Only MDMA and 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA) enantiomers were detected at measurable concentrations in the frontal cortices and hippocampis from rats dosed with 10 mg kg-1 of racemic MDMA; in this species the enantiomeric profiles of these two compounds were similar in brain and urine."( Stereoselective disposition: enantioselective quantitation of 3,4-(methylenedioxy) methamphetamine and three of its metabolites by gas chromatography/electron capture negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
Foltz, RL; Lim, HK; Su, Z, 1993)		0.29
" The statistical distribution of the drug concentrations compared with the self-reported consumption behaviour of the users may possibly lead to a better understanding of the relationship between drug dosage and corresponding concentrations in hair."( Concentrations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in hair of drug abusers.
Kauert, G; Röhrich, J, 1996)		0.29
" The present study was aimed at investigating the direct effects of CsA and Cre on isolated and perfused rat hearts in the dosage that closely approximates the peak level achieved for the prevention of graft rejection in the rat."( Effects of cyclosporin and cremophor on working rat heart and incidence of myocardial lipid peroxidation.
David, M; Gabrielle, F; Maupoil, V; Mossiat, C; Rochette, L; Tatou, E, 1996)		0.29
"Surveys into the pharmacological constituents of ecstasy tablets, dosage levels, and empirical reports of their perceived purity, provide the main data for this review."( Is ecstasy MDMA? A review of the proportion of ecstasy tablets containing MDMA, their dosage levels, and the changing perceptions of purity.
Parrott, AC, 2004)		0.32
" Dosage levels of tablets are also highly variable, with low dose tablet often encountered during the mid-1990s, and high dose tablets now seen more frequently."( Is ecstasy MDMA? A review of the proportion of ecstasy tablets containing MDMA, their dosage levels, and the changing perceptions of purity.
Parrott, AC, 2004)		0.32
" For future research, challenge studies in animals using dosing regimens adapted to human consumption patterns are needed."( The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethyl-amphetamine (MDEA).
Freudenmann, RW; Spitzer, M, 2004)		0.32
" Here, we examined the pharmacokinetic profile of MDMA in squirrel monkeys after different routes of administration, and explored the relationship between acute plasma MDMA concentrations after repeated oral dosing and subsequent brain serotonin deficits."( Pharmacokinetic profile of single and repeated oral doses of MDMA in squirrel monkeys: relationship to lasting effects on brain serotonin neurons.
Hatzidimitriou, G; Irvine, RJ; McCann, UD; Mechan, A; Ricaurte, GA; Yuan, J, 2006)		0.33
" Mentions on medical death certificates, last year's ecstasy use, number of drug offenders, seizures, prices and dosage levels figures were used for this descriptive and correlational study."( Ecstasy (MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MBDB) consumption, seizures, related offences, prices, dosage levels and deaths in the UK (1994-2003).
Corkery, J; Deluca, P; Ghodse, AH; Oyefeso, A; Schifano, F, 2006)		0.33
"The purpose of the current study was to extend previous results on the acute effects of MDMA on behavioral thermoregulation to a repeated dosing regime, simulating regular weekend use of ecstasy, on measures of thermoregulation and heart rate (HR)."( The effect of long-term repeated exposure to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on cardiovascular and thermoregulatory changes.
Irvine, RJ; Jaehne, EJ; Salem, A, 2008)		0.35
" HR responses to MDMA over 6 weeks at both TAs progressively decreased with repeated dosing (P<0."( The effect of long-term repeated exposure to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on cardiovascular and thermoregulatory changes.
Irvine, RJ; Jaehne, EJ; Salem, A, 2008)		0.35
" However, such dosing regimens do not adequately mimic the intermittent use patterns commonly seen in adolescent recreational ecstasy users."( Development and characterization of a novel animal model of intermittent MDMA ("Ecstasy") exposure during adolescence.
Meyer, JS; Piper, BJ; Vancollie, VE, 2008)		0.35
"Hepatic injury after 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) intoxications is highly unpredictable and does not seem to correlate with either dosage or frequency of use."( Mixtures of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and its major human metabolites act additively to induce significant toxicity to liver cells when combined at low, non-cytotoxic concentrations.
Carmo, H; Carvalho, F; da Silva, DD; Silva, E, 2014)		0.4
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
benzodioxoles
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (19)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki2.50120.00020.667710.0000AID4760; AID4762; AID5263
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki2.80750.00010.601710.0000AID5263
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.23140.00081.541620.0000AID471667; AID488693; AID752492
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.70400.00031.465610.0000AID752492
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki2.80750.00020.590910.0000AID5263
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)2.71290.00010.86458.7096AID488692; AID576813; AID752491
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)Ki2.30600.00000.70488.1930AID752491
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.99600.00030.81978.4900AID471630
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)2.64860.00071.841946.0000AID471668; AID488694; AID752493
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)Ki2.42500.00021.11158.0280AID752493
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.00042.58328.5114AID6406
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.00012.62198.5114AID6406
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.00012.29338.5114AID6406
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.19000.00070.17911.4500AID1442370
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.02342.74218.5114AID6406
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.02342.74218.5114AID6406
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1FRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.02342.74218.5114AID6406
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.00042.47358.5114AID6406
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.02342.74218.5114AID6406
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)1,298.64550.00112.38838.7000AID471635; AID471638
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.16000.00070.42361.7650AID1442369
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.00012.70068.5114AID6406
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.02342.74218.5114AID6406
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.02342.74218.5114AID6406
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.00082.62148.5114AID6406
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.02342.74218.5114AID6406
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.35480.00082.62148.5114AID6406
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (55)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
monoamine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to painSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
memorySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythmSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of serotonin secretionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergicSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
vasoconstrictionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sperm ejaculationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron differentiationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycleSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of organ growthSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
enteric nervous system developmentSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
brain morphogenesisSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin uptakeSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
platelet aggregationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to retinoic acidSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cGMPSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of thalamus sizeSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
conditioned place preferenceSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
lactationSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smellSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to iron ionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
adenohypophysis developmentSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growthSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine biosynthetic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine catabolic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to cAMPSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptakeSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
hyaloid vascular plexus regressionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (28)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
actin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
beta-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation channel activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin:sodium:chloride symporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
antiporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
syntaxin-1 bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cocaine bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
actin filament bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
protease bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amine bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (19)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endosome membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endomembrane systemSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonergic synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
flotillin complexSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (71)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID180304Inhibitory concentration against [3H]- NE uptake in crude rat synaptosomes1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 36, Issue:23
Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogues of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine.
AID23503Partition coefficient (logP)1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Photoelectron spectra of psychotropic drugs. 6. Relationships between the physical properties and pharmacological actions of amphetamine analogues.
AID752492Inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake at human NET expressed in HEK293 cells preincubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 4 mins by FLIPR assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 23, Issue:11
An analysis of the synthetic tryptamines AMT and 5-MeO-DALT: emerging 'Novel Psychoactive Drugs'.
AID234658selectivity is the ratio between IC50 values of 5-HTand DA1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 41, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of ring-methylated derivatives of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA).
