ascorbic acid profile

Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Related Flora

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Citrus	genus	A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.[MeSH]	Rutaceae	A plant family in the order Sapindales that grows in warmer regions and has conspicuous flowers.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	54670067
CHEMBL ID	40274
CHEBI ID	29073
CHEBI ID	22652
CHEBI ID	176783
SCHEMBL ID	785
SCHEMBL ID	4430
MeSH ID	M0001797

Synonym
(2r)-2-[(1s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxy-furan-3-one
MLS002153776
smr001233160
e300
acido ascorbico
acide ascorbique
e-300
acidum ascorbinicum
acidum ascorbicum
l-threo-hex-2-enono-1,4-lactone
ascorbinsaeure
(5r)-5-[(1s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5h)-one
CHEBI:29073 ,
l-(+)-ascorbic acid
proscorbin
cevex
antiscorbic vitamin
cee-vite
cenetone
cebione
vicelat
ascorb
hybrin
vitacee
3-keto-l-gulofuranolactone
ascor-b.i.d.
viscorin
celaskon
celin
vitacimin
vitamisin
cenolate
nsc-33832
redoxon
ascorteal
ascorin
cevitan
ceglion
cetane-caps td
component of cortalex
l-lyxoascorbic acid
cevi-bid
cereon
cegiolan
cebid
cetemican
ido-c
cevital
antiscorbutic vitamin
component of e and c-level
l(+)-ascorbic acid
planavit c
citriscorb
ce lent
meri-c
l-xyloascorbic acid
hicee
vitace
xitix
arco-cee
cevatine
cergona
cipca
scorbu-c
nci-c54808
cescorbat
adenex
component of ferancee
roscorbic
cevitamin
c-quin
cetamid
c-level
ribena
natrascorb injectable
l-3-ketothreohexuronic acid lactone
c-long
secorbate
cemagyl
vitacin
dora-c-500
ascoltin
ce-mi-lin
ascorbicap
ce-vi-sol
cantaxin
cemill
NSC33832 ,
ascorbajen
liqui-cee
davitamon c
colascor
cebicure
nsc-218455
D00018
ascor (tn)
ascorbic acid (jp17/usp/inn)
ascoltin (tn)
ascorbicap (tn)
hex-2-enonic acid gamma-lactone, l-threo-
ascorbicab
einecs 200-066-2
cevibid
kyselina askorbova [czech]
ferancee
acide ascorbique [inn-french]
stuartinic
tolfrinic
acido ascorbico [inn-spanish]
chromagen
acidum ascorbicum [inn-latin]
nsc 33832
scorbacid
cortalex
PRESTWICK3_000325
BPBIO1_000363
l-threo-ascorbic acid
(2r)-2-[(1s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2h-furan-5-one
cevitamic acid
cevimin
cantan
component of endoglobin forte
laroscorbine
cecon
vicomin c
c-span
vitascorbol
cebion
ascorvit
viforcit
testascorbic
catavin c
cee-caps td
allercorb
natrascorb
lemascorb
ascorbutina
concemin
c-vimin
ciamin
iron(ii) ascorbate
cevitex
3-oxo-l-gulofuranolactone
rovimix c
vasc
(+)-ascorbic acid
ronotec 100
citrovit
hsdb 818
fema no. 2109
juvamine
scorbu c
chewcee
cewin
ccris 57
caswell no. 061b
duoscorb
l-threo-hex-2-enonic acid, gamma-lactone
cetane-caps tc
3-oxo-l-gulofuranolactone (enol form)
rontex 100
NCGC00091517-01
2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyfuran-3-one
AB00376923
l-ascorbic acid
ascorbic acid
C00072
l-ascorbate
50-81-7
vitamin c
l-ascorbic acid, reagent grade
l-ascorbic acid, meets usp testing specifications
l-ascorbic acid, analytical standard
l-ascorbic acid, reagent grade, crystalline
l-ascorbic acid, bioxtra, >=99.0%, crystalline
l-ascorbic acid, plant cell culture tested
l-ascorbic acid, powder, cell culture tested, gamma-irradiated
l-ascorbic acid, suitable for cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture, >=98%
l-ascorbic acid, fcc, fg
DB00126
l-ascorbic acid, acs reagent, >=99%
NCGC00164357-01
l-ascorbic acid, free acid
BSPBIO_000329
NCGC00091517-02
acid, ascorbic
ascorbyl radical
l-ascorbic acid, bioultra, >=99.5% (rt)
l-ascorbic acid, puriss. p.a., >=99.0% (rt)
l-ascorbic acid, 99%
l-ascorbic acid, puriss. p.a., acs reagent, reag. iso, reag. ph. eur., 99.7-100.5% (oxidimetric)
47A605F0-4187-47A8-B0CE-F9E7DA1B0076
A0537
(r)-5-((s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5h)-one
ascorbic acid [ban:inn:jan]
BMSE000182
kyselina askorbova
ins-300
ins no.300
ascorbic acid (vit c)
vitamin c (as ascorbic acid)
ascorbicum acidum
ascorbic acid, l-
(2r)-2-[(1s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyfuran-3-one
NCGC00091517-03
NCGC00188972-01
HMS2096A11
ester c
dtxcid90106
dtxsid5020106 ,
tox21_302958
NCGC00256504-01
tox21_112104
NCGC00259676-01
tox21_202127
ester-c
53262-66-1
l-ascorbic acid, mixt. with vitamin b
parentrovite
tox21_110315
l-ascorbic acid, free radical form
6730-29-6
HMS2231N16
unii-pq6ck8pd0r
pq6ck8pd0r ,
ascorbic acid [usp:inn:ban:jan]
nsc 218455
ascor
BP-12831
ascorbic acid [mi]
ascorbic acid [vandf]
ascorbic acid [usp monograph]
ascorbic acid [fcc]
acidum ascorbicum [who-ip latin]
ascorbic acid [ep monograph]
2,3-dehydro-l-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone
ascorbic acid [ii]
ascorbic acid [who-ip]
ascorbic acid [inn]
ascorbic acid [hsdb]
ascorbic acid [who-dd]
ascorbic acid [orange book]
(5r)-5-((1s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5h)-one
ascorbic acid [fhfi]
ascorbic acid [usp-rs]
ascorbic acid [jan]
ascorbic acid [inci]
ascorbic acid [mart.]
vitamin c [vandf]
l-threoascorbic acid
antiscorbutic factor
S3114
CHEMBL40274
[14c]ascorbic acid
gtpl4532
gtpl4781
(5r)-5-[(1s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one
[14c]-ascorbic acid
CCG-207946
HY-B0166
SCHEMBL785
SCHEMBL4430
NCGC00091517-06
tox21_112104_1
3EKA
2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-4,5-dihydroxy-furan-3-one
CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N
ascorbic acid, british pharmacopoeia (bp) reference standard
HB1238
AB00376923_05
AB00376923_04
ascorbic acid dc97sf
hex-1-enofuranos-3-ulose
mfcd00064328
l-ascorbic acid, tested according to ph.eur.
ascorbic acid, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
l-ascorbic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, redi-dri(tm), acs reagent, >=99%
l-ascorbic acid, >=99.0%
ascorbic acid, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
l-ascorbic acid, jis special grade, >=99.0%
l-ascorbic acid, certified reference material, tracecert(r)
(r)-5-(1,2-dihydroxy-ethyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5h-furan-2-one
l-ascorbic acid acs reagent grade
l-ascorbic acid, p.a., acs reagent, reag. iso, 99.7%
l-ascorbic acid, vetec(tm) reagent grade, 99%
l-ascorbic acid, p.a., acs reagent, 99.0%
l-ascorbic acid, ar, >=99.5%
ascorbic acid (l-ascorbic acid; vitamin c)
.ascorbinsaure
HMS3713A11
gamma-lactone l-threo-hex-2-enonate
cevitamate
l-lyxoascorbate
gamma-lactone l-threo-hex-2-enonic acid
l-(+)-ascorbate
l(+)-ascorbate
(+)-ascorbate
l-xyloascorbate
SW198791-2
l-threoascorbic acid,antiscorbutic factor,vitamin c;(r)-5-((s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5h)-one
(5r)-5-[(1s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5h)-one (non-preferred name)
vitamin c (ascorbic acid)
vitamin c,(s)
DTXSID50986567
Q27101942
l-ascorbic acid 1000 microg/ml in acetonitrile
BCP27915
Q199678
4-((e)-2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)sulfanyl]diazenyl)benzenecarboxylicacid
l-ascorbic acid, cell culture
AKOS016843589
EN300-708766
E80759
l-ascorbic acid (gmp)
CS-0626121
HY-B0166G
hicell
dr cellapy sr premium
ascorbic acid (usp:inn:ban:jan)
asorbicap
celladix c.e.f advanced brightening ampoule
ascorbic acid (mart.)
chebi:22652
ascorbic acid (ii)
chebi:176783
vitamina c
dtxcid50820452
ascorbinezuur
acidum ascorbicum (inn-latin)
clairfore
aromacura shower filter
neo-valdrin
cleanflex
ascorbic acid1505
vitamine c
ascorbic acid (ep monograph)
vit c
ascorbic acid (usp-rs)
vita rich
ascorbic acid (usp monograph)
acido ascorbico (inn-spanish)
new clairfore
acide ascorbique (inn-french)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

CP was found to cause remarkable degenerative effects in normal ovarian tissue. Ceftriaxone and/or ascorbic acid administration can minimize the toxic effects of DLM through their free radical-scavenging and potent antioxidant activity.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Dehydroascorbate, an electron affinic metabolite of vitamin C, sensitized Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, in vivo, to radiation and was selectively toxic to V79 Chinese hamster lung cells under hypoxic conditions (without radiation)."	( Toxicity, radiation sensitivity modification, and metabolic effects of dehydroascorbate and ascorbate in mammalian cells. Biaglow, JE; Koch, CJ, 1978)	0.26
"The influence of high intake of vitamin C in the young growing rats under administration of nickel sulphate in toxic doses has been studied."	( Biochemical studies on nickel toxicity in weanling rats -- influence of vitamin C supplementation. Bhattacharyya, A; Chakarborty, D; Chatterjee, GC; Chatterjee, K; Majumdar, K, 1979)	0.26
"The nitro-aromatic radiosensitizing drugs are selectively toxic to hypoxic mammalian cells, and this toxicity can be greatly increased by the addition of ascorbate."	( Ascorbate anion potentiates cytotoxicity of nitro-aromatic compounds under hypoxic and anoxic conditions. Biaglow, JE; Howell, RL; Koch, CJ, 1979)	0.26
"Individuals who have a reduced capacity to detoxify cyanide to thiocyanate are at increased risk to experience adverse side effects from laetrile, a cyanide containing substance used in cancer treatment."	( Conjoint use of laetrile and megadoses of ascorbic acid in cancer treatment: possible side effects. Calabrese, EJ, 1979)	0.26
" Haemoglobin concentration of blood and organ weights were not affected under the toxic conditions."	( Studies on L-ascorbic acid metabolism in rats under chronic toxicity due to organophosphorus insecticides: effects of supplementation of L-ascorbic acid in high doses. Bhattacharyya, A; Chakraborty, D; Chatterjee, GC; Chatterjee, K; Chatterjee, S; Majumdar, K; Sen, A, 1978)	0.26
" First, the no-effect levels in rats are questionable, since some experiments have pointed out adverse effects of nitrates and nitrites with dosages near, or lower than, the so-called no-effect levels."	( [Various toxic effects of nitrates and nitrites]. Lowy, R; Manchon, P, 1976)	0.26
" Small amounts of dietary ascorbic acid were protective against many of the adverse effects of cadmium."	( Protective effects of ascorbic acid against toxicity of heavy metals. Fox, MR, 1975)	0.25
" Similarly, there is currently little adequate evidence on either the presence or the absence of serious adverse reactions to such doses of ascorbic acid, although many such reactions have been hypothesized."	( Ascorbic acid and the common cold. Evaluation of its efficacy and toxicity. Dykes, MH; Meier, P, 1975)	0.25
"Acetaldehyde is a toxic substance common to heavy drinking of alcohol and heavy smoking of cigarettes."	( Protective action of ascorbic acid and sulfur compounds against acetaldehyde toxicity: implications in alcoholism and smoking. Gonzales, LJ; Parker, CM; Smith, GG; Sprince, H, 1975)	0.25
" The toxic effects of ethanol and cocaine were not reduced by the ingestion of vitamin E during short-term exposure of 21 days of treatment."	( Chronic ethanol and cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity: effects of vitamin E supplementation. Eskelson, CD; Pirozhkov, SV; Watson, RR, 1992)	0.28
" Since evidence for both oxidative damage and the involvement for glutathione in the toxicity of butylated hydroxyanisole is available, this mechanism may be involved in the toxic action of this compound."	( The glutathione conjugates of tert-butyl hydroquinone as potent redox cycling agents and possible reactive agents underlying the toxicity of butylated hydroxyanisole. Koster, A; van Bladeren, PJ; van Ommen, B; Verhagen, H, 1992)	0.28
" Because of the toxic effect of TNF due to oxygen radicals, it is suggested that vitamin C be added."	( The synergism of gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor in whole body hyperthermia with vitamin C to control toxicity. Rosen, P, 1992)	0.28
" The role of metabolites in sulphasalazine-mediated toxicity has been investigated in vitro by the use of human red blood cells and mononuclear leucocytes as target cells, with methaemoglobin formation and cytotoxicity respectively, being the defined toxic end-points."	( Direct and metabolism-dependent toxicity of sulphasalazine and its principal metabolites towards human erythrocytes and leucocytes. Breckenridge, AM; Coleman, MD; Hussain, F; Park, BK; Pirmohamed, M, 1991)	0.28
" It is concluded that the tested antioxidant treatment seems to be safe and that MS patients have low GSH-px, which may be increased by the tested antioxidant treatment."	( High dose antioxidant supplementation to MS patients. Effects on glutathione peroxidase, clinical safety, and absorption of selenium. Hansen, JC; Mai, J; Sørensen, PS, 1990)	0.28
" In isolated perfused livers from fasted rats, sodium orthovanadate (2 mmol/l) led to toxic responses including reduction of oxygen consumption, release of cytosolic (glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) and mitochondrial (glutamate-dehydrogenase (GLDH)) enzymes, intracellular accumulation of calcium, a marked depletion of glutathione (GSH) and an enhanced formation and release of thiobarbituric acid- (TBA) reactive material."	( Effect of antioxidants on vanadate-induced toxicity towards isolated perfused rat livers. Kayser, E; Strubelt, O; Younes, M, 1991)	0.28
" We propose that m-dinitrobenzene requires metabolic activation before it can exert its toxicity to Sertoli cells, and it appears that the toxic species is m-nitrosonitrobenzene or a further metabolite of m-nitrosonitrobenzene."	( Modulation of m-dinitrobenzene and m-nitrosonitrobenzene toxicity in rat Sertoli--germ cell cocultures. Cave, DA; Foster, PM, 1990)	0.28
"The present results indicate that 30 micrograms/ml copper was toxic to bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCEC) cultured in a serum-free medium (SFM) when the duration of treatment was 72 hours or more."	( Ascorbate-enhanced copper toxicity on bovine corneal endothelial cells in vitro. Lam, KW; Pastor, SA; Yee, RW; Yu, HS, 1990)	0.28
"2-Bromohydroquinone (BHQ) plays an important role in bromobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity and is a model toxic hydroquinone."	( 2-Bromohydroquinone-induced toxicity to rabbit renal proximal tubules: evidence against oxidative stress. Schnellmann, RG, 1989)	0.28
" Mutagenic and toxic effects of hexavalent chromium were more expressed in vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs administered K2Cr2O7 in drinking water: the number of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow was increased, and the activity of O-demethylase and the levels of cytochromes P-450 and b5 in liver microsomes were decreased."	( Vitamin C lowers mutagenic and toxic effect of hexavalent chromium in guinea pigs. Chorvatovicová, D; Ginter, E; Kosinová, A, 1989)	0.28
"In view of the well known species differences in the sensitivity of pancreatic B-cells to the toxic glucose analogue alloxan, it was tested whether spermatozoa from two species with a different diabetogenic effect of alloxan displayed a similar difference in their sensitivity to this drug."	( Alloxan toxicity in human and canine spermatozoa. Possible biochemical basis for a species difference in sensitivity. Finsy, R; Gorus, FK; Pipeleers, DG, 1986)	0.27
" The protection afforded by antioxidants was then tested: alpha-tocopherol gave at 10(-4) M a light protection in contrast to ascorbic acid which even became toxic at high concentrations."	( Quantitative study of natural antioxidant systems for cellular nitrofurantoin toxicity. Michiels, C; Remacle, J, 1988)	0.27
", dose required to cause a peak skin reaction of 2 in 50% of treated hind limbs) and LD50 (i."	( Toxicity, radiation sensitivity modification, and combined drug effects of ascorbic acid with misonidazole in vivo on FSaII murine fibrosarcomas. Okunieff, P; Suit, HD, 1987)	0.27
" When this oxidation was minimized by rapid manipulations or inhibited by ascorbic acid, cytotoxicity was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that the nitroso-derivative may be the toxic metabolite."	( Cytotoxicity of oxidative metabolites of procainamide. Jones, JE; Rubin, RL; Uetrecht, JP, 1987)	0.27
" In this study their toxic mechanism of action was compared using an intact cell model."	( Toxicity of ozone and nitrogen dioxide to alveolar macrophages: comparative study revealing differences in their mechanism of toxic action. Alink, GM; Gijbels, MJ; Hempenius, RA; Poelen, MC; Rietjens, IM, 1986)	0.27
"The toxic effects of methamphetamine on dopamine and serotonergic neurons have recently been linked to the endogenous formation of 6-hydroxydopamine and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, respectively."	( Pretreatment with ascorbic acid attenuates the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in rats. Carelli, RM; Jarvis, MF; Wagner, GC, 1985)	0.27
" Copper-ascorbate was equally toxic under aerobic or anaerobic conditions; its toxicity was abolished by (i) chelating agents that sequestered the copper, (ii) metal-complexing agents that bound to the cells but did not sequester copper, and (iii) iron salts in the presence of air."	( Toxicity of copper and ascorbic acid to Serratia marcescens. Zimmerman, L, 1966)	0.24
" Vitamins, like many substances, may be toxic when taken in large quantities, especially the fat-soluble vitamins, and the concept of "more is better" is a common misconception."	( Safety of megavitamin therapy. Omaye, ST, 1984)	0.27
" Also, ascorbate deficiency significantly decreased the plasma clearance of both nitrosamines though the LD50 of neither were altered by ascorbate nutrition."	( The effects of ascorbic acid deficiency and excess on the metabolism and toxicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine in the guinea pig. Fong, LY; Ton, CC, 1984)	0.27
"Determination of LD50 values showed 3 human neuroblastoma cell lines to be 2-8-fold more sensitive to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) than a mouse sarcoma cell line."	( Ascorbic acid enhances the cytotoxic effect of 6-hydroxydopamine for human neuroblastoma cell lines. Perez-Polo, JR; Reynolds, CP, 1981)	0.26
" The viability of cultures exposed to toxic doses of ISO for 4 h was not affected."	( Prevention by L(-) ascorbic acid of isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in primary cultures of rat myocytes. Acosta, D; Ramos, K, 1983)	0.27
" Thus, in vitro addition of 6-OHDA and ascorbate was rapidly lethal for human neuroblastoma cells at concentrations which were minimally toxic for hematopoietic cells."	( Selective toxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine and ascorbate for human neuroblastoma in vitro: a model for clearing marrow prior to autologous transplant. Frenkel, EP; Reynolds, CP; Reynolds, DA; Smith, RG, 1982)	0.26
" The effects of dietary or parenteral administration of ascorbic acid on the adverse effects of excess tyrosine were investigated with young male White Leghorn chicks in a 2-week experiment."	( Influence of ascorbic acid on the adverse effect of feeding a diet containing excess tyrosine to chicks. Okumura, J; Yanaka, M, 1982)	0.26
" Our aim here is to show that vitamin C is selectively toxic to at least one type of malignant cell--a melanoma--at concentrations that might be attained in humans."	( Vitamin C preferential toxicity for malignant melanoma cells. Augery, Y; Bram, S; Froussard, P; Guichard, M; Jasmin, C; Sinoussi-Barre, F; Wray, W, 1980)	0.26
" Given a similar degree of exposure, why do some workers remain apparently unaffected, while others develop alterations of the hemopoietic system? It is hypothesized that inadequate nutritional status of possibly several nutrients including iron, selenium, methionine and ascorbic acid may enhance susceptibility to adverse effects caused by benzene."	( Does nutritional status affect benzene induced toxicity and/or leukemia? Calabrese, EJ, 1980)	0.26
" In contrast, radiochromatograms obtained from cells treated with toxic levels of MISO (75 mM) under aerobic conditions indicated no drug metabolism."	( Sulphydryls, ascorbate and oxygen as modifiers of the toxicity and metabolism of misonidazole in vitro. Rauth, AM; Taylor, YC, 1980)	0.26
" It was concluded that gasoline was largely responsible for the adverse effects, the most significant of which included depression in weight gain in the males, increased liver weight and hepatic microsomal enzyme activities in both sexes, and suppression of uterine eosinophilia."	( Short-term inhalation toxicity of methanol, gasoline, and methanol/gasoline in the rat. Bjarnason, S; Chu, I; Miller, RB; Poon, R; Potvin, M; Valli, VE; Vincent, R, )	0.13
" It is thus necessary to ensure that antioxidant supplements are safe and free from side effects."	( Safety of antioxidant vitamins and beta-carotene. Diplock, AT, 1995)	0.29
"We show here that preincubation of pancreatic islet cells with alpha-tocopherol significantly improves their resistance to toxic doses of nitric oxide (NO)."	( Suppression of nitric oxide toxicity in islet cells by alpha-tocopherol. Bellmann, K; Burkart, V; Gross-Eick, A; Kolb, H; Radons, J, 1995)	0.29
" Cisplatin caused differential toxic effects on renal antioxidants and lipid peroxidation."	( Cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity and the modulating effect of glutathione ester. Babu, E; Gopalakrishnan, R; Gopalakrishnan, VK; Sakthisekaran, D; Sriganth, IN, 1995)	0.29
"Prior studies concluded that 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, a toxin causing parkinsonism) and its analogues are bioactivated by monoamine oxidase (MAO) to toxic pyridinium metabolites."	( Suppression of hydroxyl radical formation by MAO inhibitors: a novel possible neuroprotective mechanism in dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Chiueh, CC; Huang, SJ; Murphy, DL, 1994)	0.29
" We have recently reported that a glutathione conjugate of PAP, 4-amino-3-S-glutathionylphenol, is more toxic to the kidney than the parent compound itself."	( Effect of ascorbic acid, acivicin and probenecid on the nephrotoxicity of 4-aminophenol in the Fischer 344 rat. Foster, JR; Fowler, LM; Lock, EA, 1993)	0.29
"25 x 10(-4) M or larger, is toxic for the human neuroblastoma cell NB69."	( Ascorbic acid protects against levodopa-induced neurotoxicity on a catecholamine-rich human neuroblastoma cell line. Fahn, S; García de Yébenes, J; Mena, MA; Pardo, B, 1993)	0.29
" L-Ascorbate and its oxidative product dehydroascorbate were cytotoxic or lethal to the fast-growing malignant cells, but they were less toxic to nonmalignant cells."	( Cytotoxic effect of ascorbate and its derivatives on cultured malignant and nonmalignant cell lines. Leung, PY; Miyashita, K; Tsao, CS; Young, M, )	0.13
"We have previously shown that ascorbic acid (AA) protects cortical neurons in culture from the toxic effects of NMDA."	( Interaction of ascorbic acid with the neurotoxic effects of NMDA and sodium nitroprusside. Beglan, CL; Bell, JA; London, ED, 1996)	0.29
" Approximately 10 to 15 cases of vitamin A toxic reactions are reported per year in the United States, usually at doses greater than 100,000 IU/d."	( Safety of antioxidant vitamins. Maloley, PA; Meyers, DG; Weeks, D, 1996)	0.29
" Vitamin C doses, when administered alone, did not produce any adverse effect on sperm count and sperm head morphology."	( Ameliorating effect of vitamin C on murine sperm toxicity induced by three pesticides (endosulfan, phosphamidon and mancozeb). Khan, PK; Sinha, SP, 1996)	0.29
" In cells exposed to 50 microM Cd, generation of the toxic oxygen increased from 5 min after exposure, and reached a plateau at 15 min."	( Mechanism of cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in rat hepatocytes: cadmium-induced active oxygen-related permeability changes of the plasma membrane. Koizumi, T; Kumagai, H; Shirakura, H; Suzuki, KT; Tatsumoto, H, 1996)	0.29
" Hydrogen peroxide would be converted to more toxic hydroxyl free radicals."	( Dopamine- and L-beta-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine hydrochloride (L-Dopa)-induced cytotoxicity towards catecholaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Effects of oxidative stress and antioxidative factors. Lai, CT; Yu, PH, 1997)	0.3
" Young guinea pigs, fed either 0 (AA) or 25 mg (25 AA) or gavaged 300 mg ascorbic acid (300 AA) per day for 21 days, were gavaged with the LD50 dose of AFB1 on the 22nd day."	( Ascorbic acid protects guinea pigs from acute aflatoxin toxicity. Netke, SP; Niedzwiecki, A; Roomi, MW; Tsao, C, 1997)	0.3
" In contrast to arachidonic acid, oleic acid was not toxic to the Hep G2-MV2E1-9 cells."	( Cytotoxicity and apoptosis produced by arachidonic acid in Hep G2 cells overexpressing human cytochrome P4502E1. Cederbaum, AI; Chen, Q; Galleano, M, 1997)	0.3
" These results indicate that melatonin protects cells from Cr(VI)-induced DNA strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation, possibly through its ability to increase cellular levels of vitamins E and C as well as catalase activity and/or to directly scavenge toxic hydroxyl radicals in cells."	( Potent protective effect of melatonin on chromium(VI)-induced DNA single-strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Furukawa, Y; Sugiyama, M; Susa, N; Ueda, J; Ueno, S, 1997)	0.3
" The toxic process might also be mediated by glutathione (GSH) conjugates of ADCP, as suggested for the mechanism of 4-aminophenol nephrotoxicity."	( 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol nephrotoxicity in the Fischer 344 rat: protection by ascorbic acid, AT-125, and aminooxyacetic acid. Anestis, DK; Ball, JG; Brown, PI; Hong, SK; Rankin, GO; Valentovic, MA, 1997)	0.3
" The administration of vitamin E, 12 h prior to CP, diminished the toxic effect of CP in young and adult rats."	( Protective effects of vitamin E and C on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in developing rats. Appenroth, D; Fröb, S; Kersten, L; Splinter, FK; Winnefeld, K, 1997)	0.3
"NO at these concentrations in vivo, however, exerts toxic effects at supraphysiological O2 partial pressures, owing to its oxidation to reactive nitrogen species such as ."	( Low toxicity of nitric oxide against endothelial cells under physiological oxygen partial pressures. Bätz, M; De Groot, H; Ioannidis, I; Kirsch, M; Korth, HG; Sustmann, R, 1998)	0.3
" This study suggests that AA administration to the premature infant is safe and supports the designing and performance of larger clinical studies of the antioxidant properties of AA."	( Evidence for the safety of ascorbic acid administration to the premature infant. Bass, WT; Castle, MC; Malati, N; White, LE, 1998)	0.3
" Based on the marked increase in urinary ascorbic acid and albumin in the high dose males and the decreased forelimb grip strength in the high dose females, we concluded that the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of methanol/gasoline vapour is 500/30 ppm."	( Inhalation toxicity of methanol/gasoline in rats: effects of 13-week exposure. Chu, I; Park, G; Poon, R; Potvin, M; Valli, V; Viau, C; Vincent, R, )	0.13
" Their toxicity may be due to an interaction of iron with the endoperoxide bridge of the derivative to produce toxic free radicals and/or other toxic metabolites."	( The role of iron in neurotoxicity: a study of novel antimalarial drugs. Edwards, G; Maggs, JL; McLean, WG; Park, BK; Smith, SL; Ward, SA, )	0.13
" The dose necessary for protection against toxic Cr action in adult rats was not tolerated by young rats."	( Vitamin E and C in the prevention of metal nephrotoxicity in developing rats. Appenroth, D; Winnefeld, K, 1998)	0.3
" In contrast, all 6-substituted AA derivatives were very toxic at all levels, even at the lowest concentration."	( Cytotoxic effect of substitution at 2-, 6-, and 2,6-positions in ascorbic acid on malignant cell line. House, D; Roomi, MW; Tsao, CS, 1998)	0.3
" Paraquat reduced cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and this toxic effect was not significantly attenuated by various kinds of antioxidants."	( Cytotoxic effect of paraquat on rat C6 glioma cells: evidence for the possibility of non-oxidative damage to the cells. Kubo, S; Morita, K; Tokunaga, I, 1999)	0.3
"While oxine-copper (OxCu) is generally used as an agricultural fungicide and induces a harmful effect on ecosystems, little information is available regarding a toxic effect of OxCu on mammals."	( [In vivo toxicity, lipid peroxide lowering, and glutathione, ascorbic acid and copper elevation induced in mouse liver by low dose of oxine-copper, a fungicide]. Hashimoto, I; Hojo, Y; Kawazoe, S; Miyamoto, Y; Mizutani, T, 2000)	0.31
"While copper(II) gluconate (CuGL) is generally used as a nutrient supplement for infant foods and as an oral deodorant, little information is available regarding a toxic effect of CuGL on mammals."	( [In vivo toxicity, and glutathione, ascorbic acid and copper level changes induced in mouse liver and kidney by copper(II) gluconate, a nutrient supplement]. Hashimoto, I; Hojo, Y; Kawazoe, S; Miyamoto, Y; Mizutani, T, 2000)	0.31
" Furthermore, while the toxic effect of NOR3 was attenuated by replacing the medium at 20 min, 1 or 2 h after drug addition, it was continued by replacing the medium at 3 h or later after drug addition."	( Kinetic characterization of the nitric oxide toxicity for PC12 cells: effect of half-life time of NO release. Kato, T; Nakamura, K; Yamamoto, H; Yamamoto, T; Yuyama, K, 2000)	0.31
" These data suggest that NAC and U-83836E mitigate the toxic effects of methanol on the antioxidant system of the rat brain."	( N-acetylcysteine or trolox derivative mitigate the toxic effects of methanol on the antioxidant system of rat brain. Farbiszewski, R; Skrzydlewska, E; Witek, A, 2000)	0.31
"This report shows that hydroxyurea (HU) protected KB cells specifically against the toxic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)."	( Hydroxyurea: protection of KB cells against the toxic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Aujard, C; Trincal, G, 1980)	0.26
" These results show that ascorbate itself is not toxic to the cell lines used and that effects of ascorbate in vivo cannot be predicted from studies on cultured cells."	( The in vitro cytotoxicity of ascorbate depends on the culture medium used to perform the assay and involves hydrogen peroxide. Clément, MV; Halliwell, B; Long, LH; Ramalingam, J, 2001)	0.31
" Previous work has shown that 3,4-dichloroaniline is acutely toxic to the kidney and bladder."	( 3,4-Dichlorophenylhydroxylamine cytotoxicity in renal cortical slices from Fischer 344 rats. Ball, JG; Rankin, GO; Stoll, S; Valentovic, M, 2001)	0.31
"Vitamin C (ascorbate) is toxic to tumour cells, and has been suggested as an adjuvant cancer treatment."	( Cytotoxicity of ascorbate, lipoic acid, and other antioxidants in hollow fibre in vitro tumours. Casciari, JJ; Jackson, JA; Meng, XL; Riordan, HD; Riordan, NH; Schmidt, TL, 2001)	0.31
"Arsenic, a major water pollutant in India, produces toxic effects on female reproductive system in rodent models at the dose available in drinking water in arsenic-intoxicated zones."	( Protection of sodium arsenite-induced ovarian toxicity by coadministration of L-ascorbate (vitamin C) in mature wistar strain rat. Chattopadhyay, S; Debnath, J; Ghosh, D; Ghosh, S, 2001)	0.31
"1% concentrate of food indoles (indole-3-carbinole and ascorbigen) for 3 weeks increased activity of phases I and II xenobiotic metabolism enzymes in the liver and intestinal mucosa and weakened the toxic effects of trichothecene T-2 mycotoxin."	( Effect of nutritional indoles on activity of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes and T-2 toxicity in rats. Avren'eva, LI; Guseva, GV; Kravchenko, LV; Posdnyakov, AL; Tutel'yan, VA, 2001)	0.31
" However, as with many agents that have mammalian cell toxicity as a target, physiological adverse effects can occur such as nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity that can be induced in non-tumor cells by generating activated oxygen species, which attack the DNA frequently resulting in oxidative DNA damage."	( Effect of vitamin C supplementation against cisplatin-induced toxicity and oxidative DNA damage in rats. Bianchi, MD; De Martinis, BS, 2001)	0.31
"Determination of potential drug toxicity and side effect in early stages of drug development is important in reducing the cost and time of drug discovery."	( Prediction of potential toxicity and side effect protein targets of a small molecule by a ligand-protein inverse docking approach. Chen, YZ; Ung, CY, 2001)	0.31
" These findings indicate that 2A45CP is directly toxic to renal cortical slices and that cytotoxicity is at least partially mediated by a reactive intermediate."	( Characterization of 2-amino-4,5-dichlorophenol (2A45CP) in vitro toxicity in renal cortical slices from male Fischer 344 rats. Ball, JG; Rankin, GO; Sun, H; Valentovic, MA, 2002)	0.31
" We observed that Abeta(Glu22-->Gln) fibrils are more toxic for vascular cells than the wild-type fibrils."	( Vitamin E but not 17beta-estradiol protects against vascular toxicity induced by beta-amyloid wild type and the Dutch amyloid variant. Fernández, V; Gil-Gómez, G; Inestrosa, NC; Muñoz, FJ; Opazo, C; Tapia, G; Valverde, MA, 2002)	0.31
" The main side effect of idarubicin is free-radicals based cardiotoxicity."	( Genotoxicity of idarubicin and its modulation by vitamins C and E and amifostine. Błasiak, J; Gloc, E; Majsterek, I; Młynarski, W; Skórski, T; Stolarska, M; Woźniak, K, 2002)	0.31
" These results suggest that CE increases lipid peroxidation and decreases AOP by increasing oxidative stress, and that high doses of melatonin and a combination of vitamin E plus vitamin C considerably reduce the toxic effect of CE on kidney tissue of rats."	( Nephrotoxicity in rats induced by chlorpryfos-ethyl and ameliorating effects of antioxidants. Altuntas, I; Delibas, N; Gultekin, F; Karaöz, E; Oncu, M, 2002)	0.31
" K562 cells loaded with eicosapentaenoic acid, a fatty acid particularly susceptible to oxidation, were also more sensitive to the toxic effects of the Fe complexes, and toxicity was proportional to lipid peroxidation."	( The role of oxidative stress in the toxicity of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) analogues. Buss, JL; Neuzil, J; Ponka, P, 2002)	0.31
" This review begins with a brief overview of the toxic effects of endotoxin at organism level, paying particular attention to cardiovascular damage."	( Fighting the stranger-antioxidant protection against endotoxin toxicity. Cadenas, AM; Cadenas, S, 2002)	0.31
"Paraquat, a quarternary nitrogen herbicide, is a highly toxic compound for humans and animals and many cases of acute poisoning and death have been reported over the past few decades."	( Role of antioxidants in paraquat toxicity. Suntres, ZE, 2002)	0.31
" However, its use is seriously limited by the development in the heart of acute and chronic toxic effects."	( Antioxidant nutrients and adriamycin toxicity. Battino, M; Huertas, JR; Mataix, J; Quiles, JL; Ramírez-Tortosa, MC, 2002)	0.31
" The lipid component of ascorbic acid-6-palmitate probably contributes to the generation of oxidized lipid metabolites that are toxic to epidermal cells."	( Vitamin C derivative ascorbyl palmitate promotes ultraviolet-B-induced lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity in keratinocytes. Beyerle, A; Meves, A; Peus, D; Pittelkow, MR; Stock, SN, 2002)	0.31
"To evaluate the adverse effects of exogenously induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) on mouse embryo development by using the 12-phorbol 13-myristate acetate (PMA)-activated leukocyte model as a source of ROS, and to examine the protective effect of antioxidant supplementation (vitamin C and vitamin E)."	( Vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation reduce oxidative stress-induced embryo toxicity and improve the blastocyst development rate. Agarwal, A; Attaran, M; Falcone, T; Goldberg, JM; Sharma, RK; Wang, X, 2002)	0.31
" In the present studies, human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells were exposed to toxic concentrations of dopamine (333 microM) in order to investigate molecular pathways involved in dopamine toxicity."	( Induction of GADD45 and GADD153 in neuroblastoma cells by dopamine-induced toxicity. Burnette, TA; Freeman, WM; Hellmann, GM; Mitchell, SG; Stokes, AH; Vrana, KE, 2002)	0.31
" VE and VC, at proper concentrations, can reduce or eliminate the adverse effects derived from high doses of DEV."	( In vitro study on the genotoxicity of dichloromethane extracts of valerian (DEV) in human endothelial ECV304 cells and the effect of vitamins E and C in attenuating the DEV-induced DNA damages. Dong-fang, Z; Hui-lian, W; Qian-rong, Li; Yang, L; Yu-zhen, W; Zhao-feng, L, 2003)	0.32
" HA incubated with 0, 50 or 350 mmol/L of ethanol for up to 24 h showed toxic effects that were proportional to the levels of ethanol in the medium, HA showed increased levels of heat shock protein (Hsp70)."	( Protective effect of vitamin C against the ethanol mediated toxic effects on human brain glial cells. Madrid, A; Martín, A; Paniagua, M; Sánchez-Moreno, C, 2003)	0.32
" Toxic effect on basic cell functions is produced both by ethanol and acetic aldehyde, its oxidation product which accounts for most of the acute and delayed effects of ethanol toxicity."	( [Biological and toxic effects of ethanol: diagnostics and treatment of acute poisonings]. Kołaciński, Z; Rusiński, P, 2003)	0.32
"A cream containing 4% hydroquinone, 10% buffered glycolic acid, vitamins C and E, and sunscreen is safe and effective in the treatment of melasma."	( Safety and efficacy of 4% hydroquinone combined with 10% glycolic acid, antioxidants, and sunscreen in the treatment of melasma. Guevara, IL; Pandya, AG, 2003)	0.32
" Lower intakes of antioxidants are associated with increases in the adverse side effects of chemotherapy."	( Low antioxidant vitamin intakes are associated with increases in adverse effects of chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blumberg, J; Kelly, KM; Kennedy, DD; Ladas, ED; Rheingold, SR; Tucker, KL, 2004)	0.32
" The aims of the present in vitro study were: (1) to evaluate and compare the hepatotoxic effects of MDMA and one of its main metabolites, N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine (N-Me-alpha-MeDA) and (2) to investigate the ability of antioxidants, namely ascorbic acid and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), to prevent N-Me-alpha-MeDA-induced toxic injury, using freshly isolated rat hepatocytes."	( The toxicity of N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine to freshly isolated rat hepatocytes is prevented by ascorbic acid and N-acetylcysteine. Bastos, ML; Borges, F; Carvalho, F; Carvalho, M; Fernandes, E; Milhazes, N; Remião, F, 2004)	0.32
"Gastrointestinal tolerance of the supplement was excellent: no adverse events related to the product were documented."	( Early enteral gut feeding with conditionally indispensable pharmaconutrients is metabolically safe and is well tolerated in postoperative cancer patients--a pilot study. Alteheld, B; Deska, T; Haaker, R; Hummel, T; Senkal, M; Stehle, P; Steinfort, C; Zumtobel, V, 2004)	0.32
"Early postoperative gut feeding with the newly developed enteral supplement shows no adverse effects, is well tolerated in cancer patients and provides a novel method to deliver conditionally indispensable pharmaconutrients."	( Early enteral gut feeding with conditionally indispensable pharmaconutrients is metabolically safe and is well tolerated in postoperative cancer patients--a pilot study. Alteheld, B; Deska, T; Haaker, R; Hummel, T; Senkal, M; Stehle, P; Steinfort, C; Zumtobel, V, 2004)	0.32
"Daily treatment of outbred albino mice with gammafos in radioprotective doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg for 4 days produced a cumulative toxic effect."	( Effect of melatonin, ascorbic acid, and succinic acid on the cumulative toxic effect of repeated treatment with gammafos (amifostine). Komarova, SN; Kovtun, VY; Semenova, LA; Ushakov, IB; Vasin, MV, 2004)	0.32
" Adverse events occurred in four patients, two on placebo (pruritus, cystitis) and two on Vitamin C (two candidiasis)."	( Efficacy and safety of vitamin C vaginal tablets in the treatment of non-specific vaginitis. A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Magnani, P; Petersen, EE, 2004)	0.32
"Previously, it was shown that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a nontoxic prodrug that forms a radical, toxic to tumor cells when activated by peroxidase."	( Prooxidant activity and cytotoxic effects of indole-3-acetic acid derivative radicals. O'brien, PJ; Tafazoli, S, 2004)	0.32
" These experimental results strongly indicate the protective effect of Vitamin C and silymarin against toxic effects of lead on liver tissue."	( Amelioration of lead toxicity on rat liver with Vitamin C and silymarin supplements. El-Nabi, SE; El-Refaie, A; Hassouna, MM; Mostafa, MS; Shalan, MG, 2005)	0.33
" Toxic effects of copper resulted in the impairment of the capability of mitochondrial dehydrogenases to reduce a tetrazolium salt, and, to a lesser extent, in the loss of the integrity of the plasma membrane."	( Copper-dependent toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells involves mitochondrial damage. Arciello, M; Rossi, L; Rotilio, G, 2005)	0.33
"A robust database shows that dietary supplements of vitamins E and C are safe for the general population."	( Vitamins E and C are safe across a broad range of intakes. Azzi, A; Blumberg, J; Bray, T; Dickinson, A; Frei, B; Hathcock, JN; Jialal, I; Johnston, CS; Kelly, FJ; Kraemer, K; Packer, L; Parthasarathy, S; Sies, H; Traber, MG, 2005)	0.33
" VE, VC and VA alone or combinations of VE+VC and VE+VA significantly attenuated A1254-induced toxic effects, which suggested that lipid peroxidation was involved in the sequence of events leading to A1254-induced damage or death of the cultured CEHs."	( Protective effects of antioxidant vitamins on Aroclor 1254-induced toxicity in cultured chicken embryo hepatocytes. Zhang, C; Zhou, C, 2005)	0.33
" Arsenic as an environmental agent is considered to be a toxic substance due to its carcinogenic potential in humans."	( Combined efficacies of DL-alpha-lipoic acid and meso 2,3 dimercaptosuccinic acid against arsenic induced toxicity in antioxidant systems of rats. Devi, MA; Kokilavani, V; Panneerselvam, C; Sivarajan, K, 2005)	0.33
" The adverse drug reaction was rated probable on the Naranjo probability scale."	( Life-threatening interaction between complementary medicines: cyanide toxicity following ingestion of amygdalin and vitamin C. Bromley, J; Buckley, NA; Hughes, BG; Leong, DC, 2005)	0.33
" In contrast, most of the recent in vitro studies have assigned a toxic role for methylglyoxal."	( In vivo assessment of toxicity and pharmacokinetics of methylglyoxal. Augmentation of the curative effect of methylglyoxal on cancer-bearing mice by ascorbic acid and creatine. Bhattacharyya, N; Ghosh, M; Ghosh, S; Ray, M; Ray, S; Talukdar, D, 2006)	0.33
" Safety was assessed through concomitant medications, adverse events, laboratory evaluations, and physical examinations."	( A multicenter, double-blind, safety study of QR-333 for the treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A preliminary report. Farez, C; Khodabandehlou, T; Le Devehat, C; LeFante, C; Richard, JL; Rosenbloom, RA; Valensi, P, )	0.13
" Eleven patients in the QR-333 group reported 23 adverse events (all mild or moderate); 4 in the placebo group reported 5 events (all moderate)."	( A multicenter, double-blind, safety study of QR-333 for the treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A preliminary report. Farez, C; Khodabandehlou, T; Le Devehat, C; LeFante, C; Richard, JL; Rosenbloom, RA; Valensi, P, )	0.13
" Related ingredients (Ascorbyl Palmitate, Ascorbyl Dipalmitate, Ascorbyl Stearate, Erythorbic Acid, and Sodium Erythorbate) have been previously reviewed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel and found "to be safe for use as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of good use."	( Final report of the safety assessment of L-Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Sodium Ascorbate, and Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate as used in cosmetics. Elmore, AR, 2005)	0.33
"The mechanisms of the adverse effects of free fatty acids on the ischemic-reperfused myocardium are not fully understood."	( Adverse effects of free fatty acid associated with increased oxidative stress in postischemic isolated rat hearts. Bettaieb, A; Filomenko, R; Gambert, S; Moreau, D; Opie, LH; Rochette, L; Vergely, C, 2006)	0.33
"Lead is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant that may have toxic effects on the male reproductive system."	( Impacts of ascorbic acid and thiamine supplementation at different concentrations on lead toxicity in testis. Liang, J; Shan, G; Shi, Q; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2006)	0.33
"Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used antineoplastic drug, which could cause toxicity of the normal cells due to its toxic metabolites."	( Attenuation of cyclophosphamide induced toxicity by squalene in experimental rats. Devaki, T; Senthilkumar, S; Subashini, R; Yogeeta, SK, 2006)	0.33
" Furthermore, the combination of vitamins E and C can reduce the toxic effects of MD on liver tissue of rats."	( The effects of subchronic methidathion toxicity on rat liver: role of antioxidant vitamins C and E. Altuntas, I; Delibas, N; Demirin, H; Karahan, N; Sutcu, R; Yildirim, B, 2006)	0.33
" This hydrogen peroxide activates myeloperoxidase, producing toxic oxidants."	( Ascorbate enhances the toxicity of the photodynamic action of Verteporfin in HL-60 cells. Buettner, GR; Dayal, D; Kramarenko, GG; Schafer, FQ; Wilke, WW, 2006)	0.33
"The goal of this randomized, double-blind crossover clinical trial in 50 healthy volunteers sensitive to acidic foods was to evaluate whether Ester-C calcium ascorbate causes fewer epigastric adverse effects than are produced by regular ascorbic acid (AA)."	( Safety and tolerance of ester-C compared with regular ascorbic acid. Bentley, C; Busch, R; Graubaum, HJ; Gruenwald, J, )	0.13
" The data suggest that CYP2E1 played a major role in metabolizing AA to more toxic GA."	( Metabolism of acrylamide to glycidamide and their cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes: protective effects of GSH precursors. Kurebayashi, H; Ohno, Y, 2006)	0.33
" The regimen was well tolerated, with most adverse events being mild or moderate."	( Efficacy and safety results with the combination therapy of arsenic trioxide, dexamethasone, and ascorbic acid in multiple myeloma patients: a phase 2 trial. Abou-Jawde, RM; Andresen, S; Baz, R; Hussein, M; Karam, MA; Kelly, M; Reed, J; Walker, E, 2006)	0.33
" Among the estrogenic drugs, a strong toxic effect is exerted by diethylstilbestrol (DES)."	( Anticlastogenic action of vitamin C against genotoxicity of estrogenic drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the human lymphocyte chromosomes. Ahmad, ME; Azfer, MA; Shadab, GG, 2006)	0.33
" Specific grade 3/4 haematological (3%) or cardiac adverse events occurred infrequently."	( Efficacy and safety of melphalan, arsenic trioxide and ascorbic acid combination therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a prospective, multicentre, phase II, single-arm study. Berenson, JR; Bessudo, A; Boccia, R; Bozdech, M; Ferretti, D; Flam, M; Jilani, S; Louie, R; Lutzky, J; Moss, R; Patel, R; Russell, K; Siegel, D; Stadtmauer, E; Steis, R; Swift, RA; Talisman Pomeroy, J; Volk, J; Wong, SF; Yeh, HS, 2006)	0.33
" Thus, ascorbic acid blocks both the adverse effects of arsenic on male reproductive functions and the arsenic-induced testicular oxidative changes."	( Arsenic-induced toxicity and the protective role of ascorbic acid in mouse testis. Chang, SI; Jin, B; Park, C; Park, JD; Ryu, DY; Youn, P, 2007)	0.34
" Therefore, the present results revealed that treatment with AA could minimize the toxic effects of stannous chloride."	( Study of the protective effect of ascorbic acid against the toxicity of stannous chloride on oxidative damage, antioxidant enzymes and biochemical parameters in rabbits. Awad, TI; Elhag, FA; Khaled, FA; Yousef, MI, 2007)	0.34
" Natural henna leaves did not show toxic effects, whereas two out of four samples of marketed henna products were shown toxicity effects."	( Cytotoxicity of lawsone and cytoprotective activity of antioxidants in catalase mutant Escherichia coli. Horita, M; Masuoka, N; Ogino, K; Sano, K; Sauriasari, R; Takemura, Y; Tsutsui, K; Wang, BL; Wang, DH, 2007)	0.34
" Amiodarone led to a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability with an LD50 of 50 micromol/L and increased production of superoxide anion and lipid peroxidation."	( Combining ursodeoxycholic acid or its NO-releasing derivative NCX-1000 with lipophilic antioxidants better protects mouse hepatocytes against amiodarone toxicity. Chabli, A; Colin, P; Elimadi, A; Haddad, PS; Ouazzani-Chahdi, A; Spénard, J, 2007)	0.34
" Theophylline, a re-emerging drug for the treatment of obstructive airway disease, has a narrow therapeutic index which precludes its safe use."	( Free radicals and theophylline neurotoxicity : an experimental study. Gulati, K; Ray, A; Vijayan, VK, 2007)	0.34
" The data suggested that AA has beneficial influences in neutralizing the toxic effects of endosulfan in the spermatologic parameters of NZW males."	( Protective role of ascorbic acid on subacute sperm toxicity in male New Zealand white rabbits treated with endosulfan. Ata, A; Gulay, MS; Hatipoglu, FS; Yildiz-Gulay, O, 2007)	0.34
" Leaf ultrastructural analysis of the spongy mesophyll cells revealed that the excessive Pb concentrations caused adverse effects on chloroplast ultrastructure of both ecotypes whereby internal damage was more severe in NME."	( Effect of Pb toxicity on leaf growth, physiology and ultrastructure in the two ecotypes of Elsholtzia argyi. Islam, E; Jin, X; Li, J; Li, T; Liu, D; Mahmood, Q; Tian, S; Yang, X, 2008)	0.35
"Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal."	( Effects of vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium on gastric fundus in cadmium toxicity in male rats. Bolkent, S; Sacan, O; Yanardag, R, )	0.13
" Administration of tetracycline caused a reduction in the epididymal sperm motility, percentage of live spermatozoa, sperm count, and an increase in abnormal sperm morphology, as well as induction of adverse histopathologic changes in the testes."	( Tetracycline-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats: effects of vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine. Ekor, M; Ezenwadu, TT; Farombi, EO; Oyeyemi, MO; Ugwuezunmba, MC, 2008)	0.35
"Cadmium (Cd), a widely distributed toxic trace metal, has been shown to accumulate in liver after long- and short-term exposure."	( The potential role of combined anti-oxidants against cadmium toxicity on liver of rats. Bolkent, S; Koyuturk, M; Tunali, S; Yanardag, R, 2007)	0.34
" This drug, at effective higher doses, causes many physiological adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity."	( Prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by glucosides of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol. Kagiya, TV; Maliakel, DM; Nair, CK, 2008)	0.35
"We have developed a fluorescence method to examine how membrane sterol lateral organization affects the potency of antioxidants, and used this information to evaluate possible adverse effects of lipid-soluble antioxidants seen in recent clinical studies."	( Sterol superlattice affects antioxidant potency and can be used to assess adverse effects of antioxidants. Chong, PL; Olsher, M, 2008)	0.35
" In conclusion, smoking/cooking effectively reduced microbial populations, and the use of antimicrobial agents and antioxidants, particularly 3% sodium lactate, could aid the control of microbial safety during storage, resulting in safe products for up to 6 weeks without refrigeration."	( Effect of preservatives on microbial safety and quality of smoked blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) steaks during room-temperature storage. Bankston, JD; da Silva, LV; Ge, B; King, JM; No, HK; Prinyawiwatkul, W, 2008)	0.35
" In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of BUT on chondrocytes and the possible toxic mechanism with the aim of understanding the pathogenesis and of directing future therapeutic interventions for KBD."	( Butenolide induced cytotoxicity by disturbing the prooxidant-antioxidant balance, and antioxidants partly quench in human chondrocytes. Cao, J; Chen, J; Li, S; Peng, S; Shi, Z; Yang, B; Zhang, Z, 2009)	0.35
"The adverse effects of either NaCl or mannitol on amino acids, protein patterns and nucleic acids in Vicia faba seeds were investigated."	( Plant growth, metabolism and adaptation in relation to stress conditions. XXVII. Can ascorbic acid modify the adverse effects of NaCl and mannitol on amino acids, nucleic acids and protein patterns in Vicia faba seedlings? Hasaneen, MN; Kazamel, AM; Younis, ME, 2009)	0.35
" These results suggest that CF treatment induces OF and OS in the erythrocytes of rats, and pretreatment with vitamin C can mitigate these toxic effects."	( Carbofuran-induced toxicity in rats: protective role of vitamin C. Rai, DK; Rai, PK; Rizvi, SI; Sharma, B; Watal, G, 2009)	0.35
" The results revealed that endosulfan is highly toxic for rabbit livers."	( Effect of vitamin C in reducing the toxicity of endosulfan in liver in rabbits. Mor, F; Ozmen, O, 2010)	0.36
"The toxicity of chemicals can be enhanced by light through two photochemical pathways: Photomodification to more toxic substances and photosensitization."	( Combined experimental and theoretical study on photoinduced toxicity of an anthraquinone dye intermediate to Daphnia magna. Bian, H; Cai, X; Chen, J; Hao, C; Lin, J; Wang, Y; Wang, Z, 2009)	0.35
" There were no serious adverse events."	( Ascorbic acid for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A in children: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, safety and efficacy trial. Burns, J; Fahey, MC; Joseph, PD; Kornberg, AJ; Ouvrier, RA; Ryan, MM; Yiu, EM, 2009)	0.35
"12 months of treatment with high-dose ascorbic acid was safe and well tolerated but none of the expected efficacy endpoints were reached."	( Ascorbic acid for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A in children: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, safety and efficacy trial. Burns, J; Fahey, MC; Joseph, PD; Kornberg, AJ; Ouvrier, RA; Ryan, MM; Yiu, EM, 2009)	0.35
" In a range of concentration from 0 to 10 microg/ml C(1) and C(3) were non toxic against TLT cells, while compound C(2) killed about 50% of cells by necrosis."	( Part 2: influence of 2-euryfuryl-1,4-naphthoquinone and its peri-hydroxy derivatives on both cell death and metabolism of TLT cells, a murine hepatoma cell line. modulation of cytotoxicity by vitamin C. Benites, J; Buc Calderon, P; Taper, H; Valderrama, JA, 2009)	0.35