AID204225Activity towards Serotonin transporter was determined by the ability to inhibit [3H]5-HT uptake in rat synaptosomes1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 41, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of ring-methylated derivatives of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA).
AID90250Human hallucinogenic activity relative to mescaline1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Photoelectron spectra of psychotropic drugs. 6. Relationships between the physical properties and pharmacological actions of amphetamine analogues.
AID1131956Hallucinogenic activity in human1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 20, Issue:12
Structure-activity studies on hallucinogenic amphetamines using molecular connectivity.
AID576803Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells expressing human SERT assessed as decrease in cell viability after 48 hrs neutral red dye assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of 1,3-bis(aryl)-2-nitro-1-propenes as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID752493Inhibition of [3H]dopamine uptake at human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells preincubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 4 mins by FLIPR assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 23, Issue:11
An analysis of the synthetic tryptamines AMT and 5-MeO-DALT: emerging 'Novel Psychoactive Drugs'.
AID576805Cytotoxicity against human chemoresistant DG75 cells expressing SERT assessed as decrease in cell viability 10 or 50 uM after 72 hrs Alamar blue assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of 1,3-bis(aryl)-2-nitro-1-propenes as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID91217Compound tested for hallucinogenic activity in humans was reported; Value reported in (A)= Mescaline units1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20
The frontier orbital phase angles: novel QSAR descriptors for benzene derivatives, applied to phenylalkylamine hallucinogens.
AID1130887Induction of hyperactivity in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as salivation at 0.025 to 0.3 mmol/kg, ip up to 90 mins1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 22, Issue:10
Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.
AID1442369Activity at SERT in rat synaptosomes assessed as release of [3H]HT after 5 mins by liquid scintillation counting method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
The 2014 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: The "Phenylalkylaminome" with a Focus on Selected Drugs of Abuse.
AID488693Binding affinity to human NET2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Synthesis and in vitro toxicity of 4-MTA, its characteristic clandestine synthesis byproducts and related sulfur substituted alpha-alkylthioamphetamines.
AID576813Inhibition of [3H]-serotonin reuptake at human SERT expressed in HEK293 cells after 15 to 20 mins by fluorescence neurotransmitter transporter assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of 1,3-bis(aryl)-2-nitro-1-propenes as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID88883Hallucinogenic activity i.e; ratio of effective dose of mescaline to the effective dose in human1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Structure-activity correlations for psychotomimetics. 1. Phenylalkylamines: electronic, volume, and hydrophobicity parameters.
AID1442368Displacement of [3H]ketanserin from 5HT2A in Sprague-Dawley rat frontal cortex membranes measured after 15 mins by scintillation counting method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
The 2014 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: The "Phenylalkylaminome" with a Focus on Selected Drugs of Abuse.
AID488696Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells over expressing human SERT assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by neutral red assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Synthesis and in vitro toxicity of 4-MTA, its characteristic clandestine synthesis byproducts and related sulfur substituted alpha-alkylthioamphetamines.
AID4762Binding affinity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine 1C receptor from frontal cortical regions of male Sprague-Dawley rat homogenates, using [3H]mesulergine as radioligand1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4
Binding of phenylalkylamine derivatives at 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 serotonin receptors: evidence for a lack of selectivity.
AID167866Hyperthermic potency in rabbit relative to DOM1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Photoelectron spectra of psychotropic drugs. 6. Relationships between the physical properties and pharmacological actions of amphetamine analogues.
AID179206Compound was tested for its ability to inhibit [3H]dopamine uptake in rat synaptosomes1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 41, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of ring-methylated derivatives of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA).
AID1442373Induction of stimulus generalization in rat trained to discriminate PMMA assessed as appropriate responding level to training drug by two lever method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
The 2014 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: The "Phenylalkylaminome" with a Focus on Selected Drugs of Abuse.
AID5263Binding affinity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor from frontal cortical regions of male Sprague-Dawley rat homogenates, using [3H]ketanserin as radioligand1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4
Binding of phenylalkylamine derivatives at 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 serotonin receptors: evidence for a lack of selectivity.
AID180302Inhibitory concentration against [3H]- DA uptake in crude rat synaptosomes1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 36, Issue:23
Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogues of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine.
AID488697Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells over expressing human NET assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by neutral red assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Synthesis and in vitro toxicity of 4-MTA, its characteristic clandestine synthesis byproducts and related sulfur substituted alpha-alkylthioamphetamines.
AID178403Effective dose in rats trained on 1 mg/kg DOM.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Structure-activity correlations for psychotomimetics. 1. Phenylalkylamines: electronic, volume, and hydrophobicity parameters.
AID488695Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by neutral red assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Synthesis and in vitro toxicity of 4-MTA, its characteristic clandestine synthesis byproducts and related sulfur substituted alpha-alkylthioamphetamines.
AID471635Induction of human SERT-dependent cytotoxicity in SERT expressing HEK293 cells after 48 hrs by neutral red assay2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of sulphur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID5797Affinity against 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor in the isolated rat stomach fundus1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Photoelectron spectra of psychotropic drugs. 6. Relationships between the physical properties and pharmacological actions of amphetamine analogues.
AID1130884Induction of hyperactivity in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as exploratory behavior at 0.025 to 0.3 mmol/kg, ip up to 90 mins1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 22, Issue:10
Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.
AID752491Inhibition of [3H]5-HT uptake at human SERT expressed in HEK293 cells preincubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 4 mins by FLIPR assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 23, Issue:11
An analysis of the synthetic tryptamines AMT and 5-MeO-DALT: emerging 'Novel Psychoactive Drugs'.
AID1130919Induction of spontaneous activity in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as spontaneous activity counts at 0.30 mmol/kg, ip measured over 90 mins1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 22, Issue:10
Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.
AID471638Induction of human SERT-dependent cytotoxicity in SERT expressing human DG75 cells after 48 hrs by neutral red assay2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of sulphur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID471639Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells after 48 hrs by neutral red assay2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of sulphur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID576811Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 48 hrs neutral red dye assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of 1,3-bis(aryl)-2-nitro-1-propenes as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID471667Inhibition of human noradrenaline transporter2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of sulphur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID234659selectivity is the ratio between IC50 values of 5-HTand NE1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 41, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of ring-methylated derivatives of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA).
AID178354Compound was tested for hallucinogenic activity in rats at 0.32(mg/kg)1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 29, Issue:10
Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class.
AID471665Inhibition of [3H]5-HT uptake at SERT in rat brain synaptosome2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of sulphur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID471630Inhibition of [3H]5-HT reuptake at rat SERT expressed in HEK293 cells after 2 mins by liquid scintillation counting2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of sulphur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID1442370Activity at DAT in rat synaptosomes assessed as release of [3H]DA after 5 mins by liquid scintillation counting method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
The 2014 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: The "Phenylalkylaminome" with a Focus on Selected Drugs of Abuse.
AID1130888Induction of hyperactivity in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as grooming at 0.025 to 0.3 mmol/kg, ip up to 90 mins1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 22, Issue:10
Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.