" It has been shown that administration of MSG induces toxic effects in various regions of brain, thymus, liver and kidney."	( Ascorbic acid modulates monosodium glutamate induced cytotoxicity in rat thymus. Jovic, Z; Kocic, G; Pavlovic, D; Pavlovic, V; Sarac, M; Sokolovic, D, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover, the spray of both the brassinosteroids (HBL/EBL) were found very effective in neutralizing the adverse effects generated by metals that reflect in better photosynthetic performance by the cultivars."	( Brassinosteroids protect Lycopersicon esculentum from cadmium toxicity applied as shotgun approach. Ahmad, A; Hasan, SA; Hayat, Q; Hayat, S, 2010)	0.36
"Mature male Wistar rats (weighing 300-320 g and each group six animals) were given malathion (27 mg/kg; 1/50 of the LD50 for an oral dose), vitamin C (200 mg/kg)+vitamin E (200 mg/kg), or both daily via gavage for 4 weeks."	( Malathion-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: the effects of vitamins C and E. Demir, F; Durak, D; Kalender, S; Kalender, Y; Uzun, FG, 2010)	0.36
"Endosulfan can cause toxic effects on rabbit pancreases, but vitamin C has an ameliorative effect."	( Pathological and immunohistochemical examinations of the pancreas in subacute endosulfan toxicity in rabbits. Mor, F; Ozmen, O; Sahinduran, S, 2010)	0.36
"In premature infants, glucocorticoids ameliorate chronic lung disease, but have adverse effects on growth and the cardiovascular system."	( Investigation of the use of antioxidants to diminish the adverse effects of postnatal glucocorticoid treatment on mortality and cardiac development. Adler, A; Camm, EJ; Giussani, DA; Hansell, JA; Richter, HG, 2010)	0.36
"We hypothesized that the adverse effects of postnatal glucocorticoid therapy are secondary to oxidative stress and that antioxidant treatment would diminish unwanted effects."	( Investigation of the use of antioxidants to diminish the adverse effects of postnatal glucocorticoid treatment on mortality and cardiac development. Adler, A; Camm, EJ; Giussani, DA; Hansell, JA; Richter, HG, 2010)	0.36
" Neutral red uptake showed that ascorbate, but not dehydroascorbate, was highly toxic in the MMe cell lines REN and MM98, and less toxic in immortalized (human mesothelial cells-htert) and primary mesothelial cells."	( Selective ascorbate toxicity in malignant mesothelioma: a redox Trojan mechanism. Biffo, S; Burlando, B; Ranzato, E, 2011)	0.37
" Even though rifampicin is an effective drug in the management of tuberculosis, it has been documented to have some toxic effects in humans."	( Modulatory activity of antioxidants against the toxicity of Rifampicin in vivo. Akintonwa, A; Awodele, O; Coker, HA; Osunkalu, VO, )	0.13
" These findings suggest that the toxic effect of thiol oxidants present during chronic gastritis is partially due to dysregulation of [Zn(2+)](i) early in the process and that zinc chelation can protect, but not rescue, gastric glands exposed to toxic doses of NH(2)Cl."	( Monochloramine-induced toxicity and dysregulation of intracellular Zn2+ in parietal cells of rabbit gastric glands. Blass, AL; Dubach, JM; Kohler, JE; Naik, HB; Soybel, DI; Tai, K, 2010)	0.36
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" These results suggest that XA and VC could increase the antioxidant defence systems in the liver and kidney of irradiated animals, and may protect from adverse effects of whole body radiation."	( Dried fruit extract from Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae) protects Wistar albino rats from adverse effects of whole body radiation. Adaramoye, OA; Farombi, EO; Okiti, OO, 2011)	0.37
" We also queried practitioners for side effects, compiled published cases, and analyzed FDA's Adverse Events Database."	( Vitamin C: intravenous use by complementary and alternative medicine practitioners and adverse effects. Chen, Q; Drisko, J; Espey, MG; Levine, M; Padayatty, SJ; Sun, AY, 2010)	0.36
" No serious or unexpected adverse events were encountered."	( Orally administered manganese with and without ascorbic acid as a liver-specific contrast agent and bowel marker for magnetic resonance imaging: phase I clinical trial assessing efficacy and safety. Golman, K; Höglund, P; Leander, P; Månsson, S, 2010)	0.36
" Application of Pb with normal Zn caused adverse effects on the overall growth and antioxidant capacity of both ecotypes, however; effects were more pronounced in NME."	( Effect of Pb toxicity on the growth and physiology of two ecotypes of Elsholtzia argyi and its alleviation by Zn. Hayat, Y; Imtiaz, M; Islam, E; Jin, X; Khan, MA; Li, T; Liu, D; Mahmood, Q; Yang, X, 2011)	0.37
" The objective was to explore the role of ascorbate in toxic effects of light-exposed PN on primary cultured foetal rat lung epithelial cells."	( Role of ascorbate in lung cellular toxicity mediated by light-exposed parenteral nutrition solution. Belcastro, R; Bishara, R; Iaboni, D; Jankov, RP; Kantores, C; Nasef, N; Nash, A; Tanswell, AK, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of the present work was to investigate the toxic effect of prolonged exposure to lead on albino rat's seminiferous tubules and the possible protective effect of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on lead toxicity."	( Light and electron microscopic study of the toxic effect of prolonged lead exposure on the seminiferous tubules of albino rats and the possible protective effect of ascorbic acid. El Mulla, K; El Shafai, A; Hassan, M; Morad, N; Zohdy, N, 2011)	0.37
" Simultaneous administration of ascorbic acid was efficient in preventing most of such toxic effect and decreasing the blood lead level."	( Light and electron microscopic study of the toxic effect of prolonged lead exposure on the seminiferous tubules of albino rats and the possible protective effect of ascorbic acid. El Mulla, K; El Shafai, A; Hassan, M; Morad, N; Zohdy, N, 2011)	0.37
"Paraquat has been demonstrated to be a highly toxic compound for humans and animals and many cases of acute poisoning and death have been reported over the past few decades."	( Efficacy of vitamin C against liver and kidney damage induced by paraquat toxicity. Awadalla, EA, 2012)	0.38
"Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and inhibits physiological processes of plants."	( Effect of magnesium deficiency on antioxidant status and cadmium toxicity in rice seedlings. Chao, YY; Chou, TS; Hong, CY; Huang, WD; Kao, CH, 2011)	0.37
" It is known for its wide toxic manifestations."	( Protective effects of vitamin C against haematological and biochemical toxicity induced by deltamethrin in male Wistar rats. Abdelfattah, el F; Amel, B; Kamel, J; Mahfoud, M; Mongi, S, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of the present work was to clarify the involvement of free radicals, cytochrome P450 toxic metabolites, and deregulation of calcium homeostasis in the mechanism of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) hepatotoxicity."	( The protective effects of ascorbic acid, cimetidine, and nifedipine on diethyldithiocarbamate-induced hepatic toxicity in albino rats. Badawy, MM; Gaafa, KM; Hamza, AA, 2011)	0.37
" This study was aimed to investigate the mechanisms mediating the toxic effects of MnCl(2), Mn(II) citrate, Mn(III) citrate, and Mn(III) pyrophosphate in primary cultures of neocortical (CTX) and cerebellar granular (CGC) neurons."	( Mechanisms of manganese-induced neurotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures: the role of manganese speciation and cell type. Barbosa, F; Espósito, BP; Farina, M; Hernández, RB; Souza-Pinto, NC; Suñol, C, 2011)	0.37
"Recent investigations have proved the crucial role of nutritional antioxidants to prevent the damage caused by toxic compounds."	( Antioxidant-rich date palm fruit extract inhibits oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity induced by dimethoate in rat. Achour, L; El Arem, A; Elfeki, A; Hammami, M; Louedi, M; Najjar, MF; Saafi-Ben Salah, EB; Saoudi, M; Zakhama, A, 2012)	0.38
" Toxic effects resulting from erroneous administration of high doses of those substances on organs and systems of the organism are also discussed."	( Adverse effects of antioxidative vitamins. Grzegorczyk, K; Rutkowski, M, 2012)	0.38
" This article reviews the published data on the effectiveness of intravenous ascorbic acid in increasing the hemoglobin levels of patients with hyporesponse to epoetin alfa, as well as adverse effects of the administration of intravenous ascorbic acid specifically in relation to hyperoxalemia."	( Is intravenous ascorbic acid an effective and safe option for increasing hemoglobin levels in patients with a hyporesponse to epoetin alfa? Kear, TM, )	0.13
" The most commonly administered drug used in treatment and prophylaxis is amiodarone which has several toxic effects on major organ functions."	( May toxicity of amiodarone be prevented by antioxidants? A cell-culture study. Durukan, AB; Durukan, E; Erdem, B; Gurbuz, HA; Gurpinar, A; Karaduman, T; Sevim, H; Yorgancioglu, C, 2012)	0.38
"8, 4, 6, and 8 kHz), and it did not produce a toxic effect in the cochlea."	( The effect of intratympanic vitamin C administration on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Balikci, HH; Celebi, S; Gurdal, MM; Ozkul, MH; Yasar, H, 2013)	0.39
" Animals were observed for any toxic sign and symptoms periodically."	( Acute and sub acute toxicity and efficacy studies of Hippophae rhamnoides based herbal antioxidant supplement. Ali, R; Bhatnagar, A; Chaurasia, OP; Jaimini, A; Kumar, R; Mittal, G; Nishad, DK; Singh, SB, )	0.13
"The present work aimed to study the toxic effect of cadmium (Cd) on rabbits' blood indices, as well as the therapeutic effect of the antioxidant agents, vitamins C and B complex and bee honey on Cd intoxicated rabbits."	( Toxicity of cadmium and protective effect of bee honey, vitamins C and B complex. Abdelaziz, I; Ashour, AA; Elhabiby, MI, 2013)	0.39
" Our data here showed that acute TiO(2)-NPs exposure in the range of μg/L had no obviously adverse effects on nematodes, but the chronic toxicities of large sizes (60 nm and 90 nm) of TiO(2)-NPs in the range of μg/L were detected in nematodes in a modified chronic toxicity assay system."	( Small sizes of TiO2-NPs exhibit adverse effects at predicted environmental relevant concentrations on nematodes in a modified chronic toxicity assay system. Li, Y; Tang, M; Wang, D; Wang, W; Wu, Q; Ye, B, 2012)	0.38
"Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a novel nanomaterial with wide potential applications; however the adverse effects of CNTs following environmental exposure have recently received significant attention."	( Phytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L) and the role of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant. Begum, P; Fugetsu, B, 2012)	0.38
" Lead is one of the dispensable and non-biodegradable heavy metals and is toxic even at low concentrations."	( Oral administration of vitamin C and vitamin E ameliorates lead-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in the rat brain. Ebuehi, OA; Ebuehi, OM; Ogedegbe, RA, )	0.13
"Paclitaxel is used extensively as a chemotherapeutic agent against a broad range of tumors but often leads to the early termination of treatment due to severe toxic side effects."	( Ascorbic acid alleviates toxicity of paclitaxel without interfering with the anticancer efficacy in mice. Davis, KR; Jung, M; Jung, Y; Kim, J; Lee, G; Lee, MA; Lee, S; Park, J; Park, JH; Yeom, CH; Yi, SY, 2012)	0.38
" Superficial chemical peel is an effective and safe treatment in pigmentary problems including melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and aging spots."	( Efficacy and safety of a new superficial chemical peel using alpha-hydroxy acid, vitamin C and oxygen for melasma. Kim, WS, 2013)	0.39
" Clinical improvement was evaluated on a 5-point scale by participants and by the same dermatologist, and adverse effects were checked during the study."	( Efficacy and safety of a new superficial chemical peel using alpha-hydroxy acid, vitamin C and oxygen for melasma. Kim, WS, 2013)	0.39
" No adverse effects were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of a new superficial chemical peel using alpha-hydroxy acid, vitamin C and oxygen for melasma. Kim, WS, 2013)	0.39
"New superficial chemical peel using AHAs, vitamin C and oxygen is an effective and very safe treatment for melasma."	( Efficacy and safety of a new superficial chemical peel using alpha-hydroxy acid, vitamin C and oxygen for melasma. Kim, WS, 2013)	0.39
"CP was found to cause remarkable degenerative effects in normal ovarian tissue, and we believe that this damage can be reduced and ovarian tissue can be spared from the toxic effects of CP by using antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and selenium."	( Chemoprotective effect of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and selenium on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in the rat ovarium. Elmas, C; Erdoğan, D; Gürgen, SG; Kaplanoğlu, GT; Ozer, C, 2013)	0.39
" Polar compounds, present in the ethanol extract, appear to increase the solubility and stability of the major active constituent, acting synergistically with 4-nerolidylcatechol, improving its pharmacokinetic parameters and increasing significantly its antioxidant activity which, in turn, suggests that the aqueous-ethanolic extract, used in folklore medicine, is safe and effective."	( Antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of crude extract, fractions and 4-nerolidylcathecol from aerial parts of Pothomorphe umbellata L. (Piperaceae). Bagatela, BS; Bastos, JK; Lopes, AP; Maistro, EL; Nanayakkara, DN; Perazzo, FF; Rosa, PC; Tavares Carvalho, JC, 2013)	0.39
" These results showed that endosulfan resulted in toxic changes in the hearts of rabbits, but this toxicity could be decreased with vitamin C treatment."	( Cardiotoxicity and apoptotic activity in subacute endosulfan toxicity and the protective effect of vitamin C in rabbits: a pathological study. Ozmen, O, 2013)	0.39
" A 30-day chart and complication database review revealed 1 severe adverse event of a myocardial infarction in the polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution enriched in vitamin C group."	( Safety, patient's tolerance, and efficacy of a 2-liter vitamin C-enriched macrogol bowel preparation: a randomized, endoscopist-blinded prospective comparison with a 4-liter macrogol solution. Mathus-Vliegen, EM; van der Vliet, K, 2013)	0.39
"Two-liter polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution enriched in vitamin C is a safe and patient-friendly alternative to the 4-L polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution."	( Safety, patient's tolerance, and efficacy of a 2-liter vitamin C-enriched macrogol bowel preparation: a randomized, endoscopist-blinded prospective comparison with a 4-liter macrogol solution. Mathus-Vliegen, EM; van der Vliet, K, 2013)	0.39
" The present data shows that AA can reciprocate the toxic effects of Fe-NTA and can serve as a potent chemopreventive agent to suppress oxidant-induced tissue injury and hepatotoxicity in rats."	( Ascorbic acid inhibits ferric nitrilotriacetate induction of ornithine decarboxylase, DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, and hepatotoxicity in rats. Ansar, S; Iqbal, M, 2015)	0.42
" However, the toxic effects of As on photosynthesis were significantly ameliorated by SNP."	( Nitric oxide alleviates arsenic-induced toxic effects in ridged Luffa seedlings. Prasad, SM; Singh, VP; Srivastava, PK, 2013)	0.39
"Fatigue is a common, often debilitating, side effect of cancer chemotherapy."	( Relief from cancer chemotherapy side effects with pharmacologic vitamin C. Carr, AC; Cook, J; Vissers, MC, 2014)	0.4
" No adverse safety events were observed in ascorbic acid-infused patients."	( Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis. Brophy, DF; DeWilde, C; Farthing, CA; Farthing, D; Fisher, BJ; Fowler, AA; Gupta, S; Knowlson, S; Larus, TL; Martin, E; Natarajan, R; Sculthorpe, R; Syed, AA, 2014)	0.4
"Intravenous ascorbic acid infusion was safe and well tolerated in this study and may positively impact the extent of multiple organ failure and biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial injury."	( Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis. Brophy, DF; DeWilde, C; Farthing, CA; Farthing, D; Fisher, BJ; Fowler, AA; Gupta, S; Knowlson, S; Larus, TL; Martin, E; Natarajan, R; Sculthorpe, R; Syed, AA, 2014)	0.4
" Treatment with this antibiotic carries the potential for adverse side effects, including ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity."	( Assessment of nutrient supplement to reduce gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. DeRemer, SJ; Le Prell, CG; Miller, JM; Nelson, MA; Ojano-Dirain, C; Prieskorn, DM; Rudnick, EW, 2014)	0.4
"Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most common drug-induced adverse events (AEs) leading to life-threatening conditions such as acute liver failure."	( Construction and analysis of a human hepatotoxicity database suitable for QSAR modeling using post-market safety data. Kruhlak, NL; Zhu, X, 2014)	0.4
" However, exogenous GSH appeared to limit the toxic effects of isoproturon and seemed to overcome this stress status."	( Alleviation of isoproturon toxicity to wheat by exogenous application of glutathione. Hassan, NM; Nemat Alla, MM, 2014)	0.4
" In the case of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, manganese dioxide powder should be used as an alternative quenching agent to catalase, since this enzyme exhibited a highly toxic effect towards these microalgae."	( Investigation of the toxicity of common oxidants used in advanced oxidation processes and their quenching agents. Arslan-Alaton, I; Dursun, D; Olmez-Hanci, T, 2014)	0.4
" infantum-infected mice with liposomal SbIII, in association with ascorbic acid, represented the best alternative as judged by its high leishmanicidal activity and absence of detectable toxic effects."	( Association of liposome-encapsulated trivalent antimonial with ascorbic acid: an effective and safe strategy in the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Batista, MA; Castro, RA; Ferreira, FM; Frézard, F; Licio, CS; Moura, SL; Rezende, SA; Silva-Barcellos, NM; Silveira-Lemos, D; Souza, JB; Souza-Testasicca, MC, 2014)	0.4
" We examined the toxic effects of endosulfan on New Zealand white rabbit kidneys."	( Effects of vitamin C on pathology and caspase-3 activity of kidneys with subacute endosulfan toxicity. Mor, F; Ozmen, O, 2015)	0.42
"Cisplatin, a platinum-derived chemotherapeutic agent, produces antineoplastic effects coupled with toxic neuropathic pain and impaired general health status."	( Optimization of a cisplatin model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice: use of vitamin C and sodium bicarbonate pretreatments to reduce nephrotoxicity and improve animal health status. Deng, L; Fan, B; Guindon, J; Hohmann, AG; Wager-Miller, J, 2014)	0.4
" Taken together, the present study demonstrated that H2O2 primarily induced the apoptosis of PDLCs and that these adverse effects were partially rescued following treatment with Vc."	( Effect of vitamin C administration on hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in periodontal ligament cells. Feng, X; Shen, P; Sun, T; Sun, W; Wu, W; Yang, N, 2015)	0.42
"At present, safety evaluation standards for nanofood additives are made based on the toxic effects of a single additive."	( A combined toxicity study of zinc oxide nanoparticles and vitamin C in food additives. Ding, L; Fang, J; Li, C; Liu, Y; Sui, K; Wang, Y; Wu, M; Yao, C; Yuan, L, 2014)	0.4
" We conclude that myrrh and (or) vitamin C administration minimizes the toxic effects of TIL through their free-radical-scavenging and potent antioxidant activities."	( Synergistic protective role of mirazid (Commiphora molmol) and ascorbic acid against tilmicosin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Abdel-Daim, MM; Fayez, M; Ghazy, EW, 2015)	0.42
"We evaluate the effect of the protoconized anemia therapy on adverse events using the Hb and ferritin levels of individual patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD)."	( Effect of protoconized therapy for renal anemia on adverse events of patients with maintenance hemodialysis. Furuta, M; Hasuike, Y; Kida, A; Kuragano, T; Nagasawa, Y; Nakanishi, T; Nanami, M; Yahiro, M, 2014)	0.4
"Using an anemia treatment protocol according to the individual Hb and ferritin levels of hemodialysis patients might stabilize the Hb and ferritin levels, which in turn could contribute to the lower frequency of adverse events in MHD patients."	( Effect of protoconized therapy for renal anemia on adverse events of patients with maintenance hemodialysis. Furuta, M; Hasuike, Y; Kida, A; Kuragano, T; Nagasawa, Y; Nakanishi, T; Nanami, M; Yahiro, M, 2014)	0.4
" An adverse reaction to cobalt ions and cobalt-induced lung injury occurs during environmental exposure and is now strictly controlled."	( Importance of the HIF pathway in cobalt nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation in human macrophages. Hart, A; Nyga, A; Tetley, TD, 2015)	0.42
" Therefore, it could be concluded that ceftriaxone and/or ascorbic acid administration able to minimize the toxic effects of DLM through their free radical-scavenging and potent antioxidant activity."	( Synergistic protective effects of ceftriaxone and ascorbic acid against subacute deltamethrin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Abdel-Daim, MM; El-Ghoneimy, A, 2015)	0.42
" Vitamin C supplementation mitigated the harmful effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on placental hemodynamics and development, suggesting that its use may limit some of the adverse effects associated with smoking during pregnancy."	( Vitamin C supplementation ameliorates the adverse effects of nicotine on placental hemodynamics and histology in nonhuman primates. Frias, AE; Kroenke, CD; Lo, JO; Morgan, TK; Rasanen, JP; Roberts, VH; Schabel, MC; Shoemaker, SR; Spindel, ER, 2015)	0.42
" Taken collectively, these results indicate that incubation of rat hepatocytes with C60 (OH)24 elicits DNA damage, suggesting that nuclei as well as mitochondria are target sites of the hydroxylated fullerene; and induction of DNA damage and oxidative stress is ameliorated by an increase in cellular GSH levels, suggesting that the onset of toxic effects may be partially attributable to a thiol redox-state imbalance caused by C60 (OH)24 ."	( Comparative effects of sulfhydryl compounds on target organellae, nuclei and mitochondria, of hydroxylated fullerene-induced cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Inomata, A; Nakae, D; Nakagawa, Y; Ogata, A, 2015)	0.42
" Spm or Spd alleviated the adverse effects of Cd stress to convergent degrees."	( Modulation of cadmium toxicity and enhancing cadmium-tolerance in wheat seedlings by exogenous application of polyamines. Hemida, KA; Rady, MM, 2015)	0.42
"Vitamin C as an adjuvant therapy possibly potentiates the efficacy of DFO more than DFP and DFX in reducing iron burden in the moderately iron-overloaded vitamin C-deficient patients with β-TM, with no adverse events."	( Role of vitamin C as an adjuvant therapy to different iron chelators in young β-thalassemia major patients: efficacy and safety in relation to tissue iron overload. Adly, AA; Elalfy, MS; Elalfy, OM; Ibrahim, F; Ismail, EA; Saber, MM; Tarif, M, 2016)	0.43
" However, the individual toxic dynamics of diversified OPCs should not be overlooked and further studies with different OPCs are suggested."	( Efficacy of N-Acetylcysteine, Glutathione, and Ascorbic Acid in Acute Toxicity of Paraoxon to Wistar Rats: Survival Study. Adem, A; Kalasz, H; Nurulain, SM; Ojha, S; Shafiullah, M; Tekes, K, 2015)	0.42
"In the present study, the toxic effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Omim]Cl), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Omim]Br) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Omim]BF4) in soil on Vicia faba (V."	( Biochemical toxicity and DNA damage of imidazolium-based ionic liquid with different anions in soil on Vicia faba seedlings. Liu, T; Sun, X; Wang, J; Zhang, C; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2015)	0.42
" Although the toxic effects of metals depend on the forms and routes of exposure, interruptions of intracellular homeostasis include damage to lipids, proteins, enzymes and DNA via the production of free radicals."	( Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants. Ali, A; Azam, M; Choi, I; Haq, QM; Jan, AT; Siddiqui, K, 2015)	0.42
"Selenite can enhance the selenium nutrition level of crops, but excessive selenite may be toxic to plant growth."	( Germinating Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seedlings Attenuated Selenite-Induced Toxicity by Activating the Antioxidant Enzymes and Mediating the Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle. Lai, F; Wang, G; Wu, H; Zhang, H, 2016)	0.43
"Understanding the adverse impact of nanoparticles in crop plants has emerged as one of the most interesting fields of plant research."	( Nitric oxide alleviates silver nanoparticles (AgNps)-induced phytotoxicity in Pisum sativum seedlings. Chauhan, DK; Dubey, NK; Pandey, AC; Prasad, SM; Singh, PK; Singh, S; Singh, VP; Srivastava, PK; Tripathi, DK, 2017)	0.46
" There were no serious adverse events."	( Feasibility and safety of bowel cleansing using low-volume polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid before pediatric colonoscopy: A pilot study. Fujisawa, T; Inui, A; Iwasawa, K; Oikawa-Kawamoto, M; Sogo, T; Tsunoda, T; Umetsu, S, 2017)	0.46
"Same-day regimen of polyethylene glycol solution with ascorbic acid is effective and safe for bowel cleansing in children."	( Feasibility and safety of bowel cleansing using low-volume polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid before pediatric colonoscopy: A pilot study. Fujisawa, T; Inui, A; Iwasawa, K; Oikawa-Kawamoto, M; Sogo, T; Tsunoda, T; Umetsu, S, 2017)	0.46
" However, the benefits and adverse effects of vitamin C have not been well assessed."	( Efficacy and safety of vitamin C for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cai, J; Hu, X; Hu, Y; Li, C; Ma, C; Wang, H; Yuan, L, 2017)	0.46
" Compounds that modulate protein aggregation and interact with preformed fibrils and convert them to less toxic species, expect to serve as promising drug candidates and aid to the drug development efforts against aggregation diseases."	( Ascorbic acid inhibits human insulin aggregation and protects against amyloid induced cytotoxicity. Abdelhameed, AS; Ajmal, MR; Alam, P; Beg, AZ; Chaturvedi, SK; Khan, RH; Rajpoot, RK; Siddiqi, MK; Zaman, M, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse effects and recurrence rates were similar in Groups A and B (31."	( A split-face, investigator-blinded comparative study on the efficacy and safety of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser plus microneedling with vitamin C versus Q-switched Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of recalcitrant melasma. Balevi, A; Ozdemir, M; Ustuner, P, 2017)	0.46
" IVAA synergy with simultaneous mEHT is safe and the concomitant application significantly increases the plasma AA level for NSCLC patients."	( The safety and pharmacokinetics of high dose intravenous ascorbic acid synergy with modulated electrohyperthermia in Chinese patients with stage III-IV non-small cell lung cancer. Gui, X; Lu, Y; Ou, J; Pang, CLK; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhao, C; Zhu, X, 2017)	0.46
"Hand-foot skin reaction is recognized as one of the most common adverse events related to multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but an effective prevention method has not been identified."	( Effects of Ascorbyl-2-phosphate Magnesium on Human Keratinocyte Toxicity and Pathological Changes by Sorafenib. Bito, T; Hirai, M; Hirano, T; Ishida, T; Kaku, K; Kume, M; Makimoto, H; Nakagawa, T; Nishigori, C; Nishioka, T; Shichiri, H; Yamamoto, K; Yano, I, 2017)	0.46
"Fenitrothion is widely used organophosphate pesticide in agriculture and health programs, but besides, it causes several toxic effects."	( The ameliorating effects of selenium and vitamin C against fenitrothion-induced blood toxicity in Wistar rats. Matić, MM; Milošević, MD; Ognjanović, BI; Paunović, MG; Saičić, ZS, 2017)	0.46
"Nicotine has adverse cellular and molecular effects on oral mucosa, bone, and teeth."	( Efficacy of vitamins E and C for reversing the cytotoxic effects of nicotine and cotinine. Jamshidi, M; Mansuri Torshizi, A; Rezaei Esfahrood, Z; Sotoudeh, S; Torshabi, M, 2017)	0.46
" No medication-related adverse events were reported."	( Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Picosulfate/Magnesium Citrate for Bowel Preparation in a Physically Disabled Outpatient Population: A Randomized, Endoscopist-Blinded Comparison With Ascorbic Acid-Enriched Polyethylene Glycol Solution Plus Bisacodyl (The PIC Mathus-Vliegen, EMH; Stadwijk, JS; van der Vliet, K; Wignand-van der Storm, IJ, 2018)	0.48
" Our analysis showed that of the use of 2 L PEG plus ascorbic acid could be a safe choice for colonoscopy in patients with liver cirrhosis."	( The safety and effectiveness of 2-liter polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid in patients with liver cirrhosis: A retrospective observational study. Choi, HS; Chun, HJ; Jeen, YT; Keum, B; Kim, CD; Kim, ES; Kim, SH; Lee, HS; Lee, JH; Lee, JM; Seo, YS; Um, SH; Yoo, IK, 2017)	0.46
" The IAN value calculated for all tested potato samples was higher than 1, which indicates that new potatoes imported to Poland in the winter period from Mediterranean countries are safe for human health regarding the nitrate content."	( Assessment of the nutritional safety of new potatoes imported to Poland using an ascorbate-nitrate index Raczuk, J; Wadas, W, )	0.13
"Natural and human activities introduced an excess level of toxic lead (Pb) to the environment."	( Plant-lead interactions: Transport, toxicity, tolerance, and detoxification mechanisms. Kumar, A; Prasad, MNV, 2018)	0.48
" The results of this study indicate that Vit-C can significantly prevent the adverse effects of DEX on the mean number of spermatocyte, spermatid, and Leydig cells, tubular differentiation, meiotic and spermatogenesis index, DSP, sperm motility, and the mean levels of serum MDA."	( Vitamin C ameliorates the adverse effects of dexamethasone on sperm motility, testosterone level, and spermatogenesis indexes in mice. Mahmoodi, M; Mehranjani, MS; Sadeghzadeh, F, 2019)	0.51
"In conclusion, our results showed that coadministration of Vit-C and DEX prevents the adverse effects of DEX on the spermatogenesis indexes and DSP."	( Vitamin C ameliorates the adverse effects of dexamethasone on sperm motility, testosterone level, and spermatogenesis indexes in mice. Mahmoodi, M; Mehranjani, MS; Sadeghzadeh, F, 2019)	0.51
"Exposure to toxic elements is greatly unavoidable in our daily activities due to several routes of coming in contact with these elements."	( Effect of Zingiber officinale on some biochemical parameters and cytogenic analysis in lead-induced toxicity in experimental rats. Ajiboye, BO; Ojo, OA; Okesola, MA; Oyinloye, BE, 2019)	0.51
" Besides, aegeline also prevented growth block in cells expressing the more toxic A53T α-synuclein mutant."	( Aegeline, a natural product from the plant Aegle marmelos, mimics the yeast SNARE protein Sec22p in suppressing α-synuclein and Bax toxicity in yeast. Bharate, SB; Chaudhuri, B; Derf, A; Sharma, A, 2019)	0.51
" Bowel cleansing, adenoma detection rates and adverse events were reviewed using electronic medical records and endoscopic filing system."	( Effectiveness and safety of a new regimen of polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid for same-day bowel cleansing in constipated patients. Horiuchi, A; Ichise, Y; Kajiyama, M; Tamaki, M; Tanaka, N; Tsuji, S, )	0.13
" The current work shows that antioxidant additives can reduce the toxic effect of CPAs on porcine chondrocytes."	( Evaluation of five additives to mitigate toxicity of cryoprotective agents on porcine chondrocytes. Dong, R; Elliott, JAW; Jomha, NM; Laouar, L; Wu, K, 2019)	0.51
"In considering the adverse nutritional and flavor consequences of thermal pasteurization on fruit juices, freshly squeezed and unpasteurized fruit juices, commonly called raw juices, are of increasing demand as they are served in bars, restaurants and at home."	( The spatial-temporal working pattern of cold ultrasound treatment in improving the sensory, nutritional and safe quality of unpasteurized raw tomato juice. Gao, R; Lu, Z; Wang, Y; Ye, F; Yuan, M; Zhao, G, 2019)	0.51
"5 g/kg three times a week as intravenously) were safe in cancer patients with normal renal function and perfect glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity."	( Safety of vitamin C in sepsis: a neglected topic. Khalili, H; Khoshnam-Rad, N, 2019)	0.51
" To mitigate toxic impact of metals such as Cd, exogenous application of phytohormones like indole acetic acid (IAA) has been well recognized in the recent past."	( Regulation of cadmium toxicity in roots of tomato by indole acetic acid with special emphasis on reactive oxygen species production and their scavenging. Chauhan, DK; Khan, MY; Prakash, V; Prasad, SM; Ramawat, N; Sharma, S; Singh, VP; Tripathi, DK; Yadav, V, 2019)	0.51
" However, renal damage often occurs as a side effect because vancomycin is mainly excreted via the kidneys."	( High-Dose Vitamin C Preadministration Reduces Vancomycin-Associated Nephrotoxicity in Mice. Arai, T; Ishigami, A; Ishii, T; Kitano, T; Lee, J; Matsumoto, S; Mori, Y; Takigawa, M; Takino, Y; Tanaka, H; Yatsu, T, 2019)	0.51
"Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal pollutant with adverse effects on the liver and other body organs."	( Curcumin Ameliorates Lead-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Modulating Akt/GSK-3β Signaling Pathway. Alenazi, AM; Alhusaini, A; Fadda, L; Hasan, IH; Mahmoud, AM; Zakaria, E, 2019)	0.51
" The aim was to assess the safety and efficacy of VCS for relieving adverse symptoms caused by Lugol iodine staining."	( The safety and efficacy of 2% vitamin C solution spray for relief of mucosal irritation caused by Lugol chromoendoscopy: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel trial. Huang, K; Huang, Q; Jin, D; Sun, R; Wang, H; Wang, J; Xu, Y; Yao, J; Ye, F; Zhan, Q; Zhang, G, 2020)	0.56
" The primary endpoints were statistically significant reductions in acute and late adverse symptom severity scores."	( The safety and efficacy of 2% vitamin C solution spray for relief of mucosal irritation caused by Lugol chromoendoscopy: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel trial. Huang, K; Huang, Q; Jin, D; Sun, R; Wang, H; Wang, J; Xu, Y; Yao, J; Ye, F; Zhan, Q; Zhang, G, 2020)	0.56
"212) adverse symptoms after Lugol chromoendoscopy compared with spraying NS."	( The safety and efficacy of 2% vitamin C solution spray for relief of mucosal irritation caused by Lugol chromoendoscopy: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel trial. Huang, K; Huang, Q; Jin, D; Sun, R; Wang, H; Wang, J; Xu, Y; Yao, J; Ye, F; Zhan, Q; Zhang, G, 2020)	0.56
" Several toxic effects of lead on reproductive organs, renal system, central nervous system, liver, lungs, blood parameters, and bones have been reported."	( Therapeutic role of garlic and vitamins C and E against toxicity induced by lead on various organs. Ali, S; Andleeb, S; Khan, R; Mumtaz, S; Shakir, HA; Tahir, HM, 2020)	0.56
" The present study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of arsenic on semen quality and reproductive hormones of Teddy bucks, an important domestic species in regions of Pakistan."	( Sodium arsenite toxicity on hematology indices and reproductive parameters in Teddy goat bucks and their amelioration with vitamin C. Ahmad, M; Gul, ST; Martyniuk, CJ; Saleemi, MK; Ullah, Q; Umar, S; Zubair, M, 2020)	0.56
" HDAA impact on hemodynamics, acid-base homeostasis, acute kidney injury, vasopressor use, resuscitation fluid requirement, urinary output, and the incidence of adverse effects was evaluated; secondary clinical outcomes were analyzed."	( Safety, Pharmacodynamics, and Efficacy of High- Versus Low-Dose Ascorbic Acid in Severely Burned Adults. Hirche, C; Horter, J; Hundeshagen, G; Kneser, U; Kremer, T; Meess, D; Nagel, SS; Radu, CA; Schmidt, VJ; Ziegler, B, 2020)	0.56
" Vitamin C, probably due to its strong antioxidant properties, could improve and partially counteract the toxic effect of UV-A on oxidative stress parameters and prevent the damage in rat's brain tissues."	( The possible neurobehavioral protective effects of natural antioxidant against phototoxicity attenuation of antimicrobial quinolone group in rats. Mansour, HA; Masoud, MA; Sheded, MS; Yahia, R, 2020)	0.56
" In the present study, the potential developmental toxicity of drugs was divided into three classes (1: non-developmentally toxic, 2: weakly developmentally toxic and 3: strongly developmentally toxic) according to the EST criteria."	( A novel screening test to predict the developmental toxicity of drugs using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Aikawa, N, 2020)	0.56
" This study demonstrates that the investigated topical formulation is safe and effective to use for SD."	( Safety/Efficacy of New Topical Silicone Formulation with Selective Growth Factors for Treating Striae Distensae. Kalasho, BD; Kikuchi, R; Pletzer, V; Waldman, AR; Wolfswinkel, EM; Zoumalan, CI, )	0.13
"Unprecedented anthropogenic activities have led to contamination of soil and water with toxic metals that present a great threat to crop yields."	( Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of sub-cellular chromium distribution, ascorbate-glutathione cycle and glutathione biosynthesis in tomato roots under chromium (VI) toxicity. Ali, HM; Kushwaha, BK; Siddiqui, MH; Singh, VP, 2020)	0.56
" When vancomycin is used in critically ill patients, VC can be used in combination to reduce or avoid drug-induced renal injury, improve curative effect and reduce toxic effects."	( [High dose vitamin C significantly reduces the nephrotoxicity of vancomycin in critically ill patients]. Bian, X; Chen, E; He, J; Jing, F; Mao, E; Xu, W; Zhao, B, 2020)	0.56
"This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the parotid glands (PGs) of albino rats histologically and ultrastructurally and assess the possible protective effect of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant."	( Evaluation of the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles and the possible protective effect of ascorbic acid on the parotid glands of albino rats: An Messiry, HE; Taghyan, SA; Zainy, MAE, 2020)	0.56
" A higher incidence of mild to moderate TEAEs was observed for NER1006, in the absence of serious adverse events."	( Effectiveness and safety of NER1006 versus standard bowel preparations: A meta-analysis of randomized phase-3 clinical trials. Macaluso, FS; Maida, M; Sferrazza, S; Sinagra, E; Ventimiglia, M, 2020)	0.56
" However, exogenous addition of ASC significantly reversed toxic effects of Cr(VI) in tomato roots."	( Ascorbic acid is essential for inducing chromium (VI) toxicity tolerance in tomato roots. Al-Huqail, AA; Ali, HM; Kushwaha, BK; Siddiqui, MH; Singh, VP, 2020)	0.56
"Exposure to naphthalene, which is widely used in mothballs, does not usually produce adverse effects."	( Naphthalene Toxicity in a Three-Year-Old Child Complicated by Severe Hemolytic Anemia and Mild Methemoglobinemia: A Case Report. Alghamdi, FS; Eskandarani, RM, 2020)	0.56
"Both intravenous and oral treatments evaluated in this study, were effective and safe about the cardiovascular risk in "frailty" elderly patients, as resulted from non-linear HRV analysis."	( A pilot study on secondary anemia in "frailty" patients treated with Ferric Sodium EDTA in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine: safety of treatment explored by HRV non-linear analysis as predictive Curcio, A; Iannarelli, N; Marchitto, N; Paparello, PT; Petrucci, A; Pironti, M; Raimondi, G; Romano, A, 2020)	0.56
"Non-linear HRV evaluation confirmed that oral administration of Ferric Sodium EDTA, in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine (Ferachel forte®) did not impact the cardiovascular risk, without causing adverse events typically reported with other iron supplementation therapies, both oral and intravenous."	( A pilot study on secondary anemia in "frailty" patients treated with Ferric Sodium EDTA in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine: safety of treatment explored by HRV non-linear analysis as predictive Curcio, A; Iannarelli, N; Marchitto, N; Paparello, PT; Petrucci, A; Pironti, M; Raimondi, G; Romano, A, 2020)	0.56
"Chlorine disinfection inactivates pathogens in drinking water, but meanwhile it causes the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which may induce adverse health effects."	( Effects of ascorbate and carbonate on the conversion and developmental toxicity of halogenated disinfection byproducts during boiling of tap water. Jiang, J; Li, Y; Liu, J; Sayes, CM; Sharma, VK; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.56
"Iron overload in water is a problem in many areas of the world, which could exert toxic effects on fish."	( Potential amelioration of waterborne iron toxicity in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) through dietary supplementation of vitamin C. Egnew, N; Kumar, V; Romano, N; Sinha, AK; Yadav, AK, 2020)	0.56
" Our previous research found its toxic effects on oocytes maturation."	( Vitamin C protects early mouse embryos against juglone toxicity. Cheng, W; Liu, H; Tao, R; Xu, H; Zhang, X; Zhou, C, 2020)	0.56
" Given HQ's side effects and potential controversy over its long-term use from prior animal studies, there is a consumer demand for non-HQ topical formulations that provide similar efficacy, but with a reduced adverse reaction profile to HQ."	( Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of a Topical Formulation Containing Epidermal Growth Factor, Tranexamic Acid, Vitamin C, Arbutin, Niacinamide and Other Ingredients as Hydroquinone 4% Alternatives to Improve Hyperpigmentation: A Prospective, Randomized, Kalasho, BD; Minokadeh, A; Pletzer, V; Shemirani, NL; Waldman, AR; Zhang-Nunes, S; Zoumalan, CI; Zoumalan, RA, )	0.13
" Secondary outcomes included the change in the reticulocyte percentage after 2 weeks of treatment, the increase in hemoglobin level after 4 weeks of treatment, the increase in serum ferritin level after 8 weeks of treatment, and adverse events."	( The Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin C for Iron Supplementation in Adult Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Chen, Q; Li, N; Liu, W; Wang, X; Wu, W; Zhang, M; Zhao, G, 2020)	0.56
" There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding the rates of adverse events (46 [20."	( The Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin C for Iron Supplementation in Adult Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Chen, Q; Li, N; Liu, W; Wang, X; Wu, W; Zhang, M; Zhao, G, 2020)	0.56
" Vitamin C is considered as a safe supplement, however, side effects such as kidney stones, pro-oxidant effect, hemolysis in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, impact on lymphocytic activity, acid-base disturbance, and increased sodium load following its administration have been reported."	( Vitamin C and kidney transplantation: Nutritional status, potential efficacy, safety, and interactions. Alamdari, A; Borran, M; Dashti-Khavidaki, S; Naderi, N, 2021)	0.62
"High-dose vitamin C may reduce the mortality and improve oxygen support status in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 without adverse events."	( The efficiency and safety of high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Deng, F; Gao, D; Gong, S; Guo, Y; Jiang, W; Lu, Z; Lv, J; Lv, L; Ma, X; Wang, G; Xia, G; Xu, M; Yang, H; Zhang, D, 2021)	0.62
" The number of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) (51 vs 62%, p = 0."	( Effectiveness and safety of 1L PEG-ASC preparation for colonoscopy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Camilleri, S; Catarella, D; Di Bartolo, CE; Macaluso, FS; Maida, M; Morreale, GC; Orlando, A; Raimondo, D; Rossi, F; Scalisi, G; Schillaci, D; Sferrazza, S; Sinagra, E; Vettori, G; Vitello, A, 2021)	0.62
"Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and widely utilized in various industries."	( Could Vitamin C Protect Against Mercuric Chloride Induced Lung Toxicity In The Offspring Rat: A Histological And Immunohistochemical Study. El-Meligy, MMS; Ismail, OI, 2021)	0.62
" CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) is one of the most significant adverse effects, and oxidative stress is thought to be one of the mechanisms underlying CIN."	( Antioxidant effect of ascorbic acid against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and P-glycoprotein expression in rats. Furugen, A; Kitaichi, F; Kobayashi, M; Narumi, K; Okamoto, K; Saito, Y; Ueda, H, 2021)	0.62
"We investigated the role of ascorbic acid (AsA) to alleviate nickel (Ni) induced adverse effects on growth and concentration of Ni, copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in hydroponically grown wheat varieties viz."	( Alleviation of adverse effects of nickel on growth and concentration of copper and manganese in wheat through foliar application of ascorbic acid. Ahmad, HR; Ahmad, W; Nadeem, F; Naseem, Z; Sabir, M; Usman, M, 2022)	0.72
"Exploiting plant internal mechanisms with foliar application of different organic substances have widely been investigated to decrease metal accumulation and their adverse effects on plants."	( Alleviation of adverse effects of nickel on growth and concentration of copper and manganese in wheat through foliar application of ascorbic acid. Ahmad, HR; Ahmad, W; Nadeem, F; Naseem, Z; Sabir, M; Usman, M, 2022)	0.72
" In patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, who are vitamin D deficient, administration of large doses of cholecalciferol for few days can be a safe option to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 pneumonia."	( Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) with Low Dose Vitamin C as a Safe and Effective Therapeutic Modality in an Adult with COVID-19 Pneumonia. Khan, ST; Siddiqui, E; Subhani, F; Waheed, S; Zahid, RO, 2021)	0.62
" In terms of safety, there were no serious adverse reactions to any of the treatments compared to placebo."	( A network meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of drugs for restless legs syndrome in dialysis patients. Cui, B; Ge, J; Guan, Y; Sun, KX; Tang, M; Wang, JW, 2022)	0.72
"Topical tranexamic acid or vitamin C application after dermapen microneedling was an effective and safe technique in melasma treatment with minimal side effects, and vascular component improvement by tranexamic acid."	( Efficacy and Safety of tranexamic acid versus vitamin c after microneedling in treatment of melasma: Clinical and Dermoscopic study. Doghaim, N; El Attar, Y; El Far, N; El Hedody, S; Hawwam, SA, 2022)	0.72
" However, oral iron supplements are toxic to the gastrointestinal mucosa and intolerance is common, resulting in poor compliance and failure of treatment."	( Comparison of efficacy & safety of iron polymaltose complex & ferrous ascorbate with ferrous sulphate in pregnant women with iron-deficiency anaemia. Chavan, S; Rana, P; Tekur, U; Tripathi, R, 2021)	0.62
" They were then followed up for 90 days to observe for improvement in the haemoglobin levels and other haematological parameters or any adverse drug reaction."	( Comparison of efficacy & safety of iron polymaltose complex & ferrous ascorbate with ferrous sulphate in pregnant women with iron-deficiency anaemia. Chavan, S; Rana, P; Tekur, U; Tripathi, R, 2021)	0.62
" The overall adverse effect profiles were also comparable among the study groups except epigastric pain which was more commonly reported in the FS group."	( Comparison of efficacy & safety of iron polymaltose complex & ferrous ascorbate with ferrous sulphate in pregnant women with iron-deficiency anaemia. Chavan, S; Rana, P; Tekur, U; Tripathi, R, 2021)	0.62
"Environmental contamination from toxic metals and pesticides is an issue of great concern due to their harmful effects to human health and the ecosystems."	( Vitamin C Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Behavioral Impairments Induced by Deltamethrin and Lead Toxicity in Zebrafish. Ciobica, A; Faggio, C; Flocea, EI; Jijie, R; Lazado, CC; Nicoara, M; Paduraru, E; Simionov, IA, 2021)	0.62
"Nanoparticles can potentially cause adverse effects on cellular and molecular level."	( Tissue Distribution, Histopathological and Genotoxic Effects of Magnetite Nanoparticles on Ehrlich Solid Carcinoma. Bassiony, H; El-Ghor, AA; Mohamed, MM; Sabet, S; Salaheldin, TA, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse events were present in three RCTs (n=157), absent in 10 RCTs (n=957), and not reported in 25 RCTs (n=1570)."	( Efficacy and safety of perioperative vitamin C in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Belletti, A; Bollen Pinto, B; Putzu, A; Suter, M, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse events were rare but not systematically assessed."	( Efficacy and safety of perioperative vitamin C in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Belletti, A; Bollen Pinto, B; Putzu, A; Suter, M, 2022)	0.72
" So needling can be suggested as an effective and safe method with low recurrence rate for the treatment of melasma."	( Systematic review of clinical studies assessing the needling for treatment of melasma: Focusing on efficacy, safety, and recurrence rate. Behrangi, E; Ghassemi, M; Goodarzi, A; Najar Nobari, N; Roohaninasab, M; Sadeghzadeh-Bazargan, A, 2022)	0.72
" No significant differences were found in the incidences of overall adverse events, mild adverse events, or death or in the occurrence of gastroduodenal erosion or ulcer in upper endoscopy."	( Improving the tolerability and safety of 1-L polyethylene glycol plus low-dose ascorbic acid for bowel preparation in a healthy population: a randomized multicenter clinical trial. Cha, JM; Jung, Y; Kang, SB; Yoon, HJ, 2022)	0.72
" However, adverse drug reactions (ADR) are common and frequently cause patients to discontinue treatment."	( Mitigation of benznidazole toxicity and oxidative stress following ascorbic acid supplementation in an adult traveller with chronic indeterminate Chagas' disease. Breynaert, A; De Bruyne, T; Hermans, N; Huits, R; Truyens, C; Van Den Broucke, S; Van Esbroeck, M; Van Herreweghe, M, 2022)	0.72
" The Panel reviewed relevant data relating to the safety of these ingredients, and concluded that the ethers and esters of ascorbic acid are safe in the present practices of use and concentration, as described in this safety assessment."	( Safety Assessment of Ethers and Esters of Ascorbic Acid as Used in Cosmetics. Belsito, DV; Bergfeld, WF; Boyer, IJ; Heldreth, B; Hill, RA; Johnson, W; Klaassen, CD; Liebler, DC; Marks, JG; Shank, RC; Slaga, TJ; Snyder, PW, 2022)	0.72
" We aimed to evaluate the incidence of adverse events (AEs) following BP with 1L-PEG-Asc or 2L-PEG-Asc."	( Safety of a novel 1L-polyethylene glycol-ascorbate solution for colonoscopy cleansing (REAL Study). Biancheri, P; Bonura, GF; Curatolo, A; Deiana, S; Gabbani, T; Hassan, C; Impellizzeri, G; Manno, M; Ottaviani, L; Rainer, J; Repici, A; Soriani, P, 2022)	0.72
" This strongly suggests that 1L-PEG-Asc colonoscopy BP is as safe as 2L-PEG-Asc BP in a real-life clinical setting of unselected patients."	( Safety of a novel 1L-polyethylene glycol-ascorbate solution for colonoscopy cleansing (REAL Study). Biancheri, P; Bonura, GF; Curatolo, A; Deiana, S; Gabbani, T; Hassan, C; Impellizzeri, G; Manno, M; Ottaviani, L; Rainer, J; Repici, A; Soriani, P, 2022)	0.72
" Data were extracted on study characteristics, aggregate outcome measures per group (glycaemic control, measures of insulin sensitivity and secretion), adverse events, and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) assessments."	( Efficacy and Safety of Nutrient Supplements for Glycaemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: An Umbrella Review and Hierarchical Evidence Synthesis. Alesi, S; Deed, G; Ee, C; Fong, C; Grant, S; Moran, LJ; Mousa, A; Tapia, K, 2022)	0.72
" The secondary endpoints were perfect preparation rate, the presence of air bubbles, safety as assessed by laboratory abnormalities and self-reported adverse events, or IBD symptom flare-ups."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of oral sulphate tablet for bowel preparation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A multicentre randomized controlled study. Chung, YJ; Jang, BI; Kim, ES; Kim, EY; Kim, KO; Kim, SK; Lee, HS; Lee, YJ; Yang, CH, 2022)	0.72
" Our results suggest that the OST split-dose regimen is effective and safe for patients with inactive IBD."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of oral sulphate tablet for bowel preparation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A multicentre randomized controlled study. Chung, YJ; Jang, BI; Kim, ES; Kim, EY; Kim, KO; Kim, SK; Lee, HS; Lee, YJ; Yang, CH, 2022)	0.72
" VA and VC supplementation attenuated the toxic effects of DEHP on the testicular functions, morphology, and semen characterization of the experimental adult male Wistar rats."	( Vanillic acid and vitamin C attenuated di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate-induced testicular toxicity in adult male rats. Adedotun, OA; Adejayi, J; Gbotolorun, SC; Iteire, K; Ogunlade, B, 2022)	0.72
" The overall incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups ([82/120] 68."	( Bowel Preparation Efficacy and Safety of 1 L vs 2 L Polyethylene Glycol With Ascorbic Acid for Colonoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Bang, EJ; Choi, HS; Chun, HJ; Jeen, YT; Jeon, HJ; Keum, B; Kim, ES; Kim, SH; Lee, HS; Lee, JM; Lee, KW, 2023)	0.91
"Vitamin C Administration to women with previous history of Premature Preterm Rupture of Membrane is efficient and safe in prevention of such event in current pregnancy."	( The efficacy and safety of vitamin C administration to women with history of premature preterm rupture of membrane in prevention of such event in current pregnancy: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Abdulhussain, AS, 2022)	0.72
" Our examination of the most up-to-date evidence concludes that Recommended Daily Allowance supplementation is relatively safe for thiamine-deficient patients."	( Thiamine pharmaconutrition in sepsis: Monotherapy, combined therapy, or neither? Current evidence on safety and efficacy. Hardy, G; Manzanares, W; Novoa, J, 2023)	0.91
" Vitamin C has proven to be defensive against toxic substances and provides antioxidant and cytoprotective activity to hepatocytes."	( Vitamin C as a potential ameliorating agent against hepatotoxicity among alcoholic abusers. Al Garea, MH; Alqahtani, SA; Alqasoumi, AA; Emara, AM; Hadadi, AH, 2023)	0.91
" Using vitamin C as an adjunctive supplement to standard treatment may be helpful in minimizing the toxic side effects of alcohol abuse."	( Vitamin C as a potential ameliorating agent against hepatotoxicity among alcoholic abusers. Al Garea, MH; Alqahtani, SA; Alqasoumi, AA; Emara, AM; Hadadi, AH, 2023)	0.91
" It was concluded that oxidized ghee was highly toxic and not safe for consumption."	( Evaluating the in-vivo effects of olive oil, soya bean oil, and vitamins against oxidized ghee toxicity. Alharbi, M; Ali Khan, A; Alshammari, A; Aziz, T; F Alasmari, A; Muhammad, A; Saleem, K; Ur Rahman, S, 2023)	0.91
" Patient satisfaction, adverse events, and renal function changes were compared between the groups."	( Efficacy and safety of 1 L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid for bowel preparation in elderly: comparison with oral sulfate solution. Jang, BI; Kim, EY; Kim, KO; Kim, SK; Lee, YJ; Lim, KY; Yang, CH, 2023)	0.91
" Adverse events of moderate or higher severity occurred in 16 and 10 cases in the 1 L PEG/Asc and OSS group, respectively."	( Efficacy and safety of 1 L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid for bowel preparation in elderly: comparison with oral sulfate solution. Jang, BI; Kim, EY; Kim, KO; Kim, SK; Lee, YJ; Lim, KY; Yang, CH, 2023)	0.91
"The successful bowel preparation rate was > 90% in both groups without severe adverse effects and significant changes in renal function."	( Efficacy and safety of 1 L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid for bowel preparation in elderly: comparison with oral sulfate solution. Jang, BI; Kim, EY; Kim, KO; Kim, SK; Lee, YJ; Lim, KY; Yang, CH, 2023)	0.91
"Aluminum (Al) is highly toxic to plants, since it causes stress and inhibits plant growth."	( Silicon as an attenuator of the toxic effects of aluminum in Schinus terebinthifolius plants. Aguilar, MVM; Azevedo, TD; Lovato, LR; Mattos, JPO; Nicoloso, FT; Rosa, FCR; Tabaldi, LA; Valsoler, DV; Wertonge, GS, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

This study shows that there were pharmacokinetic differences between plain and slow release formulations of ascorbic acid. As a consequence of this ceiling effect, there is no pharmacokinetics justification for the use of megadoses of as Corbic Acid.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" None of the pharmacokinetic parameters differed due to gender in depleted subjects."	( Effects of gender on vitamin C pharmacokinetics in man. Blanchard, J, 1991)	0.28
" The observed lead concentration-time data in different tissues of the rats, in the absence and presence of As-Ac, have been simulated using a physiological pharmacokinetic modelling technique."	( A physiological pharmacokinetic model describing the disposition of lead in the absence and presence of L-ascorbic acid in rats. Dalley, JW; Gupta, PK; Hung, CT, 1990)	0.28
" A 4- to 11-fold variation between individuals was found in the pharmacokinetic parameters: peak concentration, time to reach peak, area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), and fraction of dose excreted in the urine."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral 6-mercaptopurine: relationship between plasma levels and urine excretion of parent drug. Endresen, L; Lie, SO; Rugstad, HE; Stokke, O; Storm-Mathisen, I, 1990)	0.28
" The plasma half-life of the LH bioactivity (with 95% confidence limits) was estimated to be 42."	( Plasma clearance in the rat of the LH bioactivity of two human LH standards of differing molecular composition. Diczfalusy, E; Khan, SA; Mistry, YG; Storring, PL, 1988)	0.27
" The mean plasma half-life of antipyrine was 10."	( The influence of vitamin C on antipyrine pharmacokinetics in elderly men. Achari, R; Blanchard, J; Conrad, KA; Harrison, GG, )	0.13
" Conversely, none of the caffeine pharmacokinetic parameters evaluated changed significantly during the study."	( The effect of vitamin C on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in elderly men. Blanchard, J; Conrad, KA; Harrison, GG; Trang, JM, 1982)	0.26
"To develop a new pharmacokinetic model for ascorbic acid (vitamin C) since no previously published model describes ascorbic acid absorption and disposition over a broad physiologic range of doses and plasma concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetic model of ascorbic acid in healthy male volunteers during depletion and repletion. Cantilena, LR; Conry-Cantilena, C; Graumlich, JF; Levine, M; Ludden, TM; Wang, Y, 1997)	0.3
" The model was fitted to pharmacokinetic data obtained from seven healthy volunteers who underwent ascorbic acid depletion then gradual repletion."	( Pharmacokinetic model of ascorbic acid in healthy male volunteers during depletion and repletion. Cantilena, LR; Conry-Cantilena, C; Graumlich, JF; Levine, M; Ludden, TM; Wang, Y, 1997)	0.3
" As a consequence of this ceiling effect, there is no pharmacokinetic justification for the use of megadoses of ascorbic acid."	( Pharmacokinetic perspectives on megadoses of ascorbic acid. Blanchard, J; Rowland, M; Tozer, TN, 1997)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic modeling of the elimination of AA was made difficult by a pronounced secondary peak appearing after about 9 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics in dogs after oral administration of two different forms of ascorbic acid. Berge, GE; Hoem, NO; Sund, RB; Wang, S, 2001)	0.31
" Serial blood samples for assessment of the pharmacokinetic parameters of linezolid and its two inactive metabolites were collected on days 1 and 8, whereas vitamin concentrations were measured prior to and after the vitamin intake on these days."	( The pharmacokinetics of linezolid are not affected by concomitant intake of the antioxidant vitamins C and E. Antal, EJ; Francom, SF; Gordi, T; Hong, C; Hopkins, NJ; Slatter, JG; Tan, LH, 2003)	0.32
"Dose concentration studies and pharmacokinetic modeling."	( Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use. Hewitt, SM; Katz, A; Levine, M; Padayatty, SJ; Riordan, HD; Sun, H; Wang, Y; Wesley, RA, 2004)	0.32
" For the maximum tolerated oral dose of 3 g every 4 hours, pharmacokinetic modeling predicted peak plasma vitamin C concentrations of 220 micromol/L and 13 400 micromol/L for a 50-g intravenous dose."	( Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use. Hewitt, SM; Katz, A; Levine, M; Padayatty, SJ; Riordan, HD; Sun, H; Wang, Y; Wesley, RA, 2004)	0.32
"Patient data are not available to confirm pharmacokinetic modeling at high doses and in patients with cancer."	( Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use. Hewitt, SM; Katz, A; Levine, M; Padayatty, SJ; Riordan, HD; Sun, H; Wang, Y; Wesley, RA, 2004)	0.32
"This study shows that there were pharmacokinetic differences between plain and slow release formulations of ascorbic acid."	( Vitamin C pharmacokinetics of plain and slow release formulations in smokers. Lykkesfeldt, J; Poulsen, HE; Viscovich, M, 2004)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic evaluation was repeatedly performed 1 week later in the same way except for adding 200 mg AsA to the tablet."	( The effect of ascorbic acid on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa in elderly patients with Parkinson disease. Hamamoto, M; Katayama, Y; Nagayama, H; Nito, C; Ueda, M; Yamaguchi, H, )	0.13
" Plasma samples were then collected for indinavir pharmacokinetic determination."	( Effect of high-dose vitamin C on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of the protease inhibitor indinavir in healthy volunteers. Amsden, JR; Fisher, MA; Hobbs, GR; Khakoo, RA; Lalka, D; Slain, D, 2005)	0.33
" Indinavir oral clearance and half-life were not significantly different."	( Effect of high-dose vitamin C on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of the protease inhibitor indinavir in healthy volunteers. Amsden, JR; Fisher, MA; Hobbs, GR; Khakoo, RA; Lalka, D; Slain, D, 2005)	0.33
" A detailed pharmacokinetic study was done with mouse after oral administration of methylglyoxal."	( In vivo assessment of toxicity and pharmacokinetics of methylglyoxal. Augmentation of the curative effect of methylglyoxal on cancer-bearing mice by ascorbic acid and creatine. Bhattacharyya, N; Ghosh, M; Ghosh, S; Ray, M; Ray, S; Talukdar, D, 2006)	0.33
" The assay has been used in clinical pharmacokinetic studies of apomorphine in patients with Parkinson's disease, and in preliminary studies of novel apomorphine delivery devices in volunteers."	( Improved assay for R(-)-apomorphine with application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies in Parkinson's disease. Ingram, WM; Priston, MJ; Sewell, GJ, 2006)	0.33
" Some authors argue that the biological half-life for vitamin C at high plasma levels is about 30 minutes, but these reports are the subject of some controversy."	( Pharmacokinetics of vitamin C: insights into the oral and intravenous administration of ascorbate. Duconge, J; Gonzalez, MJ; Jackson, JA; Miranda-Massari, JR; Riordan, NH; Warnock, W, 2008)	0.35
"To develop an HPLC-UV method for determination of a novel antitrypanosomal compound (OSU-36) and its ester prodrug (OSU-40) in rat plasma and to apply the method for pharmacokinetic evaluation of both compounds in rats."	( Simultaneous determination of a novel antitrypanosomal compound (OSU-36) and its ester derivative (OSU-40) in plasma by HPLC: application to first pharmacokinetic study in rats. Gershkovich, P; Lysakowski, S; Premalatha, K; Reid, C; Sivak, O; Wasan, KM; Werbovetz, KA, 2011)	0.37
" The developed method has been applied for a pharmacokinetic study in rats which revealed that an ester prodrug OSU-40 is rapidly converted to OSU-36 within the plasma compartment by plasma esterases."	( Simultaneous determination of a novel antitrypanosomal compound (OSU-36) and its ester derivative (OSU-40) in plasma by HPLC: application to first pharmacokinetic study in rats. Gershkovich, P; Lysakowski, S; Premalatha, K; Reid, C; Sivak, O; Wasan, KM; Werbovetz, KA, 2011)	0.37
" In the case of diclofenak treatment without vitamins Cmax corresponds to 1137."	( [The influence of vitamin B group on monooxygenase activity of cytochrome P450 3A4: pharmacokinetics and electro analysis of catalytic properties]. Archakov, AI; Bylko, TV; Kukes, VG; Makhova, AA; Ramenskaia, GV; Shikh, EV; Shumiantseva, VV; Sizova, OS; Usanov, SA, )	0.13
" Part 2 assessed the effect of a high-fat meal and drug interaction with an H2 blocker and an H2 blocker plus vitamin C on the pharmacokinetic profile of GSK1322322."	( Effect of H2 blockade and food on single-dose pharmacokinetics of GSK1322322, a peptide deformylase inhibitor antibacterial. Dumont, E; Jones, LS; Kurtinecz, M; Naderer, OJ; Zhu, J, 2013)	0.39
" Half-life and clearance values were similar for all patients of all cohorts (2."	( Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with advanced cancer. Levin, RD; Lis, CG; Spector, T; Stephenson, CM, 2013)	0.39
" The aim of this study was to compare the relative bioavailability of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C using a randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic study design."	( A randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic bioavailability study of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C. Bozonet, SM; Carr, AC; Vissers, MC, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, we have utilized a well-established multicell-layered, three-dimensional pharmacokinetic model to measure ascorbate diffusion and transport parameters through dense tissue in vitro."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling of ascorbate diffusion through normal and tumor tissue. Hicks, KO; Kuiper, C; Vissers, MC, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained when they received solely IVAA and when IVAA in combination with mEHT."	( The safety and pharmacokinetics of high dose intravenous ascorbic acid synergy with modulated electrohyperthermia in Chinese patients with stage III-IV non-small cell lung cancer. Gui, X; Lu, Y; Ou, J; Pang, CLK; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhao, C; Zhu, X, 2017)	0.46
"This was a four-group randomized pharmacokinetic trial."	( Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Trial of Four IV Regimens. de Grooth, HJ; Girbes, AR; Manubulu-Choo, WP; Oudemans-van Straaten, HM; Spoelstra-de Man, AME; Swart, EL; Zandvliet, AS, 2018)	0.48
" A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with creatinine clearance and weight as independent covariates described all four regimens best."	( Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Trial of Four IV Regimens. de Grooth, HJ; Girbes, AR; Manubulu-Choo, WP; Oudemans-van Straaten, HM; Spoelstra-de Man, AME; Swart, EL; Zandvliet, AS, 2018)	0.48
" So the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of vitamin C and omega-3 on the pharmacokinetic property of paracetamol."	( Vitamin C, omega-3 and paracetamol pharmacokinetic interactions using saliva specimens as determiners. Ahmed, ZH; Aljasani, BM; Jaccob, AA, 2019)	0.51
"Prospective pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetic data support 6-hourly dosing of intravenous vitamin C to critically ill patients with septic shock. Abdelhamid, YA; Bellomo, R; Bitker, L; Collie, JT; Deane, AM; Doherty, S; Eastwood, G; Fujii, T; Greaves, RF; Hudson, EP; Luethi, N; Naorungroj, T; Udy, AA; Yanase, F, 2019)	0.51
"Clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life were calculated using noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetic data support 6-hourly dosing of intravenous vitamin C to critically ill patients with septic shock. Abdelhamid, YA; Bellomo, R; Bitker, L; Collie, JT; Deane, AM; Doherty, S; Eastwood, G; Fujii, T; Greaves, RF; Hudson, EP; Luethi, N; Naorungroj, T; Udy, AA; Yanase, F, 2019)	0.51
" These results demonstrate that RJX-P and RJX-B are bioequivalent relative to their pharmacodynamic effects on tissue SOD and ascorbic acid levels."	( Non-clinical safety profile and pharmacodynamics of two formulations of the anti-sepsis drug candidate Rejuveinix (RJX). Orhan, C; Ozercan, IH; Powell, J; Sahin, E; Sahin, K; Uckun, FM; Volk, M, 2021)	0.62
" The influence of the selected stabilizers on its pharmacokinetic behavior was evaluated in rats after intravenous administration."	( Development of stabilized fuzapladib solution for injection: forced degradation study and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Higuchi, K; Onoue, S; Sato, H; Shikama, H; Shindo, T; Yamada, K; Yamane, C, 2022)	0.72
"Intravenous vitamin C (IVC) is used in a variety of disorders with limited supporting pharmacokinetic data."	( Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Intravenous Vitamin C: A Classic Pharmacokinetic Study. Chen, P; Chen, Q; Dong, R; Drisko, J; Esparham, A; Ferrell, R; Jiang, J; Levine, M; Ma, Y; Reed, G; Sunega, J; Wang, Y, 2022)	0.72
"A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 21 healthy volunteers and 12 oncology participants."	( Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Intravenous Vitamin C: A Classic Pharmacokinetic Study. Chen, P; Chen, Q; Dong, R; Drisko, J; Esparham, A; Ferrell, R; Jiang, J; Levine, M; Ma, Y; Reed, G; Sunega, J; Wang, Y, 2022)	0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

L-ascorbic acid-2-O-phosphate-Na(2) (APS) combined with hyperthermia on adipogenic differentiation of mouse stromal cells, OP9. Antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with EGCG or ascorbic acid was determined using several dosing regimens.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The response of the differential amperometric detector was compared with that of a fixed-wavelength UV detector in the analysis of L-ascorbic acid in combination with anion-exchange chromatography."	( Evaluation of the characteristics of the differential amperometric detector in combination with anion-exchange chromatography, using L-ascorbic acid as test compound. Bruins, CH; Brunt, K, 1979)	0.26
" The investigations revealed the presence of a free ascorbic acid and the one combined with high-molecular proteins and peptides."	( [Bound form of ascorbic acid combined with the blood serum proteins]. Bogdanov, NG; Zviagina, OP, )	0.13
"The in vitro activity of deferoxamine (DFO) combined with cephalothin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, vancomycin, and fusidic acid, in the presence or absence of the reductant ascorbic acid (AA) was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus by a macrobroth dilution technique and killing curve kinetics."	( The antibacterial activity of a siderophore. 2. The influence of deferoxamine alone and combined with ascorbic acid on the activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Frimodt-Møller, N; Hartzen, SH; Thomsen, VF, 1991)	0.28
"Antitumor activity of ascorbic acid in combination with antitumor agents (mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil) was examined against subcutaneously implanted Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice by feeding them an ascorbic acid-deficient diet."	( Antitumor activity of ascorbic acid in combination with antitumor agents against Lewis lung carcinoma. Fujimoto, S; Nakano, K; Tokita, H, )	0.13
"Chronic treatment with sulfadimesin or sulfamonomethoxin combined with UV irradiation leads to potentiation of adrenocortical function."	( [Several indices of the functional state of the adrenals of white rats during a prescribed course of sulfadimezine and sulfamonomethoxine combined with UV-irradiation]. Matveeva, SA, )	0.13
" Combination with hyperthermia (42 degrees C) suppressed the increase and cell growth was completely inhibited at 75 microM."	( Promotive action of acylated ascorbate on cellular DNA synthesis and growth at low doses in contrast to inhibitory action at high doses or upon combination with hyperthermia. Kageyama, K; Kimura, M; Matsui-Yuasa, I; Miwa, N; Nagao, N; Onoyama, Y; Otani, S, 1996)	0.29
"The anti-tumor effects of high-energy shock waves (HESW) in combination with cisplatin (CDDP) and ATX-70, as a photosensitizer, were investigated in vitro and in vivo."	( Application of high energy shock waves to cancer treatment in combination with cisplatin and ATX-70. Asano, T; Hasegawa, M; Isono, K; Iwashita, C; Maruyama, M; Miyauchi, H; Nakagohri, T; Uematsu, T, )	0.13
" The anti-tumor effects of HESW in combination with cisplatin (CDDP) and ATX-70 was investigated in vitro and in vivo."	( Application of high energy shock waves to cancer treatment in combination with cisplatin and ATX-70. Asano, T; Hasegawa, M; Isono, K; Iwashita, C; Maruyama, M; Miyauchi, H; Nakagohri, T; Uematsu, T, )	0.13
" ESR spectroscopy might be applicable for the detection of drug-drug interaction."	( [Detection of drug-drug interaction by ESR spectroscopy]. Sakagami, H; Satoh, K, 1999)	0.3
" Three of the groups were exposed to PCB126 (total dose 320 microgram/kg, bw), either alone or in combination with vitamin C added to the drinking water (1 and 10 g/l, respectively)."	( Bone tissue composition, dimensions and strength in female rats given an increased dietary level of vitamin A or exposed to 3,3',4, 4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) alone or in combination with vitamin C. Johansson, S; Larsson, S; Lind, PM; Lindhe, O; Melhus, H; Orberg, J; Wikström, M, 2000)	0.31
" These diets were tested in combination with the conventional cytotoxic agent CP in a series of regimens."	( Suppression of tumor growth and metastasis by dietary fish oil combined with vitamins E and C and cisplatin. Peled, A; Shinitzky, M; Yam, D, 2001)	0.31
"To investigate whether ascorbic acid could enhance the efficacy of arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) combined with 2, 3-dimethoxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ) in inducing the apoptosis of leukemia cell line U937 and its possible mechanism."	( [Ascorbic acid enhances the apoptosis of U937 cells induced by arsenic trioxide in combination with DMNQ and its mechanism]. Gao, F; Li, H; Shi, G; Shi, X; Tang, X; Wang, Z; Yi, J, 2002)	0.31
"The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of triclabendazole (CAS 68786-66-3) therapy alone or in combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C, CAS 50-81-7) and tocofersolan (vitamin E, CAS 30999-06-5), in Fasciola hepatica patients, on Lipo-peroxidation (LPO) and blood antioxidant capacity."	( Antioxidant capacity in Fasciola hepatica patients before and after treatment with triclabendazole alone or in combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and tocofersolan (vitamin E). el-Toukhy, MA; Fouad, HN; Hishmat, M; Rawash, NA; Rehim, WM; Sharaf, IA, 2003)	0.32
"The antiproliferative effect and apoptosis-inducing action of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in combination with vitamin C were tested in vitro against the chemosensitive mouse lymphoma, the chemoresistant HEp-2 and a human lung fibroblast cell line."	( Chemosensitizing effect of vitamin C in combination with 5-fluorouracil in vitro. Molnar, J; Mucsi, I; Nagy, B; Thurzo, L; Varga, A, )	0.13
" The decrease in bioavailability of these nutrients when the multi-micronutrient supplement is combined with a milk-based cornstarch porridge is small."	( Bioavailability of iron, zinc, folate, and vitamin C in the IRIS multi-micronutrient supplement: effect of combination with a milk-based cornstarch porridge. Donangelo, CM; Gross, R; Hoenicke, I; Jandel, D; Kamp, F; Pietrzk, K; Trugo, NM, 2003)	0.32
"Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug known to interact with many other drugs."	( Studying long-term effect of phenytoin either alone or combined with ascorbic acid on the anesthetic effect of urethane in rats. Abdulla, MM; El Desoky, ES, 2004)	0.32
" This study was carried out to examine the ability of exogenous zeaxanthin alone and in combination with vitamin E or C, to protect cultured human retinal pigment epithelium cells against oxidative stress."	( Zeaxanthin in combination with ascorbic acid or alpha-tocopherol protects ARPE-19 cells against photosensitized peroxidation of lipids. Rózanowska, M; Sarna, T; Wrona, M, 2004)	0.32
" This review finds that important drug level changes exist when NHPs are combined with HIV medications."	( Natural health product-HIV drug interactions: a systematic review. Koren, G; Mills, E; Montori, V; Perri, D; Phillips, E, 2005)	0.33
" It is concluded that vitamin C treatment, alone or its combination with vitamin A, may be beneficial in preventing endotoxin-induced oxidative renal tissue damage and shows potential for clinical use."	( Protective effects of vitamin C, alone or in combination with vitamin A, on endotoxin-induced oxidative renal tissue damage in rats. Armutcu, F; Coskun, O; Kanter, M; Kizilay, G; Uz, YH, 2005)	0.33
" This study assesses the dose-dependent effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a chemopreventive agent, in combination with vitamin C (VC) on the activity of ODC in lung carcinoma cell line, NCI-H82."	( The effect of N-acetylcysteine in combination with vitamin C on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase of lung carcinoma cells--In vitro. Shyamaladevi, CS; Vanisree, AJ, 2006)	0.33
" The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute antioxidant supplementation alone and combined with arginase inhibition on reflex VD in aged skin."	( Acute ascorbate supplementation alone or combined with arginase inhibition augments reflex cutaneous vasodilation in aged human skin. Holowatz, LA; Kenney, WL; Thompson, CS, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of isothiocyanates alone or in combination with vitamin C towards N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) or N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP)-induced oxidative DNA damage in the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay."	( Protective effects of isothiocyanates alone or in combination with vitamin C towards N-nitrosodibutylamine or N-nitrosopiperidine-induced oxidative DNA damage in the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay. Arranz, N; García, A; Haza, AI; Morales, P; Rafter, J, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of organosulfur compounds (OSCs) alone or in combination with vitamin C towards N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA)-induced oxidative DNA damage in the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay."	( Organosulfur compounds alone or in combination with vitamin C protect towards N-nitrosopiperidine- and N-nitrosodibutylamine-induced oxidative DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Arranz, N; Delgado, ME; García, A; Haza, AI; Morales, P; Rafter, J, 2008)	0.35
"To study synergistic effect of Vitamin C (VitC) combined with arsenic trioxide (As2 O3)-on human laryngocarcinoma Hep-2 cell line apoptosis."	( [Effects of vitamin C combined with arsenic trioxide on the apoptosis of Hep-2 cell]. Hu, J; Shu, C; Xu, W; Ye, Y, 2008)	0.35
" In the present study, the effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin C injection in combination with ascorbic acid (SEC-AA) on the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their influences on the mineralization of osteoblasts were investigated."	( Staphylococcal enterotoxin C injection in combination with ascorbic acid promotes the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts in vitro. Chen, HX; Hong, D; Li, DM; Li, JC; Li, M; Liu, CP; Wan, XC, 2008)	0.35
" These results suggest that among elderly individuals with an APOE epsilon4 allele, there is an association between using antioxidant supplements in combination with NSAIDs and less cognitive decline over time."	( Better cognitive performance in elderly taking antioxidant vitamins E and C supplements in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: the Cache County Study. Breitner, JC; Fotuhi, M; Hayden, KM; Khachaturian, AS; Lyketsos, CG; Munger, RG; Norton, MC; Szekely, CA; Tschanz, JT; Welsh-Bohmer, K; Wengreen, H; Zandi, PP, 2008)	0.35
"The present study was performed to investigate the effect of astaxanthin in combination with other antioxidants against oxidative damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats."	( Effect of astaxanthin in combination with alpha-tocopherol or ascorbic acid against oxidative damage in diabetic ODS rats. Nakano, M; Nguyen, VC; Onodera, A; Saito, E; Takahashi, J; Tanabe, M; Yajima, K, 2008)	0.35
" Male Wistar rats were used for the estimation of the in vivo antioxidant effect of LEV through microdialysis combined with electron spin resonance spectroscopy."	( Levetiracetam enhances endogenous antioxidant in the hippocampus of rats: in vivo evaluation by brain microdialysis combined with ESR spectroscopy. Doi, T; Nagatomo, K; Nakajima, A; Takaki, M; Ueda, Y; Willmore, LJ, 2009)	0.35
" The results demonstrate that 6 months of resistance training combined with antioxidant supplementation significantly increased FFM without concomitant significant improvement in IS in older adults."	( Effects of resistance training combined with antioxidant supplementation on fat-free mass and insulin sensitivity in healthy elderly subjects. Bobeuf, F; Dionne, IJ; Khalil, A; Labonté, M, 2010)	0.36
"The redox-silent vitamin E analogue alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) was used in combination with VK3 and AA to evaluate their effect on prostate cancer cells."	( alpha-Tocopheryl succinate promotes selective cell death induced by vitamin K3 in combination with ascorbate. Guerrieri, R; Neuzil, J; Santarelli, L; Staffolani, S; Strafella, E; Tomasetti, M, 2010)	0.36
" However, sub-lethal doses of AA-VK3 combination combined with a sub-toxic dose of alpha-TOS showed to induce efficient cell death that resembles autoschizis."	( alpha-Tocopheryl succinate promotes selective cell death induced by vitamin K3 in combination with ascorbate. Guerrieri, R; Neuzil, J; Santarelli, L; Staffolani, S; Strafella, E; Tomasetti, M, 2010)	0.36
" Such protective effects of VCE in the patients seemed to be greater in combination with EX than EX alone."	( Vitamins C and E treatment combined with exercise modulates oxidative stress markers in blood of patients with fibromyalgia: a controlled clinical pilot study. Akkuş, S; Çelik, Ö; Eriş, S; Nazıroğlu, M; Soyupek, F; Uslusoy, GA; Yalman, K, 2010)	0.36
" Antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with EGCG or ascorbic acid was determined using several dosing regimens to evaluate different target plasma concentrations of EGCG and ascorbic acid."	( Preclinical evaluation of the antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with vitamin C or with epigallocatechin gallate, a component of green tea. Bannerman, B; Berger, A; Bolen, J; Claiborne, C; Dick, L; Fleming, P; Hales, P; Jones, M; Kupperman, E; Manfredi, M; Monbaliu, J; Tsu, C; Xu, L; Yu, J, 2011)	0.37
" However, when combined with EGCG such that the plasma concentrations of EGCG were >200 μM at the time of bortezomib dosing, all antitumor activity was abrogated (TGI = -17."	( Preclinical evaluation of the antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with vitamin C or with epigallocatechin gallate, a component of green tea. Bannerman, B; Berger, A; Bolen, J; Claiborne, C; Dick, L; Fleming, P; Hales, P; Jones, M; Kupperman, E; Manfredi, M; Monbaliu, J; Tsu, C; Xu, L; Yu, J, 2011)	0.37
" In the present study, we have tested the cytotoxicity of ascorbate to MMe cells in combination with drugs used in MMe therapy, such as cisplatin, etoposide, gemcitabine, imatinib, paclitaxel, and raltitrexed, as well as with promising antitumor compounds like taurolidine, α-tocopherol succinate, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)."	( In vitro screening of synergistic ascorbate-drug combinations for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Burlando, B; Martinotti, S; Ranzato, E, 2011)	0.37
"Vitamin C in combination with vitamin K3 (vit CK3) has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo, but the mechanism of action is poorly understood."	( Inhibitory effect of vitamin C in combination with vitamin K3 on tumor growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma xenografted in C57BL/6 mice. Chen, MF; Hu, ML; Liao, JW; Su, CM; Yang, CM, 2011)	0.37
" There are currently insufficient safety data in human subjects, particularly when ascorbic acid is combined with chemotherapy."	( Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Bazzan, AJ; Deshmukh, S; Levine, M; Littman, S; Mitchell, E; Monti, DA; Newberg, AB; Pillai, MV; Yeo, CJ; Zabrecky, G, 2012)	0.38
" This, combined with the observed response to treatment, suggests the need for a phase II study of longer duration."	( Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Bazzan, AJ; Deshmukh, S; Levine, M; Littman, S; Mitchell, E; Monti, DA; Newberg, AB; Pillai, MV; Yeo, CJ; Zabrecky, G, 2012)	0.38
"In vitro activity of interferon-alpha-2b in combination with various antioxidants against the influenza virus and Herpes simplex was studied."	( [Antiviral activity of recombinant interferon-alpha-2b in combination with certain antioxidant]. Deriabin, PG; Galegov, GA; Vasil'ev, AN, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of 4-h load carrying (packing) on donkeys administered with ascorbic acid (AA) during the harmattan season."	( Rectal temperature responses of donkeys administered with ascorbic acid and subjected to load carrying (packing) during the harmattan season in Nigeria. Ambali, SF; Ayo, JO; Minka, NS; Olaifa, F; Rekwot, PI, 2013)	0.39
"To study the effects of gentamicin in combination with ascorbic acid on septic arthritis, mice were infected with Staphylococcus aureus (S."	( Gentamicin in combination with ascorbic acid regulates the severity of Staphylococcus aureus infection-induced septic arthritis in mice. Bandyopadhyay, D; Basu, A; Bishayi, B; Dutta, K; Dutta, S; Mal, P, 2012)	0.38
" In experiment 1, we investigated the effects of vitamin C combined with polyphenol supplementation on chilled semen quality."	( Long-term preservation of chilled canine semen using vitamin C in combination with green tea polyphenol. Chatdarong, K; Kimura, T; Kodama, R; Namula, Z; Otoi, T; Sato, Y; Taniguchi, M; Techakumphu, M; Wittayarat, M, )	0.13
"The aim of this study was to evaluate inhibitory effects of L-ascorbic acid-2-O-phosphate-Na(2) (APS), a pro-vitamin C, combined with hyperthermia on adipogenic differentiation of mouse stromal cells, OP9."	( Repressive effects of a capacitive-resistive electric transfer (CRet) hyperthermic apparatus combined with provitamin C on intracellular lipid-droplets formation in adipocytes. Kato, S; Miwa, N; Saitoh, Y, 2013)	0.39
"OP9 preadipocytes were differentiated with serum replacement, administered with APS, and simultaneously treated with hyperthermia using a capacitive-resistive electric transfer (CRet) apparatus, which was conducted repeatedly twice a day."	( Repressive effects of a capacitive-resistive electric transfer (CRet) hyperthermic apparatus combined with provitamin C on intracellular lipid-droplets formation in adipocytes. Kato, S; Miwa, N; Saitoh, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Six donkeys administered orally with AA (200 mg/kg) and subjected to packing were used as experimental animals, whilst six others not administered with AA served as controls."	( Effect of packing on changes in erythrocyte osmotic fragility and malondialdehyde concentration in donkeys administered with ascorbic acid. Ambali, SF; Ayo, JO; Olaifa, F; Rekwot, PI, 2012)	0.38
" We evaluated the therapeutic potential of sodium vanadate combined with a vanadium detoxification agent, L-ascorbic acid, in a SMA mouse model."	( Sodium vanadate combined with L-ascorbic acid delays disease progression, enhances motor performance, and ameliorates muscle atrophy and weakness in mice with spinal muscular atrophy. Hsieh-Li, HM; Li, H; Lin-Chao, S; Liu, HC; Ting, CH; Tsai, LK; Wen, HL, 2013)	0.39
"Sodium vanadate (200 μM), L-ascorbic acid (400 μM), or sodium vanadate combined with L-ascorbic acid (combined treatment) were applied to motor neuron-like NSC34 cells and fibroblasts derived from a healthy donor and a type II SMA patient to evaluate the cellular viability and the efficacy of each treatment in vitro."	( Sodium vanadate combined with L-ascorbic acid delays disease progression, enhances motor performance, and ameliorates muscle atrophy and weakness in mice with spinal muscular atrophy. Hsieh-Li, HM; Li, H; Lin-Chao, S; Liu, HC; Ting, CH; Tsai, LK; Wen, HL, 2013)	0.39
"Results clearly indicate an altered chemical behavior of L-ascorbic acid either alone or in combination with nickel sulfate in vitro at different pH."	( Alteration of chemical behavior of L-ascorbic acid in combination with nickel sulfate at different pH solutions in vitro. Das, KK; Das, SN; Dhundasi, SA; Jargar, JG; Maniyar, SA, 2012)	0.38
"Raw and deep fried chicken nuggets containing various levels of ganghwayakssuk ethanolic extract (GE) in combination with ascorbic acid (Aa) were evaluated for shelf-life during refrigerated storage (4°C)."	( Antioxidant action of ganghwayakssuk (Artemisia princeps Pamp.) in combination with ascorbic acid to increase the shelf life in raw and deep fried chicken nuggets. Choi, JH; Choi, SM; Choi, YS; Hwang, KE; Kim, CJ; Kim, HW; Lee, MA, 2013)	0.39
"Vitamin C or its combination with vitamin E significantly enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in the radial circulation of patients with coronary artery disease."	( Does vitamin C or its combination with vitamin E improve radial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients awaiting coronary artery bypass surgery? Cicek, OF; Diken, A; Ozkan, T; Turkvatan, A; Ulas, M; Uzun, A; Yalcinkaya, A; Yener, O; Yener, U, 2013)	0.39
" The catalysis of ascorbate oxidation by an optimized metal-based catalyst (such as MnP) carries a large therapeutic potential as an anticancer agent by itself or in combination with other modalities such as radio- and chemotherapy."	( Mn porphyrin in combination with ascorbate acts as a pro-oxidant and mediates caspase-independent cancer cell death. Batinic-Haberle, I; Devi, GR; Evans, MK; Tovmasyan, A, 2014)	0.4
" Apart from hemin, zinc protoporphyrin-IX, and other iron providing agents such as ferrous sulfate and ferriammonium sulfate combined with mefloquine exhibited no toxic effect against schistosomes."	( Mefloquine in combination with hemin causes severe damage to adult Schistosoma japonicum in vitro. Qiao, C; Wang, L; Xiao, SH; Xue, J, 2014)	0.4
"The study was aimed at performing an experimental trial of the reparative osteogenesis stimulation by local injection of autologous plasma in combination with metabolically active substances such as L-ascorbic acid and D-glucose for management of pelvic fractures."	( [Stimulation of pelvic fracture healing by local injection of autologous plasma in combination with metabolically active substances that have an antioxidant and antihypoxic effect]. Krasnov, VV; Silant'eva, TA, 2014)	0.4
"Autologous blood plasma in combination with active substances of ascorbic acid and glucose had a marked stimulating effect on pelvic fracture healing if applied locally in the posttraumatic period."	( [Stimulation of pelvic fracture healing by local injection of autologous plasma in combination with metabolically active substances that have an antioxidant and antihypoxic effect]. Krasnov, VV; Silant'eva, TA, 2014)	0.4
" Naphthoquinones, combined with ascorbate, caused phosphorylation of H2AX and inhibited pAkt."	( DNA damage and inhibition of akt pathway in mcf-7 cells and ehrlich tumor in mice treated with 1,4-naphthoquinones in combination with ascorbate. Benites, J; Calderon, PB; Castro, LS; Correia, JF; Farias, MS; Felipe, KB; Grinevicius, VM; Kviecinski, MR; Ourique, F; Pedrosa, RC; Rios, D; Valderrama, J, 2015)	0.42
"We carried out a phase I-II safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and efficacy trial of IVC combined with chemotherapy in patients whose treating oncologist judged that standard-of-care or off-label chemotherapy offered less than a 33% likelihood of a meaningful response."	( High-dose intravenous vitamin C combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer: a phase I-II clinical trial. Agulnik, J; Cohen, V; Hoffer, LJ; Kavan, P; Melnychuk, D; Miller, WH; Robitaille, L; Small, D; Zakarian, R, 2015)	0.42
" Stratified analyses showed that this association was found only in persons who took vitamin E in combination with other antioxidants."	( Vitamin E supplementation is associated with lower levels of C-reactive protein only in higher dosages and combined with other antioxidants: The Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4 study. Heier, M; Kastenmüller, G; Koenig, W; Peters, A; Schneider, A; Schwab, S; Thorand, B; Waldenberger, M; Zierer, A, 2015)	0.42
" X‑ray irradiation combined with AsA treatment resulted in increased suppression of cell growth of HT1080, SAS and A549 cells in vitro compared with X‑ray irradiation alone."	( Effects of X‑ray irradiation in combination with ascorbic acid on tumor control. Hosokawa, Y; Kashiwakura, I; Monzen, S; Nakano, M; Saga, R; Terashima, S; Toshima, K; Yoshino, H, 2015)	0.42
" The first experiment evaluated the effects of 3 ANC in combination with an antimicrobial in high-risk calves treated for BRD during a 56-d receiving period."	( Evaluation of multiple ancillary therapies used in combination with an antimicrobial in newly received high-risk calves treated for bovine respiratory disease. Krehbiel, CR; Maxwell, CL; Richards, CJ; Step, DL; Wagner, JJ; Wilson, BK, 2015)	0.42
" Twelve redox biomarkers and seven inflammatory biomarkers were determined in plasma and erythrocytes pre- and post-exercise or pre- and post-exercise combined with vitamin C administration."	( The rat closely mimics oxidative stress and inflammation in humans after exercise but not after exercise combined with vitamin C administration. Dipla, K; Goutianos, G; Kyparos, A; Margaritelis, NV; Nikolaidis, MG; Paschalis, V; Tzioura, A; Veskoukis, AS; Vrabas, IS; Zafeiridis, A, 2016)	0.43
" On the contrary, inflammation biomarkers changed similarly after exercise combined with vitamin C in both rats and humans."	( The rat closely mimics oxidative stress and inflammation in humans after exercise but not after exercise combined with vitamin C administration. Dipla, K; Goutianos, G; Kyparos, A; Margaritelis, NV; Nikolaidis, MG; Paschalis, V; Tzioura, A; Veskoukis, AS; Vrabas, IS; Zafeiridis, A, 2016)	0.43
"The rat adequately mimics human responses to exercise in basic blood redox/inflammatory profile, yet this is not the case after exercise combined with vitamin C administration."	( The rat closely mimics oxidative stress and inflammation in humans after exercise but not after exercise combined with vitamin C administration. Dipla, K; Goutianos, G; Kyparos, A; Margaritelis, NV; Nikolaidis, MG; Paschalis, V; Tzioura, A; Veskoukis, AS; Vrabas, IS; Zafeiridis, A, 2016)	0.43
" This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of 694-nm fractional QSRL combined with sonophoresis on levorotatory vitamin C for the treatment of melasma patients."	( Efficacy of 694-nm fractional Q-switched ruby laser (QSRL) combined with sonophoresis on levorotatory vitamin C for treatment of melasma in Chinese patients. Hu, B; Zhang, C; Zhou, HL, 2016)	0.43
"The purpose of the study was to obtain further in vivo data of antitumor effects and mechanisms triggered by juglone and Q7 in combination with ascorbate."	( In vivo inhibition of tumor progression by 5 hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (juglone) and 2-(4-hydroxyanilino)-1,4-naphthoquinone (Q7) in combination with ascorbate. Benites, J; Calderon, PB; Castro, LSEPW; Gomes Castro, AJ; Kviecinski, MR; Mena Barreto Silva, FR; Ourique, F; Pedrosa, RC; Rios, D; Valderrama, JA; Zirbel, G, 2016)	0.43
" Astaxanthinin, combined with vitamin E, vitamin C, and calorie restriction, was able to ameliorate, in part, infertility in male rats."	( Effect of Astaxanthin, Vitamin E, and Vitamin C in Combination with Calorie Restriction on Sperm Quality and Quantity in Male Rats. Rahbar, AR; Shakoori Mahmoodabadi, MM; Vahidinia, A, 2017)	0.46
"Two liters of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution administered with ascorbic acid (Asc) can provide efficacy similar to that of a 4-L PEG solution for colonoscopy preparation."	( Comparable Efficacy of a 1-L PEG and Ascorbic Acid Solution Administered with Bisacodyl versus a 2-L PEG and Ascorbic Acid Solution for Colonoscopy Preparation: A Prospective, Randomized and Investigator-Blinded Trial. Im, JP; Jung, HC; Kim, BG; Kim, JS; Kim, JW; Kim, SG; Kim, SH; Koh, SJ; Kwon, JE; Lee, JW; Lee, KL, 2016)	0.43
"SA peel combined with vitamin C mesotherapy is a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of melasma with no significant side effects and minimal downtime."	( Salicylic acid peeling combined with vitamin C mesotherapy versus salicylic acid peeling alone in the treatment of mixed type melasma: A comparative study. Balevi, A; Özdemir, M; Ustuner, P, 2017)	0.46
" Behavioral responses in a novel environment and hematology of broiler chickens administered with betaine and/or ascorbic acid (AA) during the hot-dry season were evaluated."	( Behavioral and hematological responses of broiler chickens administered with betaine and ascorbic acid during hot-dry season. Ayo, JO; Egbuniwe, IC; Kawu, MU; Mohammed, A, )	0.13
"This was a placebo-controlled randomized study that aimed to investigate the effects of strength training (ST) combined with antioxidant supplementation on muscle performance and thickness."	( Effect of strength training combined with antioxidant supplementation on muscular performance. Alex, S; Bottaro, M; Brown, LE; Dutra, MT; Mota, MR; Sales, NB, 2018)	0.48
"The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of L-ascorbic acid applied in combination with no-needle and micro-needle mesotherapy in anti-aging therapy."	( Preliminary randomized controlled trial of antiaging effects of l-ascorbic acid applied in combination with no-needle and microneedle mesotherapy. Budzisz, E; Drożdż, Z; Erkiert-Polguj, A; Markiewicz, A; Mosińska, P; Zasada, M, 2019)	0.51
" No-needle mesotherapy was applied on the left half of the face while microneedle mesotherapy in combination with the same serum was performed on the right half of face."	( Preliminary randomized controlled trial of antiaging effects of l-ascorbic acid applied in combination with no-needle and microneedle mesotherapy. Budzisz, E; Drożdż, Z; Erkiert-Polguj, A; Markiewicz, A; Mosińska, P; Zasada, M, 2019)	0.51
" With the aim of finding new therapeutic approaches, in vitro and in vivo anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of vitamin C alone and combined with benznidazole were investigated."	( Anti-parasitic effect of vitamin C alone and in combination with benznidazole against Trypanosoma cruzi. Batlle, A; Demaria, A; Frank, FM; Lombardo, ME; Puente, V, 2018)	0.48
" Two mechanisms of action may be postulated for vitamin C: a lethal pro-oxidant effect on the parasite when used alone, and an antioxidant effect, when combined with benznidazole."	( Anti-parasitic effect of vitamin C alone and in combination with benznidazole against Trypanosoma cruzi. Batlle, A; Demaria, A; Frank, FM; Lombardo, ME; Puente, V, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, this study attempted to demonstrate the in vitro anti-cancer activity of high-dose vitamin C in combination with conventional treatment in breast cancer."	( Effect of High-dose Vitamin C Combined With Anti-cancer Treatment on Breast Cancer Cells. Chae, YS; Jeong, JH; Jung, JH; Lee, DH; Lee, IH; Lee, J; Lee, SJ; Park, HY, 2019)	0.51
" This study was designed to find out whether there is an augmentation of the therapeutic effectiveness of the antiinflammatory drugs like diclofenac sodium (NSAID), prednisolone (steroid) and atorvastatin (statin) when used in combination with ascorbic acid (antioxidant)."	( Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Diclofenac Sodium, Prednisolone and Atorvastatin in Combination with Ascorbic Acid. Ahmed, T; Ahsan, CR; Al Shoyaib, A; Archie, SR; Chowdhury, FA; Faruk, A, 2020)	0.56
" The inhibitions of such responses were measured after administering a drug alone and in combination with ascorbic acid."	( Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Diclofenac Sodium, Prednisolone and Atorvastatin in Combination with Ascorbic Acid. Ahmed, T; Ahsan, CR; Al Shoyaib, A; Archie, SR; Chowdhury, FA; Faruk, A, 2020)	0.56
" In a recent study we explored the effect and the tolerability of the administration of Ferric Sodium EDTA in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine (Ferachel Forte®) in "frailty" patients with secondary anemia and low kidney failure, by analysing the HRV frequency domain."	( A pilot study on secondary anemia in "frailty" patients treated with Ferric Sodium EDTA in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine: safety of treatment explored by HRV non-linear analysis as predictive Curcio, A; Iannarelli, N; Marchitto, N; Paparello, PT; Petrucci, A; Pironti, M; Raimondi, G; Romano, A, 2020)	0.56
" The patients were divided in 2 groups: Group A (N=23 patients) received oral administration of Ferric Sodium EDTA in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine (Ferachel Forte®) 2 tabs/day, containing 60 mg of Fe3+, for 24 days; Group B (N=29 patients) received intravenous administration of ferrous gluconate 63 mg/day added to saline solution, while they were hospitalized (15±5 days)."	( A pilot study on secondary anemia in "frailty" patients treated with Ferric Sodium EDTA in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine: safety of treatment explored by HRV non-linear analysis as predictive Curcio, A; Iannarelli, N; Marchitto, N; Paparello, PT; Petrucci, A; Pironti, M; Raimondi, G; Romano, A, 2020)	0.56
"Non-linear HRV evaluation confirmed that oral administration of Ferric Sodium EDTA, in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine (Ferachel forte®) did not impact the cardiovascular risk, without causing adverse events typically reported with other iron supplementation therapies, both oral and intravenous."	( A pilot study on secondary anemia in "frailty" patients treated with Ferric Sodium EDTA in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine: safety of treatment explored by HRV non-linear analysis as predictive Curcio, A; Iannarelli, N; Marchitto, N; Paparello, PT; Petrucci, A; Pironti, M; Raimondi, G; Romano, A, 2020)	0.56
" The paper published by Li and colleagues proposed the hypothesis that vitamin C combined with glycyrrhizic acid in treating COVID-19 and its mechanistic investigation was performed by a database-based network pharmacology."	( Drug repurposing for COVID-19: could vitamin C combined with glycyrrhizic acid be at play by the findings of Li et al.'s database-based network pharmacology analysis? Huang, YX; Tang, YP; Wang, WX; Yue, SJ, 2021)	0.62
"Despite widespread enthusiasm for thiamine combined with vitamin C for sepsis and septic shock, we only found an association with reduced SOFA score and time of vasopressor use."	( Thiamine combined with vitamin C in sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gao, Y; Ge, Z; Huang, J; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Lu, X; Walline, JH; Xiang, J; Yu, S; Zhao, L, 2021)	0.62
" The aim of this study was to evaluate, by the use of force plate gait analysis, the clinical efficacy of Boswellia and Curcuvet® combined with conventional nutraceutical therapy compared with conventional nutraceutical alone in dogs affected by osteoarthritis."	( Clinical efficacy of Curcuvet and Boswellic acid combined with conventional nutraceutical product: An aid to canine osteoarthritis. Aragosa, F; Caterino, C; Costanza, D; Della Valle, G; Fatone, G; Lamagna, F; Nieddu, A; Piscitelli, A, 2021)	0.62
"In conclusion Curcuvet in combination with Boswellic acid could be considered a valid aid in a multimodal treatment for canine osteoarthritis."	( Clinical efficacy of Curcuvet and Boswellic acid combined with conventional nutraceutical product: An aid to canine osteoarthritis. Aragosa, F; Caterino, C; Costanza, D; Della Valle, G; Fatone, G; Lamagna, F; Nieddu, A; Piscitelli, A, 2021)	0.62
" In this study, the appropriate washing conditions for N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-glutamic acid (GLDA) combined with ascorbic acid were determined to remove As, Cd, and Pb in the soil from the smelting site."	( Cleanup of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in the soil from a smelting site using N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-glutamic acid combined with ascorbic acid: A lab-scale experiment. Guo, Z; He, Y; Hu, Y; Li, Z; Peng, C; Wang, X; Xiao, X; Yan, D; Yang, A, 2021)	0.62
"To systematically evaluate the effect of hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 on the efficacy of patients with sepsis or septic shock."	( [Therapeutic effect of hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 on patients with sepsis: a Meta-analysis]. Chang, C; Deng, G; Gao, Q; Luo, K; Zhu, H, 2021)	0.62
"Databases including CNKI, Sino Med, VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched from inception to January 2021 for the randomized controlled trial (RCT) about hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 to treat sepsis or septic shock."	( [Therapeutic effect of hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 on patients with sepsis: a Meta-analysis]. Chang, C; Deng, G; Gao, Q; Luo, K; Zhu, H, 2021)	0.62
"Hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 can shorten the duration of vasoactive drugs in patients with sepsis or septic shock, but it cannot effectively reduce the SOFA score, mortality, new AKI patients, length of stay in ICU and in hospital."	( [Therapeutic effect of hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 on patients with sepsis: a Meta-analysis]. Chang, C; Deng, G; Gao, Q; Luo, K; Zhu, H, 2021)	0.62
"PL combined with VC exhibited a stronger anticancer effect by regulating the ROS-STAT3 pathway, suggesting that this combination might be a potential adjuvant therapy for gastric cancer."	( Piperlongumine combined with vitamin C as a new adjuvant therapy against gastric cancer regulates the ROS-STAT3 pathway. Bai, F; Chen, D; Guo, Y; Jha, RK; Jiang, Y; Liu, X; Song, Y; Wei, X; Yang, K, 2022)	0.72
" In this study, enzyme-triggered click chemistry combined with the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique was developed for the highly sensitive detection of the ALP activity in complex biological samples."	( Enzyme-triggered click chemistry combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the simple and sensitive detection of alkaline phosphatase activity from complex biological samples. Cao, F; Sun, D; Wang, M; Yi, X, 2022)	0.72
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the new oral formulation based on ferric sodium EDTA in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate, and selenomethionine (Ferachel Forte®) in patients with moderate CKD and functional IDA, analyzing the inflammatory status in addition to iron blood parameters, in comparison with oral ferrous sulfate and liposomal iron therapies."	( Comparison of Ferric Sodium EDTA in Combination with Vitamin C, Folic Acid, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Gluconate, and Selenomethionine as Therapeutic Option for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Improvement in Inflammatory Status. Curcio, A; Di Lullo, L; Giliberti, A; Marchitto, N; Nano, F; Paolozzi, F; Pironti, M; Raimondi, G, 2022)	0.72
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin C combined with growth inhibitors on serum miR-130a, nitric oxide (NO), and hemostasis in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in cirrhosis."	( Effects of Vitamin C Combined with Growth Inhibitors on Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Cirrhosis. Peng, Y; Wang, S, 2022)	0.72
" The metal-conjugated-ascorbic acid (ZnAA) was then combined with yeast vacuole through the vacuolar membrane proteins that relate to metal transportation to create an enhanced vacuole that contained ZnAA."	( Melanin Treatment Effect of Vacuoles-Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Combined with Ascorbic Acid. Choi, H; Jeon, G; Kim, YH; Min, J; Nguyen, NT; Park, DJ, 2023)	0.91
"The study was aimed at investigating the effect of quinine alone and in combination with vitamin C on angiogenesis process."	( Antiangiogenic Activity of Quinine Alone and in Combination with vitamin C in both ex vivo and in vivo Assays. Jalil, ZH; Sahib, HB, 2022)	0.72