AID225285Effective dose for drug discrimination assay in rats using (+)-MBDB as training drug.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 41, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of ring-methylated derivatives of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA).
AID1130917Induction of spontaneous activity in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as spontaneous activity counts at 0.075 mmol/kg, ip measured over 90 mins1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 22, Issue:10
Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.
AID1130915Octanol-water partition coefficient, log P of the compound1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 22, Issue:10
Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.
AID191080Compound was tested for hallucinogenic activity in rats at 0.32dose (mg/kg); Number of rats selecting the LSD lever/ number of rats responding (0/8)1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 29, Issue:10
Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class.
AID191209Compound was tested for hallucinogenic activity in rats at 1.29 dose(mg/kg); Number of rats selecting the LSD lever/ number of rats responding (5/8)1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 29, Issue:10
Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class.
AID1130916Induction of spontaneous activity in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as spontaneous activity counts at 0.025 mmol/kg, ip measured over 90 mins1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 22, Issue:10
Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.
AID1146450Competitive antagonist activity at 5-HT serotonin receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat stomach fundus model assessed as inhibition of 5-HT-induced contractile response1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 21, Issue:8
Serotonin receptor binding affinities of several hallucinogenic phenylalkylamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine analogues.
AID145706Compound was tested for the ability to inhibit [3H]norepinephrine binding to Norepinephrine transporter in rat synaptosomes1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 41, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of ring-methylated derivatives of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA).
AID488692Binding affinity to human SERT2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Synthesis and in vitro toxicity of 4-MTA, its characteristic clandestine synthesis byproducts and related sulfur substituted alpha-alkylthioamphetamines.
AID471634Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells after 48 hrs by neutral red assay2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of sulphur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID471668Inhibition of human dopamine transporter2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of sulphur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID227926Equilibrium constant for DNB complex formation1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Photoelectron spectra of psychotropic drugs. 6. Relationships between the physical properties and pharmacological actions of amphetamine analogues.
AID488698Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells over expressing human DAT assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by neutral red assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Synthesis and in vitro toxicity of 4-MTA, its characteristic clandestine synthesis byproducts and related sulfur substituted alpha-alkylthioamphetamines.
AID19263Log value of hallucinogenic activity was determined1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Structure-activity correlations for psychotomimetics. 1. Phenylalkylamines: electronic, volume, and hydrophobicity parameters.
AID180301Inhibitory concentration against [3H]- 5-HT uptake in crude rat synaptosomes1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 36, Issue:23
Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogues of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine.
AID191081Compound was tested for hallucinogenic activity in rats at 0.63 dose(mg/kg); Number of rats selecting the LSD lever/ number of rats responding (2/8)1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 29, Issue:10
Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class.
AID576812Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells expressing human SERT assessed as decrease in cell viability after 48 hrs neutral red dye assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of 1,3-bis(aryl)-2-nitro-1-propenes as a new class of anticancer agents.
AID1442371Activity at NET in rat synaptosomes assessed as release of [3H]NE after 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
The 2014 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: The "Phenylalkylaminome" with a Focus on Selected Drugs of Abuse.
AID1130885Induction of hyperactivity in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as pilomotor erection at 0.025 to 0.3 mmol/kg, ip up to 90 mins1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 22, Issue:10
Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.
AID178356Compound was tested for hallucinogenic activity in rats at the dose 0 (mg/kg)1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 29, Issue:10
Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class.
AID191215Compound was tested for hallucinogenic activity in rats at 1.72 dose(mg/kg); Number of rats selecting the LSD lever/ number of rats responding (7/8)1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 29, Issue:10
Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class.
AID4760Compound was tested for binding affinity towards 5-HT1C (5-HT1C) receptor from frontal cortical regions of male Sprague-Dawley rat homogenates, using [3H]mesulergine as radioligand1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4
Binding of phenylalkylamine derivatives at 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 serotonin receptors: evidence for a lack of selectivity.
AID1130883Induction of hyperactivity in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as exopthalmia at 0.025 to 0.3 mmol/kg, ip up to 90 mins1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 22, Issue:10
Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.
AID488694Binding affinity to human DAT2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Synthesis and in vitro toxicity of 4-MTA, its characteristic clandestine synthesis byproducts and related sulfur substituted alpha-alkylthioamphetamines.
AID2330285-HT1C selectivity was defined as the ratio between Ki(5-HT2)/Ki(5-HT1C)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4
Binding of phenylalkylamine derivatives at 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 serotonin receptors: evidence for a lack of selectivity.
AID1130918Induction of spontaneous activity in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as spontaneous activity counts at 0.225 mmol/kg, ip measured over 90 mins1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 22, Issue:10
Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.
AID178387Effective dose for drug discrimination assay in rats using (+)-Amphitamine as training drug; NS = No substitution1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 41, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of ring-methylated derivatives of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA).
AID1130886Induction of hyperactivity in Swiss Webster mouse assessed as sniffing at 0.025 to 0.3 mmol/kg, ip up to 90 mins1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 22, Issue:10
Steric effects of substituents on phenethylamine hallucinogens. 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)amphetamine analogues alkylated on the dioxole ring.