"To investigate the effects of hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 versus hydrocortisone on sublingual microcirculation in septic shock patients."	( Effects of hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 versus hydrocortisone alone on microcirculation in septic shock patients: A pilot study. Huang, L; Huang, Y; Li, Q; Meng, S; Song, Q; Wang, H; Wang, J; Xie, J; Xu, J; Yang, S, 2023)	0.91
" We randomly assigned the enrolled patients to the treatment group (hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 added to standard care) and the control group (hydrocortisone alone added to standard care) in a 1 : 1 ratio."	( Effects of hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 versus hydrocortisone alone on microcirculation in septic shock patients: A pilot study. Huang, L; Huang, Y; Li, Q; Meng, S; Song, Q; Wang, H; Wang, J; Xie, J; Xu, J; Yang, S, 2023)	0.91
"Compared with hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 significantly improves microcirculation in septic shock patients."	( Effects of hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and vitamin B1 versus hydrocortisone alone on microcirculation in septic shock patients: A pilot study. Huang, L; Huang, Y; Li, Q; Meng, S; Song, Q; Wang, H; Wang, J; Xie, J; Xu, J; Yang, S, 2023)	0.91
"This study explored the efficacy of hydrocortisone combined with vitamin C and thiamine (HVT) in the treatment of sepsis/septic shock."	( Hydrocortisone Combined with Vitamin C and Thiamine in the Treatment of Sepsis/Septic Shock: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Lu, D; Mao, W, 2023)	0.91
"To investigate the effect of vitamin C combined with recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (rbFGF) on inflammatory factors and oxygen environment in patients with high-voltage electrical burns."	( Effects of vitamin C combined with rbFGF on inflammatory factors and oxygen environment in patients with high-voltage electrical burns. Qin, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zhang, R; Zhao, Y, 2023)	0.91
" Importantly, C2 showed synergistic anticancer effect in combination with cisplatin and Vitamin C to further inhibit cell growth which suggested the potential role of C2 in cancer therapy."	( Monofunctional dimetallic Ru(η6-arene) complexes inhibit NOTCH1 signaling pathway and synergistically enhance anticancer effect in combination with cisplatin or vitamin C. Ali, A; Chi, H; Hao, H; Liu, Z; Lv, Z; Rahman, FU; Wang, N; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z; Zhao, X, 2023)	0.91
"The aim of this study was to demonstrate that swimming exercise combined with silymarin and vitamin C supplementation improves hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and liver histopathology in elderly rats with high-fat diet-induced liver damage."	( Effects of swimming exercise combined with silymarin and vitamin C supplementation on hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathology in elderly rats with high-fat diet-induced liver damage. Aghaei, F; Arabzadeh, E; Derakhshan, Z; Feizolahi, F; Hashemi, M; Sarshin, A; Wong, A; Zargani, M, 2023)	0.91

Bioavailability

Study was designed to investigate the effect of supplemental ascorbic acid on the bioavailability of selenium in humans. The reduction of the particle size of Fe fortificants and the addition of ascorBic acid might increase the bio availability of low-soluble compounds.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"5 determined as described in this study can be used as a reliable measure of bioavailability of nonheme iron in foods."	( An in vitro method for predicting the bioavailability of iron from foods. Narasinga Rao, BS; Prabhavathi, T, 1978)	0.26
"As ascorbic acid is known to enhance the absorption of dietary iron and to inhibit the absorption of dietary copper, studies were undertaken to examine the effect of ascorbic acid on the bioavailability of zinc in human subjects."	( Studies on the bioavailability of zinc in man. III. Effects of ascorbic acid on zinc absorption. Jacob, RA; Pineda, O; Solomons, NW; Viteri, FE, 1979)	0.26
" The bioavailability of ascorbate from the sustained-release formulation was 149% and 180% of that from the standard formulation by calculation from whole blood and plasma concentration data respectively."	( Blood levels and bioavailability of ascorbic acid after administration of a sustained-release formulation to humans. Chasseaud, LF; Sacharin, R; Taylor, T, 1977)	0.26
" There is great variability in prepared orange juice derivatives with a substantial decrease in bioavailability of active ascorbic acid."	( Bioavailability of ascorbic acid in orange juice. Fabry, EM; Gerson, CD; Horowitz, I, 1976)	0.26
"H2O was poorly absorbed when added with sugar to maize-meal porridge, and also when added with adequate quantities of ascorbic acid."	( Studies on the fortification of cane sugar with iron and ascorbic acid. Bothwell, TH; Charlton, RW; Disler, PB; Lynch, SR; Mayet, F; Walker, RB, 1975)	0.25
"Intraluminal perfusion of the human small intestine has not been used extensively to study comparative bioavailability of vitamins."	( Comparative bioavailability of folate and vitamin C from a synthetic and a natural source. Cerda, JJ; Nelson, EW; Streiff, RR, 1975)	0.25
" The results obtained show that after application of the new vitamin C retard preparation the absorption of ascorbic acid is increased and thus a marked improvement of the bioavailability of vitamin C is attained as compared to the non retarded form."	( [Enteral absoprtion of ascorbic acid in man after application of a micro-encapsulated retard preparation (author's transl)]. Brenner, G, 1975)	0.25
" The bioavailability was calculated to be strongly depressed to nearly 50% of the total ingested biologically active material (ascorbic plus erythorbic acids), assuming erythorbic acid to have only one-twentieth of the biological activity of ascorbic acid."	( Interaction of erythorbic acid with ascorbic acid catabolism. Hornig, D; Weiser, H, 1976)	0.26
"The above brief review indicates that the bioavailability of vitamin C in humans is complex and that our current understanding of that process and factors that influence it are incomplete."	( Vitamin C bioavailability. Mayersohn, M, 1992)	0.28
" Such recommendations require that we know not only nutrient composition of foods, but also potential losses and decreased bioavailability due to postharvest treatment and chemical interactions."	( The effects of postharvest treatment and chemical interactions on the bioavailability of ascorbic acid, thiamin, vitamin A, carotenoids, and minerals. Clydesdale, FM; Ho, CT; Lee, CY; Mondy, NI; Shewfelt, RL, 1991)	0.28
" The absorption rate of AsA in the small intestine of guinea pigs was higher than that of ErA; however, Km of AsA absorption was lower than that of ErA in normal guinea pigs."	( Comparison of absorption of erythorbic acid and ascorbic acid in guinea pig small intestine. Arakawa, N; Kurata, T; Suzuki, E, 1991)	0.28
" Because AA may be poorly absorbed cutaneously, we evaluated the effect of dietary AA."	( Effect of ascorbic acid and its synthetic lipophilic derivative ascorbyl palmitate on phorbol ester-induced skin-tumor promotion in mice. Crawford, CL; Smart, RC, 1991)	0.28
" Our findings indicate that it may be possible to predict the bioavailability of iron in a diet if due account is taken of the relative content in the diet of the major promoters and inhibitors of iron absorption."	( Ascorbic acid prevents the dose-dependent inhibitory effects of polyphenols and phytates on nonheme-iron absorption. Baynes, RD; Bothwell, TH; Car, NG; Lamparelli, RD; Macfarlane, BJ; MacPhail, P; Mayet, F; Schmidt, U; Siegenberg, D; Tal, A, 1991)	0.28
" The absorption amount of INAH was reduced to about one-half by the addition of Glu and the absorption rate of INAH markedly decreased in the case of co-administration of AA."	( Effects of glucose and ascorbic acid on absorption and first pass metabolism of isoniazid in rats. Goromaru, T; Katakuse, Y; Kiwada, H; Matsuki, Y; Matsuura, H, 1991)	0.28
"The comparative bioavailability from matching quantities of iron in the form of ferrous ascorbate or ferric polymaltose was defined in rats."	( Bioavailability and the mechanisms of intestinal absorption of iron from ferrous ascorbate and ferric polymaltose in experimental animals. Jacobs, P; Johnson, G, 1990)	0.28
"The bioavailability of ascorbic acid administered to thoroughbreds by intramuscular injection was investigated."	( Bioavailability of ascorbic acid in horses. Frigg, M; Snow, DH, 1990)	0.28
"The effect of ascorbic acid on iron retention from a diet with predicted low iron bioavailability (containing minimal meat and ascorbic acid) was investigated in iron-depleted premenopausal women."	( Ascorbic acid: effect on ongoing iron absorption and status in iron-depleted young women. Gallagher, SK; Hunt, JR; Lykken, GI; Mullen, LM; Nielsen, FH, 1990)	0.28
" The absorption rate constant (Ka) was significantly larger in the supplemented state compared to the depleted state in the young group and the absorption half-life (t 1/2, Ka) was significantly greater in the depleted state in the young group only."	( Effects of age and intake on vitamin C disposition in females. Blanchard, J; Conrad, KA; Garry, PJ, 1990)	0.28
" Iron solubility following in vitro gastrointestinal digestion is a reliable predictor of ascorbic acid effects on bioavailability but not of protein effects."	( Is solubility in vitro a reliable predictor of iron bioavailability? Berner, LA; Miller, DD, )	0.13
" A higher bioavailability of the dietary iron can be achieved by increasing the content of food components enhancing iron absorption (ascorbic acid, meat/fish) or by decreasing the content of inhibitors (e."	( The role of vitamin C in iron absorption. Brune, M; Hallberg, L; Rossander, L, 1989)	0.28
" Ascorbic acid has a marked effect on the bioavailability of dietary iron and is also known to directly influence various metabolic processes in the brain."	( Search for nutritional confounding factors in the relationship between iron deficiency and brain function. Hallberg, L, 1989)	0.28
" Treatment of iron malnutrition can be enhanced by an understanding of iron bioavailability from the diet."	( Potential role of in vitro iron bioavailability studies in combatting iron deficiency: a study of the effects of phosvitin on iron mobilization from pinto beans. Bates, GW; Chidambaram, MV; Fonseca, J; Reddy, MB, 1986)	0.27
" Food contains more nonheme iron and, thus, it makes the larger contribution to the body's iron pool despite its lower absorption rate of 2% to 20%."	( Iron nutrition and absorption: dietary factors which impact iron bioavailability. Monsen, ER, 1988)	0.27
" The comparable bioavailability was maintained when demand was increased by iron depletion or erythroid stimulation and depressed by expansion of body stores or impaired erythropoiesis."	( Equivalent bioavailability of iron from ferrous salts and a ferric polymaltose complex. Clinical and experimental studies. Jacobs, P, 1987)	0.27
"The bioavailability of iron on Fe(III)-hydroxide-polymaltose complex was compared intraindividually with that of Fe (II)-ascorbate (iron absorption) and a Fe (II)-sulphate quick release preparation (haemoglobin regeneration test)."	( Bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of bivalent and trivalent iron preparations. Kaltwasser, JP; Niechzial, M; Werner, E, 1987)	0.27
" Administration of the reactants together with food decreased the NMOR level in blood 155-fold relative to controls (no food), suggesting that food decreased the absorption rate over a 30-min period."	( Effects of phenol and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (syringol) on in vivo formation of N-nitrosomorpholine in rats. Issenberg, P; Virk, MS, 1986)	0.27
"The bioavailability of iron added to different types of cows' milk formulas was studied using mono-isotopic and double-isotopic methods in 396 infants aged 5-18 mo."	( Absorption of fortification iron from milk formulas in infants. Amar, M; Chadud, P; Lopez, I; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Stekel, A, 1986)	0.27
" This has place a greater emphasis on the bioavailability of nutrients in foods because the total intake of nutrients is generally closely linked with total caloric intake."	( Bioavailability of vitamins. Sauberlich, HE, 1985)	0.27
"The bioavailability in man of commercially available elemental iron powders is unknown despite their extensive use for fortification of flour."	( Low bioavailability of carbonyl iron in man: studies on iron fortification of wheat flour. Brune, M; Hallberg, L; Rossander, L, 1986)	0.27
"The study was designed to investigate the effect of supplemental ascorbic acid on the bioavailability of selenium (Se) in humans by using plasma Se levels and plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity as indicators of the body Se status."	( Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on selenium bioavailability in humans. Mutanen, M; Mykkänen, HM, 1985)	0.27
"We have studied the effect of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on copper metabolism using copper-deficient chicks and the activation of lysyl oxidase copper-dependent enzyme, to assess bioavailability of copper."	( A postabsorption effect of L-ascorbic acid on copper metabolism in chicks. Disilvestro, RA; Harris, ED, 1981)	0.26
" When Fe is present in the chelated form it remains in solution and is relatively well absorbed because it is protected from inhibitory ligands."	( Factors affecting the absorption of iron from Fe(III)EDTA. Bezwoda, WR; Bothwell, TH; Charlton, RW; Derman, DP; MacPhail, AP; Mayet, F; Torrance, JD, 1981)	0.26
" The amount of meat in a meal is the only bioavailability factor known to influence absorption of heme iron."	( An overview of current information on bioavailability of dietary iron to humans. Morris, ER, 1983)	0.27
" Fe was less well absorbed from the phytate-rich pearlings of the albino sorghum than from the pearled albino sorghum (0."	( Factors affecting the absorption of iron from cereals. Bezwoda, WR; Bothwell, TH; Charlton, RW; Derman, DP; Gillooly, M; MacPhail, AP; Mayet, F; Morrall, P; Novelli, L; Torrance, JD, 1984)	0.27
" Therefore, the use of chelated iron as the iron source in the nutrient medium should not affect assessments of bioavailability of iron from plants."	( Radiolabeled iron in soybeans: intrinsic labeling and bioavailability of iron to rats from defatted flour. Elliott, JG; Mason, AC; Meyer, NR; Schmitt, HA; Stuart, MA; Weaver, CM, 1984)	0.27
"The 3 acetylsalicylic acid preparations showed at normal patients at the same elimination phase no significant differences concerning the bioavailability (comparison of the area under the concentration-time-curve)."	( [Comparison of the pharmacokinetic behavior of Turivital, Acesal and Micristin]. Berlet, G; Chemnitius, KH; Schröber, R; Traeger, A; Zaumseil, J, 1984)	0.27
" Heme iron present in hemoglobin and myoglobin, is well absorbed and is relatively unaffected by diet composition."	( Nutritional significance of interactions between iron and food components. Amar, M; Calvo, E; Chadud, P; Hertrampf, E; Llaguno, S; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Stekel, A, 1983)	0.27
" In the erythorbic acid-treated mice, erythorbic acid is well absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, enters the blood stream, and is rapidly excreted in the urine."	( Influence of erythorbic acid on ascorbic acid retention and elimination in the mouse. Salimi, SL; Tsao, CS, 1983)	0.27
" Following subcutaneous and im injection, the average bioavailability of ascorbic acid amounted to 82 and 61 per cent, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of ascorbic acid in horses. Jaeschke, G; Keller, H; Löscher, W, 1984)	0.27
" The bioavailability of ascorbic acid during the first 400 min was reduced by half following simultaneous administration of aspirin."	( Impairment of absorption of ascorbic acid following ingestion of aspirin in guinea pigs. Basu, TK; Breacker, PJ; Ioannides, C; Stone, AN, 1982)	0.26
" It was concluded that the FePO4 used to fortify the malted cocoa drink was as well absorbed as FeSO4 but that the high levels of absorption were a reflection of the fasting condition of the subjects."	( Iron absorption from a malted cocoa drink fortified with ferric orthophosphate using the stable isotope 58Fe as an extrinsic label. Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Minski, MJ; Richardson, DP, 1983)	0.27
"It is now recognized that intestinal metabolism is one of the major factors affecting the bioavailability of orally administered, natural and synthetic estrogens."	( Drug effects on the intestinal absorption of estrogens. Dada, OA; Martins, OO, 1983)	0.27
" Heme iron, derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin, is well absorbed and relatively little affected by other foods eaten in the same meal."	( Interaction of vitamin C and iron. Cook, JD; Lynch, SR, 1980)	0.26
" The absorption rate of nonheme iron can be increased markedly by concomitant consumption of ascorbic acid and/or meat/fish/poultry."	( Calculating dietary iron bioavailability: refinement and computerization. Balintfy, JL; Monsen, ER, 1982)	0.26
" It is concluded that D-isoascorbic acid is a "weakly" antiscorbutic agent on the basis that it is both poorly absorbed and retained by the tissue; that in fact it may, to the degree that it is taken up by the tissues and retained, be equal in antiscorbutic potency to L-ascorbic acid."	( The antiscorbutic action of L-ascorbic acid and D-isoascorbic acid (erythorbic acid) in the guinea pig. Goldman, HM; Gould, BS; Munro, HN, 1981)	0.26
"We studied the bioavailability of ascorbic acid ester, ascorbate polyphosphate, to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)."	( Ascorbate polyphosphate is a bioavailable vitamin C source in juvenile rainbow trout: tissue saturation and compartmentalization model. Dabrowski, K; Matusiewicz, K; Matusiewicz, M; Volker, L, 1995)	0.29
" The very low bioavailability of ascorbate among Sowetan controls is reminiscent of our previous finding in outwardly healthy people at Madras in southern India: in both these areas chronic pancreatitis is currently endemic, has a propensity to pancreatic calculi and runs a virulent course towards premature death from diabetes, malnutrition or pancreatic cancer."	( Micronutrient antioxidant status in black South Africans with chronic pancreatitis: opportunity for prophylaxis. Braganza, JM; Gut, A; Schofield, D; Segal, I; Shiel, N, 1995)	0.29
"There is limited information on the bioavailability of Fe in infant weaning foods, mainly because of the difficulties of measuring Fe utilization directly in infants."	( The bioavailability of iron in different weaning foods and the enhancing effect of a fruit drink containing ascorbic acid. Eagles, J; Fairweather-Tait, S; Fox, T; Wharf, SG, 1995)	0.29
"The iron bioavailability from three typical diets consumed by socioeconomic stratum IV (SES IV--working class) of the Venezuelan population was determined by the extrinsic label method."	( Iron bioavailability from diets consumed by different socioeconomic strata of the Venezuelan population. García Casal, MN; Jaffe, W; Landaeta-Jiménez, M; Leets, I; López de Blanco, M; Martínez-Torres, C; Méndez-Castellanos, H; Ramírez, J; Taylor, PG; Tropper, E, 1995)	0.29
"The influence of phytic acid and ascorbic acid content of soy formula on iron (Fe) bioavailability was investigated in infants by analysis of the incorporation of stable isotopes of Fe into red blood cells 14 d after administration using a double stable isotope technique."	( Iron bioavailability studied in infants: the influence of phytic acid and ascorbic acid in infant formulas based on soy isolate. Cherouvrier, F; Davidsson, L; Galan, P; Hercberg, S; Hurrell, RF; Juillerat, MA; Kastenmayer, P, 1994)	0.29
" A better understanding of the bioavailability of vitamin E in these patients and of the synergistic action of other antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin C and glutathione with vitamin E has provided new opportunities to reexamine the use of antioxidant supplementation for the critically ill."	( Vitamin E supplementation in the critically ill patient: too narrow a view? Kelly, FJ, 1994)	0.29
"7 micrograms/L), consumed either a diet with predicted poorly bioavailable iron or a typical Western diet, classified according to dietary meat and ascorbic acid contents."	( Effect of ascorbic acid on apparent iron absorption by women with low iron stores. Gallagher, SK; Hunt, JR; Johnson, LK, 1994)	0.29
"2 h) can explain the failure of past attempts to increase the AA bioavailability using sustained-release dosage forms."	( The use of a nonlinear absorption model in the study of ascorbic acid bioavailability in man. Gajdos, M; Geryková, M; Kállay, Z; Piotrovskij, VK; Trnovec, T, 1993)	0.29
"A pot-culture experiment was conducted to assess the bioavailability of iron from spinach cultivated in soil fortified with graded levels of iron and zinc (FeSO4 x 7H2(0) and ZnSO4 x 7H2(0), respectively)."	( In vitro bioavailability of iron from spinach (Spinacea oleracea) cultivated in soil fortified with graded levels of iron and zinc. Khan, TN; Reddy, NS; Sondge, CV, 1993)	0.29
"The bioavailability of ascorbic acid from food has been assumed to be high, but little quantitative information has been available to substantiate this assumption because of the limited precision and low statistical power of previous studies."	( Ascorbic acid bioavailability in foods and supplements. Gregory, JF, 1993)	0.29
" The bioavailability of APP relative to AsA, as estimated by the change in plasma AsA concentration, was evaluated during 24-h periods of supplementation."	( Relative bioavailability of L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate in broiler chickens. Brake, J; Pardue, SL; Seib, PA; Wang, XY, 1993)	0.29
" 15 min) should be recommended based on bioavailability considerations."	( Correlation between the disintegration time and the bioavailability of vitamin C tablets. Bhagavan, HN; Wolkoff, BI, 1993)	0.29
"The relative bioavailability of ascorbic acid from several sources was compared in 68 male non-smokers."	( The bioavailability to humans of ascorbic acid from oranges, orange juice and cooked broccoli is similar to that of synthetic ascorbic acid. Block, G; Frey, CM; Levander, OA; Mangels, AR; Norkus, EP; Patterson, BH; Taylor, PR, 1993)	0.29
"The aim of our study was to evaluate the bioavailability of iron from a typical Tunisian meal 'couscous' provided to healthy rats with or without appropriate mixtures of tea plus ascorbic acid and to search for the optimal amount of ascorbic acid able to overcome the inhibitory effect of tea prepared under realistic Tunisian circumstances."	( Effect of different levels of an ascorbic acid and tea mixture on nonheme iron absorption from a typical Tunisian meal fed to healthy rats. Doghri, T; Hamdauoui, M; Tritar, B, 1995)	0.29
" Bioavailability of copper from human milk is high, whereas it is lower from cow milk and infant formula."	( Bioavailability of copper. Lönnerdal, B, 1996)	0.29
" Bioavailability was complete for 200 mg of vitamin C as a single dose."	( Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Cantilena, LR; Conry-Cantilena, C; Dhariwal, KR; Graumlich, JF; King, J; Lazarev, A; Levine, M; Park, JB; Wang, Y; Washko, PW; Welch, RW, 1996)	0.29
" Fortification of this food with iron has the disadvantage of the interaction of the iron with the constitutive elements of milk, diminishing its bioavailability and changing its sensorial properties, making it unacceptable."	( Bioavailability and stability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate in fluid milk: studies in mice. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; Gotelli, CA; Gotelli, MJ; Weill, R; Zubillaga, MB, 1996)	0.29
" Tmax, Cmax, and bioavailability (F) were determined."	( A new sublingual formulation of apomorphine in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease. Danhof, M; Neef, C; Roon, KI; Roos, RA; van Laar, T, 1996)	0.29
" Bioavailability of ascorbic acid was proved by adaptogenic and antioxidant effects of laser-magnetophoresis of 2% ascorbic acid solution applied to the affected joints in 79 patients with osteochondrosis."	( [The laser-magnetic phoresis of ascorbic acid in the combined health-resort therapy of osteoarthrosis patients]. Ibadova, GD; Khamrakulova, VV; Lopatinskiĭ, VV, )	0.13
" One possibility to reduce cadmium burden is to influence the bioavailability of cadmium in the feed by certain vitamins, trace elements and other feed components and thus to lower its content in food from animal origin."	( [Bioavailability of cadmium: effect of vitamin C and phytase in broiler chickens]. Guillot, I; Rambeck, WA, 1996)	0.29
"Epinephrine permeability through the spinal meninges is low, and meningeal COMT markedly reduces the bioavailability of what little epinephrine can traverse the meninges."	( Ascorbic acid inhibits spinal meningeal catechol-o-methyl transferase in vitro, markedly increasing epinephrine bioavailability. Bernards, CM; Kern, C, 1997)	0.3
"Iron bioavailability from an infant cereal made of wheat flour with a low extraction rate (70%) and cow milk was measured in infants by using a stable-isotope technique."	( Bioavailability in infants of iron from infant cereals: effect of dephytinization. Cherouvrier, F; Davidsson, L; Galan, P; Hercberg, S; Hurrell, RF; Juillerat, MA; Kastenmayer, P, 1997)	0.3
" Except for a modestly lower absorption of iron from quinoa and a remarkably higher absorption from one lot of maize, we conclude that the type of cereal grain has little influence on iron bioavailability of infant cereals."	( The influence of different cereal grains on iron absorption from infant cereal foods. Burri, J; Cook, JD; Hurrell, RF; Juillerat, MA; Reddy, MB, 1997)	0.3
" Zilascorb(2H) in tablet formulation had a bioavailability of 32%, was quickly absorbed and slowly eliminated."	( Zilascorb(2H), a new reversible protein synthesis inhibitor: clinical study of an oral preparation. Aamdal, S; Bibow, K; Fodstad, O; Klem, B; Osmundsen, K; Semb, KA, 1997)	0.3
" Our results demonstrate the usefulness of adjuvant EGb 761 therapy in limiting oxidative stress in cardiovascular surgery and suggest the possible role of highly bioavailable terpene constituents of the drug."	( Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) pretreatment limits free radical-induced oxidative stress in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Culcasi, M; d'Arbigny, P; Drieu, K; Pietri, S; Séguin, JR, 1997)	0.3
" It has been shown that ascortic acid present in Paravit enhances the bioavailability of paracetamol."	( [An experimental study of the pharmacokinetics of a new pediatric drug form--Paravit tablets]. Shapovalova, VA, )	0.13
" To test these hypotheses, the bioavailability of iron bis-glycine chelate added to water and milk was studied using a double-isotopic method in two groups of 14 women."	( Milk inhibits and ascorbic acid favors ferrous bis-glycine chelate bioavailability in humans. Hertrampf, E; Name, JJ; Olivares, M; Pineda, O; Pizarro, F; Walter, T, 1997)	0.3
" These interactions, which depend on soya processing and treatment, can decrease the bioavailability of minerals and proteins."	( Composition and characterization of soyabean and related products. García, MC; Laborda, F; Marina, ML; Torre, M, 1997)	0.3
" At doses of 200 to 2500 mg per day, the plateau in pre-dose concentrations is largely due to apparent saturation of tissue uptake and less a function of oral bioavailability and renal excretion than previously thought."	( Pharmacokinetic model of ascorbic acid in healthy male volunteers during depletion and repletion. Cantilena, LR; Conry-Cantilena, C; Graumlich, JF; Levine, M; Ludden, TM; Wang, Y, 1997)	0.3
"The purpose of this study was to compare the bioavailability of either multiple or single oral supplementation of different formulations of vitamin C and intra-duodenal supplementation of one form of vitamin C in sheep."	( Comparison of vitamin C bioavailability after multiple or single oral dosing of different formulations in sheep. Batra, TR; Hidiroglou, M; Zhao, X, )	0.13
" Several nutritive factors such as vitamin concentrations and bioavailability of trace elements and minerals increase during germination."	( Uptake of various trace elements during germination of wheat, buckwheat and quinoa. Fuchs, N; Gössler, W; Hlebeina, T; Jäger, R; Lintschinger, J; Markolin, G; Moser, H, 1997)	0.3
" Our results suggest that in typical Western-style diets, a small number of dietary factors probably modulate the bioavailability of dietary iron and influence the accumulation of iron stores."	( Dietary determinants of iron stores in a free-living elderly population: The Framingham Heart Study. Dallal, GE; Fleming, DJ; Jacques, PF; Tucker, KL; Wilson, PW; Wood, RJ, 1998)	0.3
" Iron bioavailability was estimated via algorithms adjusting for enhancers (heme, vitamin C) and inhibitors (tannins in tea, phytates in grains) consumed at the same meal."	( Deficient dietary iron intakes among women and children in Russia: evidence from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. Chakraborty, H; Kohlmeier, L; Kohlmeier, M; Martinchik, A; Mendez, M; Shalnova, S, 1998)	0.3
"The following possible explanations for the significant increases in the oral bioavailability and the diuretic and natriuretic effects of orally administered furosemide observed when ascorbic acid was coadministered to dogs were investigated: ascorbic acid might enhance the gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of furosemide, might inhibit GI wall metabolism of furosemide, might enhance the reabsorption of furosemide from the renal tubules, and might increase the unionized fraction of furosemide at the receptor sites."	( Mechanism of ascorbic acid enhancement of the bioavailability and diuretic effect of furosemide. Chiou, WL; Lee, MG, 1998)	0.3
" Bioavailability was assessed by chemical balance using carmine to mark the beginning and end of the faecal collection."	( Evaluation of iron bioavailability in infant weaning foods fortified with haem concentrate. Eagles, J; Fairweather-Tait, S; Fox, T; Martinez, C, 1998)	0.3
"Haem iron concentrate appears to be a highly bioavailable form of iron when added to infant weaning foods."	( Evaluation of iron bioavailability in infant weaning foods fortified with haem concentrate. Eagles, J; Fairweather-Tait, S; Fox, T; Martinez, C, 1998)	0.3
"The intestinal absorption of folate occurs at the monoglutamyl level, and an important measure of food folate bioavailability is how much folate from the food reaches the intestinal sites in forms that can readily be absorbed."	( Properties of food folates determined by stability and susceptibility to intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase action. Selhub, J; Seyoum, E, 1998)	0.3
" The bioavailability of key minerals such as iron, zinc and calcium is known to be significantly affected by the fiber, phytic acid, and tannin content of foods."	( The impact of food processing on the nutritional quality of vitamins and minerals. Love, M; Reddy, MB, 1999)	0.3
"To gain more insight into the relation between vegetable consumption and the risk of chronic diseases, it is important to determine the bioavailability of carotenoids from vegetables and the effect of vegetable consumption on selected biomarkers of chronic diseases."	( Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of beta-carotene. Brouwer, IA; Eskes, TK; Haddeman, E; Hautvast, JG; Steegers-Theunissen, RP; van Dusseldorp, M; van het Hof, KH; West, CE; Weststrate, JA, 1999)	0.3
"To assess the bioavailability of beta-carotene and lutein from vegetables and the effect of increased vegetable consumption on the ex vivo oxidizability of LDL."	( Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of beta-carotene. Brouwer, IA; Eskes, TK; Haddeman, E; Hautvast, JG; Steegers-Theunissen, RP; van Dusseldorp, M; van het Hof, KH; West, CE; Weststrate, JA, 1999)	0.3
" The relative bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is higher than that of beta-carotene."	( Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of beta-carotene. Brouwer, IA; Eskes, TK; Haddeman, E; Hautvast, JG; Steegers-Theunissen, RP; van Dusseldorp, M; van het Hof, KH; West, CE; Weststrate, JA, 1999)	0.3
"Atherosclerosis is associated with stiffening of conduit arteries and increased platelet activation, partly as a result of reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), a mediator that normally has a variety of protective effects on blood vessels and platelets."	( Oral vitamin C reduces arterial stiffness and platelet aggregation in humans. Cockcroft, JR; MacCallum, H; Megson, IL; Sogo, N; Webb, DJ; Wilkinson, IB, 1999)	0.3
" Currently, knowledge on the bioavailability of these compounds from vegetables is limited."	( Influence of feeding different vegetables on plasma levels of carotenoids, folate and vitamin C. Effect of disruption of the vegetable matrix. Pietrzik, K; Tijburg, LB; van het Hof, KH; Weststrate, JA, 1999)	0.3
"Conditions associated with impaired nitric oxide (NO) activity and accelerated atherosclerosis have been shown to be associated with a reduced bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)."	( Tetrahydrobiopterin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in chronic smokers : evidence for a dysfunctional nitric oxide synthase. Brockhoff, C; Heitzer, T; Henne, S; Mayer, B; Meinertz, T; Mollnau, H; Münzel, T; Warnholtz, A, 2000)	0.31
" However, the bioavailability of zinc in vegetarian diets is generally lower than that of omnivores."	( Antioxidant status in vegetarians versus omnivores. Mykkänen, H; Rauma, AL, 2000)	0.31
"Our objective was to predict the bioavailability of iron from complex meals that are consumed commonly in the United States on the basis of the contents of factors that are known to promote or inhibit food iron absorption."	( Estimation of nonheme-iron bioavailability from meal composition. Cook, JD; Hurrell, RF; Reddy, MB, 2000)	0.31
" DNA adduct formation was monitored as a marker for bioavailability of genotoxic chromium."	( Apoptosis and P53 induction in human lung fibroblasts exposed to chromium (VI): effect of ascorbate and tocopherol. Blankenship, LJ; Carlisle, DL; Orenstein, JM; Owens, BM; Patierno, SR; Pritchard, DE; Singh, J, 2000)	0.31
" However, the structure-activity relationship, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of the antioxidants differ extensively."	( Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention. Bagchi, D; Bagchi, M; Das, DK; Joshi, SS; Kuszynski, CA; Pruess, HG; Ray, SD; Stohs, SJ, 2000)	0.31
" Lung tissue VE content was elevated after loading but VC did not change possibly due to their different bioavailability and saturation kinetics."	( Antioxidant loading reduces oxidative stress induced by high-energy impulse noise (blast) exposure. Armstrong, KL; Cooper, MF; Elsayed, NM; William, MT, 2000)	0.31
" We hypothesized that both ACE inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (AT(1)-A) increase bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) by reducing oxidative stress in the vessel wall, possibly by increasing EC-SOD activity."	( Comparative effect of ace inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonism on bioavailability of nitric oxide in patients with coronary artery disease: role of superoxide dismutase. Ahlersmann, D; Christoph, A; Drexler, H; Hornig, B; Kohler, C; Landmesser, U; Spiekermann, S; Tatge, H, 2001)	0.31
" CONCLUSIONS-Four weeks of therapy with ramipril or losartan improves endothelial function to similar extents in patients with CAD by increasing the bioavailability of NO."	( Comparative effect of ace inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonism on bioavailability of nitric oxide in patients with coronary artery disease: role of superoxide dismutase. Ahlersmann, D; Christoph, A; Drexler, H; Hornig, B; Kohler, C; Landmesser, U; Spiekermann, S; Tatge, H, 2001)	0.31
" Recent reports suggest that vitamin C may prevent endothelial dysfunction by scavenging free radicals and increasing the bioavailability of nitric oxide."	( Effect of vitamin C on the availability of tetrahydrobiopterin in human endothelial cells. Baker, TA; Katusic, ZS; Milstien, S, 2001)	0.31
" We previously identified increased vascular superoxide formation and reduced NO bioavailability as one causal mechanism."	( Effects of in vivo nitroglycerin treatment on activity and expression of the guanylyl cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase and their downstream target vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein in aorta. Hink, U; Klöss, S; Meinertz, T; Mollnau, H; Mülsch, A; Münzel, T; Oelze, M; Smolenski, A; Stasch, JP; Töpfer, A; Walter, U; Warnholtz, A, 2001)	0.31
"A potential risk of interactions between micronutrients affecting absorption and bioavailability has to be considered in any supplementation or fortification strategy."	( Micronutrient interactions: effects on absorption and bioavailability. Sandström, B, 2001)	0.31
" The major factors responsible for iron deficiency anaemia in the vulnerable segments of developing countries are reduced intake and poor bioavailability of dietary iron."	( Alternate strategies for improving iron nutrition: lessons from recent research. Madhavan Nair, K, 2001)	0.31
"The objectives of this study were to estimate the quantity and nutritive quality of the complementary diet in rural Malawi, and to identify feeding practices, nutrients and dietary modifiers of iron and zinc bioavailability that may limit the quality of the diet."	( Complementary feeding practices and dietary intakes from complementary foods amongst weanlings in rural Malawi. Gibson, RS; Hotz, C, 2001)	0.31
" The bioavailability of zinc was low due to a high phytate:zinc molar ratio."	( Complementary feeding practices and dietary intakes from complementary foods amongst weanlings in rural Malawi. Gibson, RS; Hotz, C, 2001)	0.31
"Iron, zinc and calcium were the most limiting nutrients to the quality of the diet, partly exacerbated by the poor bioavailability of iron and zinc."	( Complementary feeding practices and dietary intakes from complementary foods amongst weanlings in rural Malawi. Gibson, RS; Hotz, C, 2001)	0.31
" Participants in the Diet Group were given individual dietary counseling to increase the intake and bioavailability of dietary iron."	( Can dietary treatment of non-anemic iron deficiency improve iron status? Gibson, RS; Heath, AL; O'Brien, SM; Skeaff, CM; Williams, SM, 2001)	0.31
" The bioavailability of iron bis-glycinate chelate given in water was studied using a double-isotopic method in a group of 14 women."	( Bioavailability of iron bis-glycinate chelate in water. Olivares, M; Pizarro, F, 2001)	0.31
" Changes in the bioavailability of both antioxidants induced by UV radiation were studied in different skin compartments."	( Topical antioxidant vitamins C and E prevent UVB-radiation-induced peroxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid in pig skin. Beijersbergen van Henegouwen, GM; Moison, RM, 2002)	0.31
" Furthermore, FRASC will facilitate bioavailability studies of antioxidants from different foods of known antioxidant capacity and AA content."	( Total antioxidant and ascorbic acid content of fresh fruits and vegetables: implications for dietary planning and food preservation. Benzie, IF; Szeto, YT; Tomlinson, B, 2002)	0.31
" In conclusion, bioavailability of iron from tofu is enhanced by supplementation with ascorbic acid."	( Impact of tofu or tofu + orange juice on hematological indices of lacto-ovo vegetarian females. Kandiah, J, 2002)	0.31
" Altered superoxide production and NO bioavailability have been implicated in contributing to the development of tolerance, an effect that may be ameliorated by the administration of antioxidants."	( Platelet nitric oxide and superoxide release during the development of nitrate tolerance: effect of supplemental ascorbate. Devine, AB; Dixon, LJ; Hamilton, P; Hanratty, CG; Leahey, WJ; McGrath, LT; McVeigh, GE; Morgan, DG; Wilson, M, 2002)	0.31
"Phenolic compounds have recently attracted special attention due to their beneficial health effects; their intestinal absorption and bioavailability need, therefore, to be investigated and Caco-2 cell culture model appeared as a promising tool."	( Hydrogen peroxide generation in caco-2 cell culture medium by addition of phenolic compounds: effect of ascorbic acid. Besançon, P; Caporiccio, B; Landrault, N; Laurent, C; Roques, SC; Rouane, JM; Teissèdre, PL, 2002)	0.31
" Various prodrugs have been successful in achieving the goals of enhanced bioavailability and are, therefore, considered to be an important tool in biopharmaceutics."	( Current prodrug strategies via membrane transporters/receptors. Anand, BS; Dey, S; Mitra, AK, 2002)	0.31
"Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation has been associated with decreased NO bioavailability in hypercholesterolemia."	( Dietary supplementation with vitamins C and E prevents downregulation of endothelial NOS expression in hypercholesterolemia in vivo and in vitro. Arias, R; Belzunce, MS; Eguinoa, E; Grau, A; Martínez-Caro, D; Nespereira, B; Páramo, JA; Pérez-Ilzarbe, M; Rodríguez, JA, 2002)	0.31
"Our study was designed to determine the effect of peppermint oil and ascorbyl palmitate on cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) activity in vitro and oral bioavailability of felodipine in humans."	( Evaluation of peppermint oil and ascorbyl palmitate as inhibitors of cytochrome P4503A4 activity in vitro and in vivo. Bailey, DG; Dresser, GK; Wacher, V; Wong, HT; Wong, S, 2002)	0.31
" Grapefruit juice increased the oral bioavailability of felodipine by inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated presystemic drug metabolism."	( Evaluation of peppermint oil and ascorbyl palmitate as inhibitors of cytochrome P4503A4 activity in vitro and in vivo. Bailey, DG; Dresser, GK; Wacher, V; Wong, HT; Wong, S, 2002)	0.31
" Often comparable well absorbed antibiotics are available (e."	( Identify and manage potentially serious OC/drug interactions. , 1987)	0.27
"The bioavailability of a series of novel acylated ascorbic acid derivatives, 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acids (6-Acyl-AA-2G), as an ascorbic acid (AA) supplement was investigated in rats and guinea pigs."	( Bioavailability of a series of novel acylated ascorbic acid derivatives, 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acids, as an ascorbic acid supplement in rats and guinea pigs. Fujinami, Y; Kawasaki, D; Matsumoto, K; Tai, A; Yamamoto, I, 2002)	0.31
" There is no information on the mechanism of vitamin C transport across the intestinal barrier, a step that determines the bioavailability of vitamin C in humans."	( Up-regulation and polarized expression of the sodium-ascorbic acid transporter SVCT1 in post-confluent differentiated CaCo-2 cells. Bachem, M; Bustamante, ME; Cárcamo, JG; Grünert, A; Henríquez, EA; Kempe, S; Maulén, NP; Nualart, F; Schmid-Kotsas, A; Vera, JC, 2003)	0.32
" In addition, we have examined the skin bioavailability of a common nutritional antioxidant, vitamin C, and have assessed the effects of supplementation on markers of oxidative stress."	( UVR-induced oxidative stress in human skin in vivo: effects of oral vitamin C supplementation. Friedmann, PS; Jack, CI; Jackson, MJ; McArdle, F; Parslew, R; Rhodes, LE, 2002)	0.31
"Among elders, intakes of highly bioavailable forms of iron (supplemental iron and red meat) and of fruit, a dietary source of an enhancer of nonheme-iron absorption (vitamin C), promote high iron stores, whereas foods containing phytate (whole grains) decrease these stores."	( Dietary factors associated with the risk of high iron stores in the elderly Framingham Heart Study cohort. Dallal, GE; Fleming, DJ; Jacques, PF; Tucker, KL; Wilson, PW; Wood, RJ, 2002)	0.31
"The mineral content of legumes is generally high, but the bioavailability is poor due to the presence of phytate, which is a main inhibitor of Fe and Zn absorption."	( Bioavailability of minerals in legumes. Sandberg, AS, 2002)	0.31
" The antioxidant vitamin C increases nitric oxide bioavailability in CHF."	( Role of nitric oxide and oxidative stress in baroreceptor dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure. Blackman, DJ; Ellis, GR; Field, R; Frenneaux, MP; Glover, NJ; Morris-Thurgood, JA; Mumford, C; Nightingale, AK; Pegge, N; Schmitt, M, 2003)	0.32
" The processing of tomatoes may significantly affect the bioavailability of these nutrients."	( Tomatoes and cardiovascular health. Catignani, GL; Lazarus, S; Willcox, JK, 2003)	0.32
" This effect seems to be mediated by preservation of NO bioavailability in endothelial cells."	( Protective effect of chronic vitamin C treatment on endothelial function of apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse carotid artery. Akiyama, M; D'uscio, LV; Eguchi, D; Katusic, ZS; Matsumoto, T; Smith, LA, 2003)	0.32
" For the first time in infant nutrition the absorption of both nonheme and heme iron from a typical weaning gruel after addition of meat with and without ascorbic acid (AA) to improve bioavailability was studied."	( The role of meat to improve the critical iron balance during weaning. Andersson, M; Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2003)	0.32
" There were no significant effects of smoking or supplementation on relative bioavailability (difference in area under curve, AUC 0-infinity) of erythorbic acid (smokers 357 (sd 119), non-smokers 414 (sd 142) micromol."	( Effect of smoking on erythorbic acid pharmacokinetics. Bolbjerg, ML; Lykkesfeldt, J; Poulsen, HE, 2003)	0.32
"The importance of trace element bioavailability in the etiology of nutritional deficiencies, for example in the etiology of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, can be expected to be most pronounced in individuals with high requirements."	( Approaches to improve iron bioavailability from complementary foods. Davidsson, L, 2003)	0.32
" UVA-induced changes in antioxidant bioavailability in the stratum corneum and epidermis were also studied."	( Topically applied vitamin C and cysteine derivatives protect against UVA-induced photodegradation of suprofen in ex vivo pigskin. Beijersbergen van Henegouwen, GM; Caffieri, S; Moison, RM; Podda, E; Righele, F; Rijnkels, JM; Tomasello, F, 2003)	0.32
"We examined the bioavailability of vitamin C in orange juice processed using high pressure (HP) and its effects on plasma levels of vitamin C, uric acid (UA), F2-isoprostanes (8-epiPGF(2alpha)), C-reactive protein (CRP) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in a healthy human population."	( High-pressurized orange juice consumption affects plasma vitamin C, antioxidative status and inflammatory markers in healthy humans. Cano, MP; de Ancos, B; Granado, F; Martín, A; Olmedilla, B; Plaza, L; Sánchez-Moreno, C, 2003)	0.32
"These findings suggest that not only obesity but also a low BMI may be a risk factor for impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation through the increased oxidative stress, leading to the reduced bioavailability of NO."	( Low body mass index is a risk factor for impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans: role of nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Chayama, K; Goto, C; Hara, K; Higashi, Y; Kimura, M; Matsuura, H; Nakagawa, K; Noma, K; Oshima, T; Sasaki, S; Yoshizumi, M, 2003)	0.32
"Oxidative stress decreases the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in diabetic patients."	( Oral antioxidant therapy improves endothelial function in Type 1 but not Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Beckman, JA; Creager, MA; Garrett, LA; Goldfine, AB; Gordon, MB; Keaney, JF, 2003)	0.32
"Previous studies examined the bioavailability and first-pass biotransformation of 3-hydroxy[(3)H]benzo[a]pyrene ([(3)H]-3-OHBaP) in an isolated perfused catfish intestinal model."	( Binding of 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene to bovine hemoglobin and albumin. James, MO; Sugihara, N, 2003)	0.32
"The objectives were to assess the bioavailability of vitamin C from orange juice and its influence on plasma vitamin C and 8-epi-prostaglandin F(2 alpha) (8-epi-PGF(2 alpha)) concentrations in a healthy human population."	( Effect of orange juice intake on vitamin C concentrations and biomarkers of antioxidant status in humans. Cano, MP; de Ancos, B; Granado, F; Martín, A; Olmedilla, B; Plaza, L; Sánchez-Moreno, C, 2003)	0.32
" Iron reserves and the small amount of highly bioavailable iron in human milk are adequate to satisfy the iron requirements of breast-fed infants of adequate birth weight for the 1st 6 mo of life."	( Iron and ascorbic Acid: proposed fortification levels and recommended iron compounds. Lynch, SR; Stoltzfus, RJ, 2003)	0.32
" In this study, the bioavailability of 6-bAcyl-AA-2G was investigated in guinea pigs."	( Vitamin C activity in guinea pigs of 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L- ascorbic acids with a branched-acyl chain. Gohda, E; Goto, S; Kawasaki, D; Tai, A; Yamamoto, I, 2003)	0.32
"There is a growing body of evidence that increased vascular production of reactive oxygen species markedly reduces the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide, leading to impaired vasodilator function."	( Coronary vasoregulation in patients with various risk factors in response to cold pressor testing: contrasting myocardial blood flow responses to short- and long-term vitamin C administration. Brink, I; Buser, PT; Jeserich, M; Just, H; Mix, M; Munzel, T; Nitzsche, EU; Olschewski, M; Pfisterer, M; Schindler, TH; Solzbach, U, 2003)	0.32
" Several observations suggest that decreased bioavailability of endothelium-derived NO, due to oxidative destruction of NO by ROS, might contribute to the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses and multisystemic pathology of preeclampsia, a phenomenon in which antioxidant vitamins may play a beneficial role."	( Current concepts in the use of antioxidants for the treatment of preeclampsia. Bilodeau, JF; Hubel, CA, 2003)	0.32
" Although their metabolic effect must be affected by the bioavailability of the antioxidants, the significance of this intake for antioxidant status and health should be considered."	( Contribution of beverages to the intake of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in the Spanish diet. Hernández-García, M; Pulido, R; Saura-Calixto, F, 2003)	0.32
" One plausible explanation is that the potential health benefits of alpha-tocopherol supplements are offset by deleterious changes in the bioavailability and/or bioactivity of other nutrients."	( Supplementation of diets with alpha-tocopherol reduces serum concentrations of gamma- and delta-tocopherol in humans. Appel, LJ; Huang, HY, 2003)	0.32
"The effect of combining a multi-micronutrient supplement with a milk-based cornstarch porridge on the bioavailability of iron, zinc, folate, and vitamin C was evaluated using the plasma curve response over time (8 hours) in healthy women."	( Bioavailability of iron, zinc, folate, and vitamin C in the IRIS multi-micronutrient supplement: effect of combination with a milk-based cornstarch porridge. Donangelo, CM; Gross, R; Hoenicke, I; Jandel, D; Kamp, F; Pietrzk, K; Trugo, NM, 2003)	0.32
" In the subsequent study, we tested whether ascorbic acid enhanced the iron bioavailability or not."	( The microencapsulated ascorbic acid release in vitro and its effect on iron bioavailability. Ahn, J; Kwak, HS; Lee, J; Lee, JB, 2003)	0.32
" However, these enzymes, which generate vasodilator epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, may also produce oxygen-derived free radicals, which attenuate the bioavailability of NO."	( Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C9 improves endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation in patients with coronary artery disease. Breuer, S; Busse, R; Dimmeler, S; Fichtlscherer, S; Fleming, I; Zeiher, AM, 2004)	0.32
" This effect seems to be related to an increase in the bioavailability of NO, probably as a consequence of an attenuated generation of reactive oxygen species by CYP 2C9 in endothelial cells."	( Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C9 improves endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation in patients with coronary artery disease. Breuer, S; Busse, R; Dimmeler, S; Fichtlscherer, S; Fleming, I; Zeiher, AM, 2004)	0.32
" However, it may play a major role in enhancing iron bioavailability from mixed diets that include foods preserved with erythorbic acid."	( Erythorbic acid is a potent enhancer of nonheme-iron absorption. Davidsson, L; Fidler, MC; Hurrell, RF; Zeder, C, 2004)	0.32
" Currently, examination of the relationships between common gene polymorphisms involved in C1 metabolism and folate bioavailability and folate status, morbidity, mortality and longevity is evaluated as a series of individual associations."	( Is there more to folates than neural-tube defects? Dainty, JR; Finglas, PM; Hart, DJ; Wolfe, CA; Wright, AJ; Wright, DM, 2003)	0.32
"The objective was to investigate the bioavailability and mechanism of calcium absorption of calcium ascorbate (ASC) and calcium acetate (AC)."	( Calcium bioavailability and kinetics of calcium ascorbate and calcium acetate in rats. Cai, J; Wastney, ME; Weaver, CM; Zhang, Q, 2004)	0.32
" Chronic antioxidant intervention in early RVD improved renal hemodynamic responses more effectively than acute intervention, likely due to increased nitric oxide bioavailability and decreased structural injury."	( Comparison of acute and chronic antioxidant interventions in experimental renovascular disease. Breen, JF; Chade, AR; Krier, JD; Lerman, A; Lerman, LO; McKusick, MA; Rodriguez-Porcel, M, 2004)	0.32
" Oxidant stress and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) impair endothelial function by reducing nitric oxide bioavailability in the artery wall."	( Long-term effect of combined vitamins E and C on coronary and peripheral endothelial function. Behrendt, D; Creager, MA; Delagrange, D; Fang, JC; Ganz, P; Kinlay, S; Morrow, J; Rifai, N; Selwyn, AP; Witztum, JL, 2004)	0.32
" NaFe-EDTA has been extensively studied and validated as an excellent choice for iron fortification programs and extensive research has demonstrated its high bioavailability specially for cereal based foods."	( Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) does not increase iron uptake or ferritin synthesis by Caco-2 cells. García-Casal, MN; Layrisse, M; Leets, I, 2004)	0.32