AID6406Affinity against 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in rat fundus model1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 23, Issue:3
Serotonin receptor affinities of psychoactive phenalkylamine analogues.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (4,365)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901060 (24.28)18.7374
1990's857 (19.63)18.2507
2000's959 (21.97)29.6817
2010's1054 (24.15)24.3611
2020's435 (9.97)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 51.65

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index51.65 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.49 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.61 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index91.05 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (51.65)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials77 (1.60%)5.53%
Reviews303 (6.30%)6.00%
Case Studies414 (8.61%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.04%)0.25%
Other4,010 (83.44%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Effects of MDMA-like Substances in Healthy Subjects [NCT04847206]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-01Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		210dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.0610amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.9710hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		1.9610ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.1106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		1.9810azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		1.9810carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.0310chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		4.55250catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		1.9810sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.610alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
histamine
[no description available]		2.0110aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.3820hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		2.7130acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		3.0810metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		1.9910monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		1.9910monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		2.110gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
phenethylamine
phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.		3.1350alkaloid;
aralkylamine;
phenylethylamine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		1.9710selenium oxoacid
taurine
[no description available]		1.9810amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptamine
[no description available]		2.1510aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		1.9910isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		2.9340phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		3.580amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
sk&f 10047
SKF-10,047 : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is metazocine in which the methyl group at the N-position is replaced by an allyl group.		2.1510
atrolactic acid
atrolactic acid: see also 3-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.94402-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.9840monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.0410bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
monomethylpropion
monomethylpropion: metabolite of dimethylpropion; structure given in first source. 2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which the hydrogen alpha- to the keto group has been replaced by a methylamino group.. methcathinone : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-methcathinone.		2.7330aromatic ketone;
secondary amino compound
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		16.8353112amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9810phenols
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		5.61181guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		7.8551indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylbufotenin
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.		1.9510aromatic ether;
tertiary amino compound;
tryptamine alkaloid		hallucinogen;
plant metabolite
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.0510acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		2.4420organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		2.11101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.940carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.4420pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		2.6930benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		2.1510azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
caffeine
[no description available]		3.1450purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		1.9810aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		2.4110carbamate estermuscle relaxant
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		1.9710aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		7.6730organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		3.4702-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		2.49201,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.4611clonidine;
imidazoline
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		1.9510piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		4.95120hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		2.6730dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.41101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		8.06711primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.49201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.0510ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		3.0750
p-chloroamphetamine
p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.		4.28190
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0110
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		2.110ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		4.24180(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.4110anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fluphenazine
[no description available]		1.9510N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		3.1101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		4.69290(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.940ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.5220
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		3.93130aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
p-hydroxyamphetamine
p-Hydroxyamphetamine: Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects. It is sometimes called alpha-methyltyramine, which may also refer to the meta isomer, gepefrine.		2.1510amphetamines
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.1710monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		2.3820primary amine
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.8940dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		1.9410carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.4110secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		5.07130cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		3.78110aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
nordefrin
Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.		1.9710catecholamine
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.4420benzodiazepine
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		210diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.3820organic molecular entity
edaravone
[no description available]		2.1710pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		210nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
memantine
[no description available]		2.0410adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		2.4110organic molecular entity
mescaline
Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.		5.79120methoxybenzenes;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
primary amino compound		hallucinogen
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		3.2560benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		2.3720aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.7430beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.		1.9710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		environmental contaminant;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		1.9810aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine
Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.		8.12293catecholamine
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		1.9810C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.67302-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoxetine
nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.		2.0110aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		2.4120isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		2.1510phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		1.9810carbazoles
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		2.41101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		4.3360benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		1.9410aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		3.3670phenylalanine derivative
o-methyltyramine
O-methyltyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methoxyphenylethylamine : A primary amino compound consisting of ethylamine having a 4-methoxyphenyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.6530primary amino compound
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.6730aromatic amine
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		1.9810barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
phenmetrazine
Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.		2.3720morpholinesmetabolite;
sympathomimetic agent
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		3.0750barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		7.6530aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		2.3720primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		2.0110indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pirenperone
[no description available]		1.9710aromatic ketone
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.6930inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.3920aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		2.8840diarylmethane
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.9240naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
psilocin
psilocin: psilocybine minus the phosphate ester; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. psilocin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 4. A hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated in trace amounts from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").		1.9510hydroxyindoles;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tryptamine alkaloid		drug metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
hallucinogen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
serotonergic agonist
quipazine
Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.		2.6730piperazines;
pyridines
6-nitroquipazine
6-nitroquipazine: structure given in first source		2.3820nitro compound;
quinolines
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.940organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
sebacic acid
sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.		2.1710alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		1.9710benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		2.4110benzodiazepine
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.1110quaternary ammonium ion
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		1.9810phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		1.9510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
tyramine
[no description available]		2.730monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		2.0810cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.4110imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
corticosterone
[no description available]		3.085011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		5.62250ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.6890alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
thymidine
[no description available]		1.9810pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		1.9710benzodioxolespesticide synergist
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		1.99104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.01102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		4.231801-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.171017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.44202-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.0310nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		1.9910dialkyl phosphate
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		1.9810C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		1.9810aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		1.9810glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		1.9910bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.6730aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.3820adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0210monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		3.0850amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
n,n-dimethyltryptamine
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.		2.3620tryptamine alkaloid;
tryptamines
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		3.852117-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		7.4220lactose
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		1.941020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		1.9810antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		1.9810formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.3620quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.2360erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		1.9910arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		210aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		3.690benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		2.610alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		1.9810enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.610phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		1.9510aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		1.9810butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.		2.4620aromatic amineallergen;
carcinogenic agent
triethanolamine
triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		210amino alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
triol		buffer;
surfactant
1-phenyl-2-propanone
1-phenyl-2-propanone: analog of propiophenone where carbonyl group is on the 2 carbon atom instead of the 1 carbon atom of the side chain. phenylacetone : A propanone that is propan-2-one substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.		1.9610methyl ketone;
propanones
n-methyldiethanolamine
[no description available]		2.4720
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		1.9910aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.4110alkane
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.4220cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		5.1531mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
etryptamine
etryptamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.730indoles
dimethoxyphenylethylamine
Dimethoxyphenylethylamine: A derivative of phenethylamine containing two substituent methoxy groups in the phenyl ring.. 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine : An aromatic ether that is the derivative of 2-phenylethylamine with methoxy substituents at the 3- and 4-positions. It is an alkaloid isolated from the Cactaceae family.		2.8940alkaloid;
aromatic ether;
phenylethylamine		allergen;
plant metabolite
3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine
3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.8740
iodoantipyrine
[no description available]		1.9810
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		1.9810azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
benzofuran
benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.		2.11101-benzofurans;
benzofuran
1,3-benzodioxole
1,3-benzodioxole : A benzodioxole consisting of a benzene ring substituted by a the methylenedioxy group.		2.3820benzodioxole
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.0410adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		210isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		1.98101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
indopan
indopan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.		2.5220tryptamines
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		4.7290phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		1.9810azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
perfluorotributylamine
perfluorotributylamine: perfluorochemical (3M Co) artificial O(2) carrier. perfluorotributylamine : An organofluorine compound that is tributylamine in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorine atoms.		1.9810organofluorine compoundblood substitute;
greenhouse gas;
solvent
mecloqualone
mecloqualone: minor descriptor (72-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search QUINAZOLINES (72-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810quinazolines
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		2.6730ergoline alkaloid
4-fluoroamphetamine
4-fluoroamphetamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.3820monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		3.9840amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
psilocybin
Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").		5.2143organic phosphate;
tertiary amino compound;
tryptamine alkaloid		fungal metabolite;
hallucinogen;
prodrug;
serotonergic agonist
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.6730thiazoles
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		2.3820methoxybenzenes;
phenols
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		11.231148amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		1.9510
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		4.2150acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		3.842117-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-methylepinephrine
alpha-methylepinephrine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #1401		1.9710
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4110alkali metal hydroxide
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.8940alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
norfenfluramine
Norfenfluramine: A FENFLURAMINE analog that inhibits serotonin uptake and may provoke release of serotonin. It is used as an appetite depressant and an experimental tool in animal studies.		2.0110amphetamines
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		11.05383tertiary amine
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.6290benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		1.9910methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
3-phenylpropylamine
3-phenylpropylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group.		1.9510benzenes;
phenylalkylamine;
primary amino compound
alpha-methyldopamine
[no description available]		5.34131amphetamines
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.38202-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		1.9410antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dimethylamphetamine
[no description available]		2.4620amphetamines
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		1.9910diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
chlorphenamidine
Chlorphenamidine: An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.		3.0810
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		1.9810amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		3.0810nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.4120dihydrogen
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		2.0310
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		3.0810elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
mmda
MMDA: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		4.78100
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		2.3820selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine
2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine: psychedelic agent; ethyl homolog of dimethoxymethylamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.0750amphetamines
fluorides
[no description available]		2.4120halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		1.9710carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.4780
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.21101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		9.41193chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
sulfolane
sulfolane : A member of the class of tetrahydrothiophenes that is tetrahydrothiophene in which the sulfur has been oxidised to give the corresponding sulfone. A colourless, high-boiling (285degreeC) liquid that is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons, it is used as an industrial solvent, particularly for the purification of hydrocarbon mixtures by liquid-vapour extraction.		2.4110sulfone;
tetrahydrothiophenes		polar aprotic solvent
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		8.13710
l-amphetamine
(R)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has R configuration.		1.95101-phenylpropan-2-amine
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.0510inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.41102-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.		2.8940
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.4620taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p
[no description available]		1.9710peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		1.98105-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		3.0610azepanes
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		9.5240aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		210alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		2.8940aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		3.7830aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.420dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		1.9710pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		2.0210aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		4.3711duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine: RN given refers to (alpha)-isomer; a serotonin agonist that interferes with Meth A tumor growth in mice by selective vasoconstrictive action		3.76110
cathinone
cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.		4.2502-aminopropiophenone;
monoamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
psychotropic drug
2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.5890
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.4220hydrochloride
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.730glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
heptafluorobutyric anhydride
heptafluorobutyric anhydride: structure. heptafluorobutyric anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride that is perfluorinated butyric anhydride. It is used as a derivatising reagent for gas chromatographic analyses.		3.8121acyclic carboxylic anhydride;
organofluorine compound		chromatographic reagent
sesamol
sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		1.9810benzodioxoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		3.38112-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
mesulergine
mesulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CU 32-085 is synonymous to mono-HCl; metabolized into dopaminergic agonists; structure given in first source. mesulergine : A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.		1.9710ergot alkaloid;
sulfamides		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
mdl 11939
alpha-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinemethanol: class III antiarrythmic agent; structure given in first source		2.6830primary amine
chimyl alcohol
chimyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant & without isomeric designation; structure. 1-O-palmitylglycerol : An alkylglycerol that is glycerol carrying a single palmityl (hexadecyl) substituent at position 1.		1.9810alkylglycerol
3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine
3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.71100
3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylamine
3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylamine: a metabolite of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine		1.9510
1-benzylpiperazine
1-benzylpiperazine: possesses psychomotor stimulant activity similar to dextroamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-benzylpiperazine : A tertiary amino compound that is piperazine substituted by a benzyl group at position 1. It is a serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazineenvironmental contaminant;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine
[no description available]		2.6730dimethoxybenzene
2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine: A psychedelic phenyl isopropylamine derivative, commonly called DOM, whose mood-altering effects and mechanism of action may be similar to those of LSD.		3.4780
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.95403-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
4-methoxymethamphetamine
4-methoxymethamphetamine: does not behave as a simple amphetamine-like agent; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		3.1550
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		1.9710catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-methylaminorex
4-methylaminorex: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
melamine phosphate
Hate: An enduring attitude or sentiment toward persons or objects manifested by anger, aversion and desire for the misfortune of others.		10.57823
1-piperonylpiperazine
1-piperonylpiperazine: coadministration of above cpd attenuates neurotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820
2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine
2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine: behaves as a partial agonist toward both alpha1-adrenergic & 5-HT(2) serotonergic receptors. 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine : A 2-arylethylamine compound where the aryl moiety is 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl.		2.39202-arylethylamine
n-hydroxy-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane
N-hydroxy-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.4180
arctiin
arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		2.1710glycoside;
lignan
u 74389f
U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source		1.9810
3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine
3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine: legal replacement for MDMA; RN given for (+-)-isomer; structure given in first source. 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-ethylpropan-2-amine : A secondary amino compound that is N-ethylisopropylamine in which a hydrogen of one of the isopropyl methyl groups has been replaced by a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group.		12.815010benzodioxoles;
secondary amino compound
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane
(1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer		2.4220
1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-2-aminopropane
1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-2-aminopropane: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
u 78517f
U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl		1.9910
gr 127935
GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.		2.69301,2,4-oxadiazole;
benzamides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole
[no description available]		2.6830indoles
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.3820
brl 44408
BRL 44408: has selectivity for adrenergic alpha-2A receptors; BRL 48962 is the R-enantiomer; BRL 48553 is the R-enantiomer		2.0310
norketamine
norketamine: metabolite of ketamine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4620organochlorine compound
ru-28362
11,17-dihydroxy-6-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)androsta-1,4,6-triene-3-one: glucocorticoid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (11beta,17beta)-isomer		1.9710
4-iodoamphetamine
4-iodoamphetamine: used as tracer with iodine radioisotopes for local cerebral blood flow in rats		1.9910
n-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine
N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer		4.77310
4-ethoxyamphetamine
4-ethoxyamphetamine: structure given in first source		1.9810
5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane
5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane: structure given in first source		2.3820benzodioxoles
2,4,5-trihydroxyamphetamine
2,4,5-trihydroxyamphetamine: structure given in first source; an in vitro metabolite of 2-hydroxy-4,5-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine		1.9810
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		3.4511aromatic ether
1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine
1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		3.3870benzodioxoles
5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan
5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan: structure given in first source; RN given is for (+-)-isomer		3.3770
mdl 28133a
[no description available]		1.9810
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-methyl-1,1-diphenyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)-1-propanol
2-methyl-1,1-diphenyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)-1-propanol: structure given in first source		2.1310
4-methylthioamphetamine
4-methylthioamphetamine: structure given in first source		3.4170
3-methoxyamphetamine
3-methoxyamphetamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.6730
1-(2,3-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane
1-(2,3-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.150
cyanopindolol
[no description available]		2.0110indoles
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		1.9710oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
n-desmethylmethoxyphenamine
N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine: metabolite of methoxyphenamine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.6730
alpha-methylepinine
alpha-methylepinine: cpd is not responsible for the neurotoxic effects of MDMA; structure given in first source		6.4153
4-(n-maleimido)benzyltrimethylammonium
4-(N-maleimido)benzyltrimethylammonium: affinity-alkylating agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
tetraphenylphosphonium
tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.		210heteroorganic entity;
phosphorus molecular entity;
polyatomic cation
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		1.9810
8-methoxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-methoxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.1510
3-o-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine
3-O-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine: metabolite of p-methoxyamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.8110amphetamines
sorafenib
[no description available]		2.610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
exaltolide
exaltolide: synthetic musk odor; structure		2.1710macrolide
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.7430
acivicin
[no description available]		210isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
calcein am
calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.		2.01102-benzofurans;
acetate ester;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.4201,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
isomescaline
isomescaline: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		1.9810
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		13.12373heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.011011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		2.4120
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		1.9810cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
norpseudoephedrine
norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).		3.5120amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		210isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.0210cyclodextrin
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		6.05370benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
benzoylecgonine
benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.		3.3360benzoate ester;
tropane alkaloid		epitope;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		1.9810actinomycinmutagen
4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine: designer drug detected in rat urine		1.9910
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.7130isomethyleugenol
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		2.4110morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.1610vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
bemesetron
[no description available]		2.3820
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.3820diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		1.96101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		1.9910barbituratesallergen;
reagent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		1.9910thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		210dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.0110cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.0410stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		2.8840
2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)cyclopropylamine
2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)cyclopropylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9910
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		2.3620alkali metal atom
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		1.9810salicylamides
glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.		1.9910bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
sk&f 10047
[no description available]		2.1510
dimoxamine
dimoxamine: butyl analog of DOM (2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)propane)		1.9810
freedom