"Iron bioavailability from traditional complementary foods based on cereals and legumes can be expected to be low unless ascorbic acid-rich foods are incorporated into the diet."	( Human milk as a source of ascorbic acid: no enhancing effect on iron bioavailability from a traditional complementary food consumed by Bangladeshi infants and young children. Davidsson, L; Fuchs, G; Hurrell, R; Jamil, KA; Sarker, SA; Zeder, C, 2004)	0.32
"We evaluated human milk as a source of ascorbic acid for enhancing iron bioavailability from khichuri, a complementary food based on rice and lentils."	( Human milk as a source of ascorbic acid: no enhancing effect on iron bioavailability from a traditional complementary food consumed by Bangladeshi infants and young children. Davidsson, L; Fuchs, G; Hurrell, R; Jamil, KA; Sarker, SA; Zeder, C, 2004)	0.32
"Although human milk contributed significant quantities of ascorbic acid, no significant difference in iron bioavailability was found between khichuri consumed with water and that consumed with human milk."	( Human milk as a source of ascorbic acid: no enhancing effect on iron bioavailability from a traditional complementary food consumed by Bangladeshi infants and young children. Davidsson, L; Fuchs, G; Hurrell, R; Jamil, KA; Sarker, SA; Zeder, C, 2004)	0.32
"The intake of phenolic acids and related polyphenolic compounds has been inversely associated with the risk of heart disease, but limited information is available about their bioavailability or mechanisms of action."	( Avenanthramides and phenolic acids from oats are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamin C to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation. Blumberg, JB; Chen, CY; Collins, FW; Kwak, HK; Milbury, PE; Samuel, P, 2004)	0.32
" However, flavonoids are poorly absorbed by humans, and the increase in plasma antioxidant capacity observed after consumption of flavonoid-rich foods often greatly exceeds the increase in plasma flavonoids."	( The increase in human plasma antioxidant capacity after apple consumption is due to the metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids. Frei, B; Lotito, SB, 2004)	0.32
"The difference in the response of renal perfusion to an antioxidant suggests increased formation of reactive oxygen species and thereby reduced nitric oxide bioavailability in the renal vasculature of patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Increased response of renal perfusion to the antioxidant vitamin C in type 2 diabetes. Delles, C; Fleischmann, EF; Fleischmann, I; Oehmer, S; Schmieder, RE; Schneider, MP, 2004)	0.32
" Basal and stimulated endothelial nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability was assessed by measurement of the responses to intra-arterial N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) and bradykinin, respectively."	( Inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction involves reduced nitric oxide bioavailability and increased oxidant stress. Clapp, BR; Hingorani, AD; Kharbanda, RK; MacAllister, RJ; Mohamed-Ali, V; Stephens, JW; Vallance, P, 2004)	0.32
"Inflammation causes widespread endothelial dysfunction, reduces vascular NO bioavailability and increases oxidative stress."	( Inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction involves reduced nitric oxide bioavailability and increased oxidant stress. Clapp, BR; Hingorani, AD; Kharbanda, RK; MacAllister, RJ; Mohamed-Ali, V; Stephens, JW; Vallance, P, 2004)	0.32
" If future work reproduces the precision and accuracy shown in this paper for predicting iron bioavailability to humans, then the implications for saving time and resources in iron bioavailability measurements are considerable."	( An in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system accurately predicts the effects of ascorbic acid and polyphenolic compounds on iron bioavailability in humans. Glahn, RP; Habicht, JP; Miller, DD; Yun, S, 2004)	0.32
" Therefore, the objectives of this study were to assess the bioavailability of vitamin C from pulsed electric fields-treated orange juice in comparison with freshly squeezed orange juice and its impact on 8-epiPGF(2alpha) concentrations (biomarker of lipid peroxidation) in a healthy human population."	( Pulsed electric fields-processed orange juice consumption increases plasma vitamin C and decreases F2-isoprostanes in healthy humans. Cano, MP; de Ancos, B; Elez-Martínez, P; Granado, F; Martín, A; Martín-Belloso, O; Olmedilla, B; Plaza, L; Sánchez-Moreno, C, 2004)	0.32
" Three separate studies were made with test meals of iron-fortified infant cereal (5 mg iron/meal) and the results are presented as geometric means and relative bioavailability values (RBV, FeSO4 = 100%)."	( Effect of ascorbic acid and particle size on iron absorption from ferric pyrophosphate in adult women. Davidsson, L; Fidler, MC; Hurrell, RF; Marti, I; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2004)	0.32
" HepG2-cells were used to investigate effects of ascorbic acid on iron bioavailability for the intracellular labile iron pool (LIP) from IVI by using the fluorescent calcein-assay, and cellular ferritin content was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)."	( Intravenous iron preparations and ascorbic acid: effects on chelatable and bioavailable iron. Goldenberg, H; Laggner, H; Scheiber-Mojdehkar, B; Sturm, B; Ternes, N, 2005)	0.33
" Since an important factor in its causation is the poor bioavailability of iron in the cereal-based diets of many developing countries, SUSTAIN set up a Task Force, consisting of nutritional, medical, industry, and government experts to consider strategies for enhancing the absorption of fortification iron."	( Enhancing the absorption of fortification iron. A SUSTAIN Task Force report. Bothwell, T; Cori, H; Glahn, R; Hertrampf, E; Hurrell, RF; Kratky, Z; Lynch, S; Miller, D; Rodenstein, M; Streekstra, H; Teucher, B; Turner, E; Yeung, CK; Zimmermann, MB, 2004)	0.32
" In addition, the bioavailability of encapsulated iron in the presence/absence of AA will need careful assessment in human clinical trials."	( Enhancers of iron absorption: ascorbic acid and other organic acids. Cori, H; Olivares, M; Teucher, B, 2004)	0.32
" However, the effect of encapsulation per se on Fe bioavailability is a concern."	( The potential of encapsulated iron compounds in food fortification: a review. Zimmermann, MB, 2004)	0.32
"The relative bioavailability (RBV) of seven elemental iron powders, five commercially available and two developmental are evaluated."	( The relative bioavailability in humans of elemental iron powders for use in food fortification. Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2006)	0.33
"All elemental iron powders studied were significantly less well absorbed compared to FeSO(4)."	( The relative bioavailability in humans of elemental iron powders for use in food fortification. Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2006)	0.33
"Based on a validated method this doubleblinded cross-over study in humans showed that the evaluated elemental iron powders currently available for commercial use are significantly less well absorbed compared to FeSO(4)."	( The relative bioavailability in humans of elemental iron powders for use in food fortification. Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2006)	0.33
" Caco-2 cell cultures were used to determine iron bioavailability from the spinach mixtures."	( Bioavailability of iron from spinach using an in vitro/human Caco-2 cell bioassay model. Albright, LD; Combs, GF; Glahn, RP; Langhans, RW; Rutzke, CJ; Rutzke, MA; Welch, RM; Wheeler, RM, 2004)	0.32
" Flavonoids, found predominantly in the skin of almonds, may contribute to their putative health benefit, but their bioactivity and bioavailability have not previously been studied."	( Flavonoids from almond skins are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamins C and E to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation. Blumberg, JB; Chen, CY; Lapsley, K; Milbury, PE, 2005)	0.33
" For that reason, the aim of this paper is to accurately review all investigations reported in the past decade related to dietetic factors that influence the bioavailability of different iron forms."	( Iron availability: An updated review. López, MA; Martos, FC, 2004)	0.32
"The bioavailability of vitamin C from pulsed electric fields (PEF)-treated vegetable soup in comparison with freshly made (FM) vegetable soup-gazpacho-and its impact on 8-epiPGF(2alpha) and uric acid concentrations in a human population were assessed."	( Intake of Mediterranean vegetable soup treated by pulsed electric fields affects plasma vitamin C and antioxidant biomarkers in humans. De Ancos, B; Elez-Martínez, P; Granado, F; Martín, A; Martín-Belloso, O; Olmedilla, B; Pilar Cano, M; Plaza, L; Sánchez-Moreno, C, 2005)	0.33
"To increase the extent of comparative oral bioavailability (F) value and the diuretic and natriuretic effects of orally administered azosemide, ascorbic acid was coadministered to rats."	( Mechanism of enhanced bioavailability and diuretic effect of azosemide by ascorbic acid in rats. Choi, KY; Kim, YC; Lee, MG, 2006)	0.33
" Thus, vitamin C may have beneficial effects on nitric oxide bioavailability induced by L-arginine."	( Effects of vitamin C on intracoronary L-arginine dependent coronary vasodilatation in patients with stable angina. Antoniades, C; Crake, T; Davies, G; Stefanadis, C; Tentolouris, C; Tousoulis, D; Xenakis, C, 2005)	0.33
" In this work, the bioavailability of vitamin C from a Mediterranean vegetable soup (gazpacho) constituted mainly of tomato, pepper and cucumber, and its influence on plasma vitamin C, 8-epi-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-epi-PGF2alpha), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and the cytokines/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6 concentrations in a healthy human population were assessed."	( Mediterranean vegetable soup consumption increases plasma vitamin C and decreases F2-isoprostanes, prostaglandin E2 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in healthy humans. Cano, MP; de Ancos, B; Granado, F; Martín, A; Olmedilla, B; Plaza, L; Sánchez-Moreno, C, 2006)	0.33
" We also investigated iron bioavailability under more complex meal conditions by adding ascorbic acid, which promotes iron uptake, to all samples."	( Endosperm-specific co-expression of recombinant soybean ferritin and Aspergillus phytase in maize results in significant increases in the levels of bioavailable iron. Christou, P; Drakakaki, G; Fischer, R; Glahn, RP; Lund, EK; Marcel, S; Pariagh, S; Stoger, E, 2005)	0.33
" The results from the double-stirred reactor indicated that ascorbic acid has very high absorption rate at this pH range."	( Study on NO(2) absorption by ascorbic acid and various chemicals. Fang, HL; Lei, LC; Li, W; Shi, Y; Wu, CZ, 2006)	0.33
" The primary reason is the high bioavailability of heme iron, but it is also known from radiolabeled single-meal feeding studies in humans that muscle tissue facilitates absorption of nonheme iron."	( Meat consumption in a varied diet marginally influences nonheme iron absorption in normal individuals. Cook, JD; Hurrell, RF; Reddy, MB, 2006)	0.33
" Ascorbic acid reverts endothelial dysfunction in other vascular disorders, via the increase of NO bioavailability through the neutralization of superoxide anions, thus preventing the scavenging of NO by superoxide."	( Ascorbic acid improves the intrahepatic endothelial dysfunction of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Abraldes, JG; Bellot, P; Bosch, J; Deulofeu, R; García-Pagán, JC; Hernández-Guerra, M; Turnes, J, 2006)	0.33
" These findings demonstrate that endogenous melatonin protects exogenous L-DOPA from autoxidation in the extracellular compartment of the striatum of freely moving rats; moreover, systemic co-administration of melatonin with L-DOPA markedly increases striatal L-DOPA bioavailability in control as well as in melatonin-depleted rats."	( Endogenous melatonin protects L-DOPA from autoxidation in the striatal extracellular compartment of the freely moving rat: potential implication for long-term L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease. Desole, MS; Esposito, G; Marchetti, B; Miele, E; Migheli, R; Rocchitta, G; Serra, PA, 2006)	0.33
" It is well absorbed from the digestive system and easily reaches the tissues."	( [Determination of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid concentration using HPLC method in smokers with stable coronary artery disease scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)]. Kleszczewska, E; Lisowski, P; Wiszowata, A, 2005)	0.33
"We compared the relative bioavailability (RBV) of ferrous sulfate in an experimental form of micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate (MDFP) in a wheat-milk infant cereal given with and without ascorbic acid with the RBV of MDFP from a processed and unprocessed rice meal."	( Iron status and food matrix strongly affect the relative bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate in humans. Hurrell, RF; Moretti, D; Walczyk, T; Wegmüller, R; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2006)	0.33
" Folate and vitamin B12 levels rose significantly, suggesting that the supplement was well absorbed and that participants adhered to the protocol."	( Effects of short-term supplementation with ascorbate, folate, and vitamins B6 and B12 on inflammatory factors and estrogen levels in obese postmenopausal women. Palmas, W, 2006)	0.33
"Despite extensive use, information on the bioavailability of elemental iron powders to humans, as influenced by dose and other dietary constituents, is limited."	( An irradiated electrolytic iron fortificant is poorly absorbed by humans and is less responsive than FeSO4 to the enhancing effect of ascorbic acid. Hunt, JR; Johnson, LK; Swain, JH, 2006)	0.33
" The significant and consistently higher serum values of these vitamins among salad consumers suggest that they are being well absorbed from salad."	( Salad and raw vegetable consumption and nutritional status in the adult US population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arab, L; Su, LJ, 2006)	0.33
"Sodium iron(III) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) has considerable promise as an iron fortificant because of its high bioavailability in foods containing iron absorption inhibitors."	( Iron uptake by Caco-2 cells from NaFeEDTA and FeSO4: Effects of ascorbic acid, pH, and a Fe(II) chelating agent. Glahn, RP; Miller, DD; Yeung, CK; Zhu, L, 2006)	0.33
" A mechanism for improving the bioavailability of iron is to add an iron absorption promoter."	( Ascorbyl palmitate enhances iron bioavailability in iron-fortified bread. Cori, H; Hertrampf, E; Lopez de Romana, D; Nuñez, S; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Tapia, M, 2006)	0.33
"The objective was to determine the effect of ascorbyl palmitate (AP) on the bioavailability of iron in fortified bread made from refined wheat flour."	( Ascorbyl palmitate enhances iron bioavailability in iron-fortified bread. Cori, H; Hertrampf, E; Lopez de Romana, D; Nuñez, S; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Tapia, M, 2006)	0.33
"The iron bioavailability of wheat flour fortified with either ferrous sulfate alone or ferrous sulfate plus AP was studied with the use of double radio iron (55Fe and 59Fe) erythrocyte incorporation in 14 women."	( Ascorbyl palmitate enhances iron bioavailability in iron-fortified bread. Cori, H; Hertrampf, E; Lopez de Romana, D; Nuñez, S; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Tapia, M, 2006)	0.33
"The impact of vitamin C on oxidative stress-related diseases is moderate because of its limited oral bioavailability and rapid clearance."	( Rationale and impact of vitamin C in clinical nutrition. Biesalski, HK; McGregor, GP, 2006)	0.33
" The use of a food supplement containing nutrients useful for improving the bioavailability of Fe and that is well tolerated can represent a valid alternative to iron therapy."	( [Effect of treatment with a food supplement (containing: selected sea fish cartilage, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, zinc, copper) in women with iron deficiency: double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial]. Andreoni, L; Opizzi, A; Rondanelli, M; Trotti, R, 2006)	0.33
"This study has shown that, in patients with iron deficiency, the use of a food supplement, consisting of nutrients that improve the bioavailability of Fe, leads to a significant improvement in blood iron and blood ferritin levels."	( [Effect of treatment with a food supplement (containing: selected sea fish cartilage, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, zinc, copper) in women with iron deficiency: double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial]. Andreoni, L; Opizzi, A; Rondanelli, M; Trotti, R, 2006)	0.33
" Ascorbic acid treatment in tumor bearing patients is a puzzling issue whose rationale is based on low vitamin plasma concentration and cancer uptake and sequestration; furthermore high parenteral dosages should be required to achieve a putative oxidative damage on tumor DNA, by this antioxidant molecule; thus bioavailability and metabolism as well as clinical effectiveness are reviewed on the basis of the evidence based medicine: specific evidence of vitamin C efficacy is quite limited, but areas like diabetic vascular complications and sideropenia might benefit of the treatment; high parenteral doses might be useful, perspectively also in relapsing urinary tract infection, after conventional treatment failure, due to the high output of ascorbic acid and potential saturation of the target tissues."	( [Vitamin C. Its clinical use and state of the art]. Palmieri, B; Pollastri, F; Scafati, M, 2006)	0.33
"The investigation was undertaken with the objective of comparing two in vitro techniques, measuring dialyzable iron (method A) and measuring ionizable iron (method B), for iron bioavailability in a model system."	( Comparative analysis of influence of promoters and inhibitors on in vitro available iron using two methods. Gupta, S; Jyothi Lakshmi, A; Prakash, J, )	0.13
" In vitro, supraphysiological concentrations (> 1mM) of ascorbate restore nitric oxide bioavailability and endothelial function."	( Consensus meeting on "Relevance of parenteral vitamin C in acute endothelial dependent pathophysiological conditions (EDPC)". Biesalski, HK; Germann, G; Lehr, HA; McGregor, GP; Migeod, F; Roesen, P; Tanaka, H; Uhlig, C, 2006)	0.33
" This study provides the first evidence that increased denitrosylation leads to increased bioavailability of NO, independent of NOS activity, to promote sustained angiogenesis."	( The release of nitric oxide from S-nitrosothiols promotes angiogenesis. Ahmad, S; Ahmed, A; Ahmed, S; Al-Ani, B; Cudmore, M; Fujisawa, T; Hewett, PW, 2006)	0.33
"A diet with high iron bioavailability protects children from anemia and can be used as an intervention measure by basic health services and by the municipal departments of children's education."	( Iron bioavailability as a protective factor against anemia among children aged 12 to 16 months. Bortolini, GA; Vitolo, MR, )	0.13
"We measured iron bioavailability of meals based on wheat flour consumed by a vulnerable population in Latin America."	( Iron absorption from wheat flour: effects of lemonade and chamomile infusion. Estévez, E; Fuenmayor, G; Hertrampf, E; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F, 2007)	0.34
"Iron bioavailability of meals based on wheat flour, fortified with ferrous sulfate, is improved when given with lemonade."	( Iron absorption from wheat flour: effects of lemonade and chamomile infusion. Estévez, E; Fuenmayor, G; Hertrampf, E; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F, 2007)	0.34
"Grapefruit juice has been shown to increase the oral bioavailability of several clinically important drugs by inhibiting first pass metabolism."	( Radical scavenging and cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitory activity of bergaptol and geranylcoumarin from grapefruit. Girennavar, B; Jadegoud, Y; Jayaprakasha, GK; Nagana Gowda, GA; Patil, BS, 2007)	0.34
" The bioavailability of ferritin iron was assessed using coupled in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model in the presence or absence of ascorbic acid and phytic acid."	( Gastric digestion of pea ferritin and modulation of its iron bioavailability by ascorbic and phytic acids in caco-2 cells. Bejjani, S; Nair, KM; Pullakhandam, R; Punjal, R, 2007)	0.34
" However, few studies have shown a significant effect on iron status following iron fortification of low bioavailability diets."	( The importance of bioavailability of dietary iron in relation to the expected effect from iron fortification. Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2008)	0.35
" Iron absorption and rate of change in iron stores were calculated from nine diets representing a broad range of iron bioavailability and iron contents."	( The importance of bioavailability of dietary iron in relation to the expected effect from iron fortification. Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2008)	0.35
" The combined action of fortification (6 mg/day) and modest bioavailability changes in a low bioavailability diet results approximately in 40 and 70% greater increases in iron stores than through iron fortification or dietary modification alone."	( The importance of bioavailability of dietary iron in relation to the expected effect from iron fortification. Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2008)	0.35
" NO bioavailability is reduced early in vascular disease states, such as hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes and hypertension, and throughout the progression of atherosclerosis."	( Mechanisms for the role of tetrahydrobiopterin in endothelial function and vascular disease. Alp, NJ; Schmidt, TS, 2007)	0.34
" These findings indicate that imidafenacin is rapidly and well absorbed (at least 65% of dose recovered in urine) after oral administration, circulates in human plasma as the unchanged form, its glucuronide, and other metabolites, and is then excreted in urine and feces as the oxidized metabolites of 2-methylimidazole moiety."	( Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of [14C]imidafenacin, a new compound for treatment of overactive bladder, after oral administration to healthy male subjects. Miura, M; Ohmori, S; Ooie, T; Satoh, Y; Toriumi, C, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacologic studies reveal that vitamin C (as ascorbate), at supraphysiologic doses, significantly affects the bioavailability of nitric oxide during acute inflammation, including inhibiting nitric oxide synthetase induction."	( Antioxidant therapy in critical care--is the microcirculation the primary target? Biesalski, HK; McGregor, GP, 2007)	0.34
" This increased rate of absorption correlates with an increased protection of the T-lymphocytes from pesticide toxicities."	( Absorption rates and free radical scavenging values of vitamin C-lipid metabolites in human lymphoblastic cells. Perez, PP; Weeks, BS, 2007)	0.34
" Our objective was to study iron, vitamin C, and phytic acid composition and also iron bioavailability from 4 species of marine algae included in a rice-based meal."	( High iron content and bioavailability in humans from four species of marine algae. García-Casal, MN; Leets, I; Pereira, AC; Quiroga, MF; Ramírez, J, 2007)	0.34
" The basal cytosolic NO concentration ([NO]c) is lower in 2K-1C than in 2K cells, and the bioavailability of the NO released from TERPY is larger in 2K than in 2K-1C VSMCs."	( Vitamin C improves the effect of a new nitric oxide donor on the vascular smooth muscle from renal hypertensive rats. Bendhack, LM; da Silva, RS; Laurindo, FR; Lima, RG; Lunardi, CN; Rodrigues, GJ; Santos, CX, 2008)	0.35
"The reduced iron powder has considerable potential for use as an iron fortificant because it does not change organoleptically during storage or food preparation for cereal flour, and its bioavailability is scarcely influenced by iron absorption inhibitors in foods."	( Comparison of iron uptake from reduced iron powder and FeSO4 using the Caco-2 cell model: effects of ascorbic acid, phytic acid, and pH. Feng, Y; He, WL; Li, XL; Yang, XE, 2008)	0.35
" SVCT may be targeted to facilitate the delivery of drugs with low bioavailability by conjugating with AA and its structural analogs."	( Activity of a sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT) in MDCK-MDR1 cells and mechanism of ascorbate uptake. Kansara, V; Luo, S; Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Wang, Z, 2008)	0.35
"Stratum corneum composition and structure limit cutaneous bioavailability of pharmaceutical and cosmetical agents."	( In vitro evaluation of the effect of electrotreatment on skin permeability. Kalia, YN; Levy, JL; Marra, F; Santi, P, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmaceutical bioavailability of ascorbic acid and cyanocobalamin has been studied using in-vitro methods to develop optimal base for suppositories."	( [Technology of vitamins containing double layer suppositories]. Bakuridze, AD; Berashvili, DT; Kurdiani, NG; Maglakelidze, GM; Tsagareishvili, NT, 2008)	0.35
" A range of different foods were subjected to in vitro digestion, and iron bioavailability from digests was assessed with Caco-2, Caco-2 overlaid with porcine mucin, HT29-MTX or cocultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX at varying ratios."	( Characterization of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cocultures in an in vitro digestion/cell culture model used to predict iron bioavailability. Glahn, RP; Mahler, GJ; Shuler, ML, 2009)	0.35
"The effects of ascorbic acid (AA), phytate and tannic acid (TA) on Fe bioavailability from Fe supplied as reconstituted ferritin were compared with FeSO4 using an in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell model."	( Effects of ascorbic acid, phytic acid and tannic acid on iron bioavailability from reconstituted ferritin measured by an in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell model. Frohman, C; Glahn, RP; Jin, F; Thannhauser, TW; Welch, RM, 2009)	0.35
" Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn."	( Pulque, an alcoholic drink from rural Mexico, contains phytase. Its in vitro effects on corn tortilla. Gutierrez, ME; Olivos, M; Tovar, LR, 2008)	0.35
"There is a strong interest in developing an in vitro arsenic (As) model that satisfactorily estimates the variability in in vivo relative oral bioavailability (RBA) measurements."	( In vitro model improves the prediction of soil arsenic bioavailability: worst-case scenario. Datta, R; Makris, KC; Nagar, R; Quazi, S; Sarkar, D; Sylvia, VL, 2008)	0.35
" The reduction of the particle size of Fe fortificants and the addition of ascorbic acid might increase the bioavailability of low-soluble compounds."	( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008)	0.35
" During the repletion period, Fe balance, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE), relative bioavailability (RBV) and Fe tissue content were determined in the short, medium and long term."	( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008)	0.35
"Fe absorption and bioavailability showed no significant differences between fortifying the fruit juice with FS or MDFP."	( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008)	0.35
"Fe absorption and bioavailability from MDFP were comparable to FS added to a fruit juice in rats."	( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008)	0.35
"To study the effects of ascorbic acid and citric acid on iron bioavailability using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model and evaluate the validity of this cell model."	( [Effects of ascorbic acid and citric acid on iron bioavailability in an in vitro digestion/ Caco-2 cell culture model]. Bai, L; He, ZH; Huang, CY; Lei, J; Zhang, MQ, 2008)	0.35
"The in vitro digestion/ Caco-2 cell culture model is a valuable tool for iron bioavailability assessment."	( [Effects of ascorbic acid and citric acid on iron bioavailability in an in vitro digestion/ Caco-2 cell culture model]. Bai, L; He, ZH; Huang, CY; Lei, J; Zhang, MQ, 2008)	0.35
" This approach may allow for effective, untargeted in-home fortification of complementary foods with low amounts of highly bioavailable iron."	( Optimization of a phytase-containing micronutrient powder with low amounts of highly bioavailable iron for in-home fortification of complementary foods. de Pee, S; Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Troesch, B; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2009)	0.35
" Fermented milk supplemented with tryptone (100 mg/l) showed maximum bioavailability of the minerals like iron (92."	( Supplementation of adjuvants for increasing the nutritive value and cell viability of probiotic fermented milk beverage. Agrawal, R; Shobharani, P, 2009)	0.35
")NO and superoxide (O(2)(-)) radicals and the consequent impact on ()NO bioavailability and nitroxidative stress in bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and in smokers."	( Superoxide-mediated inactivation of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite formation by tobacco smoke in vascular endothelium: studies in cultured cells and smokers. Calcerrada, P; Peluffo, G; Piacenza, L; Pizzano, N; Radi, R, 2009)	0.35
"Non-water-soluble iron compounds have been reported to be less well absorbed than ferrous sulfate in young children, and concern has been raised about their usefulness as food fortificants."	( Regular consumption of a complementary food fortified with ascorbic acid and ferrous fumarate or ferric pyrophosphate is as useful as ferrous sulfate in maintaining hemoglobin concentrations >105 g/L in young Bangladeshi children. Davidsson, L; Hurrell, R; Jamil, KA; Sarker, SA; Sultana, S, 2009)	0.35
"A quasi-experimental design consisting of 4 weeks of nutrition education combined with an increase in the content and bioavailability of dietary iron for 22 weeks was implemented in the intervention school, but not in the control school."	( Education and improved iron intakes for treatment of mild iron-deficiency anemia in adolescent girls in southern Benin. Alaofè, H; Dossa, R; O'Brien, HT; Zee, J, 2009)	0.35
" AA bioavailability in the presence of flavonoids has yielded controversial results."	( Vitamin C and the role of citrus juices as functional food. Cánovas, JA; Martí, N; Mena, P; Micol, V; Saura, D, 2009)	0.35
" One of several important issues is that vitamin C uptake is tightly controlled, resulting in a wide-ranging bioavailability depending on the current vitamin C status."	( Is vitamin C supplementation beneficial? Lessons learned from randomised controlled trials. Lykkesfeldt, J; Poulsen, HE, 2010)	0.36
"LS diet induces the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, which increases oxidative stress via the NADPH oxidase and attenuates NO bioavailability in the heart."	( Potential mechanisms of low-sodium diet-induced cardiac disease: superoxide-NO in the heart. Hintze, TH; Kaley, G; Kaminski, PM; Ojaimi, C; Recchia, FA; Skayian, Y; Suematsu, N; Sun, D; Wang, Z; Wolin, MS; Xu, X; Zhang, S, 2010)	0.36
" The results indicated that incorporation of antioxidants in this new SMEDDS not only significantly reduced ritonavir-induced ER stress activation, ROS production and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, but also improved the solubility, stability and bioavailability of ritonavir, and significantly reduced ritonavir-induced disruption of intestinal barrier function in vivo."	( Development of a novel self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for reducing HIV protease inhibitor-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Jin, F; Lei, B; Studer, EJ; Wang, G; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wen, C; Zha, W; Zhang, L; Zhou, H, 2010)	0.36
"While the association between bioavailability of vitamins E and C and Helicobacter pylori infection has been extensively researched in gastritis and gastric cancer patients, little is known about this relationship in asymptomatic adults."	( Bioavailability of vitamins E and C: does Helicobacter pylori infection play a role? Allard, J; Kreiger, N; McKeown Eyssen, G; Naja, F, 2010)	0.36
" pylori infection on bioavailability of vitamins E and C in asymptomatic adults."	( Bioavailability of vitamins E and C: does Helicobacter pylori infection play a role? Allard, J; Kreiger, N; McKeown Eyssen, G; Naja, F, 2010)	0.36
"The study showed a good bioavailability of these vitamins and increment due to supplementation."	( Plasma vitamin C and tocotrienols changes in response to dietary supplementation among young male adults. Das, S; Fatimah, IS; Khairul, O; Lee, CC; Mohamad, J; Poh, BK; Zahara, AM, 2010)	0.36
"The results confirmed that addition of colloidal silica in ME simultaneously loaded with vitamins C and E enhanced vitamins' skin bioavailability by its dual influence on delivery characteristics of ME as well as on skin properties."	( Dual influence of colloidal silica on skin deposition of vitamins C and E simultaneously incorporated in topical microemulsions. Falson, F; Gasperlin, M; Gosenca, M; Padois, K; Rozman, B, 2010)	0.36
" Complementary administration of antioxidants with high bioavailability should be considered if oxidative stress is present."	( Treatment of CoQ(10) deficient fibroblasts with ubiquinone, CoQ analogs, and vitamin C: time- and compound-dependent effects. Area, E; Dimauro, S; Hirano, M; López, LC; Naini, A; Quinzii, CM; Rahman, S; Salviati, L; Schuelke, M, 2010)	0.36
" However, compared to other structurally similar phytochemicals like garcinol and curcumin, the therapeutic use of chalcones is limited because of their lower bioavailability and rapid metabolic clearance from biological system."	( Fluorinated 2'-hydroxychalcones as garcinol analogs with enhanced antioxidant and anticancer activities. Ahmad, A; Dandawate, P; Deshpande, J; Oswal, N; Padhye, S; Rub, RA; Sarkar, FH; Swamy, KV, 2010)	0.36
" Together, our data indicate that the increase in muscle blood flow during dynamic exercise with acute AA administration in older adults is mediated primarily via an increase in the bioavailability of NO derived from the NOS pathway."	( Nitric oxide, but not vasodilating prostaglandins, contributes to the improvement of exercise hyperemia via ascorbic acid in healthy older adults. Crecelius, AR; Dinenno, FA; Kirby, BS; Voyles, WF, 2010)	0.36
" Arginine and antioxidant vitamins may have played synergistic roles to increase NO bioavailability and reduce oxidative stress damage, thus improving cardiopulmonary performance."	( L-arginine and antioxidant vitamins E and C improve the cardiovascular performance of broiler chickens grown under chronic hypobaric hypoxia. Bautista-Ortega, J; Ruiz-Feria, CA, 2010)	0.36
" Bioavailability studies revealed that both prodrugs 10 and 17 were rapidly cleared from blood with half lives of about 1 h, which will likely decrease systemic adverse effects."	( Brain-specific delivery of naproxen using different carrier systems. Mahmoud, S; Mohammad, A, 2010)	0.36
" It is possible that the bioavailability of ascorbate is superior from some foods, such as kiwifruit."	( Dietary ascorbate intake affects steady state tissue concentrations in vitamin C-deficient mice: tissue deficiency after suboptimal intake and superior bioavailability from a food source (kiwifruit). Bozonet, SM; Braithwaite, LJ; Pearson, JF; Vissers, MC, 2011)	0.37
" Previous studies have shown that endothelial dysfunction in 5/6 nephrectomized mice is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased vascular superoxide production."	( Prevention of renal injury and endothelial dysfunction by chronic L-arginine and antioxidant treatment. Arellano-Mendoza, MG; Del Valle-Mondragon, L; Escalante, B; Rios, A; Vargas-Robles, H, 2011)	0.37
" A good correlation was obtained between the theoretical predictions of bioavailability using Lipinski's rule-of-five and experimental verification."	( Synthesis, biopharmaceutical characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of 1-(4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-3-aryl-propane-1,3-diones. Ben Hadda, T; Chohan, Z; Ingle, V; Juneja, H; Parvez, A; Sheikh, J; Youssoufi, M, 2011)	0.37
" Recently, properties other than antioxidant potency, such as lipophilicity, size, shape, and bulkiness, which influence the bioavailability and the toxicity of MnPs, have been addressed as they affect their in vivo efficacy and therapeutic utility."	( Methoxy-derivatization of alkyl chains increases the in vivo efficacy of cationic Mn porphyrins. Synthesis, characterization, SOD-like activity, and SOD-deficient E. coli study of meta Mn(III) N-methoxyalkylpyridylporphyrins. Batinic-Haberle, I; Benov, L; Chen, X; Rajic, Z; Reboucas, JS; Salvemini, D; Sheng, H; Spasojevic, I; Tovmasyan, AG; Warner, DS, 2011)	0.37
" Even with the use of a very well absorbed ferrous iron compound, iron fortification in this population does not increase NTBI, suggesting a low risk for adverse health consequences."	( Fortification iron as ferrous sulfate plus ascorbic acid is more rapidly absorbed than as sodium iron EDTA but neither increases serum nontransferrin-bound iron in women. Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Troesch, B; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2011)	0.37
" However, little is known about the bioavailability of nutrients from fortified beverages relative to 100% fruit juices."	( Absorption of folic acid and ascorbic acid from nutrient comparable beverages. Carter, B; Drewnowski, A; Monsivais, P, )	0.13
" The objective of the study, therefore, was to test the bioavailability of iron and zinc in 2 multiple micronutrient beverage premixes in the absence and presence of chapatti."	( Bioavailability of iron and zinc from multiple micronutrient fortified beverage premixes in Caco-2 cell model. Nair, KM; Pamini, H; Pullakhandam, R; Punjal, R, 2011)	0.37
" SVCT targeted prodrug approach can be an attractive strategy to enhance the oral absorption and systemic bioavailability of anti-HIV protease inhibitors."	( Targeting SVCT for enhanced drug absorption: synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel vitamin C conjugated prodrug of saquinavir. Khurana, V; Luo, S; Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Patel, M; Wang, Z; Zhu, X, 2011)	0.37
" New knowledge is included about the importance of: enhancing the endogenous skin antioxidant defense through external supply; the balance between various skin antioxidants; factors that can improve the skin bioavailability of antioxidants; and new delivery systems, such as microemulsions, used to deliver vitamins C and E into the skin simultaneously."	( Main approaches for delivering antioxidant vitamins through the skin to prevent skin ageing. Gašperlin, M; Gosenca, M, 2011)	0.37
"Increasing the consumption of Fe-rich foods and thus improving Fe bioavailability without significantly increasing diet cost is the most sustainable intervention for improving Fe intake."	( Fermented soyabean and vitamin C-rich fruit: a possibility to circumvent the further decrease of iron status among iron-deficient pregnant women in Indonesia. Erhardt, JG; Muslimatun, S; Wijaya-Erhardt, M, 2011)	0.37
"Oxidative stress may cause a loss of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a co-factor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), decrease the bioavailability of NO and aggravate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in diabetic heart."	( Ascorbic acid and N-acetyl cysteine prevent uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase and increase tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rat heart. Fujita, M; Iwasaka, T; Okazaki, T; Otani, H; Shimazu, T; Yoshioka, K, 2011)	0.37
" We have probably wasted too much time on agents like antioxidant vitamins instead of focusing on more disease specific, target-directed, highly bioavailable antioxidants."	( Antioxidant therapy: current status and future prospects. Firuzi, O; Miri, R; Saso, L; Tavakkoli, M, 2011)	0.37
"It has been suggested that some food components, such as bioflavonoids, affect the bioavailability of ascorbic acid in humans."	( Absorption and excretion of ascorbic acid alone and in acerola (Malpighia emarginata) juice: comparison in healthy Japanese subjects. Aizawa, S; Amano, A; Aoki, H; Hanamura, T; Ishigami, A; Koizumi, T; Kondo, Y; Maruyama, N; Nagamine, K; Uchida, E, 2011)	0.37
"The incorporation of AZM in coagels seems to improve the ocular bioavailability of this drug."	( Improvement of acetazolamide ocular permeation using ascorbyl laurate nanostructures as drug delivery system. Allemandi, DA; Palma, SD; Quinteros, DA; Saino, V; Tártara, LI, 2012)	0.38
" It can be concluded that vitamins have a vital role in improving semen quality and bioavailability of Mg and Cu in seminal plasma of the post-molt cockerels."	( Effects of vitamins, probiotics, and protein level on semen traits and some seminal plasma macro- and microminerals of male broiler breeders after zinc-induced molting. Javed, I; Khan, RU; Muhammad, F, 2012)	0.38
" In ischemic conditions, decreased NO bioavailability was observed because of increased oxidative stress, decreased L-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin."	( Tetrahydrobiopterin, L-arginine and vitamin C actsynergistically to decrease oxidative stress, increase nitricoxide and improve blood flow after induction of hindlimbischemia in the rat. Messina, LM; Tie, G; Yan, J, 2012)	0.38
"Several factors limit the absorption and bioavailability of vitamins."	( A randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of aloe vera on bioavailability of vitamins C and B(12), blood glucose, and lipid profile in healthy human subjects. Devaraj, S; Jialal, I; Jialal, R; Rockwood, J; Singh, S; Yun, JM, 2010)	0.36
" The observed limited brain bioavailability of the drug prompted the design of several chemical delivery systems."	( Pharmacokinetic and ulcerogenic studies of naproxen prodrugs designed for specific brain delivery. Sheha, M, 2012)	0.38
"Topical bioavailability of lipid- and water-soluble vitamins is a critical issue for protecting or anti-ageing formulations."	( Lemon (Citrus limon, Burm.f.) essential oil enhances the trans-epidermal release of lipid-(A, E) and water-(B6, C) soluble vitamins from topical emulsions in reconstructed human epidermis. Beltramini, C; Berlini, E; Bertarelli, YL; Gabbanini, S; Lucchi, E; Valgimigli, L, 2012)	0.38
"Abiotic processes able to reduce oxidized Se species may have a strong influence on the environmental behavior of selenium since Se toxicity, bioavailability and mobility follow the order Se(-II)	( The reaction of selenium (IV) with ascorbic acid: its relevance in aqueous and soil systems. Campanella, L; Gennari, F; Pettine, M, 2013)	0.39
" The present study aimed to establish the physiological effects of acute ingestion of a F&V purée-based drink (FVPD) on vasodilation, antioxidant status, phytochemical bioavailability and other CVD risk factors."	( Effects of acute consumption of a fruit and vegetable purée-based drink on vasodilation and oxidative status. George, TW; Gordon, MH; Lovegrove, JA; Niwat, C; Waroonphan, S, 2013)	0.39
" Efficacy in terms of increased bioavailability of vitamin A and C in human volunteers indicates the clinical usefulness of the supplement."	( Acute and sub acute toxicity and efficacy studies of Hippophae rhamnoides based herbal antioxidant supplement. Ali, R; Bhatnagar, A; Chaurasia, OP; Jaimini, A; Kumar, R; Mittal, G; Nishad, DK; Singh, SB, )	0.13
" The observation that the intravenous administration of AA enhances its bioavailability to the extent of deriving pharmacological benefits against cancer has in recent years partially supported the clinical plausibility (efficacy) of AA towards realizing its translational advantage."	( Ascorbic acid in cancer chemoprevention: translational perspectives and efficacy. Abu-Duhier, F; Ahmad, A; Bhat, SH; Hadi, SM; Hussain, E; Ullah, MF, 2012)	0.38
" During limb ischemia, decreased NO bioavailability occurs secondary to increased oxidant stress, decreased L-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin."	( Tetrahydrobiopterin, L-arginine and vitamin C act synergistically to decrease oxidant stress and increase nitric oxide that increases blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia in the rat. Messina, LM; Tie, G; Yan, J, 2012)	0.38
" Our study reveals that oxidative stress may be a responsible factor for the reduced bioavailability of NO which can impair the vasodilation in sickle cell patients."	( Level of nitric oxide and antioxidant vitamins in sickle cell anaemia patients. Ghone, RA; Hundekar, PS; Joshi, NG; Karnik, AC; Katkam, RV; Suryakar, AN, )	0.13
" Furthermore, dietary sugars and flavonoids in fruits and vegetables may modulate Asc bioavailability via inhibition of small intestinal GLUT2 and GLUT8."	( Intestinal dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) transport mediated by the facilitative sugar transporters, GLUT2 and GLUT8. Al-Hasani, H; Corpe, CP; Eck, P; Levine, M; Wang, J, 2013)	0.39
" Admixed with suitable concentration of L-ascorbic acid, the collagen solution was well absorbed and results in effect of smoothing wrinkles; the effect of L-ascorbic acid to clear up the spots was also demonstrated."	( [The study of absorption efficiency and restoring effects of collagen and ascorbic acid on aged skin by fluorescence and reflection spectroscopy]. Lin, YM; Wang, SY; Yang, BW; Yeh, DC, 2012)	0.38
" Unlike vitamins C and E, curcumin is well established as an anti-cataract agent, but the issue of curcumin bioavailability is yet to be addressed."	( Antioxidants and cataract. Manikandan, R; Thiagarajan, R, 2013)	0.39
"We investigated the bioavailability of vitamin C to human skeletal muscle in relation to dietary intake and plasma concentrations and compared this relation with ascorbate uptake by leukocytes."	( Human skeletal muscle ascorbate is highly responsive to changes in vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations. Bozonet, SM; Carr, AC; Pullar, JM; Simcock, JW; Vissers, MC, 2013)	0.39
" Part 1 of this phase 1, randomized, single-dose (1,000 mg) study in 20 healthy volunteers compared the relative bioavailability of three different tablet formulations of GSK1322322 (fast release, intermediate release, and slow release) to that of the previously studied powder-in-bottle formulation to assess the optimal formulation for progression into clinical trials."	( Effect of H2 blockade and food on single-dose pharmacokinetics of GSK1322322, a peptide deformylase inhibitor antibacterial. Dumont, E; Jones, LS; Kurtinecz, M; Naderer, OJ; Zhu, J, 2013)	0.39
" Results provide a potential strategy to enhance the delivery and bioavailability of catechins in humans by modulating green tea formulation with vitamin C and xylitol."	( Green tea formulations with vitamin C and xylitol on enhanced intestinal transport of green tea catechins. Chung, JH; Chung, JO; Kim, S; Lee, SJ; Oh, YJ; Shim, SM, 2013)	0.39
" Both compounds had low bioavailability and may be recommended for further investigations as excipients to be externally applied."	( Polysulfones of new structural types as perspective antioxidant agents. Anikina, L; Gorbunova, M, 2013)	0.39
" The bioavailability of this vitamin depends upon the nutritional intake and its uptake by cells, mainly through the sodium-dependent transporters SVCT1/Svct1 and SVCT2/Svct2 (human/rat)."	( Liver metabolic/oxidative stress induces hepatic and extrahepatic changes in the expression of the vitamin C transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2. Gonzalez-Sanchez, E; Hierro, C; Lozano, E; Macias, RI; Marin, JJ; Monte, MJ, 2014)	0.4
"Pathological circumstances characterized by the presence of metabolic/oxidative stress in the liver induce different responses in the expression of ascorbic acid transporters in intrahepatic and extrahepatic tissues, which may affect the overall bioavailability and cellular uptake of this vitamin."	( Liver metabolic/oxidative stress induces hepatic and extrahepatic changes in the expression of the vitamin C transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2. Gonzalez-Sanchez, E; Hierro, C; Lozano, E; Macias, RI; Marin, JJ; Monte, MJ, 2014)	0.4
" To optimize iron bioavailability from an LNS named complementary food fortificant (CFF), 3 stable isotope studies were conducted in 52 young Beninese children."	( Iron bioavailability from a lipid-based complementary food fortificant mixed with millet porridge can be optimized by adding phytase and ascorbic acid but not by using a mixture of ferrous sulfate and sodium iron EDTA. Cercamondi, CI; Egli, IM; Hessou, J; Hounhouigan, JD; Hurrell, RF; Mitchikpe, E; Tossou, F; Zeder, C, 2013)	0.39
"Genotypic variation of iron bioavailability and the relationship between iron bioavailability and nutrient composition in polished rice among 11 rice genotypes were assessed using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model."	( Differential iron-bioavailability with relation to nutrient compositions in polished rice among selected Chinese genotypes using Caco-2 cell culture model. Feng, Y; He, WL; He, ZL; Shi, CH; Stoffella, PJ; Wei, YY; Yang, XE, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, we investigated whether such effects of neonatal dexamethasone have adverse consequences for NO bioavailability and cardiovascular function at adulthood, and whether neonatal combined antioxidant and dexamethasone treatment is protective in the adult."	( Antioxidant treatment improves neonatal survival and prevents impaired cardiac function at adulthood following neonatal glucocorticoid therapy. Evans, RD; Giussani, DA; Herrera, EA; Niu, Y, 2013)	0.39
"This review compares iron and zinc food sources, dietary intakes, dietary recommendations, nutritional status, bioavailability and interactions, with a focus on adults in economically-developed countries."	( Iron and zinc nutrition in the economically-developed world: a review. Booth, AO; Lim, KH; Nowson, CA; Riddell, LJ; Szymlek-Gay, EA, 2013)	0.39
"In addition to phytate, polyphenols (PP) might contribute to low Fe bioavailability from sorghum-based foods."	( Sodium iron EDTA and ascorbic acid, but not polyphenol oxidase treatment, counteract the strong inhibitory effect of polyphenols from brown sorghum on the absorption of fortification iron in young women. Cercamondi, CI; Egli, IM; Hurrell, RF; Zeder, C, 2014)	0.4
" Six hundred forty-six participants (582 women and 64 men) were selected from multiple Fe bioavailability studies and classified into four groups based on Fe status: NIS, IDS, IDWA, and IDA."	( Is a 40 % absorption of iron from a ferrous ascorbate reference dose appropriate to assess iron absorption independent of iron status? Brito, A; Hamilton-West, C; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Valenzuela, C, 2013)	0.39
"Whether vitamin C from wholefoods has equivalent bioavailability to a purified supplement remains unclear."	( A randomized steady-state bioavailability study of synthetic versus natural (kiwifruit-derived) vitamin C. Bozonet, SM; Carr, AC; Pullar, JM; Simcock, JW; Vissers, MC, 2013)	0.39
"Ascorbate (Asc) has been shown to increase nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and thereby improve endothelial function in patients showing signs of endothelial dysfunction."	( Does vitamin C enhance nitric oxide bioavailability in a tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent manner? In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Lykkesfeldt, J; Mortensen, A, 2014)	0.4
" CpG-ODN has successfully been used as an adjuvant (phase I-III clinical trials) but its bioavailability needs to be improved."	( Adjuvant activity of CpG-ODN formulated as a liquid crystal. Allemandi, DA; Chiodetti, AL; Harman, MF; Maletto, BA; Morón, G; Palma, SD; Pistoresi-Palencia, MC; Sánchez Vallecillo, MF; Ullio Gamboa, GV, 2014)	0.4
" The FRAP assay has also been used to assess the bioavailability of antioxidants in foods and to investigate the effects of growing conditions, storage, processing, and cooking method on the total antioxidant content of food."	( Antioxidants in food: content, measurement, significance, action, cautions, caveats, and research needs. Benzie, IF; Choi, SW, 2014)	0.4
" Information on the bioavailability of vitamins is important for a good estimation of the actual exposure to vitamins."	( Bioaccessibility of vitamin A, vitamin C and folic acid from dietary supplements, fortified food and infant formula. Alewijn, M; Bakker, MI; Bouwmeester, H; Brandon, EF; Kramer, E; Zuidema, T, 2014)	0.4
"Catalytic consumption of nitric oxide (NO) by myeloperoxidase and related peroxidases is implicated as playing a key role in impairing NO bioavailability during inflammatory conditions."	( Mechanism and regulation of peroxidase-catalyzed nitric oxide consumption in physiological fluids: critical protective actions of ascorbate and thiocyanate. Kettle, AJ; Maiocchi, SL; Rees, MD; Thomas, SR, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of this study was to determine whether the highest vitamin C supplementation associated with complete bioavailability influences the plasma and blood mononuclear cell IL-6 and IL-10 response to exercise."	( Vitamin C supplementation does not influence plasma and blood mononuclear cell IL-6 and IL-10 levels after exercise. Aguiló, A; Martinez, P; Martínez, S; Monjo, M; Moreno, C; Tauler, P, 2014)	0.4
"In this prospective double-blind placebo controlled study in 21 ART and 21 control children we assessed the effects of a four-week oral supplementation with antioxidant vitamins C (1 g) and E (400 IU) or placebo (allocation ratio 2:1) on flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery and pulmonary artery pressure (echocardiography) during high-altitude exposure (3454 m), a manoeuver known to facilitate the detection of pulmonary vascular dysfunction and to decrease NO bioavailability by stimulating oxidative stress."	( Antioxidants improve vascular function in children conceived by assisted reproductive technologies: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Allemann, Y; Arx, Rv; Bailey, DM; Cerny, D; de Marchi, SF; Duplain, H; Germond, M; McEneny, J; Rexhaj, E; Rimoldi, SF; Sartori, C; Scherrer, U, 2015)	0.42
"Antioxidant administration to ART children improved NO bioavailability and vascular responsiveness in the systemic and pulmonary circulation."	( Antioxidants improve vascular function in children conceived by assisted reproductive technologies: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Allemann, Y; Arx, Rv; Bailey, DM; Cerny, D; de Marchi, SF; Duplain, H; Germond, M; McEneny, J; Rexhaj, E; Rimoldi, SF; Sartori, C; Scherrer, U, 2015)	0.42
" The synthetic methodology can be tweaked for controlled delivery and better bioavailability of effective doses of these DNA-cleaving agents through a defined self-assembled polymeric nanoarchitecture."	( Nanoscopic poly-DNA-cleaver for breast cancer regression with induced oxidative damage. Kim, S; Kus, J; Misra, SK; Pan, D, 2014)	0.4
" However the role of ASC on the interaction between dissolution stability and in vivo bioavailability of RIF in the presence of INH has not been explored and therefore examined in the present study."	( Ascorbic acid improves stability and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in the presence of isoniazid. Natham, R; Rajaram, S; Vemuri, VD, 2014)	0.4
" However, there is a paucity of data reporting on the bioavailability of high-dose oral VC in human skeletal muscle."	( High-dose vitamin C supplementation increases skeletal muscle vitamin C concentration and SVCT2 transporter expression but does not alter redox status in healthy males. Baptista, R; Della Gatta, PA; Mason, SA; Russell, AP; Wadley, GD; Yousif, A, 2014)	0.4
"Quercetin bioavailability exhibits high interindividual variation for reasons that remain unclear."	( Quercetin bioavailability is associated with inadequate plasma vitamin C status and greater plasma endotoxin in adults. Bruno, RS; Guo, Y; Mah, E, )	0.13
" Greater quercetin absorption and bioavailability may be associated with poor vitamin C status and increased intestinal permeability in healthy adults."	( Quercetin bioavailability is associated with inadequate plasma vitamin C status and greater plasma endotoxin in adults. Bruno, RS; Guo, Y; Mah, E, )	0.13
" In conclusion, FCM has low bioavailability for liver parenchyma cells, therefore liver iron deposition is unlikely."	( Iron sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose: no correlation between physicochemical stability and biological activity. Cornelius, C; Goldenberg, H; Haider, K; Praschberger, M; Scheiber-Mojdehkar, B; Schitegg, M; Sturm, B, 2015)	0.42
" However, the choices of excipient, dosage form, and ingredient chemistry as well as the patient physiologies and pathologies can influence bioavailability and efficacy."	( Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study. Johnson, EJ; Lang, JC; Rasmussen, HM; Vishwanathan, R, 2014)	0.4
" The bioavailability of each micronutrient was based on the pharmacokinetic profiles established through 15 samplings for each ingredient/dosage form in plasma/serum over the course of one week."	( Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study. Johnson, EJ; Lang, JC; Rasmussen, HM; Vishwanathan, R, 2014)	0.4
" Comparative consistency in bioavailability was observed across dosage forms, and most nutrients between AREDS1 and AREDS2 (full dose) formulations relative to the significant variations observed within this controlled population."	( Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study. Johnson, EJ; Lang, JC; Rasmussen, HM; Vishwanathan, R, 2014)	0.4
"An early prediction of solubility in physiological media (PBS, SGF and SIF) is useful to predict qualitatively bioavailability and absorption of lead candidates."	( Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility measurements in simulated fluids by 96-well plate method in early drug discovery. Bharate, SS; Vishwakarma, RA, 2015)	0.42
"Ligand-promoted dissolution and reductive dissolution of iron (hydr)oxide minerals control the bioavailability of iron in many environmental systems and have been recognized as biological iron acquisition strategies."	( Synergistic effect of reductive and ligand-promoted dissolution of goethite. Giammar, DE; Kraemer, SM; Schenkeveld, WD; Wang, Z, 2015)	0.42
" Furthermore, redox status has a profound impact on the bioavailability of ascorbate in the nucleus."	( Regulation of the Epigenome by Vitamin C. Wang, G; Young, JI; Züchner, S, 2015)	0.42
"This research aimed to develop a supercritical fluid (SCF) technique for preparing a particulate form of itraconazole (ITZ) with good dissolution and bioavailability characteristics."	( Itraconazole solid dispersion prepared by a supercritical fluid technique: preparation, in vitro characterization, and bioavailability in beagle dogs. Daintree, LS; Ding, S; Han, J; Ledger, DM; Qi, J; Wang, B; Wu, W; Yin, X; Zhao, W, 2015)	0.42
" Based on the present data from studies with non-smoking men, metabolic losses of 50 mg/day are assumed, as well as an absorption rate of 80% and an urinary excretion of 25% of the vitamin C intake."	( New Reference Values for Vitamin C Intake. , 2015)	0.42
"Total (heme and nonheme) iron bioavailability from the US diet has been estimated to be 18% based on a single human absorption study."	( Total Iron Bioavailability from the US Diet Is Lower Than the Current Estimate. Armah, SM; Carriquiry, AL; Reddy, MB, 2015)	0.42
"We estimated total iron bioavailability from the US diet with the use of our recently reported algorithm that estimates nonheme iron absorption and a conservative value for heme iron absorption."	( Total Iron Bioavailability from the US Diet Is Lower Than the Current Estimate. Armah, SM; Carriquiry, AL; Reddy, MB, 2015)	0.42
"This study provides useful data for evaluating the current value of iron bioavailability from the US diet."	( Total Iron Bioavailability from the US Diet Is Lower Than the Current Estimate. Armah, SM; Carriquiry, AL; Reddy, MB, 2015)	0.42
"The bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iron from 12 Andean potato clones were estimated using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion procedure and the Caco-2 cell line as a model of human intestine, with ferritin formation as a marker of iron absorption."	( In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Iron from Potatoes with Varying Vitamin C, Carotenoid, and Phenolic Concentrations. Andre, CM; Bonierbale, M; Burgos, G; Evers, D; Guignard, C; Hausman, JF; Ziebel, J; Zum Felde, T, 2015)	0.42
" A highly bioavailable heme iron ingredient was selected to fortify a chocolate cream used to fill sandwich-type cookies."	( Oxidative stability of a heme iron-fortified bakery product: Effectiveness of ascorbyl palmitate and co-spray-drying of heme iron with calcium caseinate. Alemán, M; Bou, R; Codony, R; Guardiola, F; Polo, J; Tres, A, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, bioavailability of the oxidized form of vitamin C (l-dehydroascorbic acid or DHA)-commonly found in vitamin C containing food products prone to oxidation-was studied."	( L-dehydroascorbic acid can substitute l-ascorbic acid as dietary vitamin C source in guinea pigs. Frikke-Schmidt, H; Lykkesfeldt, J; Tveden-Nyborg, P, 2016)	0.43
" Several attempts have been made to improve the cholesterol-lowering activity by enhancing the bioavailability of crystalline sterols and stanols."	( Lipid-lowering Activity of Natural and Semi-Synthetic Sterols and Stanols. Gershkovich, P; Taha, DA; Wasan, EK; Wasan, KM, 2015)	0.42
"The impact of ascorbate on oxidative stress-related diseases is moderate because of its limited oral bioavailability and rapid clearance."	( Therapeutic treatment with ascorbate rescues mice from heat stroke-induced death by attenuating systemic inflammatory response and hypothalamic neuronal damage. Chang, CY; Chen, JY; Chen, SH; Cheng, TJ; Hu, ML; Lin, MT, 2016)	0.43
" Compound 13d, having good in vitro ADME profile and moderate oral bioavailability in mice, showed potent anti-inflammatory activity against hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity reaction in mice following topical and oral administration."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel orally available 1-phenyl-6-aminouracils containing dimethyldihydrobenzofuranol structure for the treatment of allergic skin diseases. Fujiwara, N; Hasegawa, F; Inoue, Y; Isobe, M; Isobe, Y; Tobe, M; Tsuboi, K, 2016)	0.43
" However, it has major drawbacks of very poor bioavailability and solubility."	( An appraisal on recent medicinal perspective of curcumin degradant: Dehydrozingerone (DZG). Hampannavar, GA; Karpoormath, R; Palkar, MB; Shaikh, MS, 2016)	0.43
" Variation in ascorbate bioavailability thus can influence the demethylation of both DNA and histone, further leading to different phenotypic presentations."	( The epigenetic role of vitamin C in health and disease. Camarena, V; Wang, G, 2016)	0.43
" Our findings demonstrate that the therapeutic efficacy of CN could be attained at lower dose and also its oral bioavailability could be increased by encapsulating CN in SLNs."	( Mitigating effect of chrysin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against Amyloid β25-35 induced oxidative stress in rat hippocampal region: An efficient formulation approach for Alzheimer's disease. Thangarajan, S; Vedagiri, A, 2016)	0.43
" Thus, this three-dimensional network system of BPH may be a potential delivery system to improve the stability and bioavailability of functional agents in both food and non-food fields."	( Preparation and Self-Assembly Mechanism of Bovine Serum Albumin-Citrus Peel Pectin Conjugated Hydrogel: A Potential Delivery System for Vitamin C. Chen, S; Luo, M; Ning, F; Peng, H; Xiong, H; Zhu, X, 2016)	0.43
" However, high dose VC has shown limited efficacy in clinical trials, possibly due to the decreased bioavailability of oral VC."	( Glutathione Depletion, Pentose Phosphate Pathway Activation, and Hemolysis in Erythrocytes Protecting Cancer Cells from Vitamin C-induced Oxidative Stress. Deberardinis, RJ; Glass, D; Lee, EE; Sudderth, J; Wang, RC; Yue, Y; Zhang, ZZ; Zia, A, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of our study was to evaluate iron bioavailability of YCF relative to prebiotic and AA concentrations."	( In vitro assessment of iron availability from commercial Young Child Formulae supplemented with prebiotics. Christides, T; Ganis, JC; Sharp, PA, 2018)	0.48
"We used the in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model to measure iron bioavailability from 4 commercially available YCF with approximately equal amounts of iron, but varying amounts of: AA and the prebiotics fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides."	( In vitro assessment of iron availability from commercial Young Child Formulae supplemented with prebiotics. Christides, T; Ganis, JC; Sharp, PA, 2018)	0.48
" The aim of this study was to examine the iron bioavailability of a novel home fortificant, the "Lucky Iron Fish™" (LIF) (www."	( Dietary Factors Modulate Iron Uptake in Caco-2 Cells from an Iron Ingot Used as a Home Fortificant to Prevent Iron Deficiency. Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Perfecto, A; Rodriguez-Ramiro, I, 2017)	0.46
" IVC bypasses bioavailability barriers of oral ingestion, provides pharmacological concentrations in tissues, and exhibits selective cytotoxic effects in cancer cells through peroxide formation."	( High Dose Parenteral Ascorbate Inhibited Pancreatic Cancer Growth and Metastasis: Mechanisms and a Phase I/IIa study. Chen, P; Chen, Q; Dong, R; Drisko, JA; Fan, F; Godwin, AK; Levine, M; Pessetto, Z; Polireddy, K; Reed, G; Violet, PC; Williamson, S; Yu, J, 2017)	0.46
" We compared plasma vitamin C and C-reactive protein concentrations between septic shock and non-septic patients over 4 days using a mixed effects statistical model, and we compared the vitamin C status of the critically ill patients with known vitamin C bioavailability data using a four-parameter log-logistic response model."	( Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency in critically ill patients despite recommended enteral and parenteral intakes. Bayer, S; Carr, AC; Chambers, S; Mehrtens, J; Rosengrave, PC; Shaw, GM, 2017)	0.46
" Ferric pyrophosphate [Fe4(P2O7)3] is organoleptically neutral and is less soluble in acid medium and, further, has low bioavailability in milk."	( Effect of ascorbic acid rich, micro-nutrient fortified supplement on the iron bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate from a milk based beverage in Indian school children. Bose, B; Kurpad, AV; Mandal, AK; Pauline, M; Srinivasu, BY; Thankachan, P; Thomas, T; Verghese, ST, )	0.13
"A dihydroquercetin derivative (DHQA) was prepared through aminomethylation to overcome the low water solubility and bioavailability of dihydroquercetin (DHQ)."	( Synthesis, characterization, solubilization, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of aminomethylated dihydroquercetin. Chen, Y; Cui, J; Dong, J; Li, J; Ouyang, J; Wang, F; Wang, J, 2017)	0.46
" Causes of IDA include low consumption of iron-rich foods combined with poor iron bioavailability of nonheme iron sources."	( A food synergy approach in a national program to improve the micronutrient status of preschoolers: a randomized control trial protocol. Balakrishna, N; Fernandez Rao, S; Ghosh, S; Nair, KM; Radhakrishna, KV; Roy Choudhury, D, 2019)	0.51
" Losartan carboxylic acid (LCA), the potent AT1 blocker metabolite of losartan, suffers from poor bioavailability and brain access."	( Conjugation to Ascorbic Acid Enhances Brain Availability of Losartan Carboxylic Acid and Protects Against Parkinsonism in Rats. Prusty, S; Sahu, PK; Singh, VK; Subudhi, BB, 2018)	0.48
" Food processing operations in terms of blanching, canning, sterilizing and freezing, in addition to cooking methods perhaps can have a major influence on the yield, chemical structure and bioavailability of antioxidants in Brassica family."	( Antioxidant Components of Brassica Vegetables Including Turnip and the Influence of Processing and Storage on their Anti-oxidative Properties. Gharehbeglou, P; Jafari, SM, 2019)	0.51
"The class of lipophilic compounds coming from vegetal source represents a perspective in the adjuvant treatment of several human diseases, despite their poor bioavailability in humans."	( Lipomatrix: A Novel Ascorbyl Palmitate-Based Lipid Matrix to Enhancing Enteric Absorption of Serenoa Repens Oil. Benetti, F; Cicero, AFG; Fratter, A; Mason, V; Meneghetti, E; Pellizzato, M; Tedesco, E; Valier, S, 2019)	0.51
" Finally, the enhanced bioavailability of vitamin C from the formulation was demonstrated in the medical experiment."	( New oral liposomal vitamin C formulation: properties and bioavailability. Borowik, T; Dałek, P; Foryś, A; Langner, M; Przybyło, M; Witkiewicz, W; Łukawski, M, 2020)	0.56
"Vitamin C plays an important role in human health and therefore, the bioavailability and delivery of this micronutrient in solution have been the subject of intensive studies."	( Conjugation of vitamin C with serum proteins: A potential application for vitamin delivery. Chanphai, P; Tajmir-Riahi, HA, 2019)	0.51
" Thus, the present study sought to evaluate the efficacy of an acute over-the-counter AO cocktail (600 mg α-lipoic acid, 1,000 mg vitamin C, and 600 IU vitamin E) to mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress, and subsequently improve nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and vascular function, in patients with HFpEF."	( Impact of acute antioxidant administration on inflammation and vascular function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Alpenglow, JK; Bunsawat, K; Clifton, HL; Gifford, JR; LaSalle, DT; Ratchford, SM; Richardson, RS; Ryan, JJ; Thurston, TS; Wray, DW; Wright, JB, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" Dietary vitamin C from natural sources is taken with other compounds affecting its bioavailability and biological effects."	( Pro- and Antioxidant Effects of Vitamin C in Cancer in correspondence to Its Dietary and Pharmacological Concentrations. Blasiak, J; Pawlowska, E; Szczepanska, J, 2019)	0.51
"Ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AA2G), glucosylated ascorbic acid (AA), has superior properties for bioavailability and stability compared to AA."	( Ascorbic Acid 2-Glucoside Pretreatment Protects Cells from Ionizing Radiation, UVC, and Short Wavelength of UVB. Allum, AJ; Buckner, MA; Froning, CE; Haskins, AH; Kato, TA; Maeda, J; Miller, CD; Mussallem, JT, 2020)	0.56
" The characteristics of milk phospholipid assemblies and their functionality in terms of in vitro digestibility and bioavailability of encapsulated nutrients (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol) were studied."	( Fabrication and assessment of milk phospholipid-complexed antioxidant phytosomes with vitamin C and E: A comparison with liposomes. Brennan, CS; Guan, W; Huang, Z; Kulasiri, D; Liu, J; Mohan, MS; Stipkovits, L; Zhao, H; Zheng, H, 2020)	0.56
" The major fibre in fruits and vegetables, pectin, however also decreases the bioavailability of phenolics and carotenoids."	( Ascorbic acid, sucrose and olive oil lipids mitigate the inhibitory effects of pectin on the bioaccessibility and Caco-2 cellular uptake of ferulic acid and naringenin. Frank, J; Kruger, J; Sus, N, 2020)	0.56
" The impact of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) on oxidative stress-related diseases is moderate because of its limited oral bioavailability and rapid clearance."	( Therapeutic treatment with vitamin C reduces focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain infarction in rats by attenuating disruptions of blood brain barrier and cerebral neuronal apoptosis. Chang, CY; Chen, JY; Hu, ML; Wu, MH, 2020)	0.56
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral bioavailability of liposomal vitamin C and non-liposomal vitamin C in healthy, adult, human subjects under fasting conditions through an open label, randomized, single-dose, two-treatment, two-sequence, two-period, two-way crossover, study."	( Evaluation and clinical comparison studies on liposomal and non-liposomal ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and their enhanced bioavailability. Balakrishnan, P; Gopi, S, 2021)	0.62
" A number of proposed factors contribute to the vitamin's plasma bioavailability and ability to exert optimal functionality."	( The effects of surgery on plasma/serum vitamin C concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hudson, I; Pipingas, A; Ried, K; Sali, A; Scholey, A; Travica, N, 2022)	0.72
" Overall, by regulating vitamin C transport, the adenosinergic system (via activation of A3 receptors) can regulate ascorbate bioavailability and control the redox balance in neurons."	( Activation of adenosine A3 receptors regulates vitamin C transport and redox balance in neurons. da Encarnação, TG; Paes-de-Carvalho, R; Pereira, MR; Portugal, CC; Relvas, JB; Sagrillo, MA; Socodato, R, 2021)	0.62
" The bioavailability of DMY in the presence and absence of AA was compared."	( Physicochemical properties of dihydromyricetin and the effects of ascorbic acid on its stability and bioavailability. Li, Y; Sun, CC; Yin, ZP; Zhang, QF, 2021)	0.62
" The presence of AA could significantly improve the stability of DMY, and further improve its bioavailability in rats."	( Physicochemical properties of dihydromyricetin and the effects of ascorbic acid on its stability and bioavailability. Li, Y; Sun, CC; Yin, ZP; Zhang, QF, 2021)	0.62
" Also, the controlled release and bioavailability of encapsulated forms within different carriers is underlined."	( Protection and controlled release of vitamin C by different micro/nanocarriers. Akbari-Alavijeh, S; Babazadeh, A; Boostani, S; Comunian, T; Jafari, SM; Rehman, A; Shaddel, R, 2022)	0.72
"Aluminum (Al), a neurotoxin agent, is universal in the earth crust, but its bioavailability and toxicity are manifested under acidic conditions."	( Heat shock induces cross adaptation to aluminum stress through enhancing ascorbate-glutathione cycle in wheat seedlings. Huang, L; Liang, X; Lin, X; Liu, L; Liu, W; Sun, C, 2021)	0.62
" Additionally, we identified supporting evidence for the nephroprotective function of gallic acid using molecular docking and bioavailability investigations."	( Identification of gallic acid as a active ingredient of Syzygium aromaticum against tacrolimus-induced damage in renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cells and rat kidney. Hong, G; Jung, K; Kang, KS; Kim, CE; Kim, DW; Lee, HL; Lee, JH; Park, M, 2021)	0.62
" However, inherent instability of EGCG greatly limits its bioavailability and clinical efficacy."	( Epigallocatechin gallate/L-ascorbic acid-loaded poly-γ-glutamate microneedles with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Chen, MC; Chiu, YH; Hung, JI; Wu, YW, 2021)	0.62
" However, these have disadvantages, including chemical instability, photodegradation, poor bioavailability or biological activity."	( Ascorbic acid 2-glucoside: An ascorbic acid pro-drug with longer-term antioxidant efficacy in skin. Bacqueville, D; Bessou-Touya, S; Borotra, N; Chaves, F; Duplan, H; Gaudry, AL; Genies, C; Jacques, C; Sanches, F; Tourette, A, 2021)	0.62
"Compared with infant cereals based on refined grains, an infant cereal containing whole grains (WGs) and pulses with adequate amounts of ascorbic acid to protect against absorption inhibitors could be a healthier source of well-absorbed iron."	( Iron Bioavailability from Infant Cereals Containing Whole Grains and Pulses: A Stable Isotope Study in Malawian Children. Hays, NP; Moretti, D; Mwangi, MN; Mzembe, G; Phiri, K; Sabatier, M; Stoffel, NU; Uyoga, MA; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2022)	0.72
"We measured iron bioavailability from ferrous fumarate (Fefum) added to commercial infant cereals containing 1) refined wheat flour (reference meal), 2) WG wheat and lentil flour (WG-wheat-lentil), 3) WG wheat and chickpea flour (WG-wheat-chickpeas), and 4) WG oat flour (WG-oat) and from ferrous bisglycinate (FeBG) added to the same oat-based cereal (WG-oat-FeBG)."	( Iron Bioavailability from Infant Cereals Containing Whole Grains and Pulses: A Stable Isotope Study in Malawian Children. Hays, NP; Moretti, D; Mwangi, MN; Mzembe, G; Phiri, K; Sabatier, M; Stoffel, NU; Uyoga, MA; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2022)	0.72
"In Malawian children, when given with ascorbic acid at a molar ratio of 2:1, iron bioavailability from Fefum-fortified infant cereals containing WG wheat and pulses is ≈13-15%, whereas that from FeBG- and Fefum-fortified infant cereals based on WG oats is ≈7-9%."	( Iron Bioavailability from Infant Cereals Containing Whole Grains and Pulses: A Stable Isotope Study in Malawian Children. Hays, NP; Moretti, D; Mwangi, MN; Mzembe, G; Phiri, K; Sabatier, M; Stoffel, NU; Uyoga, MA; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2022)	0.72
"Germination is a biochemical process that has been widely used to improve the nutritional quality, functional properties, and bioavailability of the protein."	( Elucidation of chickpea hydration, effect of soaking temperature, and extent of germination on characteristics of malted flour. Kaur, R; Prasad, K, 2022)	0.72
" Oral intake and circulatory bioavailability of vitamins and Ω3FA serum metabolomics were compared, using ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry."	( Vitamin C and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Human Periodontitis-A Nested Case-Control Study. Demetrowitsch, TJ; Dörfer, CE; Graetz, C; Jensen-Kroll, J; Knappe, C; Laudes, M; Mewes, L; Mohamed Fawzy El-Sayed, K; Schreiber, S; Schulte, DM; Schwarz, K; Wagner, J, 2022)	0.72
"AsA can mitigate the degradation of carbidopa induced by MgO and may contribute to improving the bioavailability of levodopa in patients with PD."	( Ascorbic acid can alleviate the degradation of levodopa and carbidopa induced by magnesium oxide. Kubo, M; Miyaue, N; Nagai, M, 2022)	0.72
" This study determines whether Double Nutri (liposomal encapsulation) increases the absorption rate for vitamin C supplementation."	( Double Nutri (Liposomal Encapsulation) Enhances Bioavailability of Vitamin C and Extends Its Half-Life in Plasma. Chiang, CF; Lee, CS; Lin, YH; Tsai, JS; Wen, CJ, 2022)	0.72
"The SSD model serves as a good in vitro tool for assessing the effect of pH-dependent DDIs on bioavailability of weakly basic drugs with solubility/ dissolution limited absorption."	( Vitamin C Improves Dasatinib Concentrations Under Hypochlorhydric Conditions of the Simulated Stomach Duodenum Model. Aburub, A; Fadda, HM; Moghrabi, FS, 2022)	0.72
" AA-LLipo formulation could potentially increase the bioavailability of AA in corneal tissues."	( Effect of liposomal formulation of ascorbic acid on corneal permeability. Balogh, GT; Balogh-Weiser, D; Budai-Szűcs, M; Caddeo, C; Csorba, A; Fadda, AM; Katona, G; Mátyus, P; Nagy, ZZ; Takács, ÁI, 2023)	0.91
" Children's diet showed low iron bioavailability and insufficient consumption of food sources of iron absorption stimulants."	( Low bioavailability of dietary iron among Brazilian children: Study in a representative sample from the Northeast, Southeast, and South regions. Campos, VC; Mosquera, EMB; Nogueira-de-Almeida, CA; Prozorovscaia, D; Ued, FDV, 2023)	0.91
" l-arginine-derived markers of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability (i."	( Effects of l-Arginine Plus Vitamin C Supplementation on l-Arginine Metabolism in Adults with Long COVID: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Calvani, R; Ciciarello, F; Coelho-Júnior, HJ; Di Mario, C; Galluzzo, V; Gervasoni, J; Gremese, E; Landi, F; Lomuscio, S; Marini, F; Marzetti, E; Paglionico, AM; Picca, A; Santucci, L; Tolusso, B; Tosato, M; Urbani, A, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

Review aimed at the systematic mapping of ascorbic acid in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer in clinical and non-clinical studies from 2011 to 2015. Antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with EGCG or ascorl acid was determined using several dosing regimens.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Urinary pH was assessed in relation to the dosage of ascorbic acid, duration of therapy, formulation, and dosing intervals for ascorbic acid and methenamine."	( Appraisal of ascorbic acid for acidifying the urine of methenamine-treated geriatric patients. Bell, CJ; Lamy, PP; Naccarto, DV, 1979)	0.26
" Recommendations are offered with respect to dosage of the vitamins and duration of their administration in order to assist in correcting vitamin deficiency revealed."	( [Vitamin B1, PP and C allowances of weight lifters and their requirements during training and competition periods]. Kononenko, AI; Podorozhnyi, PG, )	0.13
"In rabbits the topical administration of sodium azide (NaNs) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) increased intraocular pressure in a dose-response manner."	( Increased intraocular pressure following topical azide or nitroprusside. Becker, B; Fritz, C; Holmberg, N; Krupin, T; Weiss, A, 1977)	0.26
"Three cases are described, 2 of Hodgkin's disease and a further case of bronchial carcinoma, where high dosage ascorbic acid treatment appeared to be associated with the development of potentially dangerous symptoms."	( Acute reactions to mega ascorbic acid therapy in malignant disease. Campbell, A; Jack, T, 1979)	0.26
" The two oral contraceptive dosage forms studied produced qualitatively and quantitatively similar metabolic changes."	( Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives containing 30 micrograms and 50 micrograms of oestrogen. Cornish, EJ; Hain, R; Nash, AL, 1979)	0.26
" In both studies, the 2 oral contraceptive dosage forms had similar metabolic quantitative and qualitative changes: both resulted in an increase in serum concentration of triglycerides (30 to 33%), B-lipoproteins (27 to 29%), and ceruloplasmin (75 to 90%), and a decrease in serum levels of antithrombin 3 (22 to 29%) and ascorbic acid (30 to 42%)."	( Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives containing 30 micrograms and 50 micrograms of oestrogen. Cornish, EJ; Hain, R; Nash, AL, 1979)	0.26
" The results of the investigation were: (1) long-term treatment with nortriptyline is followed by hyposecretion or xerostomia, (2) the reduction of the secretion is reversible, (3) re-establishment of treatment with dosage leading to the same serum level of nortriptyline is immediately followed by a drop in saliva secretion, and (4) the changes in salivary secretion are useful as an indicator of side effects."	( Saliva secretion following long-term antidepressant treatment with nortriptyline controlled by plasma levels. Bertram, U; Kragh-Sørensen, P; Larsen, NE; Rafaelsen, OJ, 1979)	0.26
" dosage of the water-soluble bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex."	( The use of water-soluble bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. Bottomley, WK; Pelleu, GB; Terezhalmy, GT, 1978)	0.26
"The combination of a regular daily supplement of vitamin C with extra dosage at the time of illness has been shown to reduce the disability due to common colds and other winter illness, but we have seen little effect on frequency of infections, sense of (well-being), or levels of serum cholesterol."	( Large scale studies with vitamin C. Anderson, TW, 1977)	0.26
" Antigen dose-response curves were determined prior to the administration of lactose or ascorbic acid in each individual subject and subsequently after administration of ascorbic acid or lactose."	( The effect of vitamin C on antigen-induced bronchospasm. Kordansky, DW; Norman, PS; Rosenthal, RR, 1979)	0.26
" It was found that the half-life of ascorbic acid was inversely related to the dosage and that the pool could be increased to about 20 mg/kg bodyweight by increasing the dosage."	( Steady-state turnover and body pool of ascorbic acid in man. Hartmann, D; Hornig, D; Kallner, A, 1979)	0.26
" The implications of these observations with respect to nitrosation theory, the general carcinogenicity of nitroso compounds, and methapyrilene dosage formulation are discussed."	( In vitro nitrosation of methapyrilene. Green, L; Mergens, WJ; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR; Vane, FM, 1979)	0.26
"Navel bleeding of newborn piglets was completely prevented by dosing the pregnant sows with ascorbic acid."	( Prevention of navel bleeding in piglets by preparturient administration of ascorbic acid. Honkanen-Buzalski, T; Rasi, V; Sandholm, M, 1979)	0.26
" Reduction of dosage has an equivocal effect on gynaecological side affects-some increase, some decrease."	( Human metabolism and steroid contraceptives. Part 2. Briggs, MH, 1977)	0.26
" Three-gram and nine-gram doses of ascorbic acid following two dosing schedules (once daily and three times daily) were taken by nine normal individuals to determine if the renal excretion of large enough quantities of ascorbic acid or its metabolites would produce false positive results with the two-drop Clinitest procedure."	( Effect of large-dose ascorbic acid on the two-drop clinitest determination. Smith, D; Young, WW, 1977)	0.26
" Therefore, the ascorbic acid should be administered in a high dosage to patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis, in order to prevent a vitamin-C deficiency in leukocytes."	( [Ascorbic acid content in plasma and in leukocytes in patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis (author's transl)]. Froese, P; Hermeyer, J; Kessel, M, 1977)	0.26
" The dosage of deferoxamine mesylate was altered every 48 hours from 1 g/sq m/24 hr to 2 or 4 g/sq m/24 hr."	( Continuous intravenous deferoxamine infusion. Treatment of secondary hemochromatosis in adults. Beutler, E; Blume, KG; Chillar, RK; Fahey, JL; Sharkoff, D; Zia, PK, 1978)	0.26
" The parenteral administration of folic acid and vitamin B12 in adequate dosage did not alter these changes."	( Nuclear abnormalities of marrow normoblasts as a normal occurrence in laboratory baboons in Kenya. Davies, JD; Newson, J, 1975)	0.25
" Daily dosage was 50-100 mg."	( [Treatment of osteoporosis with a delayed-action sodium fluoride preparation]. Chlud, K, )	0.13
"A daily dosage of 5 g ascorbate was given to 14 persons during one month."	( Serum bile acids in man during vitamin C supplementation and restriction. Kallner, A, 1977)	0.26
" This study was initiated following significant symptomatic worsening by the patient with supplemental ascorbic acid at a dosage of 2 g/day."	( Effect of supplemental ascorbic acid in a case of torsion dystonia. Mars, H, 1976)	0.26
" The official titration methods and TLC, colorimetric, and polarographic determinations correlate well and define accurately the stability of ascorbic acid in these dosage forms."	( Stability of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in tablets. DeRitter, E; Johnson, JB; Rubin, SH, 1976)	0.26
" As for HeLa cells in a tissue culture, tetraacetyl-bis-DHA, in a dosage of 125-250 mug/ml, demonstrated definitely its morphological degeration."	( Effects of tetraacetyl-bis-dehydroascorbic acid, a derivative of ascorbic acid, on Ehrlich cells and HeLa cells (human carcinoma cells). Hiyoshi, S; Jinnouchi, H; Takahashi, N; Yagishita, K; Yamamoto, H, 1976)	0.26
" Reduction in dosage some months later coincided with reactivation of the disease process."	( The orthomolecular treatment of cancer. III. Reticulum cell sarcoma: double complete regression induced by high-dose ascorbic acid therapy. Cameron, E; Campbell, A; Jack, T, 1975)	0.25
" These relationships were generally consistent among the 5 studies, and showed statistically significant and generally monotonic dose-response relationships."	( A collaborative case-control study of nutrient intake and pancreatic cancer within the search programme. Baghurst, PA; Baillargeon, J; Bueno de Mesquita, HB; de Waard, F; Ghadirian, P; Howe, GR; Miller, AB; Przewozniak, K; Simard, A; Zatonski, WA, 1992)	0.28
" The dose-response relationship was highly significant."	( Modulation of cyclophosphamide mutagenicity by vitamin C in the in vivo rodent micronucleus assay. Agate, C; Ghaskadbi, S; Kapadi, AH; Rajmachikar, S; Vaidya, VG, 1992)	0.28
" Actions of ascorbic acid on osteoblast marker gene expression are mediated by increases in collagen synthesis and/or accumulation because (1) parallel dose-response relationships were obtained for ascorbic acid stimulation of collagen accumulation and alkaline phosphatase activity, and (2) the specific collagen synthesis inhibitors, 3,4-dehydroproline and cis-4-hydroxyproline, reversibly blocked ascorbic acid-dependent collagen synthesis and osteoblast marker gene expression."	( Relationship between collagen synthesis and expression of the osteoblast phenotype in MC3T3-E1 cells. Franceschi, RT; Iyer, BS, 1992)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic properties of these dosage forms were also compared both after a single dose and in steady state."	( Absorption of ascorbic acid from a film-coated tablet and from a new enteric-coated pellet preparation in subjects with inadequate plasma levels of ascorbic acid. Kumpusalo, E; Mykkänen, M; Parviainen, M; Silvasti, M; Vidgren, M, 1992)	0.28
" (2) 50 mg/day of VC is the most efficient dosage and 6 weeks is the shortest time for an effective therapy."	( Effect of vitamin C supplementations on iron deficiency anemia in Chinese children. Mao, X; Yao, G, 1992)	0.28
" Considerations governing dosage of vitamin C in patients with chronic renal failure are discussed."	( The effect of vitamin C intake on plasma oxalate in patients on regular haemodialysis. Macdougall, AI; McConnell, KM; Modi, KS; Rolton, HA, 1991)	0.28
" Units used to declare product potency or to prescribe the dosage varied."	( Characteristics of vitamin and mineral supplement products in the United States. Kim, I; Park, YK; Yetley, EA, 1991)	0.28
" It is suggested that continuous application of a high dosage of ascorbic acid might be a useful approach in neuroblastoma therapy."	( Ascorbic acid enhances the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and H2O2 on iron-dependent DNA strand breaks and related processes in the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH. Bruchelt, G; Cochrane, CG; Niethammer, D; Schraufstätter, IU, 1991)	0.28
" Two moderate respiratory depressions occurred in 1989 due to error in dosage with no consequence for the child."	( [Intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in pediatric surgery. 1 years' experience]. Charles-Guillard, S; Heloury, Y; Meignier, M; Pannier, M; Ricard, P; Rogez, JM; Zaouter, M, 1990)	0.28
" Three parameters associated with iron absorption were identified: (1) a relatively shallow slope for the dose-response curve relating ascorbic acid dosage (1-1000 mg) and percent iron absorption; (2) no significant effect of ascorbic acid on the absorption of high (60 mg) iron doses; and (3) an inverse relationship between iron absorption and plasma transferrin saturation."	( Ascorbic acid safety: analysis of factors affecting iron absorption. Bendich, A; Cohen, M, 1990)	0.28
" No adverse reactions were recorded with the dosage used."	( Long-term acidification of urine in patients treated for infected renal stones. Tiselius, HG; Wall, I, 1990)	0.28
" A single NN introduction in a toxic dosage decreases the force of the blood's thioldisulfide and ascorbate systems (AOS)."	( [State of oxidation-reduction systems of the body in acute and chronic sodium nitrite poisoning]. Baskovich, GA; Burbello, AT; Dpobrokhotova, EG; Kiseleva, NN; Kovshik, AO, 1990)	0.28
" The dose-response curve was shifted about 60% downward and was slightly steeper in the presence of ascorbic acid (5 micrograms/ml for the first week) than in its absence."	( Radiation-induced neoplastic transformation of C3H10T1/2 cells is suppressed by ascorbic acid. Seki, M; Terasima, T; Yasukawa, M, 1989)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of As-Ac obtained were used to establish a dosage regimen which could maintain its average plasma concentration of about 11 micrograms/ml at steady state in rats."	( Interaction of L-ascorbic acid on the disposition of lead in rats. Dalley, JW; Gupta, PK; Hung, CT; Lam, FC, 1989)	0.28
" An increase in urinary electrolytes or ascorbic acid was associated with the corresponding dosing regimen."	( Participation of urinary Na+, K+, pH, and L-ascorbic acid in the proliferative response of the bladder epithelium after the oral administration of various salts and/or ascorbic acid to rats. Fukushima, S; Hagiwara, A; Kurata, Y; Shibata, MA; Tamano, S, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response kinetics of the peptides were bell-shaped; maximal responses were reached in both instances at 1 fmol/L to 10 pmol/L."	( Immunoglobulins of patients with Cushing's syndrome due to pigmented adrenocortical micronodular dysplasia stimulate in vitro steroidogenesis. Drexhage, HA; Jeucken, P; Mol, JA; van der Gaag, RD; Wiersinga, WM; Wulffraat, NM, 1988)	0.27
" The low plasma AA concentration of diabetic rats can be normalized by dietary AA supplement (20-40 mg/day), a dosage approximately equal to the maximal synthetic rate of this substance in the rats."	( Deficiency of ascorbic acid in experimental diabetes. Relationship with collagen and polyol pathway abnormalities. Capogreco, C; Fisher, E; Heffernan, S; McLennan, S; Ross, GR; Turtle, JR; Yue, DK, 1988)	0.27
" We previously demonstrated that ascorbic acid, in the presence of a nondialyzable serum factor(s), stimulates basal lamina assembly and myelin formation with similar dose-response relationships (Eldridge et al."	( Differentiation of axon-related Schwann cells in vitro: II. Control of myelin formation by basal lamina. Bunge, MB; Bunge, RP; Eldridge, CF, 1989)	0.28
"Seven western states (Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, and Wyoming) were surveyed in 1986 to determine the extent of vitamin/mineral supplementation and dosage levels of single supplements."	( Vitamin and mineral supplementation practices of adults in seven western states. Bock, MA; Medeiros, DM; Ortiz, M; Raab, C; Read, M; Schutz, HG; Sheehan, ET; Williams, DK, 1989)	0.28
" The slopes of the dose-response lines of the pituitary extracts were less than those of the mammalian corticotrophin standard preparation but greater than those of the brain extracts."	( Corticotrophin-like bioactivity in the pituitary gland and brain of the pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti. Buckingham, JC; Gorbman, A; Leach, JH; Plisetskaya, E; Sower, SA, 1985)	0.27
" Total collagen synthesis was substantially reduced in hydralazine-treated cells; the time course and the dose-response relationship were similar to those observed for the hydroxylases."	( A paradoxical effect of hydralazine on prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase activities in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Murad, S; Pinnell, SR; Tajima, S, 1985)	0.27
" A dose-response experiment indicated that 20 microM ascorbate was capable of producing 50% of the maximum observable increase in culture TRH immunoactivity; this concentration is similar to the Km value for ascorbate uptake obtained in adrenal chromaffin and pituitary cells."	( Ascorbic acid increases the thyrotropin-releasing hormone content of hypothalamic cell cultures. Gibson, TR; Glombotski, CC; Manaker, S; Winokur, A, 1986)	0.27
" Our work with chromaffin tissue as a model system eventually will result in the determination of two dose-response curves for norepinephrine biosynthesis, representing cytosolic ascorbic acid and intragranular ascorbic acid (Fig."	( Ascorbic acid: the concept of optimum requirements. Hartzell, W; Levine, M, 1987)	0.27
" The excretion pattern at dosing has been studied in ten young subjects."	( The excretion of large vitamin C loads in young and elderly subjects: an ascorbic acid tolerance test. Freeman, C; Kemm, JR; Lim, H; Neale, RJ; Turner, J, 1988)	0.27
" Repeated dosing with fenitrothion (2."	( Adrenocortical changes and uptake of 4-14C-corticosterone in rats intoxicated with fenitrothion. Gradowska-Olszewska, I; Osicka-Koprowska, A; Wysocka-Paruszewska, B, 1987)	0.27
" Dose-response relations suggest a stimulatory effect of AA on the muscarinic receptor."	( Ascorbic acid, PGE2 and acetylcholine interaction: the effect on isolated smooth muscle. Korolkiewicz, Z; Poćwiardowska-Ciara, E, )	0.13
"45 mmol/l) the otherwise bell-shaped dose-response curve for conditioned medium changed to a sigmoid curve."	( Vitamin C and thiol reagents promote the in vitro growth of murine granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells by neutralizing endogenous inhibitor(s). Helgestad, J; Lie, SO; Storm-Mathisen, I, 1986)	0.27
" Male Wistar rats, dosed daily with 50 mg AA/100 g body weight for 10 weeks, demonstrated a small non-significant increase in hepatic, pulmonary and colon cytochrome P-450 (Cyt."	( Effect of excessive intake of ascorbic acid on hepatic and extra-hepatic phase I and phase II drug metabolism in rat. Gupta, MP; Khanduja, KL; Koul, A; Koul, IB; Sharma, RR, 1987)	0.27
"In both experimental animals and human subjects iron absorption over a wide dosage range was quantitatively equivalent from ferrous salts and a ferric polymaltose complex under basal conditions."	( Equivalent bioavailability of iron from ferrous salts and a ferric polymaltose complex. Clinical and experimental studies. Jacobs, P, 1987)	0.27
" The animals were killed 5 min after dosing to minimize the conversion of alpha-tocopheryl acetate to alpha-tocopherol."	( Comparison of the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate in newborn rabbit lung. Cook, J; Knight, M; Roberts, RJ; Wispe, J, 1987)	0.27
" Effects at extremes of intake might be more easily analyzed than dose-response relations."	( Misclassification of nutrient intake of individuals and groups using one-, two-, three-, and seven-day food records. Freudenheim, JL; Johnson, NE; Wardrop, RL, 1987)	0.27
"A logarithmic dose-response relationship between ascorbic acid dose and N-nitrosoproline (NPRO) excretion in humans on a controlled diet was established."	( Relationship between ascorbic acid dose and N-nitrosoproline excretion in humans on controlled diets. Hotchkiss, JH; Leaf, CD; Roe, DA; Vecchio, AJ, 1987)	0.27
"001) when compared with similar dosed fish not chambered."	( Brain ascorbate depletion as a response to stress. Balaban, M; Halver, JE; Tolbert, BM; Tucker, BW, 1987)	0.27
" The inhibitory effect depended upon dosage to some extent."	( [Effect of ascorbic acid on the induction of uterine sarcomas in mice]. Trukhanova, LS, 1987)	0.27
" In the present study, male guinea pigs, dosed daily with 15, 30 or 50 mg/100g body weight for 10 weeks, demonstrated no differences in effect on liver and lung weights, body growth and microsomal protein contents of liver and lung when compared with controls."	( Effect of large doses of ascorbic acid on the hepatic and extra-hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in guinea pig. Gupta, MP; Khanduja, KL; Koul, A; Koul, IB, 1986)	0.27
" As vitamin C is a precursor of oxalate in patients on regular hemodialysis, we have measured plasma levels of vitamin C, oxalate, pyridoxine, thiamine and creatinine twice before and 4 weeks after a change of vitamin C dosage in 49 dialysis patients who had been receiving 500 mg of oral vitamin C daily for more than 6 months."	( Secondary hyperoxalemia caused by vitamin C supplementation in regular hemodialysis patients. Ono, K, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response curves did show reduction of CSC- and BaP-induced mutagenicity by ellagic acid, riboflavin and chlorophyllin."	( Antimutagenic activity of some naturally occurring compounds towards cigarette-smoke condensate and benzo[a]pyrene in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Terwel, L; van der Hoeven, JC, 1985)	0.27
" However, for a certain period after a sudden drop in the high dosage of ascorbic acid there is a danger that a hypovitaminotic, suboptimal metabolic state will develop."	( [New aspects of the biochemistry of vitamin C]. Degkwitz, E, 1985)	0.27
" A dose-response study also substantiated that D-ascorbic acid was definitely less effective than was LAA."	( Biological nature of the effect of ascorbic acids on the growth of human leukemic cells. Park, CH, 1985)	0.27
" The dosage was about 80 mg/kg."	( Alterations in tissue trace element and ascorbic acid metabolism in phenytoin-fed rats and mice. Dubick, MA; Keen, CL, 1985)	0.27
" Three dosage levels of ascorbic acid (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg) were examined for their effects on neutrophil function in cattle treated with dexamethasone (0."	( In vivo effect of ascorbic acid on neutrophil function in healthy and dexamethasone-treated cattle. Kaeberle, ML; Roth, JA, 1985)	0.27
" Stimulation by ascorbate of the hexose monophosphate shunt of adherent neutrophils and augmentation by ascorbate of neutrophil mobility had comparable dose-response relationships, could be reversed by washing the cells, and were both suppressed by preincubation of the neutrophils with 6-aminonicotinamide, but not with the neutrophil-immobilizing factor."	( Enhancement of random migration and chemotactic response of human leukocytes by ascorbic acid. Austen, KF; Gigli, I; Goetzl, EJ; Wasserman, SI, 1974)	0.25
" The response was all-or-none for individual particles; the dose-response curve portrayed the variation in particle resistance within the lysosomal population."	( Effect of mercurial compounds on structure-linked latency of lysosomal hydrolases. Reith, A; Verity, MA, 1967)	0.25
" The combination regimen was associated more with a reduction in severity than frequency of illness, although the extra dosage was limited to the first day of illness."	( The effect on winter illness of large doses of vitamin C. Anderson, TW; Beaton, GH; Suranyi, G, 1974)	0.25
" However, 20 micrograms of DEAT was found to be ineffective when administered concurrently with DXM in either of the dosage levels demonstrate the functional roles of ascorbic acid and cholesterol in the prepubertal rat testis."	( Interaction of dexamethasone and dehydroepiandrosterone on testicular ascorbic acid and cholesterol in prepubertal rat. Chowdhury, AR; Kapil, N, 1984)	0.27
" Management rests upon vitamin C given in a curative dosage of 1 to 2 g per day for 15 days followed by a preventive dosage of 10 mg per day."	( [A case of purpura, or the return to natural diseases]. Cabane, J; Gatfosse, M; Godeau, P; Mouthon, JM; Wechsler, B, 1984)	0.27
" With almost all steroids tested, bell-shaped dose-response curves with comparable LH-maxima but different ED max values were obtained for the LH response to a submaximal GnRH stimulus (5 X 10(-10) M)."	( Biphasic modulation of pituitary sensitivity to GnRH by oestrogens: the effects of A- and D-ring substitution on LH release in cultured pituitary cells. Ball, P; Catt, KJ; Emons, G; Knuppen, R, 1984)	0.27
" Survival of dosed and control female rats and of dosed and control female mice were comparable."	( No evidence of carcinogenicity for L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in rodents. Douglas, JF; Huff, J; Peters, AC, 1984)	0.27
" Among males, a monotonic dose-response relationship was found only for total vitamin A intake."	( Dietary vitamin A, carotene, vitamin C and risk of lung cancer in Hawaii. Hankin, JH; Hinds, MW; Kolonel, LN; Lee, J, 1984)	0.27
" The range of the derived dose-response curves and the indicated sensitivity to low serum concentrations were the parameters used to evaluate the response capacity."	( The capacity of chondrocytes to respond to serum is enhanced by organ culture in the absence of serum, stimulated by serum, and modified by ascorbate. Benya, PD; Jaffe, S; Raffo, A, 1984)	0.27
" On the basis of results obtained with three tablet preparations, they have found that CUT specification may favourably be used, applying appropriate methods of determination, in the case of dosage forms for the better fulfilment of quality requirements."	( Application of content uniformity test to tablet preparations. Darbai, MJ; Hadady, KK; Kovács, I, 1980)	0.26
" Nevertheless, trials in the high dosage range mentioned should always be closely supervised by a physician, being aware that exceptional behaviour can occur at any time, as exception proves the rule."	( Tolerance and effects of high doses of ascorbic acid. Dosis facit venenum. Hanck, A, 1982)	0.26
" By the third depletion period experimental subjects adjusted to the less frequent dosage such that serum levels of AA were not lower."	( Supplementation frequency and ascorbic acid status in adult males. DeLany, JP; London, CP; Snook, JT, 1983)	0.27
"5-10 mM, sodium ascorbate shifted the dose-response curve for DMPP to the left and enhanced the maximum contraction."	( Effect of ascorbate on the contractile response induced by DMPP in guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle strip. Hayashi, E; Maeda, T; Shinozuka, K; Takeda, M, 1983)	0.27
" Some investigators recommend givng this dosage to women, who experience abnormal tryptophan metabolism, while others warn that the long-term effects of such high dosages are unknown."	( Nutritional effects of oral contraceptive use: a review. Webb, JL, 1980)	0.26
" Recently, greater medical interest has centred around the preventive use of high vitamin dosage in "malattie evolutive" in the original sense."	( Vitamins in "malattie evolutive". Hanck, AB, 1980)	0.26
" Ascorbic acid absorption in four subjects was investigated from several oral dosage forms containing 1 g of the vitamin (solution, tablet, chewable tablet, and timed-release capsule."	( Ascorbic acid absorption in humans: a comparison among several dosage forms. Mayersohn, M; Robinson, JB; Yung, S, 1982)	0.26
" An additional study was conducted in which six subjects took 0 (placebo), 1, 2, and 4 gm/day of AA to determine the dose-response effect of AA on histamine skin tests."	( The effect of ascorbic acid on cutaneous and nasal response to histamine and allergen. Danziger, RE; Fortner, BR; Nelson, HS; Rabinowitz, PS, 1982)	0.26
" Each animal of group B was orally dosed with about 270 metacercariae and each sheep in group C received two such doses administered 14 days apart."	( Plasma ascorbic acid levels in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Gameel, AA, 1982)	0.26
" In this study male guinea pigs, dosed with 150 mg twice daily, ascorbic acid, demonstrated no differences in effect on liver weight, body weight or hepatic total protein when compared with controls."	( Effect of large doses of ascorbic acid on the mixed function oxidase system in guinea pig liver. Basu, TK; Dickerson, JW; Sutton, JL, 1982)	0.26
" Lysis of erythrocytes from -E rats was further increased by dosing with both the vitamins "A" and "C", the latter being more effective."	( Effect of dietary protein and hypervitaminosis A or C on tissue peroxidation and erythrocyte lysis of vitamin E deficiency. George, T; Jayanthi Bai, N; Krishnamurthy, S; Sanjeev Kumar, P, 1982)	0.26
" However, the combined dosing resulted in the elimination of almost all the anomalies."	( Reduction of teratogenic effects of ethylenethiourea in rats by interaction with sodium nitrite in vivo. Khera, KS, 1982)	0.26
" All of these relationships were significant, and risk increased in dose-response fashion with decreases in ingestion of the above-mentioned dietary constituents."	( Dietary factors in the epidemiology of cancer of the larynx. Graham, S; Marshall, J; Mettlin, C; Priore, R; Rzepka, T; Shedd, D, 1981)	0.26
" The small intestine is capable to accumulating double the normal amount of ascorbic acid when animals are dosed intramuscularly and retains some ascorbic acid (0."	( Ascorbic acid in intestinal tissues. Kratzing, CC; Oelrichs, BA, 1980)	0.26
" The amounts of NPRO formed (as estimated from the amounts excreted within 24 hr) after dosing 325 mg nitrate (NO3-) followed by 500 mg proline, ranged from 16."	( Quantitative estimation of endogenous nitrosation in humans by monitoring N-nitrosoproline excreted in the urine. Bartsch, H; Ohshima, H, 1981)	0.26
" Dose-response gradients were observed for frequency of vegetable and/or fruit consumption, as well as for vitamin A and C intake."	( Diet and cancer of the esophagus. Graham, S; Marshall, J; Mettlin, C; Priore, R; Swanson, M, 1981)	0.26
" The study suggests that an ascorbic acid dosage of 1 g four times daily should not be used to maintain an acidic urinary pH for control of urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injuries."	( Effect of ascorbic acid on urine pH in patients with injured spinal cords. Hetey, SK; Johnson, EW; Kleinberg, ML; Parker, WD, 1980)	0.26
"Comparisons of relative risk reductions (RRR) across observational studies and randomized trials, including assessment of dose-response relations."	( The antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease. A critical review of epidemiologic and clinical trial data. Farkouh, M; Flather, M; Jha, P; Lonn, E; Yusuf, S, 1995)	0.29
" The combined supplement containing the same level of beta-carotene as the single dosage achieved comparative levels of uptake in plasma."	( Levels of antioxidant nutrients in plasma and low density lipoproteins: a human volunteer supplementation study. Bizzotto, M; Bruckdorfer, KR; Calzada, C; Diplock, AT; Miller, NJ; Paganga, G; Rice-Evans, CA, 1995)	0.29