Freedom: The rights of individuals to act and make decisions without external constraints.		4.69290
4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine
4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine: structure given in first source; urinary metabolite of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)methamphetamine		7.12244
ro 41-0960
[no description available]		2.110
4-(4,5-diphenyl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzoyl chloride
4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzoyl chloride: used to derivatize methamphetamines; structure in first source		2.4420
ro 60-0175
Ro 60-0175: a 5HT 2C receptor agonist. 1-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-propan-2-amine : A member of the class of indoles that is 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 2-aminopropyl group.		2.0110indoles;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
primary amino compound
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.3920prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		2.0110retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		3.2160alpha-humulene
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.99104-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
codeine
[no description available]		2.5120morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.4110morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		2.5220morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		3.0610morphinane alkaloid
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		2.4110organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		2.4110morphinane alkaloid
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		4.4970morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		2.3620amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bw 723c86
1-(5-(2-thenyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine: a 5-HT(2B) agonist		2.1710
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		2.3820
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.3820(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		210carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.7630cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		2.06106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
dextrorphan
Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.		1.9710morphinane alkaloid
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		4.6180morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
6-o-monoacetylmorphine
6-O-monoacetylmorphine: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		3.1450morphinane alkaloid
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		2.3820azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		1.9710chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		3.5990maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate
[no description available]		1.9610
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.1510tetralins
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		1.9710isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		2.3820diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
ms-245
N,N-dimethyl-2-(1-(benzenesulfonyl)-5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethylamine: a 5-HT(6) receptor ligand; structure in first source		2.1510
7-methoxy-4-(aminomethyl)coumarin
7-methoxy-4-(aminomethyl)coumarin: substrate for cytochrome P450 2D6; structure in first source		2.0410
aldicarb
Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.		210
6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran
6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran: do not confuse with 1-(2, 3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl)propan-2-amine, which is also known as 6-APB		2.5720
5-APB
5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran: structure in first source		7.5720benzofurans
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.1510
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.420aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
sr 142948a
SR 142948A: structure in first source		2.0410
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine: structure in first source		2.4220
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.6930
1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone
alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone: a designer drug; structure in first source		2.3110
2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		1.9810
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.3820
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		5.8290
2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine
2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine: structure in first source		1.9910
enerbol
Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)		5.56230
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4220
id
Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual.. Ile-Asp : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-isoleucine with the amino group of L-aspartic acid.		2.8640dipeptide
n,alpha-diethylphenylethylamine
N,alpha-diethylphenylethylamine: a monoamine oxidase inhibitor; a component of some dietary supplements		2.4110amphetamines
jaw
[no description available]		1.9810indolecarboxamide
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		1.9910oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		2.8940
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		5.6830
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.1310
3,4-methylenedioxyphenylisobutylamine
[no description available]		2.3720
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		3.520
sodium ethylxanthate
Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.		7.63520
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		1.9810
2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine
2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine: structure in first source		1.9910
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.4611
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		8.3670peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.54250
mme
[no description available]		1.9510
11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid
11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; a major acidic metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol in human urine		2.74301-benzopyran
mephedrone
mephedrone: a beta-keto (bk) designer drug; Central Nervous System Stimulants. mephedrone : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.		3.0140amphetamines;
aromatic ketone;
secondary amino compound		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
methylone
[no description available]		3.4470benzodioxoles
n,n-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine
N,N-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine: structure in first source		2.0810tryptamines
3,4-dimethylmethcathinone
3,4-dimethylmethcathinone: a designer drug; structure in first source		2.3110aromatic ketone
buphedrone
buphedrone: structure in first source		2.3110
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		1.9710ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.0410benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
2-methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)butan-1-one
2-methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)butan-1-one: Hallucinogen		3.79100butanone
2-ethylammonio-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane-1-one chloride
2-ethylammonio-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane-1-one chloride: structure in first source		2.0510
pentylone
pentylone: structure in first source		2.2110
kiss1 protein, human
Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.		2.1110
rome
Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.		1.95102-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-olEC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		1.9910
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		1.9710
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		1.9610
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.4320purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.2110guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		1.9910guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		2.110
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.0310benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.4820benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		1.9710nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0210citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.4320guanosinesbiomarker
ego
[no description available]		7.49710
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		210
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		2.0210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.8840
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		02.0610
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		012.481472
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		012.481472
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.610
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.7130
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.610
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.7130
Neglected Diseases
Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).		02.6120
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
[description not available]		02.610
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		08.49401
Bancroftian Elephantiasis
[description not available]		02.610
Elephantiasis, Filarial
Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.		02.610
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola
A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.		02.610
Asystole
[description not available]		02.4320
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.4320
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		05.58170
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		03.3420
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		03.3420
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.09100
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.09100
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.1710
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.4380
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		04.1960
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		04.1960
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.9340
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		010.66235
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		010.66235
Aneurysm, False
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.		02.2110
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		03.8440
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		03.8440
Serotonin Syndrome
An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.		03.6630
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.6730
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.2110
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		02.6730
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		02.2110
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		02.2110
Anoxemia
[description not available]		03.0950
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		03.0950
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		04.5790
Pyrexia
[description not available]		010.73200
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		05.73200
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.1150
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.1150
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.1310
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		02.1310
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		04.260
Cannabis Abuse
[description not available]		02.7230
Marijuana Abuse
Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.		02.7230
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		04.260
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		04.1960
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		07.25284
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.		02.0410
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		011.941291
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.0510
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.2660
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.6630
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.0510
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		04.2660
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.9140
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.9140
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		07.54121
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		07.54121
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.0610
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.7130
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.7130
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.0610
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		011.491243
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.0710
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.4420
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.4420
Anochlesia
[description not available]		02.0110
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.0110
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.0110
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.06150
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.9240
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		08.34510
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.9240
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.0110
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.4220
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.4220
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		011.37954
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		07.55231
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		011.37954
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		07.55231
Icterus
[description not available]		03.630
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.15300
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		03.630
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		06.15300
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.1250
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.4120
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.0210
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.7230
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4120
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.0210
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		02.4120
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.0210
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.7230
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.4120
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.0210
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		03.5180
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		03.5180
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		04.2870
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.0410
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.6730
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.6730
Ache
[description not available]		07.82301
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		07.82301
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		01.9810
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.6730
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9810
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		04.1660
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		03.0850
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		01.9810
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		04.1660
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		03.0850
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.6730
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		02.6730
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		01.9810
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6530
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		02.6530
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		02.3820
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.8740
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		02.6930
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6830
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		04.3140
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		02.910
Heat Collapse
[description not available]		02.910
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		02.910
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		04.4180
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		04.3140
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.3920
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.3920
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9810
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		01.9810
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		01.9810
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		08.99401
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		08.99401