" The new medium formula, called F99sr, showed an improved dose-response curve of cell growth to serum content over the range 2-40%."	( Growth of human corneal endothelial cells in a serum-reduced medium. Engelmann, K; Friedl, P, 1995)	0.29
" Further, a significant dose-response relationship between smoking and vitamin C status was observed."	( Relationship between smoking and antioxidant nutrient status. Ahmed, F; Faruque, MO; Khan, MR; Rahman, MM, 1995)	0.29
" Groups of Wistar rats of equal male: female ratio (n = 24) were fed alcohol by gavage twice daily to achieve a dosage of 15 g/kg body weight."	( Lipid peroxidation in rats chronically fed ethanol. Greenfield, SM; Miller, N; Punchard, NA; Rice-Evans, CA; Teare, JP; Thompson, RP; Watson, D, 1994)	0.29
" Dosage of ascorbic acid was increased to 750 mg per day, keeping the dosages of other drugs unchanged to Group B children."	( Reversal of clinical and dental fluorosis. Gupta, RC; Gupta, SK; Seth, AK, 1994)	0.29
" Studies with [35S]-PAP-GSH at 40 mumol kg-1 showed selective retention of radioactivity in the kidney, relative to other organs 24 h after dosing and that some radioactivity was covalently bound to renal proteins."	( Nephrotoxicity of 4-amino-3-S-glutathionylphenol and its modulation by metabolism or transport inhibitors. Foster, JR; Fowler, LM; Lock, EA, 1994)	0.29
"01 g) were fed purified diets containing graded levels (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg diet) of supplemental C2PP or a high dosage of C1 (2500 mg/kg diet)."	( Quantification of vitamin C requirements for juvenile shrimp (Penaeus monodon) using polyphosphorylated L-ascorbic acid. Chang, CF; Chen, HY, 1994)	0.29
" In this study, we have investigated the antimutagenic effects of ascorbic acid on the frequency of 6-thioguanine-resistant (6-TGr) T-lymphocytes produced in Fischer 344 rats dosed with the direct-acting alkylating agent, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)."	( Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) modulates the mutagenic effects produced by an alkylating agent in vivo. Aidoo, A; Lensing, S; Lyn-Cook, LE; Wamer, W, 1994)	0.29
"86); both vitamins showed a significant dose-response relationship (P for trend, < or = ."	( Premorbid diet and the prognosis of women with breast cancer. Jain, M; Miller, AB; To, T, 1994)	0.29
" In this study, male guinea pigs which, like humans, do not synthetize ascorbic acid (AA) received low (2 mg/animal/day) or high (100 mg/animal/day) dosage of AA and cadmium (1 mg Cd/animal/day) in drinking water for 12 weeks."	( Histopathological evidence of vitamin C protection against Cd-nephrotoxicity in guinea pigs. Galbavy, S; Ginter, E; Nagyova, A, 1994)	0.29
" As a result, the dose-response curve for the CuII(en) (en:ethylenediamine) mediated H2O2 dependent DNA nicking was observed."	( DNA single strand breakage by copper(II) complexes and hydrogen peroxide at physiological conditions. Ozawa, T; Shimazu, Y; Ueda, J, 1993)	0.29
"Since 1971, 21 placebo-controlled studies have been made to establish whether vitamin C at a dosage of > or = 1 g/day affects the common cold."	( Does vitamin C alleviate the symptoms of the common cold?--a review of current evidence. Hemilä, H, 1994)	0.29
" The reaction of microsomal prolyl 4-hydroxylase was supported by D-isoascorbate, O6-tosyl-L-ascorbate and 5-deoxy-L-ascorbate, giving the same dose-response behaviour as L-ascorbate itself."	( Structural requirements for the utilization of ascorbate analogues in the prolyl 4-hydroxylase reaction. Baringhaus, KH; Dallacker, F; Günzler, V; Kivirikko, KI; Sanders, J; Tschank, G, 1994)	0.29
"Aluminium absorption from four doses of the antacid preparation 'Aludrox' when taken alone, with orange juice or with milk was compared by measuring the change in urinary aluminium following Aludrox dosage in 15 normal adults."	( Orange juice enhances aluminium absorption from antacid preparation. Fairweather-Tait, S; Hickson, K; McGaw, B; Reid, M, 1994)	0.29
" The model was fitted to pharmacokinetic data obtained after oral administration to nine healthy volunteers of two effervescent dosage forms differing in AA content: Celaskon 60 mg (CK60) and Celaskon 500 mg (CK500)."	( The use of a nonlinear absorption model in the study of ascorbic acid bioavailability in man. Gajdos, M; Geryková, M; Kállay, Z; Piotrovskij, VK; Trnovec, T, 1993)	0.29
" In this study we have examined the distribution and covalent binding of radiolabel from 4-[ring 3H]-aminophenol in the plasma, kidney and liver of rats 24 h after dosing and related these findings to the extent of nephrotoxicity."	( Effect of ascorbic acid, acivicin and probenecid on the nephrotoxicity of 4-aminophenol in the Fischer 344 rat. Foster, JR; Fowler, LM; Lock, EA, 1993)	0.29
" The cytotoxic effects of ascorbic acid on the sensitive cell lines were time and dosage dependent."	( Inhibitory effects of ascorbic acid on growth of leukemic and lymphoma cell lines. Kao, TL; Meyer, WJ; Post, JF, 1993)	0.29
" We judged the evidence in support of causal relationships based upon consistency of results across studies, strength of association, and evidence of a dose-response relationship."	( Epidemiologic studies of antioxidants and cancer in humans. Coates, RJ; Flagg, EW; Greenberg, RS, 1995)	0.29
" Forearm blood flow dose-response curves were determined for each drug before and during concomitant intraarterial administration of vitamin C (24 mg/min)."	( Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Boles, KS; Creager, MA; Creager, SJ; Ganz, P; Timimi, FK; Ting, HH, 1996)	0.29
" Concentrations of 50 microM Cd or 200 microM Ni were dosed for 4 hours in factorial combinations with 500 microM Asc in RPMI 1640 medium (7 percent bovine serum) in which AHH-1 TK+/- cells (a spontaneously transformed human B lymphoblastoid cell line by Gentest Corp."	( Damage to DNA by cadmium or nickel in the presence of ascorbate. Hass, BS; Littlefield, NA, )	0.13
" Dose-response analysis showed that the TGF-beta concentration needed to induce hepatocyte death (2."	( Apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor-beta in fetal hepatocyte primary cultures: involvement of reactive oxygen intermediates. Alvarez, AM; Benito, M; Fabregat, I; Sánchez, A, 1996)	0.29
"5231 h-1) but the area under the curve (AUC) parameter was proportional to the dosage (127."	( Pharmacokinetic study of ascorbic acid in sheep. Black, WD; Hidiroglou, M, 1996)	0.29
" Secondary oxalosis represents a possible cause of delayed recovery of renal function in patients with acute renal failure who are receiving vitamin C supplementation if excess dosage of that supplementation is given."	( Secondary oxalosis: a cause of delayed recovery of renal function in the setting of acute renal failure. Alkhunaizi, AM; Chan, L, 1996)	0.29
"We performed the following studies: (1) a cross-sectional comparison of smokers and control subjects, (2) an examination of the dose-response relationship, (3) an exploration of the effect of smoking cessation (3 weeks) and nicotine patch supplementation, (4) the effect of aspirin consumption, and (5) the effects of 5 days' dosing with vitamin E (100 and 800 U), vitamin C (2 g), and their combination."	( Modulation of oxidant stress in vivo in chronic cigarette smokers. Delanty, N; FitzGerald, GA; Lawson, JA; Reilly, M, 1996)	0.29
" However, Pt was detected in the cerebral cortex of mice pretreated with either a low dosage of allopurinol or heat-denatured catalase."	( Free radical scavengers suppress the accumulation of platinum in the cerebral cortex. Ichii, M; Kawaki, H; Minami, T; Okazaki, J; Okazaki, Y, )	0.13
"The systemic toxicity of tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPM) was studied in male and female rats following 4 weeks dietary exposure dosed at 1, 10 and 100 ppm."	( Effects of tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol on the rat following short-term oral exposure. Bergman, A; Chu, I; Lecavalier, P; Poon, R; Valli, VE; Yagminas, A, 1997)	0.3
" Forearm blood flow dose-response curves were determined for each drug before and during coadministration of vitamin C (24 mg/min)."	( Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans with hypercholesterolemia. Creager, MA; Ganz, P; Haley, EA; Roddy, MA; Timimi, FK; Ting, HH, 1997)	0.3
" We did not find a dose-response relationship between ascorbic acid intake and mutagen sensitivity."	( A clinical trial to evaluate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on in vitro mutagen sensitivity. The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Clinical Community Oncology Program Network. Amos, CI; Fritsche, HA; Fueger, JJ; Fueger, RH; Hsu, TC; King, TM; Spitz, MR; Trizna, Z; Winn, R; Wu, X, 1997)	0.3
" After the first blood draw, 55 patients immediately ingested granulated buffered vitamin C in water at a dosage of 60 mg/Kg body weight."	( Enhancement of natural killer cell activity and T and B cell function by buffered vitamin C in patients exposed to toxic chemicals: the role of protein kinase-C. Heuser, G; Vojdani, A, 1997)	0.3
" The pellet diet was supplemented by oral dosing with a solution containing either maintenance dietary levels of ascorbic acid and iron, or one of three regimens that increased the dosage of these substances ten fold."	( Effects of co-supplementation of iron with ascorbic acid on antioxidant--pro-oxidant balance in the guinea pig. Collis, CS; Diplock, AT; Hallinan, T; Rice-Evans, CA; Yang, M, 1997)	0.3
" Multiple dosing over a period of 28 days of oral supplementation of all five formulations resulted in higher AUCabove values."	( Comparison of vitamin C bioavailability after multiple or single oral dosing of different formulations in sheep. Batra, TR; Hidiroglou, M; Zhao, X, )	0.13
"To study the effect of a safe dosage of allopurinol on ischemia-reperfusion damage following aortic surgery, 24 patients undergoing either elective or acute aortic reconstruction, were randomized to receive allopurinol or placebo, yielding four groups: elective/placebo (EP), elective/allopurinol (EA), acute/placebo (AP) and acute/allopurinol (AA)."	( Allopurinol dosage and effect on ischemia-reperfusion damage in elective and acute aortic surgery. Berger, HM; Camps, J; Dulfer, FT; Hermans, J; Kievit, J; Smeets, HJ; Van Bockel, JH; van Milligen de Wit, AW, )	0.13
" A formal meta-analysis was not performed because very significant differences among study populations, type (supplemental versus dietary) and dosage of antioxidant vitamins, duration of follow-up and overall study design exist for both epidemiological investigations and clinical trials, and the pooling of study results could be misleading."	( Is there a role for antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases? An update on epidemiological and clinical trials data. Lonn, EM; Yusuf, S, 1997)	0.3
"Interest in determining plasma levels of rifampin for adjustment of dosage regimens has increased, but conflicting results exist concerning rifampin stability."	( Stability of rifampin in plasma: consequences for therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies. Breteau, M; Gaudet, ML; Lamanetre, S; Le Guellec, C, 1997)	0.3
" Forearm blood flow dose-response curves were determined for each drug infusion before and during concomitant infusion of vitamin C (24 mg/min)."	( Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Creager, MA; Ganz, P; Haley, EA; Roddy, MA; Timimi, FK; Ting, HH, 1998)	0.3
" Pulse dosing led to initially increased mortalities compared to continuous dosing, but this was reversed after 55 days."	( Continuous of "pulse-and-withdraw" supply of ascorbic acid in the diet: a new approach to altering the bioavailability of ascorbic acid, using teleost fish as a scurvy-prone model. Blom, JH; Dabrowski, K, 1998)	0.3
" Moreover, due to the heterogenous nature of O3 reactions within the ELF, dose-response relationships may not be linear with respect to O3 absorption."	( O3-induced formation of bioactive lipids: estimated surface concentrations and lining layer effects. Cueto, R; Postlethwait, EM; Pryor, WA; Velsor, LW, 1998)	0.3
" Riboflavin decreased SCEs induced by Trp-P-2 in all treatment schedules, although statistically confirmed minima were observed in the dose-response curves, except in post-treatment experiments."	( Effects of beta-carotene, retinal, riboflavin, alpha-tocopherol and vitamins C and K1 on sister-chromatid exchanges induced by 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) and cyclophosphamide in human lymphocyte cultures. Dunkelberg, H; Edenharder, R; Kerkhoff, G, 1998)	0.3
" This study further shows that Chemiron has a better haematological effect than Ferrous Gluconate at the dosage used."	( The effect of 61 days of combined iron (Chemiron) and single iron therapy on haemoglobin, packed cell volume, platelets and reticulocytes during pregnancy. Preliminary report. Ajayi, GO; Fadiran, EO, 1998)	0.3
"A reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatografic method (RP-IPC) was developed to assay some water-soluble vitamins in solution dosage forms."	( Reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC determination of some water-soluble vitamins in pharmaceuticals. Ivanović, D; Medenica, M; Popović, A; Radulović, D, 1999)	0.3
" Radioactivity in the femur 34h after dosing was the highest in the Ca-AsA group and the lowest in the CaCO3 group."	( Intestinal absorption of calcium from calcium ascorbate in rats. Kamao, M; Nakagawa, K; Nishijima, K; Okano, T; Takeuchi, A; Tsugawa, N; Yamabe, T, 1999)	0.3
" The active vitamin D metabolites alfacalcidol and calcitriol may, under some circumstances, improve anaemia and reduce epoetin dosage requirements."	( Is there a role for adjuvant therapy in patients being treated with epoetin? Hörl, WH, 1999)	0.3
" A tendency existed for cows that were dosed with vitamin C in the abomasum to have higher ascorbic acid than cows supplemented orally."	( Technical note: forms and route of vitamin C supplementation for cows. Hidiroglou, M, 1999)	0.3
" Urinary iPF2a-III increased in a time- and dosage-dependent manner after dosing with alcohol, with the peak urinary iPF2a-III excretion correlating with the rise in blood alcohol."	( Alcohol-induced generation of lipid peroxidation products in humans. Barry, OP; Burke, A; FitzGerald, GA; Lawson, JA; Lucey, MR; Meagher, EA; Rokach, J, 1999)	0.3
" Current evidence suggests that patients with CHD would probably benefit from taking vitamin E in a dosage of 400 IU per day and vitamin C in a dosage of 500 to 1,000 mg per day."	( Antioxidant vitamins and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Adams, AK; McBride, PE; Wermuth, EO, 1999)	0.3
" The effectiveness of protection depends - as in the case of other endogenous, N-methylated compounds - on the dosage of applied 1'-methylascorbigen and on the time interval between the chemical pretreatment and inoculation."	( Effect of 1-methylascorbigen on the resistance potential of plants to pathogens. Kátay, G; Tyihák, E, 1998)	0.3
" The concentrations of the different antioxidants were: 1 mM for thioproline and N-acetylcysteine and 5 microM for ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol, which induced a maximum effect in our previous dose-response experiments."	( Effects in vitro of several antioxidants on the natural killer function of aging mice. Correa, R; De la Fuente, M; Del Rio, M; Ferrández, MD, 1999)	0.3
" In ex vivo studies, no changes were seen in lipid peroxide levels following acute dosage with L-arginine."	( Lack of antioxidant activity of the antiatherogenic compound L-arginine. Adams, MR; Celermajer, DS; Phu, CV; Stocker, R, 1999)	0.3
" Important design issues for the clinical trials include: defining cataract and AMD, estimating event rates, determining the type and dosage of vitamins and minerals to be tested for each condition, and identifying the parameters necessary for monitoring safety and efficacy."	( The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): design implications. AREDS report no. 1. , 1999)	0.3
" The dose-response to 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and mitomycin C (MMC) was determined."	( Collagen type I and III synthesis by Tenon's capsule fibroblasts in culture: individual patient characteristics and response to mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, and ascorbic acid. Gross, RL, 1999)	0.3
" In most cases the protective effect was evident even among children whose intake of fruit was only 1-2 times per week and no clear dose-response relationship was found."	( Consumption of fresh fruit rich in vitamin C and wheezing symptoms in children. SIDRIA Collaborative Group, Italy (Italian Studies on Respiratory Disorders in Children and the Environment). Bisanti, L; Ciccone, G; Dell'Orco, V; Forastiere, F; Fortes, C; Pistelli, R; Renzoni, E; Rusconi, F; Sestini, P, 2000)	0.31
" Thank to the development of methods allowing the routine dosage of all these parameters, general practitioners can now easily establish the oxidative stress status of their patients and, as fonction of getting patterns, detect populations at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases."	( [Determination of plasma concentrations of antioxidants, antibodies against oxidized LDL, and homocysteine in a population sample from Liège]. Chantillon, AM; Chapelle, JP; Cheramy-Bien, JP; Christiaens, G; Defraigne, JO; Gielen, J; Limet, R; Paulissen, G; Pincemail, J; Siquet, J, )	0.13
" The data suggest that higher tissue TCDD concentrations are required to elicit oxidative stress following acute dosing than with subchronic TCDD exposure."	( Oxidative stress in female B6C3F1 mice following acute and subchronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Birnbaum, LS; Crissman, K; DeVito, MJ; Diliberto, JJ; Hassoun, E; Hatch, GE; Slade, R; Slezak, BP, 2000)	0.31
" There was no evidence for a dose-response relationship between higher plasma ascorbic acid concentrations and breast cancer risk [highest vs."	( A prospective study of plasma ascorbic acid concentrations and breast cancer (United States). Alberg, AJ; Comstock, GW; Helzlsouer, KJ; Hoffman, SC; Norkus, EP; Wu, K, 2000)	0.31
" Because antioxidant vitamins are inexpensive and free of side effects, additional research using a variety of antioxidant vitamin combinations and dosing regimens is needed."	( Measurement feasability of advanced glycated end-products from skin samples after antioxidant vitamin supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kirk, JK; Konen, JC; Summerson, JH, 2000)	0.31
"A dose-response study showed that almost complete (>95%) cell death was attained in 24 h with GD > or = 480 microg/mL."	( Induction of apoptosis in human prostatic cancer cells with beta-glucan (Maitake mushroom polysaccharide). Choudhury, MS; Fullerton, SA; Konno, S; Mallouh, C; Samadi, AA; Tazaki, H; Tortorelis, DG, 2000)	0.31
"The dose-response study showed that H(2)O(2) > or = 100 microM was severely cytotoxic."	( Adverse effects of oxidative stress on renal cells and its prevention by antioxidants. Davidson, SD; Eshghi, M; Konno, S; Mallouh, C; Nowzari, FB; Tazaki, H, 2000)	0.31
" Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was inversely associated with all subsites and subtypes of gastric cancer in a significant dose-response manner (all p<0."	( Dietary antioxidant intake and the risk of cardia cancer and noncardia cancer of the intestinal and diffuse types: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Ekström, AM; Hansson, LE; Nyrén, O; Serafini, M; Wolk, A; Ye, W, 2000)	0.31
" The mutual interferences of the compounds in the mixtures and the electroactive compounds in the pharmaceutical dosage forms, especially effervescent ones, also made the object of the research."	( The development of spectrophotometric and electroanalytical methods for ascorbic acid and acetaminophen and their applications in the analysis of effervescent dosage forms. Mirel, S; Oprean, R; Săndulescu, R, 2000)	0.31
" Besides natural development, the response of the tissue to administration of retinoic acid, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and daily dosing with ascorbic acid was studied."	( Response of engineered cartilage tissue to biochemical agents as studied by proton magnetic resonance microscopy. Butler, JJ; Horton, WE; Potter, K; Spencer, RG, 2000)	0.31
" Daily dosing with ascorbic acid increased tissue collagen content significantly compared with controls, while the administration of IL-1beta resulted in increased proteoglycan content."	( Response of engineered cartilage tissue to biochemical agents as studied by proton magnetic resonance microscopy. Butler, JJ; Horton, WE; Potter, K; Spencer, RG, 2000)	0.31
"Two accurate, precise and sensitive thin layer chromatographic (TLC) and second derivative UV-spectrophotometric procedures are described for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and dipyrone in pure form and in pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Second derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry and HPTLC for the simultaneous determination of vitamin C and dipyrone. Abuirjeie, M; Aburjai, T; Aiedeh, K; al-Khalil, S; Amro, BI, 2000)	0.31
" The effects of cyclooxygenase activity were evaluated by a dose-response curve to intrabrachial coinfusion of ACh and indomethacin (500 microg/min)."	( Obesity and body fat distribution induce endothelial dysfunction by oxidative stress: protective effect of vitamin C. Candigliota, M; Ceravolo, R; Iacopino, S; Mattioli, PL; Perticone, F; Sinopoli, F; Ventura, G, 2001)	0.31
"75% saline in a dosing volume of 10 ml/kg/day."	( Analysis for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of p53 allele in tumors derived from p53+/- and CD-1 mice following repeated subcutaneous injections of solutions containing antioxidants. Borellini, F; Fort, FL; Jacobson-Kram, D; Youssef, AF, 2001)	0.31
" In fact, the shift of the MNNG dose-response curves in the presence of increasing HU concentrations suggests that HU might interfere with the MNNG-molecule."	( Hydroxyurea: protection of KB cells against the toxic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Aujard, C; Trincal, G, 1980)	0.26
" In addition, a dose-response relationship was observed between levels of tobacco exposure and serum ascorbic acid levels."	( Environmental tobacco smoke and serum vitamin C levels in children. Strauss, RS, 2001)	0.31
" However, we found an inverse dose-response relationship between intensity of current husband's smoke and concentrations of plasma beta-carotene and L-ascorbic acid."	( Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with lower plasma beta-carotene levels among nonsmoking women married to a smoker. Baldacci, S; Farchi, S; Forastiere, F; Perucci, CA; Pistelli, R; Simoni, M; Viegi, G, 2001)	0.31
" As the programmes were not effective in countries such as India, the dosage of iron was increased."	( Alternate strategies for improving iron nutrition: lessons from recent research. Madhavan Nair, K, 2001)	0.31
" A diagnosis of scurvy was made; and vitamin C at a dosage of 300 mg per day was given."	( Scurvy: a case report. Chatproedprai, S; Wananukul, S, 2001)	0.31
" Using a selective analytical method and careful stability control, the pharmacokinetics of orally given AA was studied in 20 dogs, at two dosage levels (15 and 50 mg kg(-1)) and with two forms of supplement [crystalline AA and the vitamin C product Ester-C(Inter-Cal Corp."	( Pharmacokinetics in dogs after oral administration of two different forms of ascorbic acid. Berge, GE; Hoem, NO; Sund, RB; Wang, S, 2001)	0.31
" In the CCl4 induced liver free radical injury system, the inhibitory rate of the same dosage of TP and Vit C was 45."	( [Inhibitory effects of tea polyphenols and vitamin C on lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4- cysteine in isolated human plasma and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver free radical injury in mice]. Li, T; Xin, YM; Zhan, H; Zhang, QJ, 2001)	0.31
" The same dosage of TP and Vit C had remarkable inhibitory effects on the CCl4 induced liver free radical injury, but there was no significant difference between the two groups."	( [Inhibitory effects of tea polyphenols and vitamin C on lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4- cysteine in isolated human plasma and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver free radical injury in mice]. Li, T; Xin, YM; Zhan, H; Zhang, QJ, 2001)	0.31
" Therefore, alcoholics should abstain from alcohol drinking, and should take as supplements suitable dosage of antioxidants per day such as VC, VE, beta-CAR and others to moderate potential oxidative damages in their bodies."	( Studies on the oxidative stress in alcohol abusers in China. Chen, P; Zhou, JF, 2001)	0.31
" An important determinant of the sensitivity to detect small dose changes is shown to be the slope-to-intercept ratio of the dose-response curve."	( Polymer gels for magnetic resonance imaging of radiation dose distributions at normal room atmosphere. Does, MD; Fong, PM; Gore, JC; Keil, DC, 2001)	0.31
"Supplemental vitamin C has been shown to reduce oxidative damage in vivo, yet the dose-response relationship between vitamin C intake and antioxidant protection is not known."	( Plasma-Saturating intakes of vitamin C confer maximal antioxidant protection to plasma. Cox, SK; Johnston, CS, 2001)	0.31
"These data indicate that the antioxidant protection afforded by short-term vitamin C supplementation is maximal at the 500-1,000 mg dosage range."	( Plasma-Saturating intakes of vitamin C confer maximal antioxidant protection to plasma. Cox, SK; Johnston, CS, 2001)	0.31
" In the abstaining from heroin dependence, therefore, it should consider that sufficient quantum antioxidants such as VC, VE and beta-CAR are dosed to the HAs so as to abate the injuries to their bodies."	( Primary studies on heroin abuse and injury induced by oxidation and lipoperoxidation. Cai, D; Ding, D; Ma, S; Peng, F; Ruan, Z; Si, P; Sun, L; Xu, S; Yan, X; Yuan, H; Zhou, J, 2001)	0.31
" Vitamin C inhibited relaxation to GTN but potentiated relaxations to NP and SNAP, causing a parallel shift to a lower concentration range of the log dose-response curve by approximately one log unit at the highest dose."	( Divergent effects of vitamin C on relaxations of rabbit aortic rings to acetylcholine and NO-donors. Chowienczyk, PJ; de Saram, K; Khokher, S; McNeill, KL; Ritter, JM, 2002)	0.31
" Our data suggest there is no obvious value of high dosed intake of vitamin C during luteal phase in infertility treatment."	( Ascorbic acid supplement during luteal phase in IVF. Feichtinger, W; Franke, K; Griesinger, G; Kaali, SG; Kinast, C; Kulin, S; Kutzelnigg, A; Riedinger, S, 2002)	0.31
"This trial sought to examine the effects of high dosage of folic acid and vitamin C supplementation on red blood cell folate (RCF), serum folate (SF) and homocysteine (Hcy) levels in subjects who smoke more than 15 cigarettes per day."	( Effect of folic acid and vitamin C supplementation on folate status and homocysteine level: a randomised controlled trial in Italian smoker-blood donors. Cafolla, A; Costante, A; De Luca, AM; Dragoni, F; Funaro, D; Girelli, G; Scott, CS; Tosti, ME, 2002)	0.31
" The antioxidant capacity of Gala apples and seven phenolic standards, determined by both ABTS()(-) and DPPH() scavenging assays, showed a dose-response of the first-order."	( Vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of phenolic phytochemicals. Kim, DO; Lee, CY; Lee, HJ; Lee, KW, 2002)	0.31
" A dosage of 30-40 ng/mL TCDD induced maximal intracellular production of H2O2 at 30 minutes and led to severe cell death (0-31% survival) at two hours."	( Alpha-tocopherol protects cultured human cells from the acute lethal cytotoxicity of dioxin. Hirai, K; Kanamaru, T; Koyama, J; Pan, JH; Shimada, H; Shui, YB; Simamura, E, 2002)	0.31
" There were dose-response relationships of DNA adducts ((32)P-postlabeling) and DNA strand breaks (comet assay) in colon and liver tissues, with the highest levels of DNA adducts and strand breaks in the colon."	( Mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline in colon and liver of Big Blue rats: role of DNA adducts, strand breaks, DNA repair and oxidative stress. Autrup, H; Daneshvar, B; Dragsted, LO; Hald, MT; Loft, S; Møller, P; Poulsen, HE; Risom, L; Vogel, U; Wallin, H, 2002)	0.31
"High dosage of fructose induces insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and alterations in plasma lipid profile in normal rats."	( Taurine modulates antioxidant potential and controls lipid peroxidation in the aorta of high fructose-fed rats. Anitha Nandhini, AT; Anuradha, CV; Balakrishnan, SD, 2002)	0.31
" With a view to study the ameliorative action of some antioxidants against this effect, vitamins C and E were used separately and in combination along with hydrocortisone treatment, at different dosage and for different durations, on human lymphocyte cultures."	( Additive action of vitamins C and E against hydrocortisone-induced genotoxicity in human lymphocyte chromosomes. Afzal, M; Ahmad, S; Hoda, A, 2002)	0.31
" Among followed strategies to attenuate adriamycin toxicity are dosage optimisation, synthesis and use of analogues or combined therapy with antioxidants."	( Antioxidant nutrients and adriamycin toxicity. Battino, M; Huertas, JR; Mataix, J; Quiles, JL; Ramírez-Tortosa, MC, 2002)	0.31
"Cyclophosphamide treatment at the dosage used caused testicular gametogenic and androgenic disorders as well as induced testicular oxidative stress that can be reversed by ascorbic acid co-administration."	( Protective effect of ascorbic acid on cyclophosphamide- induced testicular gametogenic and androgenic disorders in male rats. Das, UB; Debnath, JM; Ghosh, D; Mallick, M, 2002)	0.31
" Owing to these results, po dosing was not attempted."	( Desferrithiocin analogue based hexacoordinate iron(III) chelators. Bergeron, RJ; Huang, G; McManis, JS; Smith, RE; Weimar, WR; Wiegand, J, 2003)	0.32
" The frequency of transformation showed a dose-response relation at the experimental concentrations."	( [Protection of beta-carotene and vitamin C on the transformation of human lung fibroblasts cell induced by nickel sesquioxide]. Liu, Y; Zhang, J; Zhu, S, 2000)	0.31
" Pharmacologists warn against high dosage of vitamin E because of its pro-oxidative effects on low-density lipoprotein with consecutive cardiac risks."	( Severe tardive dyskinesia in affective disorders: treatment with vitamin E and C. Arolt, V; Erfurth, A; Michael, N; Sourgens, H, 2002)	0.31
" The accumulation of NO2/NO3 in HMEC exposed to increasing concentrations of more intensively oxidized-LDLs showed a nonlinear dose-response curve."	( The effect of lipoproteins on endothelial nitric oxide synthase is modulated by lipoperoxides. Baldi, S; Blandizzi, C; Del Tacca, M; L'Abbate, A; Lubrano, V; Natali, A; Palombo, C; Vassalle, C, 2003)	0.32
" Depending on the dosage rates, these levels would represent approximately 20-50% of the daily dietary intake recommended by the National Research Council."	( Ascorbic acid in diet supplements: loss in the manufacturing process and storage. Cabrera, C; Giménez, R; López, MC; Olalla, M; Ruiz, MD, 2002)	0.31
" For patients using supplements, we also noted duration of use, reason for use, who recommended use, and type and dosage of supplements (including vitamin, mineral and herbal supplements)."	( Current use of dietary supplementation in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Chang, CW; Chu, G; Greve, MD; Hinz, BJ, 2003)	0.32
" Both the methods were applied successfully for the analysis of amlodipine besylate in dosage forms."	( Validated spectrophotometric methods for the determination of amlodipine besylate in drug formulations using 2,3-dichloro 5,6-dicyano 1,4-benzoquinone and ascorbic acid. Nasrul Hoda, M; Rahman, N, 2003)	0.32
" The use of different antioxidants or different dosing of ascorbic acid may be required to show a beneficial effect on endothelial vasodilator function."	( Ascorbic acid does not improve endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis. Kostopoulos, ChC; Lekakis, JP; Mavrikakis, ME; Papamichael, CM; Stamatelopoulos, KS; Stamatelopoulos, SF, 2003)	0.32
" To test the discriminative properties of the biomarkers, the dosage regimens were designed with an expected difference in therapeutic efficacy in favour of danofloxacin."	( Putative biomarkers for evaluating antibiotic treatment: an experimental model of porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection. Angen, Ø; Friis, C; Lauritzen, B; Lykkesfeldt, J; Nielsen, JP; Skaanild, MT, 2003)	0.32
" These dosage regimens resulted in similar AUCs of the plasma danofloxacin vs time curve."	( Evaluation of a single dose versus a divided dose regimen of danofloxacin in treatment of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs. Friis, C; Lauritzen, B; Lykkesfeldt, J, 2003)	0.32
" Enzogenol supplementation at a dosage of 480 mg/day of pine bark extract and 240 mg/day vitamin C did not result in changes in any biochemical or haematological indice and was associated with a significant reduction in the means of body weight, percentage body fat, systolic blood pressure and plasma viscosity."	( Pilot study on the clinical effects of dietary supplementation with Enzogenol, a flavonoid extract of pine bark and vitamin C. Gieseg, S; Morrison, Z; Scott, R; Shand, B; Strey, C, 2003)	0.32
" Ascorbate's role in modifying arterial blood pressure remains unclear, but anemic patients with functional iron deficiency might benefit from short-term, moderately dosed ascorbate supplements."	( Vitamin C in chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients. Deicher, R; Hörl, WH, 2003)	0.32
"05) and a significant positive dose-response with frequency of orange juice consumption (P=0."	( Dietary intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and risk of melanoma in two cohorts of women. Colditz, GA; Feskanich, D; Hunter, DJ; Willett, WC, 2003)	0.32
"To discern the role of ascorbic acid in cartilage, we conducted a dose-response study measuring ascorbic acid levels in various guinea pig tissues and fluids in response to this vitamin."	( Ascorbic acid accumulates in cartilage in vivo. Kraus, VB; Stabler, TV, 2003)	0.32
" Ovarian response to hormonal stimulation with gonadotropins (hMG, FSH) at a dosage of 150-225 IU per day combined with GnRH analogues in the short (buserelin) or long (triptorelin) protocols, and 5,000-10,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin was evaluated based on the number of follicles created and number of retrieved oocytes."	( Ascorbic acid and infertility treatment. Crha, I; Fiala, J; Hrubá, D; Totusek, J; Ventruba, P; Visnová, H, 2003)	0.32
" In the dose-response study, the maximum increase in plasma vitamin C occurred 3 h postdose in both the men and the women."	( Effect of orange juice intake on vitamin C concentrations and biomarkers of antioxidant status in humans. Cano, MP; de Ancos, B; Granado, F; Martín, A; Olmedilla, B; Plaza, L; Sánchez-Moreno, C, 2003)	0.32
" Daily dosage of vitamin C was significantly correlated with both plasma (R=0."	( Antioxidants in Alzheimer's disease-vitamin C delivery to a demanding brain. Frei, B; Kaye, J; Moore, MM; Quinn, J; Suh, J, 2003)	0.32
" It is believed that the observed activities were not generated by cell free cell culture conditions because increased responses were observed over and above control values when the compounds were added, and also increasing dose-response relationships have been found after treatment with such oestrogenic compounds in previously reported studies."	( Oestrogenic compounds and oxidative stress (in human sperm and lymphocytes in the Comet assay). Anderson, D; Baumgartner, A; Brinkworth, MH; Cemeli-Carratala, E; Schmid, TE; Wood, JM, 2003)	0.32
" In this study a polarographic method was performed to determine ascorbic acid in several pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Comparison between polarography and titrimetry methods for determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Enayatifard, R; Honary, S; Pourmorad, F; Shahrbandi, S, 2003)	0.32
"A simple and rapid potentiometric method for the estimation of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms has been developed."	( Indirect potentiometric titration of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparations using copper based mercury film electrode. Abdul Kamal Nazer, MM; Hameed, AR; Riyazuddin, P, 2004)	0.32
"The current research provides a simplified sample preparation procedure for the accurate estimation of quercetin in pure and in the pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Direct spectrophotometric determination of quercetin in the presence of ascorbic acid. Kuntic, V; Micic, S; Pejic, N; Vujic, Z, 2004)	0.32
" A dose-response relationship of phenytoin in this regard is expected and needs further investigations."	( Studying long-term effect of phenytoin either alone or combined with ascorbic acid on the anesthetic effect of urethane in rats. Abdulla, MM; El Desoky, ES, 2004)	0.32
" Analysis of their constituents showed that, although over 75% contained all the constituents used in AREDS, only two matched the dosage profiles recommended in the study."	( Eye nutrient products for age-related macular degeneration: what do they contain? Arora, S; Mukherji, S; Musadiq, M; Yang, YC, 2004)	0.32
" In this study, we report dose-response studies on these AO containing liposomes irradiated at different SAR values (1."	( Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave fields on liposomes entrapping glycoenzyme ascorbate oxidase: evidence for oligosaccharide side chain involvement. D'Inzeo, G; Liberti, M; Mossa, G; Ramundo-Orlando, A, 2004)	0.32
" Supplementation with vitamin C at a comparable dosage enhances overall antioxidant defense but does not significantly affect body oxidative stress."	( Supplementation with cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) fruit decreases oxidative stress in healthy humans: a comparative study with vitamin C. Allegra, M; Butera, D; Livrea, MA; Pintaudi, AM; Tesoriere, L, 2004)	0.32
" Ethanol was administered to rats at a dosage of 3 g/kg body weight twice daily and taurine was provided in the diet (10 g/kg diet)."	( Taurine restores ethanol-induced depletion of antioxidants and attenuates oxidative stress in rat tissues. Anuradha, CV; Mahalakshmi, K; Pushpakiran, G, 2004)	0.32
" Quantification of SOD activity in crude plant extracts has been problematic due to the presence of compounds that interfere with the dose-response of the assay."	( Microplate quantification of plant leaf superoxide dismutases. Azevedo, MD; Banowetz, GM; Dierksen, KP; Stout, R, 2004)	0.32
" Response patterns of effects of AA and TA on absorption ratios (AR) calculated from Caco-2 and human data were very similar: AA increased ARs in a dose-response manner and TAs decreased AR."	( An in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system accurately predicts the effects of ascorbic acid and polyphenolic compounds on iron bioavailability in humans. Glahn, RP; Habicht, JP; Miller, DD; Yun, S, 2004)	0.32
" In the dose-response study, the maximum increase in plasma vitamin C occurred 4 hours postdose."	( Pulsed electric fields-processed orange juice consumption increases plasma vitamin C and decreases F2-isoprostanes in healthy humans. Cano, MP; de Ancos, B; Elez-Martínez, P; Granado, F; Martín, A; Martín-Belloso, O; Olmedilla, B; Plaza, L; Sánchez-Moreno, C, 2004)	0.32
" We also performed an ROC analysis to estimate the optimal cutoff value for oral dosage to distinguish individuals with hypovitaminosis-C (<7."	( Recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C in the United States is also applicable to a population of young Japanese women. Hashizume, N; Ihara, H; Shino, Y, 2004)	0.32
" The combined usual dosage of vitamins C and E supplements was found to improve the endothelial function in chronic smokers."	( Effect of chronic oral supplementation with vitamins on the endothelial function in chronic smokers. Ayaori, M; Etsuda, H; Hamabe, A; Ishihara, M; Kurita, A; Kusano, H; Matsushima, Y; Ohsuzu, F; Takase, B; Uehata, A, )	0.13
" The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a daily dosage of 1000 mg vitamin C, 800 mg vitamin E, and 10 mg folate on markers of vascular function in 31 young healthy male adults."	( Cardiovascular effects of oral Supplementation of vitamin C, E and folic acid in young healthy males. Huisman, HW; Jerling, JC; Oosthuizen, W; Schutte, AE; van Rooyen, JM, 2004)	0.32
" Previous reports have indicated that ascorbic acid (AsA) can reduce LD dosage without losing its effectiveness."	( The effect of ascorbic acid on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa in elderly patients with Parkinson disease. Hamamoto, M; Katayama, Y; Nagayama, H; Nito, C; Ueda, M; Yamaguchi, H, )	0.13
" Dosing was by the intraperitoneal route, once daily for four consecutive days per week, for 2 weeks total, followed by a third week of observation."	( Evaluation of the clinical, immunologic, and biochemical effects of nitroso sulfamethoxazole administration to dogs: a pilot study. Lavergne, SN; Maki, JE; Trepanier, LA; Volkman, EM; Yoder, AR, 2005)	0.33
" In the IG, the dosage regime increased the AA plasma concentration to > or =45."	( Early postoperative substitution procedure of the antioxidant ascorbic acid. Fauth, U; Jaehde, U; Kerz, T; Krämer, M; Roth, W; Rümelin, A, 2005)	0.33
" However, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial showed that thioctic acid at an oral dosage of 800 mg/day for 4 months significantly improved cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients."	( The role of antioxidant micronutrients in the prevention of diabetic complications. Bonnefont-Rousselot, D, 2004)	0.32
" The treatment consisted of either 600 mg NAC bid, 500 mg Vitamin C bid, a combination of those two substances using the same dosage or a placebo-preparation."	( [Antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C in patients with chronic bronchitis]. Gillissen, A; Lukas, R; Schärling, B; Schultze-Werninghaus, G, 2005)	0.33
" Dose-response curves to bradykinin and sodium nitroprusside were constructed to test the endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation before and after acute infusion of ascorbic acid."	( Ascorbic acid improves impaired venous and arterial endothelium-dependent dilation in smokers. Barbieri, D; Consolim-Colombo, F; de Sousa, MG; Ferreira-Melo, SE; Irigoyen, MC; Moreno, H; Plentz, R; Rubira, M; Yugar-Toledo, JC, 2005)	0.33
" After adjusting for age and duration of abstinence, there was no dose-response association between any DFI outcome and any antioxidant intake measure."	( Effect of antioxidant intake on sperm chromatin stability in healthy nonsmoking men. Block, G; Eskenazi, B; Evenson, DP; Silver, EW; Wyrobek, AJ; Young, S, )	0.13
"The in vitro data of the present study suggest that high dosage intake of vitamin C and zinc may cause more harm than benefit."	( The influence of high doses of vitamin C and zinc on oxidative DNA damage. Baumeister, P; Harréus, U; Matthias, C; Zieger, S, )	0.13
"A capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of the dye methylene blue (tetramethylthionine, MB) in human urine depending on liquid/liquid-extraction and diode array detection has been developed, validated, and applied to samples of healthy individuals, who had been dosed with methylene blue within clinical studies."	( Analysis of methylene blue in human urine by capillary electrophoresis. Borwitzky, H; Burhenne, J; Haefeli, WE, 2005)	0.33
"The therapeutic success of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients remains controversial as many patients become tolerant requiring higher dosage regimens."	( l-DOPA administration enhances 6-hydroxydopamine generation. Daya, S; Maharaj, H; Mokokong, R; Scheepers, M; Sukhdev Maharaj, D, 2005)	0.33
" Adult male rats were dosed for 30 days with daily intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 2 mg/kg Aroclor or vehicle (corn oil)."	( Studies on the protective role of vitamin C and E against polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254)--induced oxidative damage in Leydig cells. Arunakaran, J; Balasubramanian, K; Murugesan, P; Muthusamy, T, 2005)	0.33
" Each ingredient was present at a dosage sufficiently low to avoid any accompanying unwanted pharmacological effects."	( The induction of human superoxide dismutase and catalase in vivo: a fundamentally new approach to antioxidant therapy. Bose, SK; Grunwald, GK; McCord, JM; Myhill, P; Nelson, SK, 2006)	0.33
"The production of ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde was related to the dosage of mercuric chloride."	( Changes in ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde in rats after exposure to mercury. Hijova, E; Nistiar, F; Sipulova, A, 2005)	0.33
" According to these results, selenium dosage should be arranged carefully in thalassemia patients, whereas vitamin C can be used confidently."	( In vitro effects of vitamin C and selenium on NK activity of patients with beta-thalassemia major. Atasever, B; Erdem-Kuruca, S; Ertan, NZ; Karakas, Z, )	0.13
" The dosage of the preparation in group 1 was 1 tablet Ferro-Folgamma tid for 40 days, and 1 tablet Ferro-Folgamma bid for the same period."	( [Ferro-folgamma--a good alternative in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia and depleted iron stores in pregnant women]. Ivanov, S; Sigridov, I, 2005)	0.33
"Oral treatment with Ferro-Folgamma, according the described dosage regimen, demonstrates its fast and stable effect in treatment of moderate iron deficiency and recovery of depleted iron pool in pregnant patients as well."	( [Ferro-folgamma--a good alternative in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia and depleted iron stores in pregnant women]. Ivanov, S; Sigridov, I, 2005)	0.33
" Results showed that AA levels in blood increased with vitamin C administration; AA, GSH and NOx levels in the muscle were low and MDA and glycogen levels were high in diabetics; and that vitamin C in the given dosage partially corrected these values."	( Effects of vitamin C on muscle glycogen and oxidative events in experimental diabetes. Bulduk, E; Gönül, B; Ozer, C, 2006)	0.33
"Extraction spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of tricyclic drugs such as trazodone (TZH), amineptine (APH) and amitriptyline (ATPH) hydrochlorides in pure form and in the dosage forms coming from different Egyptian markets."	( Spectrophotometric determination of trazodone, amineptine and amitriptyline hydrochlorides through ion-pair formation with molybdenum and thiocyanate. Khalil, SM; Mohamed, GG; Mohamed, NA; Nour El-Dien, FA, 2006)	0.33
" The drug was used with different dosage of concentrations on human lymphocytes administered in vitro."	( Anticlastogenic action of vitamin C against genotoxicity of estrogenic drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the human lymphocyte chromosomes. Ahmad, ME; Azfer, MA; Shadab, GG, 2006)	0.33
" In the present study we demonstrate that CoQ(10) supplementation reduces the dosage of corticosteroids in these patients."	( Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces corticosteroids dosage in patients with bronchial asthma. Bartkovjaková, M; Gazdík, FE; Gazdíková, K; Gvozdjáková, A; Kucharská, J, 2005)	0.33
" A reduction in the dosage of corticosteroids required by the patients following antioxidant supplementation was observed, indicating lower incidence of potential adverse effects of the drugs, decreased oxidative stress."	( Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces corticosteroids dosage in patients with bronchial asthma. Bartkovjaková, M; Gazdík, FE; Gazdíková, K; Gvozdjáková, A; Kucharská, J, 2005)	0.33
" While TA102 and TA104 strains exhibited the highest sensitivity against the Aligarh sample (AWW) in terms of the slope (m) of the dose-response curve in the plate incorporation assay, TA98 and TA97a were the most sensitive strains based on the induction factor, Mi(p)."	( Genotoxicity of industrial wastewaters obtained from two different pollution sources in northern India: a comparison of three bioassays. Ahmad, M; Fatima, RA, 2006)	0.33
" All the three doses of both VC and BC appeared to reduce the EMS-induced genotoxicity in this fish to a variable extent, of which the higher dose of VC appeared to give marginally better protection while the dose-response relationship was inconclusive for BC."	( Ameliorative effects of vitamin supplementation on ethyl methane sulphonate-induced genotoxicity in a fish, Anabas testudineus. Das, JK; Guha, B; Khuda-Bukhsh, AR, 2007)	0.34
" The semisolid consistency of such coagels is an interesting property to formulate dermatological pharmaceutical dosage forms able to solubilize and stabilize different drugs."	( Potential use of ascorbic acid-based surfactants as skin penetration enhancers. Allemandi, DA; Lo Nostro, P; Maletto, B; Manzo, RH; Palma, SD; Pistoresi-Palencia, MC, 2006)	0.33
" For all donors included in the present study, BT produced a significant dose-response relationship."	( Analysis of glutathione and vitamin C effects on the benzenetriol-induced DNA damage in isolated human lymphocytes. Creus, A; Marcos, R; Pitarque, M, 2006)	0.33
" Plasma glucosamine pharmacokinetics after oral dosing were determined in each subject using a high-performance liquid chromatography method."	( Oral glucosamine for 6 weeks at standard doses does not cause or worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects. Bronstein, JA; Crandon, SK; Hall, G; Hortin, GL; Karne, RJ; Muniyappa, R; Quon, MJ; Ver, MR, 2006)	0.33
" This study aimed to establish its mechanism of action and to construct a dose-response curve for the effect of allopurinol."	( High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering uric acid. Belch, JJ; Carr, E; Davies, J; George, J; Struthers, A, 2006)	0.33
"For the first time, we have shown that a steep dose-response relationship exists between allopurinol and its effect on endothelial function."	( High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering uric acid. Belch, JJ; Carr, E; Davies, J; George, J; Struthers, A, 2006)	0.33
" Dietary vitamins E and C were statistically significantly protective for both colon and rectal cancer at all levels of consumption, and for both vitamins there was a dose-response effect of increasing protection, particularly so for colon cancer."	( Colorectal cancer protective effects and the dietary micronutrients folate, methionine, vitamins B6, B12, C, E, selenium, and lycopene. Kune, G; Watson, L, 2006)	0.33
" Adult male rats were dosed for 30 days with daily intraperitoneal (i."	( Effects of vitamins C and E on steroidogenic enzymes mRNA expression in polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) exposed adult rat Leydig cells. Arunakaran, J; Balasubramanian, K; Murugesan, P; Muthusamy, T, 2007)	0.34
" Single pellet dissolution measurements demonstrated that the release profile of the encapsulated dosage form, containing approximately 400 pellets per capsule, is a combination of different release profiles of all individual pellets."	( Visualization and analysis of the release mechanism of shellac coated ascorbic acid pellets. Förmer, P; Müller, A; Schmidt, PC; Theurer, C, 2006)	0.33
" In the future study, we should investigate if higher dosage of vitamin C or other antioxidants would enhance preventive effects of fenofibrate in type 2 diabetes."	( Preventive effects of fenofibrate on insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, visceral fat accumulation in NIH mice induced by small-dose streptozotocin and lard. Cai, G; Du, L; Nie, Y; Xie, W; Zhang, Y, 2007)	0.34
"Male Hartley guinea pigs were orally dosed with a marginal amount of AA and fed a diet deficient (Se-D/MC), marginal (Se-M/MC) or normal (Se-N/MC) in Se."	( Sparing effects of selenium and ascorbic acid on vitamin C and E in guinea pig tissues. Bertinato, J; Bonacci, G; Cockell, KA; Giles, N; Giroux, A; Hayward, S; Hidiroglou, N; Iskandar, M; Jee, P; L'Abbé, MR; Madère, R; Peace, R; Trick, KD, 2007)	0.34
" Dose-response experiments revealed that this ginseng extract increased cell viability at a wide range of concentrations."	( Neuroprotective effect of a ginseng (Panax ginseng) root extract on astrocytes primary culture. Carretero, ME; Gómez-Serranillos, MP; Naval, MV; Villar, AM, 2007)	0.34
" MAGIC-2 has a dose-response slope-to-intercept ratio that is 78% greater than the original formulation and other more favorable properties."	( Optimization of MAGIC gel formulation for three-dimensional radiation therapy dosimetry. Gore, JC; Luci, JJ; Whitney, HM, 2007)	0.34
" Mice in group I (control) were dosed with vegetable oil, while those in group II were given CPF (21."	( Evaluation of subchronic chlorpyrifos poisoning on hematological and serum biochemical changes in mice and protective effect of vitamin C. Akanbi, D; Ambali, S; Ayo, J; Igbokwe, N; Kawu, M; Shittu, M, 2007)	0.34
" Renal-adenocarcinoma, melanoma and mammary cancer cells were dosed with 0-100mM ascorbate and examined for cell survival or proliferation, and expression of MMP-1, MMP-2 and TGF-beta at protein and/or mRNA levels."	( Reciprocal effects of ascorbate on cancer cell growth and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and transforming growth factor-beta. Holmes, C; Keller, T; Philips, N, 2007)	0.34
" A dose-response study was designed to evaluate its effect in patients with wrist fractures."	( Can vitamin C prevent complex regional pain syndrome in patients with wrist fractures? A randomized, controlled, multicenter dose-response study. Breederveld, RS; Kreis, RW; Tuinebreijer, WE; Zollinger, PE, 2007)	0.34
" zymosan at a dosage of 100 mg/kg to induce the production of free radicals by stimulating NADPH oxidase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes."	( The effect of zymosan and the protective effect of various antioxidants on fracture healing in rats. Duygulu, F; Karahan, OI; Karaoglu, S; Kutlubay, R; Ozturk, A; Yakan, B, 2007)	0.34
" A dose-response relationship between lifetime exposure and tooth loss was seen (P for trend <0."	( Relationship between smoking status and tooth loss: findings from national databases in Japan. Aoyama, H; Hanioka, T; Ojima, M; Tanaka, K, 2007)	0.34
" No significant differences were observed in the dosage of medicines or other clinical data during the treatment."	( Zinc supplementation prevents the increase of transaminase in chronic hepatitis C patients during combination therapy with pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin. Kakibuchi, N; Kawakami, T; Kawashima, A; Kita, K; Koyabu, T; Murakami, Y; Okita, M; Takaguchi, K, 2007)	0.34