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.78120
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		04.91140
Emphysema, Mediastinal
[description not available]		02.3920
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.6830
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.6830
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		03.0750
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		02.4120
Tooth Erosion
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)		01.9810
Asialia
[description not available]		01.9810
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		02.4120
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		01.9810
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		03.630
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		03.630
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		03.630
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		04.0731
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		01.9810
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		04.0731
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		01.9810
Carcinoma, Embryonal
A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)		01.9910
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.6830
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		01.9910
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		04.3140
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		04.3140
Myoglobinuria
The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.		02.6830
Recrudescence
[description not available]		05.08101
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		02.420
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		01.9910
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		02.420
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		01.9910
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9910
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		01.9910
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		04.08150
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.08150
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		02.8940
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		01.9910
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		02.8940
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		01.9910
Bewilderment
[description not available]		01.9910
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9910
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		01.9910
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		01.9910
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		01.9910
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		01.9910
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		04.0830
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		04.0830
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		01.9910
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		01.9910
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		01.9910
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.420
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		01.9910
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.420
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		01.9910
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		01.9910
MODS
[description not available]		01.9910
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		01.9910
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		01.9910
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		01.9910
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		01.9910
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		01.9910
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		01.9910
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		01.9910
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		03.3811
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		0210
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		0210
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		0210
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.		01.9510
Paranoia
[description not available]		06.16230
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.6730
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		011.79544
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		011.79544
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		01.9810
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		07.8940
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		02.3820
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		01.9810
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		03.99130
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		02.3820
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		01.9810
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		01.9810
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.3920
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.3920
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		06.15170
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		06.15170
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		01.9810
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		01.9810
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		01.9810
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		01.9810
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		05.93180
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.0750
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		01.9710
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9710
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		01.9710
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.6530
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		012.081074
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.6530
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		04.2540
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		04.3340
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		04.2540
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		04.3340
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9710
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.		01.9710
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		06.01270
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		04.8120
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		06.01270
Medically Unexplained Symptoms
Persistent health symptoms which remain unexplained after a complete medical evaluation. A cluster of symptoms that consistently appear together but without a known cause are referred to as a MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYNDROME (MUS).		02.3110
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		02.4110
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		09.551070
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		05.92250
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		03.690
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		05.92250
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		03.690
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		05.37131
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		05.37131
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		03.2860
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		03.2860
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		07.5580
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		03.2250
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.4110
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		03.2250
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		03.5210
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		03.5210
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		03.3870
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		03.3870
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		04.690
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		04.690
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		03.0240
Brain Dead
[description not available]		02.610
Burnout, Professional
An excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. It may be characterized by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion, coupled with a sense of frustration and failure.		03.7260
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.1350
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.9840
Amentia
[description not available]		06.04150
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		06.04150
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		02.610
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		02.610
Aura
[description not available]		02.6730
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.6730
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		011.35574
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		011.35574
Paraphilias
[description not available]		05.51270
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		04.51240
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		04.51240
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		03.7230
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		03.7230
ADDH
[description not available]		02.2110
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		02.2110
Compassion Fatigue
Emotional distress caused by repeated or prolonged expression of compassion or empathy. It may occur in individuals working in care giving professions.		02.2110
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		02.2110
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.2110
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.2110
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.2110
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		02.2110
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		02.6120
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.5520
Autism
[description not available]		07.09130
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		07.09130
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		02.2510
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		02.2510
Pederasty
[description not available]		03.150
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.8330
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.8330
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.2510
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		03.560
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		03.560
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		03.560
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.2510
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		02.2510
Apraxia
[description not available]		02.2510
Developmental Coordination Disorder
[description not available]		02.2510
Apraxias
A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)		02.2510
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		02.2510
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		02.2510
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		03.0940
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		02.4220
E coli Infections
[description not available]		03.2310
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		03.2310
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		02.2510
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		02.2510
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		02.2510
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		02.2510
Ventral Hernia
[description not available]		02.3110
Hernia, Ventral
A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.		02.3110
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		02.9430
Neonatal Death
The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.		02.6320
Multiple Chronic Conditions
Two or more concurrent chronic physical, mental, or behavioral health problems in an individual.		02.3110
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.5520
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.5520
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.3110
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.5720
Minimally Conscious State
[description not available]		03.3870
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.		02.1510
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		03.821
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		03.821
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		02.1510
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		02.1510
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		02.1510
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		02.1510
Psychoses
[description not available]		06.45430
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		06.45430
Masochism
Pleasure derived from being physically or psychologically abused, whether inflicted by oneself or by others. Masochism includes sexual masochism.		05.24200
Sadism
A condition in which there is a derivation of pleasure from inflicting pain, discomfort or humiliation on another person or persons. The sexual significance of sadistic wishes or behavior may be conscious or unconscious.		03.86120
Hysteria
Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.		03.4680
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.1510
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.1510
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		07.29171
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		02.1710
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		02.1710
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		04.01140
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		04.01140
As If Personality
[description not available]		06.37390
Leanness
[description not available]		02.1710
Separation Anxiety Disorder
[description not available]		05.97190
Anxiety, Separation
Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.		05.97190
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		02.2110
Carcinoid Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of gastrointestinal CARCINOID TUMOR that metastasizes to the liver. Substances secreted by the tumor cells, including SEROTONIN, promote fibrous plaque formation in ENDOCARDIUM and its underlying layers. These deposits cause distortion of the TRICUSPID VALVE and the PULMONARY VALVE eventually leading to STENOSIS and valve regurgitation.		02.2110
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		02.2110
ACL Injuries
[description not available]		02.2110
Absence of Brain, Congenital
[description not available]		03.1250
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		02.2110
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		02.2110
Combat Disorders
Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.		02.7330
Marijuana Use
Medicinal or recreational utilization of MARIJUANA.		02.2110
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.420
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		05.76340
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		05.76340
Stillbirth
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.		02.5320
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		02.4620
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		02.4620
Binge Eating
[description not available]		02.730
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		02.730
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		02.3920
Chromesthesia
[description not available]		02.0810
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		02.3920
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.0810
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.0810
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		03.76110
Antisocial Behavior
Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others		05.33220
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
[description not available]		03.1750
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.		03.1750
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		02.0810
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.0810
Bartholin-Patau Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Frigidity
[description not available]		05.98260
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		06.01150
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		06.01150
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		05.98260
Asperger Disease
[description not available]		03.8940
Asperger Syndrome
A disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (From DSM-5)		03.8940
Pervasive Child Development Disorders
[description not available]		02.4820
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.		02.4820
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.110
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.110
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		04.7461
Buruli Ulcer Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Buruli Ulcer
A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.		02.1110
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness that begins before age 5 and is associated with grossly pathological child care. The child may persistently fail to initiate and respond to social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way (inhibited type) or there may be a pattern of diffuse attachments with nondiscriminate sociability (disinhibited type). (From DSM-V)		02.9640
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.6830
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		02.6630
Mouth, Edentulous
Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.		02.110
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		03.94130
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		03.94130
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		02.110
Bites, Human
Bites inflicted by humans.		02.7130
Disorder, Borderline Personality
[description not available]		06.02101
Borderline Personality Disorder
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)		06.02101
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		03.4120
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		03.0310
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		03.4120
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		03.0310
Personality Disorder, Schizoid
[description not available]		04.6760
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		02.1310
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.3820
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.3820
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.1310
Dry Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.1310
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		02.1310
Eye Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.		02.1310
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.1310
Geographic Atrophy
A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.		02.1310
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		02.4720
Adjustment Disorder
[description not available]		03.68100
Adjustment Disorders
Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.		03.68100
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		02.4720
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.4620
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.1510
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		02.1510
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.4620
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.1510
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.1510
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.1510
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.1510
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.1510
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		05.54170
Feminization
Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.		02.4220
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial
[description not available]		02.7530
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.0410
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		02.0410
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.6830
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.6830
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.0510
Autokinetic Effect
[description not available]		04.5490
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		03.3470
Callous-Unemotional Traits
[description not available]		02.7530
Conduct Disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.7530
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.0510
Bruise
[description not available]		02.0510
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		02.0510
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		03.0850
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		03.0850
Briquet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9340
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)		02.9340
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		02.9610
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		02.9610
Dissociation
[description not available]		02.7330
Genital Warts
[description not available]		02.0510
Condylomata Acuminata
Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.		02.0510
Varices
[description not available]		01.9210
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		01.9210
Compulsive Personality
[description not available]		02.3820
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.0510
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.0510
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.		02.0510
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		02.0510
Dyspareunia
Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.		02.0510
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.5380
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.0510
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		02.0510
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.0510
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		03.5380
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		02.0510
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		02.0510
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.0510
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		02.0510
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.4220
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.4220
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.0510
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.0510
Dependent Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		03.3220
Histrionic Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by overly reactive and intensely expressed or overly dramatic behavior, proneness to exaggeration, emotional excitability, and disturbances in interpersonal relationships.		03.9750
Neuroses
[description not available]		05.86390
Neurotic Disorders
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.		05.86390
Impotence
[description not available]		04.2970
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		04.3240
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		04.2970
Night Terrors
A disorder characterized by incomplete arousals from sleep associated with behavior suggesting extreme fright. This condition primarily affects children and young adults and the individual generally has no recall of the event. Episodes tend to occur during stage III or IV. SOMNAMBULISM is frequently associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p391)		02.0610
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.0610
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.0610
Labor Pain
Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.		02.0610
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		02.0710
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.0710
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		06.11170
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.0710
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		06.11170
Cyclothymia
[description not available]		02.0610
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		03.1150
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		03.1150
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.0610
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.0610
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		02.940
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		02.940
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.4420
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.4420
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.0710
Axonal Injury, Diffuse
[description not available]		02.0810
Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral
[description not available]		02.0810
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.4220
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.4220
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		02.9310
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		02.9310
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		03.7920
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		0210
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		0210
Adenoma, Pleomorphic
A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9310
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		01.9310
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		01.9310
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		01.9310
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		01.9310
Gambling, Pathologic
[description not available]		01.9310
Gambling
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.		01.9310
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		03.7940
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		01.9310
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		01.9310
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		04.660
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		01.9410
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		01.9410
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		01.9410
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		01.9410
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		01.9410
Childhood Schizophrenia
[description not available]		02.6330
Enterocele
An intestinal HERNIA.		01.9410
Hernia
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.		01.9410
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		03.5930
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		03.5930
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.4220
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.0110
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.4220
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.0110
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		02.0110
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0210
Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.0210
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.0210
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0210
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.0210
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.0210
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.0210
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.0210
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.9410
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		02.9410
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.9410
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		02.9410
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		03.8140
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.0310
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.0310
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		02.0310
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		02.0310
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		02.0310
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.3411
Hypochondriacal Neuroses
[description not available]		02.420
Adjustment Sleep Disorder
[description not available]		02.0310
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.4420
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		02.4420
Ambiguous Genitalia
[description not available]		01.9610
Disorders of Sex Development
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.		01.9610
Astasia-Abasia
[description not available]		02.3520
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		02.0410
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		02.0410
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).		01.9410
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		01.9410
Androgenization
[description not available]		01.9410
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		02.8640
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		02.8640
Alogia
[description not available]		01.9410
Aphasia
A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.		01.9410
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		02.3620
Exhibitionism
A disorder in which fantasies about or the act of exposing the genitals to an unsuspecting stranger produces sexual excitement with no attempt at further sexual activity with the stranger.		02.8810
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.8810
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.6630
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)		01.9510
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.6630
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.8710
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		01.9510
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		01.9510
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		01.9610
Fetishism (Psychiatric)
[description not available]		01.9510
Psychoses, Alcoholic
A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.		01.9810
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		02.910
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		02.3720
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.3720
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		01.9810
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		01.9810
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		01.9910
Capgras Syndrome
A psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's belief that acquaintances or closely related persons have been replaced by doubles or imposters.		03.0850
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.420
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.420
Seminoma
A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		01.9910
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		01.9910
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		01.9910
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		01.9910
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		01.9910
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.3720
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.3720
Congenital Disorders
[description not available]		01.9610
Embryopathies
[description not available]		01.9810
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		02.6730
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		01.9710
Acantholysis Bullosa
[description not available]		01.9510
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.		01.9510
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		01.9510
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A dissociative disorder in which the individual adopts two or more distinct personalities. Each personality is a fully integrated and complex unit with memories, behavior patterns and social friendships. Transition from one personality to another is sudden.		02.3620
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		01.9510
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		01.9510
Nanism
[description not available]		02.3520
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		02.3520
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		02.3520
Battered Child Syndrome
A clinical condition resulting from repeated physical and psychological injuries inflicted on a child by the parents or caregivers.		01.9510
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		02.3520
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		01.9710
Spina Bifida Aperta
[description not available]		01.9710
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		02.8910
Bites
[description not available]		01.9710
Transvestic Fetishism
[description not available]		02.6430
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.3820
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.3820
Eisenmenger Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Eisenmenger Complex
A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.		01.9710
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		01.9710
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome
[description not available]		02.8810
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		01.9710
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		01.9710
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.3520
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.3520
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Paranoid Personality
[description not available]		01.9510
Harelip
[description not available]		01.9510
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		01.9510
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		01.9510
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		01.9510
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		01.9510
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		01.9510
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		01.9510
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		01.9410
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9410
Dumping Syndrome
Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.		01.9410
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		01.9410
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		01.9410
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9410
Carditis
[description not available]		01.9410
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		01.9410
Phimosis
A condition in which the FORESKIN cannot be retracted to reveal the GLANS PENIS. It is due to tightness or narrowing of the foreskin opening.		01.9410
Infant Malnutrition
Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		01.9410
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.3520
Emesis
[description not available]		02.3520
Diaphragmatic Hernia
[description not available]		02.3520
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.3520
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.3520