" The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the investigated FQA in their pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms without interference from the common excipients (label claim values were 99."	( Evaluation of N-bromosuccinimide as a new analytical reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Askal, H; Darwish, I; Marzouq, M; Refaat, I, 2007)	0.34
" While earlier no treatment was available, in the recent decade an antioxidant therapy became very popular using combinations of high dosage antioxidant vitamins C, E, beta carotene and zinc."	( [Metabolic therapy for early treatment of age-related macular degeneration]. Corrado Balacco, G; Fehér, J; Kovács, B; Kovács, I; Schvöller, M, 2007)	0.34
" While dose-response curves of forearm blood flow elicited by substance P were not altered by the coadministration of ascorbic acid in nonsmokers, impaired flow in smokers markedly increased, P=0."	( Impaired capacity for acute endogenous fibrinolysis in smokers is restored by ascorbic acid. Heitzer, T; Kaehler, J; Karstens, M; Koeke, K; Meinertz, T; Schneppenheim, R, 2008)	0.35
"Most glucose meter comparisons to date have focused on performance specifications likely to impact subcutaneous dosing of insulin."	( Evaluation of the impact of hematocrit and other interference on the accuracy of hospital-based glucose meters. Bryant, SC; Dubois, JA; Griesmann, L; Karon, BS; Presti, S; Santrach, PJ; Scott, R; Shirey, TL, 2008)	0.35
" Regression analysis showed a linear dose-response relationship."	( Relationships between different types of fruit and vegetable consumption and serum concentrations of antioxidant vitamins. Bertrais, S; Czernichow, S; Dauchet, L; Estaquio, C; Faure, H; Favier, A; Galan, P; Hercberg, S; Kesse-Guyot, E; Péneau, S; Vergnaud, AC, 2008)	0.35
" The DHA impurity values found in dosage forms were < or =0."	( Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid and acetaminophen in pharmaceuticals. Andreatta, P; Boschetti, S; Gatti, R; Gioia, MG, 2008)	0.35
" Further studies using ATO and AA with TMZ with this dosing schedule in advanced melanoma are not warranted."	( Phase II trial of arsenic trioxide and ascorbic acid with temozolomide in patients with metastatic melanoma with or without central nervous system metastases. Bael, TE; Gollob, JA; Peterson, BL, 2008)	0.35
" Vitamin C at a dosage of 1 g/day was administered intravenously alongside conventional treatment."	( Vitamin C for preventing and treating tetanus. Hemilä, H; Koivula, TT, 2008)	0.35
"To determine the useful dosage of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol against oxidative stress and DNA damage in the elderly."	( High dosage of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol is not useful for diminishing oxidative stress and DNA damage in healthy elderly adults. Altamirano-Lozano, M; Casanueva, E; González-Torres, C; Mendoza-Núñez, VM; Retana-Ugalde, R, 2008)	0.35
" An inverse dose-response association was observed through vitamin C intake of 400-500 mg/day, and then reached a plateau."	( Vitamin C intake and serum uric acid concentration in men. Ascherio, A; Choi, HK; Curhan, G; Forman, JP; Gao, X, 2008)	0.35
" In 10 normal weight and eight overweight/obese adults the dose-response curves to bradykinin and sodium nitroprusside were repeated with a coinfusion of the antioxidant vitamin C (24 mg min(-1))."	( Acute and chronic effects of vitamin C on endothelial fibrinolytic function in overweight and obese adult humans. DeSouza, CA; Greiner, JJ; Hoetzer, GL; Stauffer, BL; Van Guilder, GP, 2008)	0.35
" This multi-institution phase II study investigated a novel dosing schedule of As(2)O(3) and AA in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoid malignancies."	( Phase II study of arsenic trioxide and ascorbic acid for relapsed or refractory lymphoid malignancies: a Wisconsin Oncology Network study. Ahuja, HG; Bailey, HH; Chang, JE; Kahl, BS; Kim, K; Kolesar, JM; Rodriguez, GA; Sanchez, FA; Voorhees, PM; Werndli, J, 2009)	0.35
" Our objective was to obtain pilot safety and dosing data from 14 allergic asthmatic volunteers examining the effect of daily combination oral therapy with 500 mg alpha-tocopherol (alpha T) and 2 g vitamin C for 12 wk."	( Combination treatment with high-dose vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol does not enhance respiratory-tract lining fluid vitamin C levels in asthmatics. Alexis, NE; Crissman, K; Hatch, G; Hernandez, M; Peden, D; Robinette, C; Zhou, B; Zhou, H, 2009)	0.35
" To this end, male Wistar rats received (PhSe)2 by oral route at the dosage of 31."	( Oral administration of diphenyl diselenide potentiates hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Borges, LP; Nogueira, CW; Souza, AC, 2009)	0.35
" The results obtained suggest that in a pathophysiological condition, such as PE, the deleterious effect of reactive oxygen species may be counteract by an antioxidant therapy, and there is the need to investigate the optimum dosing and timing of antioxidants administration, since an inappropriate antioxidant treatment in pregnant women may have deleterious consequences, reducing placental cells proliferation until to cell death."	( Effects of vitamin E and C on placental oxidative stress: an in vitro evidence for the potential therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of preeclampsia. Capasso, A; Fiore, G, 2008)	0.35
" This "switching" protocol was repeated three more times utilizing 250, 500, and 1000 mg/day ascorbate dosage regimens."	( Augmentation of respiratory tract lining fluid ascorbate concentrations through supplementation with vitamin C. Behndig, AF; Blomberg, A; Helleday, R; Kelly, FJ; Mudway, IS, 2009)	0.35
" Dose-response meta-analyses were conducted for beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E from food sources."	( Antioxidant vitamins and the risk of endometrial cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis. Bandera, EV; Gifkins, DM; Kushi, LH; McCullough, ML; Moore, DF, 2009)	0.35
" It is not clear if this is the optimal dosage of AA in postoperative/-trauma patients."	( Ascorbic Acid in postoperative intensive care patients - biochemical aspects and clinical experience. Rümelin, A, 2009)	0.35
" No statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed between intake of beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E and the risk of ALS."	( Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan. Inaba, Y; Kihira, T; Kobashi, G; Miyake, Y; Nagai, M; Okamoto, K; Sakamoto, N; Sasaki, S; Washio, M; Yokoyama, T, 2009)	0.35
" This study does not explain whether our intervention was not effective in blocking free radicals and inflammatory cytokines, if the dosing and route of administration were inadequate, or if other mediators existed that could have a more powerful role in brain injury during hypoxia-ischemia."	( Ascorbic acid combined with ibuprofen in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Aaref, M; Abd-Rabboh, L; Abdelrahman, S; Aly, H; El-Dib, M; Elsayed, A; Hassan, H; Nawwar, F, 2009)	0.35
" According to pharmacokinetic data, parenteral administration of ascorbate decreased the growth rate of a murine hepatoma, whereas oral administration of the same dosage did not."	( Pharmacologic concentrations of ascorbate are achieved by parenteral administration and exhibit antitumoral effects. Calderon, PB; Verrax, J, 2009)	0.35
" DAS was administered intraperitoneally at a dosage of 150 mg/kg body weight once daily for 6 days."	( Diallyl sulfide enhances antioxidants and inhibits inflammation through the activation of Nrf2 against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Arumugam, M; Kalayarasan, S; Manikandan, R; Prabhu, PN; Sriram, N; Sudhandiran, G, 2009)	0.35
" Our results showed the increased level of As concentration in cerebellar tissue of the exposed mice in a dose-response manner, longer escape latency in the experimental group than controls and the down-regulated expression of Ca(2+)/calmodulin dependent protein kinase IV (Camk4), a very important regulator in the LTD pathway."	( Arsenic down-regulates the expression of Camk4, an important gene related to cerebellar LTD in mice. Hong, Y; Li, S; Liu, P; Piao, F; Wang, Y; Zhao, Y, )	0.13
", disintegration profiles) of solid oral dosage forms."	( Non-destructive determination of anisotropic mechanical properties of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Akseli, I; Cetinkaya, C; Hancock, BC, 2009)	0.35
" In a dose-response study, fecal ANC levels were proportional to the nitrite concentration squared."	( Effect of feeding nitrite, ascorbate, hemin, and omeprazole on excretion of fecal total apparent N-nitroso compounds in mice. Davis, ME; Gaikwad, NW; Lisowyj, MP; Mirvish, SS, 2008)	0.35
" Further considerations for dose-response relationships, duration of supplementation, and susceptible biomarkers are required."	( Effects of antioxidant supplements intervention on the level of plasma inflammatory molecules and disease severity of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Bae, SC; Jung, WJ; Lee, EJ; Sung, MK; Yu, R, 2009)	0.35
" We conducted a prospective controlled study with the aim of testing whether the vitamin C supplement to the therapy includes lower dosage of clarithromycin could have an acceptable influence on Helicobacter pylori eradication in comparison with routine anti-Helicobacter pylori regimen."	( Effect of addition of vitamin C to clarithromycin-amoxicillin-omeprazol triple regimen on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Derakhshan, F; Kaboli, SA; Mirsattari, D; Sheikhvatan, M; Talaie, R; Zali, MR; Zojaji, H, )	0.13
"Adding vitamin C might reduce the needed dosage of clarithromycin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori."	( Effect of addition of vitamin C to clarithromycin-amoxicillin-omeprazol triple regimen on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Derakhshan, F; Kaboli, SA; Mirsattari, D; Sheikhvatan, M; Talaie, R; Zali, MR; Zojaji, H, )	0.13
"In the present study, NMR-based urinary metabonomic profiles resulting from dosing with widely recognized microsomal enzyme inducers were evaluated in male rats."	( Modulation of ascorbic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 induction revealed by metabonomics and transcriptional profiling. Aranibar, N; Bhaskaran, V; Gong, L; Lecureux, L; Lehman-McKeeman, L; Nelson, D; Ott, KH; Stryker, S; Vassallo, J, 2009)	0.35
" All of these suggested that appropriate dosage of exogenous NO could enhance the activity of antioxidant system in loquat leaves and alleviated the cell injury of loquat leaves under low temperature stress."	( [Effects of exogenous NO on ascorbate-glutathione cycle in loquat leaves under low temperature stress]. Chen, JQ; Chen, LP; Chen, LQ; Liang, J; Liu, MQ; Wu, JC; Wu, JJ; Yang, WB, 2009)	0.35
"4 years old) were assigned to take an oral dosage of 2000 mg/m(2)/day ascorbate."	( The effect of ascorbate on minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Kurata, T; Morishima, T; Ohtsuki, S; Tsuge, M; Yashiro, M; Yasui, K, 2010)	0.36
" dosing would be cytotoxic in pancreatic cancer for which the 5-year survival is <3%."	( Mechanisms of ascorbate-induced cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer. Buettner, GR; Cullen, JJ; Du, C; Du, J; Knudson, CM; Levine, M; Martin, SM; Taghiyev, AF; Wagner, BA; Wang, SH, 2010)	0.36
" Results were analysed using dose-response modelling."	( Prostaglandins and radical oxygen species are involved in microvascular effects of hyperoxia. Henricson, J; Rousseau, A; Sjöberg, F; Tesselaar, E, 2010)	0.36
" Twenty of the goats served as the experimental group and were administered ascorbic acid (AA) per os at a dosage rate of 100 mg/kg body weight; the other 20 served as controls and were given 10 ml each of sterile water."	( Physiological responses of erythrocytes of goats to transportation and the mondulatory role of ascorbic acid. Ayo, JO; Minka, NS, 2010)	0.36
" Blood samples were taken before dosing the animals and 48 hours post exposure to determine the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations."	( Prospective role of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in attenuating hexavalent chromium-induced functional and cellular damage in rat thyroid. Mahmood, T; Qureshi, IZ, 2010)	0.36
" Rats in group I were given soya oil (2 ml/kg) while those in group II were dosed vitamin C (100 mg/kg)."	( Ameliorative effects of vitamin C on short-term sensorimotor and cognitive changes induced by acute chlorpyrifos exposure in Wistar rats. Ambali, SF; Ayo, JO; Idris, SB; Onukak, C; Shittu, M, 2010)	0.36
"All pulse-sequences showed a clear dose-response in liver-enhancement."	( Orally administered manganese with and without ascorbic acid as a liver-specific contrast agent and bowel marker for magnetic resonance imaging: phase I clinical trial assessing efficacy and safety. Golman, K; Höglund, P; Leander, P; Månsson, S, 2010)	0.36
" For Docetaxel and 5-FU, a linear correlation between this sensitizing effect and the ascorbate dosage is observed."	( Ascorbate exerts anti-proliferative effects through cell cycle inhibition and sensitizes tumor cells towards cytostatic drugs. Aigner, A; Czubayko, F; Frömberg, A; Gutsch, D; Schulze, D; Vollbracht, C; Weiss, G, 2011)	0.37
" In this study, the combined effect of chronic psychosocial stress and variable dosing levels of vitamin C on liver injury, have been studied."	( High-dose vitamin C: does it exacerbate the effect of psychosocial stress on liver? Biochemical and histological study. Abdo, SA; Abdul-Razzak, KK; Alzoubi, KH; Hananeh, WM, 2012)	0.38
" The safety of this therapy needs careful study so as to determine vitamin C dosage that is effective and also avoids complications of oxalosis."	( New insight on vitamin C in patients with chronic kidney disease. Handelman, GJ, 2011)	0.37
"Twenty goats which served as the experimental group were administered ascorbic acid (AA) per os at a dosage rate of 100 mg/kg body mass, while 20 others served as controls and were given 10 ml each of sterile water."	( Responses of serum electrolytes of goats to twelve hours of road transportation during the hot-dry season in Nigeria, and the effect of pretreatment with ascorbic acid. Adelaiye, AB; Ayo, JO; Minka, NS; Sackey, AK, 2009)	0.35
" The daily dosage was 2 and 1 mg respectively."	( [Cholesterol metabolism and lipid peroxidation processes in hypodynamia. Effect of using ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol]. Elikov, AV; Tsapok, PI, 2010)	0.36
" Antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with EGCG or ascorbic acid was determined using several dosing regimens to evaluate different target plasma concentrations of EGCG and ascorbic acid."	( Preclinical evaluation of the antitumor activity of bortezomib in combination with vitamin C or with epigallocatechin gallate, a component of green tea. Bannerman, B; Berger, A; Bolen, J; Claiborne, C; Dick, L; Fleming, P; Hales, P; Jones, M; Kupperman, E; Manfredi, M; Monbaliu, J; Tsu, C; Xu, L; Yu, J, 2011)	0.37
" Laboratory assays based upon transcription factor biomarkers may be useful to define beneficial molecular responses to new antioxidants, alternative dosing regimens, and to explore therapeutic efficacy in OS models in vitro."	( Modulation of oxidative stress responses in the human retinal pigment epithelium following treatment with vitamin C. Chaum, E; Lang, JC; Thomas, F; Yin, J, 2011)	0.37
" The effectiveness of protection depended on the dosage of the applied l'-methylascorbigen and on the time interval between the chemical pretreatment and inoculation."	( Effect of ascorbigen and 1'-methylascorbigen on disease resistance of bean plants to Uromyces phaseoli. Kátay, E; Kátay, G; Tyihák, E, 2011)	0.37
" Dose-response curves obtained for each compound by applying the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay to MMe cells growing in vitro, allowed to obtain IC50 values for each compound used singularly."	( In vitro screening of synergistic ascorbate-drug combinations for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Burlando, B; Martinotti, S; Ranzato, E, 2011)	0.37
" The total number of participants was 556, the median dosage of vitamin C was 500 mg/day, trial size ranged from 8-184 participants, and the median study duration was 30 days."	( Effect of oral vitamin C supplementation on serum uric acid: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gelber, AC; Juraschek, SP; Miller, ER, 2011)	0.37
"To comprehensively summarize the associations between retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer, and quantitatively estimate their dose-response relationships."	( Retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Baina, WY; Changxing, J; Chunqing, L; Da, P; Dandan, L; Dianjun, S; Fan, W; Fulan, H; Tong, W; Wencui, Z; Yashuang, Z, 2011)	0.37
" No significant dose-response relationship was observed in the higher intake of these vitamins with reduced breast cancer risk."	( Retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Baina, WY; Changxing, J; Chunqing, L; Da, P; Dandan, L; Dianjun, S; Fan, W; Fulan, H; Tong, W; Wencui, Z; Yashuang, Z, 2011)	0.37
" Statistically significant effects of dietary ascorbate dosing levels were the following: (1) reduction in ascorbate supplementation increased acute toxicity of Ni₃S₂ in Gulo-/- mice; (2) ascorbate supplementation extended the latency of transplanted tumors in WT mice."	( Effects of ascorbic acid on carcinogenicity and acute toxicity of nickel subsulfide, and on tumor transplants growth in gulonolactone oxidase knock-out mice and wild-type C57BL mice. Diwan, BA; Fivash, MJ; Kaczmarek, MZ; Kasprzak, KS; Logsdon, DL; Salnikow, K, 2011)	0.37
" Dose-response and time-dependent study of AA uptake revealed that the cells, although unable to synthesize AA, took up AA from the culture medium."	( Establishment and characterization of hepatocytes from an Immortomouse/SMP30/GNL knockout mouse hybrid lacking vitamin C to study vitamin C transport. Aigaki, T; Amano, A; Handa, S; Ishigami, A; Maruyama, N; Shigemoto, K, 2011)	0.37
" Serum docosahexaenoyl-glycerophosphocholine concentration was increased by feeding fish oil in a dose-response manner."	( Dietary fish oil alters the lysophospholipid metabolomic profile and decreases urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B₂ concentration in healthy Beagles. Brockman, JA; Hall, JA; Jewell, DE, 2011)	0.37
" The two MMPs showed dose-response inhibition by NM."	( Anticancer effects of a specific mixture of nutrients in the multidrug-resistant human uterine sarcoma MES-SA/Dx5 and the drug-sensitive MES-SA cell lines. Kalinovsky, T; Niedzwiecki, A; Rath, M; Roomi, MW; Roomi, NW, 2012)	0.38
" Dose-response curves generated from the calibration data followed a sigmoid function."	( Monte Carlo verification of polymer gel dosimetry applied to radionuclide therapy: a phantom study. Charles-Edwards, E; Flux, GD; Gear, JI; Partridge, M, 2011)	0.37
" After the presence of OS was established, treatment with PAR was started at the dosage of 300 mg of Potassium Bicarbonate and 150 mg of Ascorbic Acid in aqueous solution and changes occurring in OS biomarkers were followed dosing every three months."	( Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: potassium ascorbate with ribose therapy in a syndrome with high neoplastic risk. Anichini, C; Buonocore, G; di Bartolo, RM; Lo Rizzo, C; Longini, M; Paoli, G; Proietti, F, 2011)	0.37
" Of 14 recruited subjects enrolled, nine completed the study (three in each dosage tier)."	( Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Bazzan, AJ; Deshmukh, S; Levine, M; Littman, S; Mitchell, E; Monti, DA; Newberg, AB; Pillai, MV; Yeo, CJ; Zabrecky, G, 2012)	0.38
"A parallel, randomised, controlled, dose-response dietary intervention study."	( Impact of the quantity and flavonoid content of fruits and vegetables on markers of intake in adults with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease: the FLAVURS trial. Alimbetov, D; Chong, MF; George, TW; Gordon, MH; Jin, Y; Kennedy, OB; Lovegrove, JA; Macready, AL; Minihane, AM; Spencer, JP; Weech, M, 2013)	0.39
" In addition, we suggest that Ccm-NPs and ADP-NPs can be used to reduce the dosage of Ccm and ADP and improve their bioavailability, and thus merit further investigation for antioxidant packaging film and coating applications."	( Antioxidant activities of curcumin and ascorbyl dipalmitate nanoparticles and their activities after incorporation into cellulose-based packaging films. Sane, A; Sonkaew, P; Suppakul, P, 2012)	0.38
"We included only randomized controlled trials in which supplementation with one or more antioxidant vitamins (beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E) in any form, dosage or combination for at least one year was compared to another antioxidant vitamin or to placebo."	( Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Davis, RM; Ervin, AM; Mathew, MC; Tao, J, 2012)	0.38
" Three groups of diabetic animals were orally administered daily with seed extract (SME) at a dosage of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg BW."	( Antioxidative and hypolipidemic efficacy of alcoholic seed extract of Swietenia macrophylla in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Kalpana, K; Pugalendi, KV, 2011)	0.37
" Further foot and ankle specific and dose-response studies are warranted."	( Efficacy and safety of high-dose vitamin C on complex regional pain syndrome in extremity trauma and surgery--systematic review and meta-analysis. Agarwal, MR; Humphers, JM; Jupiter, DC; Shibuya, N, )	0.13
"In this study, a dose-response assessment was performed to understand the relation between supplementation of media with L-ascorbic acid or vitamin C and porcine oocyte maturation and the in vitro development of parthenotes (PA) and handmade cloned (HMC) embryos."	( Ascorbic acid improves the developmental competence of porcine oocytes after parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transplantation. Ju, JC; Kere, M; Lo, NW; Nguyen, NT; Siriboon, C, 2013)	0.39
" From the dose-response curve, the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC(50)) and the concentration that increased the viability of the UV-irradiated cells to 50% of the control value (EC(50)) were determined."	( Anti-UV activity of lignin-carbohydrate complex and related compounds. Hirano, K; Kobayashi, M; Koh, T; Machino, M; Nanbu, T; Ohno, H; Sakagami, H; Shimada, J; Yamamoto, M, )	0.13
" Post-oral administration of sesamol at the dosage of 50 mg/kg BW remarkably decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hepatic marker enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation products and also enhanced the antioxidant activity."	( Modulatory effect of sesamol on DOCA-salt-induced oxidative stress in uninephrectomized hypertensive rats. Hemalatha, G; Pugalendi, KV; Saravanan, R, 2013)	0.39
" For more than a week, his International Normalized Ratio (INR) values remained below target as the dosage of warfarin was gradually increased to 20 mg daily."	( Possible warfarin resistance due to interaction with ascorbic acid: case report and literature review. Kolluri, R; Sattar, A; Willman, JE, 2013)	0.39
"A modest dosage of vitamin C (500 mg/day) for 8 weeks had no clinically significant urate-lowering effects in patients with gout, despite the fact that plasma ascorbate levels increased."	( Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urate in patients with gout: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Chapman, PT; Drake, JM; Frampton, C; O'Donnell, JL; Stamp, LK; Zhang, M, 2013)	0.39
" Therefore, we performed 32 studies in a randomized, crossover, dose-response trial in 8 volunteers with type 2 diabetes to determine the effects of vitamin C on serum vitamin C levels, lipids, inflammation, and coagulation."	( Does short-term vitamin C reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes? de Serna, DG; Duran-Valdez, E; Gutierrez, AD; Robinson, I; Schade, DS, )	0.13
" The results showed that the size of the as-synthesized AuNHs could be tuned by adjusting the dosage of the Pichia pastoris cells (PPCs)."	( Microorganism-mediated synthesis of chemically difficult-to-synthesize Au nanohorns with excellent optical properties in the presence of hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride. Chen, H; Huang, J; Jing, X; Kong, T; Li, Q; Odoom-Wubah, T; Sun, D; Wang, M, 2013)	0.39
" A lower dosage (1."	( High-dosage ascorbic acid treatment in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A: results of a randomized, double-masked, controlled trial. Barohn, RJ; Clawson, LL; Feely, SM; Herrmann, DN; Hoke, A; Lewis, RA; Luebbe, E; McDermott, MP; Miller, LJ; Shy, ME; Siskind, C; Smith, P; Wu, X, 2013)	0.39
" The L-AA dosage study demonstrated that 100 μg and 300 μg of L-AA showed maximum EC growth after 7 days when compared to other dosages (1 μg, 500 μg, and 1000 μg) of L-AA and controls investigated in this study."	( A comparative study of the effects of vitamin C, sirolimus, and paclitaxel on the growth of endothelial and smooth muscle cells for cardiovascular medical device applications. Kakade, S; Mani, G, 2013)	0.39
" We observed a dose-response decrease in cancer and overall mortality risks with higher vitamin C levels."	( Serum antioxidant nutrients, vitamin A, and mortality in U.S. Adults. Goyal, A; Siegel, AB; Terry, MB, 2013)	0.39
" There was marked heterogeneity in vitamin C dosage regimes used in the selected studies, compounding the difficulties in carrying out meaningful analyses."	( Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Hart, A; Milan, SJ; Wilkinson, M, 2013)	0.39
" However, the clinical utility of AA at a tolerable dosage is plagued by a relatively low in vivo efficacy."	( Peroxidase-like activity of Fe3O4@carbon nanoparticles enhances ascorbic acid-induced oxidative stress and selective damage to PC-3 prostate cancer cells. An, Q; Guo, J; Li, D; Sun, C; Wang, C; Xu, K, 2013)	0.39
" Vitamin C at a dosage of 1 g/day was administered intravenously alongside conventional treatment."	( Vitamin C for preventing and treating tetanus. Hemilä, H; Koivula, T, 2013)	0.39
" This dosage of genipin significantly reduced cell death at 48 h compared to vehicle control (0."	( Neuroprotection by genipin against reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species-mediated injury in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Ahmed, I; Hughes, RH; Morrison, B; Shreiber, DI; Silva, VA, 2014)	0.4
"In 2008, in Central Italy, a low dosage of CPPU solution, 4 μL L(-1) (6 hL/ha), was sprayed on the canopy of vines of 'Hayward' kiwifruit, at the "break of sepals", about one week before anthesis, to study its effects on fruit weight/size and on qualitative and nutritional characteristics."	( Pre-anthesis CPPU low dosage application increases 'Hayward' kiwifruit weight without affecting the other qualitative and nutritional characteristics. Baldicchi, A; Battistelli, A; Cruz-Castillo, JG; Famiani, F; Frioni, T; Marocchi, F; Moscatello, S; Proietti, S, 2014)	0.4
" IVC dosing ranged from 1 g to more than 200 g ascorbic acid per infusion, typically administered 2 to 3 times weekly."	( Intravenous Vitamin C and Cancer: A Systematic Review. Callachan, M; Cooley, K; Flower, G; Fritz, H; Kirchner, L; McGowan, J; Seely, D; Skidmore, B; Weeks, L, 2014)	0.4
" Tigecycline is relatively unstable after reconstitution, and this instability may limit the use of the drug in ambulatory infusions for the treatment of infection and may prevent the development of optimal dosing schedules for the treatment of AML."	( A novel formulation of tigecycline has enhanced stability and sustained antibacterial and antileukemic activity. Goard, CA; Gronda, M; Hurren, R; Jhas, B; Jitkova, Y; Schimmer, AD; Wang, X, 2014)	0.4
" Both control (CT-SAL) group and pair-fed (CT-VIT) group received the same dosage of CMC and vitamin complex, respectively."	( Vitamins C and E reverse melamine-induced deficits in spatial cognition and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats. An, L; Zhang, T, 2014)	0.4
" The main objective of present work was to design a rapidly releasing synthetic antioxidant tablet dosage form comprising of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc in combination with lecithin (a phospho-lipid) that can fulfill human health and nutritional requirement and to perform stability studies."	( Formulation and stability evaluation of immediate release antioxidant tablet. Haque, N; Hasan, SM; Hassan, F; Israr, F; Sultana, A, 2014)	0.4
" The purpose of this study was to assess the basic kinetic variables in human beings over a relevant AA dosing interval for proper design of future clinical trials."	( Elimination of ascorbic acid after high-dose infusion in prostate cancer patients: a pharmacokinetic evaluation. Andersen, JT; Højgaard, M; Lykkesfeldt, J; Mikines, KJ; Nielsen, TK; Poulsen, HE, 2015)	0.42
" However, the choices of excipient, dosage form, and ingredient chemistry as well as the patient physiologies and pathologies can influence bioavailability and efficacy."	( Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study. Johnson, EJ; Lang, JC; Rasmussen, HM; Vishwanathan, R, 2014)	0.4
"The results suggest modestly contradictory requirements in the dosage form for water-soluble and lipid-soluble ingredients, as based on a goal of improved bioavailability."	( Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study. Johnson, EJ; Lang, JC; Rasmussen, HM; Vishwanathan, R, 2014)	0.4
" The characteristic radiological appearance, the particular clinical aspects, the dietary history and the dosage of vitamin C, have led us to the diagnosis of scurvy."	( Do you remember scurvy? Aloe, M; Barreca, M; Galati, MC; Raiola, G; Talarico, V, 2014)	0.4
" Dosage monitoring is important at the beginning of therapy and in the full process of treatment."	( Methods of biological fluids sample preparation - biogenic amines, methylxanthines, water-soluble vitamins. Płonka, J, 2015)	0.42
" The effects of administration of 600 mg aspirin alone, 500 mg ascorbic acid alone and simultaneous dosage of both agents were compared in a cross-over study in 28 healthy female volunteers."	( Ascorbic Acid may Exacerbate Aspirin-Induced Increase in Intestinal Permeability. Hurst, RD; Kruger, MC; Lentle, RG; Sequeira, IR, 2015)	0.42
"This large prospective cohort study in CEE populations with low prevalence of vitamin supplementation did not find a strong, dose-response evidence for protective effects of antioxidant vitamin intake."	( Antioxidant vitamin intake and mortality in three Central and Eastern European urban populations: the HAPIEE study. Bobak, M; Grosso, G; Kubinova, R; Malyutina, S; Micek, A; Nikitin, Y; Pająk, A; Peasey, A; Pikhart, H; Stefler, D; Stepaniak, U; Topor-Madry, R, 2016)	0.43
"This study aimed to investigate the association between dental erosive wear and potential background, behavioural and dietary risk indicators and to assess whether there is a dose-response relationship between the level of acidic beverage consumption and dental erosive wear among adolescents."	( Sour sweets and acidic beverage consumption are risk indicators for dental erosion. Mulic, A; Sandvik, L; Skudutyte-Rysstad, R; Søvik, JB; Tveit, AB, 2015)	0.42
" Patients in the first group (experimental group), consisting of 32 patients, as part of combined therapy received ascorbic acid (5% solution twice a day in a recommended dosage of 20 ml/day for 20 days); the second group (37 patients) received 10 ml of cytoflavin intravenously by drop infusion twice a day for 10 days; the third group received cytoflavin for 20 days (from day 1 to day 10 - 20 ml a day, from day 11 to day 20 - 10 ml a day)."	( [Performance evaluation of integrated cytoprotective therapy of different duration in patients with cerebral infarction]. Chichanovskaia, LV; Eliseev, EV; Kabaeva, EN; Kovalenko, AL; Lukin, DI; Nazarov, MV; Nedorostkova, TIu; Rumiantseva, SA; Silina, EV; Stupin, VA; Tsukurova, LA, 2015)	0.42
" The present study aimed to examine the dose-response curve between fruit and vegetable consumption and carotenoid (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin), folate and vitamin C concentrations."	( Prediction of fruit and vegetable intake from biomarkers using individual participant data of diet-controlled intervention studies. Boshuizen, HC; Brazionis, L; Bub, A; Castenmiller, JJ; Chopra, M; de Vries, JH; Dragsted, LO; Freese, R; Itsiopoulos, C; Karlsen, A; Miller, ER; Naber, TH; O'Dea, K; Pasman, WJ; Souverein, OW; van der Voet, H; van Het Hof, K; van Loo-Bouwman, CA; Watzl, B; Winkels, R, 2015)	0.42
" Linear regression models were calculated; first, the exposure to regular nutrient intake was treated with a binary response (yes/no); then regularly ingested amounts were divided into quartiles to examine dose-response relationships."	( Vitamin E supplementation is associated with lower levels of C-reactive protein only in higher dosages and combined with other antioxidants: The Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4 study. Heier, M; Kastenmüller, G; Koenig, W; Peters, A; Schneider, A; Schwab, S; Thorand, B; Waldenberger, M; Zierer, A, 2015)	0.42
"A dose-response meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association of vitamin C, D, E with risk of bladder cancer."	( Association of vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and risk of bladder cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis. Chen, F; Li, Q; Qu, Y; Shi, F; Yang, W; Yu, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Meta-regression test demonstrated that HOMA index may have not been influenced by the year of publication, dosage or duration of treatment."	( Effect of vitamins C and E on insulin resistance in diabetes: a meta-analysis study. Amini, P; Farzadfar, F; Khodaeian, M; Larijani, B; Qorbani, M; Tabatabaei-Malazy, O, 2015)	0.42
" However, no clear dose-response effect was observed."	( Comparative validity of vitamin C and carotenoids as indicators of fruit and vegetable intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Butterworth, A; Johnson, L; Moore, C; Pennant, M; Steur, M, 2015)	0.42
" We sought to determine AKI occurrence and to identify factors influencing AKI risk in severely ill patients receiving colistin according to a recently proposed dosing strategy."	( Colistin-associated Acute Kidney Injury in Severely Ill Patients: A Step Toward a Better Renal Care? A Prospective Cohort Study. Brienza, N; Bruno, F; Coppolecchia, S; Dalfino, L; Monno, R; Mosca, A; Ondok, MJ; Puntillo, F; Spada, ML, 2015)	0.42
" Colistin administration was driven by a modified pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK/PD)-based dosing approach."	( Colistin-associated Acute Kidney Injury in Severely Ill Patients: A Step Toward a Better Renal Care? A Prospective Cohort Study. Brienza, N; Bruno, F; Coppolecchia, S; Dalfino, L; Monno, R; Mosca, A; Ondok, MJ; Puntillo, F; Spada, ML, 2015)	0.42
"In severely ill patients receiving colistin according to a PK/PD-driven dosing approach, baseline renal impairment and older age strongly predict AKI occurrence, but concomitant administration of ascorbic acid markedly reduces AKI risk, allowing safer use of colistin."	( Colistin-associated Acute Kidney Injury in Severely Ill Patients: A Step Toward a Better Renal Care? A Prospective Cohort Study. Brienza, N; Bruno, F; Coppolecchia, S; Dalfino, L; Monno, R; Mosca, A; Ondok, MJ; Puntillo, F; Spada, ML, 2015)	0.42
" Dose-response analyses were performed using the method of restricted cubic splines with four knots at percentiles of 5, 35, 65 and 95% of the distribution."	( Association between dietary vitamin C intake and risk of esophageal cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis. Bo, Y; Cui, L; Lu, Q; Lu, W; Lu, Y; Yuan, L; Zhao, E; Zhao, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Analyses of the tissues collected 1 week after the final dosing revealed lymphocyte depletion and necrosis in spleens of the hosts that received the pesticide (END only and END + C); hemorrhage and slight neutrophilic infiltration was also noted."	( Endosulfan splenic pathology and amelioration by vitamin C in New Zealand rabbit. Ozmen, O, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, FO attenuated the d-galactose-induced protein expression of Aβ and beta-site amyloid precursor cleaving enzyme of the whole brain in a dose-response manner."	( Fructo-oligosaccharide improved brain β-amyloid, β-secretase, cognitive function, and plasma antioxidant levels in D-galactose-treated Balb/cJ mice. Chen, HL; Wang, CH; Wu, WT; Yen, CH, 2017)	0.46
" Second, in vivo effect of different dosage patterns and concentrations in the development of hepatic metastasis was analyzed by intra-splenic inoculation of C26 colon carcinoma cells in Balb/c mice."	( Ocoxin® oral solution slows down tumor growth in an experimental model of colorectal cancer metastasis to the liver in Balb/c mice. Arteta, B; Benedicto, A; Hernandez-Unzueta, I; Márquez, J; Mena, J; Olaso, E; Sanz, E, 2016)	0.43
" Group III was co-treated with GAR at a therapeutic dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight per day."	( Garlic capsule and selenium-vitamins ACE combination therapy modulate key antioxidant proteins and cellular adenosine triphosphate in lisinopril-induced lung damage in rats. Akintunde, DG; Akintunde, JK; Bolarin, OE, 2016)	0.43
" In terms of safety, based on all available animal information, DHAA is safe in the proposed dosing regimen."	( Dehydroascorbic acid for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Spector, R, 2016)	0.43
"In this contribution, the utility of sequential injection analysis in combination with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a detection technique was investigated for simultaneous determination of aspirin and vitamin C in their pharmaceutical dosage forms and in spiked urine samples."	( Sequential SERS determination of aspirin and vitamin C using in situ laser-induced photochemical silver substrate synthesis in a moving flow cell. El-Zahry, MR; Lendl, B; Mohamed, HA; Refaat, IH, 2016)	0.43
" NO concentrations in these systems are generally monitored through electrochemical methods that are too slow to capture this nuance and potential dosing error."	( Nitrogen dioxide reducing ascorbic acid technologies in the ventilator circuit leads to uniform NO concentration during inspiration. Denton, RJ; Gamero, LG; Gilbert, RJ; Lovich, MA; Pezone, MJ; Roscigno, RF; Wakim, MG, 2016)	0.43
" This may be due to different patient populations, study designs, timing, dosing regimens, and duration of the intervention and outcome measures evaluated."	( Antioxidant Vitamins and Trace Elements in Critical Illness. Koekkoek, WA; van Zanten, AR, 2016)	0.43
"A simple, rapid, sensitive and selective high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection has been developed for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and rutin in pure forms and pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Simultaneous determination of rutin and ascorbic acid mixture in their pure forms and combined dosage form. Attia, TZ, 2016)	0.43
"Our results clearly demonstrated that CDDP and VC treatment exhibited ameliorative effect on induction of cell death by p53 overexpression and generation of hydrogen peroxide in SiHa cells, thereby reducing the dosage of CDDP required to induce cell death in cancer cells."	( Vitamin C in synergism with cisplatin induces cell death in cervical cancer cells through altered redox cycling and p53 upregulation. Gurjar, BS; Leekha, A; Rizvi, MA; Tyagi, A; Verma, AK, 2016)	0.43
" The effects of antioxidants thus reveal an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between ROS levels and lifespan."	( Antioxidants reveal an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between reactive oxygen species levels and the rate of aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bernard, K; Breton, L; Cacho-Valadez, B; Desjardins, D; Hekimi, S; Khaki, A; Liu, JL; Wang, Y; Yee, C, 2017)	0.46
" Blood samples were collected in each phase immediately before dosing and at specific time points for 8 hours after dosing."	( Effect of Oral Coadministration of Ascorbic Acid with Ling Zhi Preparation on Pharmacokinetics of Ganoderic Acid A in Healthy Male Subjects: A Randomized Crossover Study. Ampasavate, C; Chiranthanut, N; Tawasri, P; Teekachunhatean, S; Tharatha, S, 2016)	0.43
"This review is aimed at the systematic mapping of ascorbic acid in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer in clinical and non-clinical studies from 2011 to 2015, in order to understand dose-response variations as well as its mechanisms of action as an antioxidant and antitumor agent."	( Ascorbic acid in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Alencar, MV; Carvalho, RM; Cavalcante, AA; Mata, AM; Silva, BB, 2016)	0.43
" Unexpectedly, vitamin C's effects did not strengthen with the increasing dosage, while the 100 mg/kg dosage was more efficient than the 200 or 300 mg/kg dosages."	( Vitamin C Protects Chondrocytes against Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis by Multiple Pathways. Chang, KL; Cheng, HL; Chiu, PR; Hsieh, BS; Hu, YC; Huang, LW; Huang, TC; Yeh, JP, 2016)	0.43
" HT was administered at a daily dosage of 45mg for 8 weeks to volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia (n=14)."	( Hydroxytyrosol supplementation increases vitamin C levels in vivo. A human volunteer trial. Fonolla, J; Lopez-Huertas, E, 2017)	0.46
" In vitamin C1 and C2 group, vitamin C was injected at a dosage of 5 or 500 mg/kg, respectively."	( [Dose-effect relationship between vitamin C and paraquat poisoning rats]. Fang, Y; Wang, X; Wen, B; Yu, L, 2016)	0.43
" Further research is needed to determine the optimal dosage protocol and to identify the patient groups that benefit the most."	( Vitamin C for preventing atrial fibrillation in high risk patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hemilä, H; Suonsyrjä, T, 2017)	0.46
"High-dose chemotherapies to treat multiple myeloma (MM) can be life-threatening due to toxicities to normal cells and there is a need to target only tumor cells and/or lower standard drug dosage without losing efficacy."	( Multiple Myeloma Tumor Cells are Selectively Killed by Pharmacologically-dosed Ascorbic Acid. Allamargot, C; Coleman, KL; Frech, I; Nessler, R; Tricot, G; Xia, J; Xu, H; Zhan, F; Zhang, X, 2017)	0.46
" The effects of various parameters including adsorption time, equilibrium pH, adsorbent dosage and initial adsorbate concentration were investigated."	( Kinetic and isotherm studies of bisphenol A adsorption onto orange albedo(Citrus sinensis): Sorption mechanisms based on the main albedo components vitamin C, flavones glycosides and carotenoids. Doungmo, G; Gouoko Kouonang, JJ; Kamgaing, T; Mbadcam, KJ; Melataguia Tchieno, FM, 2017)	0.46
"Medicated jelly formulations are patient friendly dosage form for pediatric, geriatric and dysphagic patients."	( Formulation, Evaluation and release rate characteristics of medicated jelly of vitamin C. Abd El-Salam, NM; Husain, T; Ibrahim, KA; Iqbal, FM; Khan, A; Mumtaz, S; Nawaz, A; Shah, SNH; Ullah, N; Zaman, S, 2017)	0.46
" No advantage was observed for the 9h group, possibly because the dosage of vitamin C was inadequate."	( Effect of vitamin C on tissue damage and oxidative stress following tunica vaginalis flap coverage after testicular torsion. Abtahi, H; Moghimian, M; Shokoohi, M; Soltani, M, 2017)	0.46
" However, the reviewed studies had several biases and differences in the dosage of the supplements and antibiotics administered."	( Assessment of the use of vitamin C and E supplements concomitantly to antibiotic treatment against Helicobacter pylori: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Caicedo Ochoa, EY; Cortes Motta, HF; Guio Guerra, SA; Méndez Fandiño, YR; Quintero Moreno, CO; Sánchez Fonseca, SC, 2018)	0.48
" In conclusion, it seems that CHS is not associated with an appreciable change in broiler performance, bone characteristics, or selected serum parameters; and simultaneous vitamin C administration at the dosage of 12 g/100 l in drinking water has no beneficial effect apart from reducing oxidative stress especially in short-term chronically heat-stressed birds."	( Effect of different periods of chronic heat stress with or without vitamin C supplementation on bone and selected serum parameters of broiler chickens. Ahrari Khafi, MS; Ghahramani, Z; Mosleh, N; Namazi, F; Nematollahi, F; Shomali, T, 2018)	0.48
"22) and related limitations, with a dose-response relationship (P < 0."	( Vitamin C is not the Missing Link Between Cigarette Smoking and Spinal Pain. Abdous, B; Desrosiers, T; Dionne, CE; Frenette, J; Laurin, D; Le Sage, N; Mondor, M; Pelletier, S, 2018)	0.48
" The dose-response sensorgrams of BSA upon increasing concentration of AP and AS have been shown."	( Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of bovine serum albumin interaction with ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate food additives using surface plasmon resonance. Dehghan, P; Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi, J; Fathi, F; Mohammadzadeh-Aghdash, H; Sohrabi, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Multiple regression analyses resulted in a significant positive association with lumbar spine BMD across SUA quintiles in a dose-response manner after adjusting for various confounding factors (p = 0."	( Higher serum uric acid is associated with higher lumbar spine bone mineral density in male health-screening examinees: a cross-sectional study. Ahn, JK; Hwang, J; Hwang, JH; Ryu, S, 2019)	0.51
"Thirty-six albino rats were divided into six groups: Control group; TAA group (IP injection with TAA at a dosage of 200 mg/Kg three times a week for two months); TAA + NA group (rats administered with NA at a dosage of 200 mg/kg daily besides TAA as in the control); TAA + VB2 group (rats administered with vitamin B2 at a dosage of 30 mg/kg daily besides injection with TAA); TAA + VC group (rats administered with vitamin C at a dosage of 200 mg/kg daily along with injection of TAA)."	( Potential effects of the combination of nicotinamide, vitamin B2 and vitamin C on oxidative-mediated hepatotoxicity induced by thioacetamide. Abdelmottaleb Moussa, SA; Al Tamimi, J; Alaamer, A; Alhazza, IM; Bashandy, SAE; Ebaid, H; Hassan, I, 2018)	0.48
" The range of tolerance as well as the optimal dosage of in ovo-injected AA warrants future study."	( Effects of in ovo administration of L-ascorbic acid on broiler hatchability and its influence on the effects of pre-placement holding time on broiler quality characteristics,. Durojaye, OA; Elliott, KEC; Fatemi, SA; Peebles, ED; Zhang, H, 2018)	0.48
" The primary aim of this study was to describe the dose-plasma concentration relationship and safety of four different dosing regimens."	( Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Trial of Four IV Regimens. de Grooth, HJ; Girbes, AR; Manubulu-Choo, WP; Oudemans-van Straaten, HM; Spoelstra-de Man, AME; Swart, EL; Zandvliet, AS, 2018)	0.48
" Any substance producing sensor bias that exceeded the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) document 15197:2013 limits was then tested using an in vitro dose-response method to determine whether the concentration producing a significant sensor bias was within physiologic/therapeutic concentration ranges."	( Interference Assessment of Various Endogenous and Exogenous Substances on the Performance of the Eversense Long-Term Implantable Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. Lorenz, C; Mortellaro, M; Sandoval, W, 2018)	0.48
" The combination of the rapid automated process development approach and the continuous capsule-filling process resulted in a new strategy for the development and manufacture of pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Rapid automated process development of a continuous capsule-filling process. Brinz, T; Khinast, J; Otterbach, S; Wagner, B, 2018)	0.48
" Tablets were taken at the manufacturers recommended dosage for a period of 14 days."	( The influence of dietary supplementation with cranberry tablets on the urinary risk factors for nephrolithiasis. Abdelfadil, S; Crowley, VE; Faulds, K; Leonard, J; Lynch, TH; Manecksha, RP; Murphy, CF; Redmond, EJ, 2019)	0.51
" This study aimed to determine if vitamin C dosing used for sepsis affected POC BG level results."	( Accuracy of Point-of-Care Blood Glucose Level Measurements in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis Receiving High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C. Brown, CS; Fraser, GL; Hayes, TL; Lerwick, PA; Manning, BM; May, T; Riker, RR; Smith, KE, 2018)	0.48
"The accuracy and agreement of POC and laboratory BG level measurements in critically ill patients receiving vitamin C were consistent with previously published reports in critically ill patients not receiving vitamin C and did not demonstrate clinically significant interference due to vitamin C dosing for sepsis."	( Accuracy of Point-of-Care Blood Glucose Level Measurements in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis Receiving High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C. Brown, CS; Fraser, GL; Hayes, TL; Lerwick, PA; Manning, BM; May, T; Riker, RR; Smith, KE, 2018)	0.48
" The nonlinear dose-response meta-analyses demonstrated a linear inverse association in the analyses of dietary β-carotene and total antioxidant capacity, as well as in the analyses of circulating α-carotene, β-carotene, selenium, vitamin C, and total carotenoids."	( Dietary Antioxidants, Circulating Antioxidant Concentrations, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies. Jayedi, A; Parohan, M; Rashidy-Pour, A; Shab-Bidar, S; Zargar, MS, 2018)	0.48
"The present meta-analysis shows that vitamin C supplementation reduces serum CRP level, particularly in younger subjects, with higher CRP baseline level, at a lower dosage and intravenous administration."	( A Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials: The Impact of Vitamin C Supplementation on Serum CRP and Serum hs-CRP Concentrations. Boccardi, V; Hamedifard, Z; Hosseini, B; Jafarnejad, S; Taghizadeh, M, 2018)	0.48
" Antioxidant and antitumor effects, with controversies over dosage and route of administration, were observed for the test compounds in their isolated form or associated in clinical studies."	( Retinol palmitate and ascorbic acid: Role in oncological prevention and therapy. Alencar, MVOB; da Mata, AMO; da Rocha Sousa, L; da Silva, FCC; de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante, AA; de Carvalho, RM; de Castro E Sousaa, JM; de Oliveira Santos, JV; Ferreira, PMP; Gonçalves, JCR; Islam, MT; Mendes, AN; Nunes, NMF; Paz, MFCJ, 2019)	0.51
" In the present paper, we advocate to lower intravenous ascorbate dosage along with monothiol N-acetylcysteine pretreatment due to anticipation of the same therapeutic effect but less or none of side effects."	( On infusion of high-dose ascorbate in treating cancer: Is it time for N-acetylcysteine pretreatment to enhance susceptibility and to lower side effects? Juránek, I; Rapta, P; Šoltés, L; Valachová, K; Valent, I, 2019)	0.51
" Dose-response relations were assessed with the use of generalized least-squares trend estimation."	( Dietary vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of age-related cataract. Guo, F; Jiang, H; Li, M; Liu, Y; Ma, L; Wu, CR; Yin, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Dose-response meta-analyses demonstrated that the circulating biomarkers of antioxidants were more strongly associated with risk of CVD mortality than dietary intakes."	( Dietary and circulating vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of total cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Jayedi, A; Parohan, M; Rashidy-Pour, A; Shab-Bidar, S; Zargar, MS, 2019)	0.51
" Vitamin C dosing ranged between 250 and 2000 mg and the frequency varied from daily for oral therapy to every few weeks or months for IV."	( Scurvy, an old story in a new time: The hematologist's experience. Grieco, A; Khalife, R; Khamisa, K; McCudden, C; Saidenberg, E; Tinmouh, A, 2019)	0.51
"85%) alone or containing the different AA dosage into each egg."	( Effects of in ovo injection of L-ascorbic acid on growth performance, carcass composition, plasma antioxidant capacity, and meat quality in broiler chickens1,2,3. Durojaye, OA; Elliott, KEC; Fatemi, SA; Peebles, ED; Schilling, MW; Zhang, H, 2019)	0.51
" Intervention with Asc to reduce ferric Hb may offer a strategy to control Hb toxicity; however, timing of administration, and dosage of Asc may require individual optimization to target specific redox forms of Hb."	( Redox states of hemoglobin determine left ventricle pressure recovery and activity of mitochondrial complex IV in hypoxic rat hearts. Alayash, AI; Baek, JH; Buehler, PW; Edmondson, M; Gao, Y; Jana, S; Meng, F; Strader, MB, 2019)	0.51
"Patients received NER1006, 2L PEG + ascorbate (2LPEG), or oral sulfate solution (OSS) as a 2-day evening/morning regimen (N2D) or NER1006 morning-only dosing (N1D)."	( Improved high-quality colon cleansing with 1L NER1006 versus 2L polyethylene glycol + ascorbate or oral sulfate solution. Bargalló García, A; Baumgart, DC; Coron, E; Di Leo, M; Gschossmann, J; Noble, CL; Repici, A; Sharma, P; Spada, C, 2019)	0.51
" The dosage of PPL, the initial concentration of PAT, reaction temperature and time were investigated by batch experiments to study the optimal degradation condition."	( Effective degradation of the mycotoxin patulin in pear juice by porcine pancreatic lipase. Han, C; Liu, B; Meng, X; Wang, Z; Xiao, Y; Zhang, F, 2019)	0.51
" More evidence is needed to evaluated of dose-response effects of these drugs before to study in clinical trials."	( Comparison of four pharmacological strategies aimed to prevent the lung inflammation and paraquat-induced alveolar damage. Buendía, JA; Justinico Castro, JA; Sánchez Villamil, JP; Sinisterra, D; Vela, LJT; Zuluaga Salazar, AF, 2019)	0.51
" Low-volume polyethylene glycol (PEG) plus ascorbic acid (PEG-Asc) reduces the dosage of bowel preparation agent, but still presents discomfort to patients."	( Combination of bisacodyl suppository and 1 L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid is a non-inferior and comfortable regimen compared to 2 L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid. Chang, DK; Hong, SN; Kim, ER; Kim, K; Kim, SH; Kim, TJ; Kim, YH, 2020)	0.56
" Going from physiological to pharmacological doses, vitC pharmacokinetics change from zero to first order, rendering the precise calculation of dosing regimens in, for example, cancer and sepsis treatment possible."	( The Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin C. Lykkesfeldt, J; Tveden-Nyborg, P, 2019)	0.51
" That is, naringin or vitamin C in the fruit or food may increase the blood concentration of lovastatin; perhaps taking frequency or dosage of lovastatin may be reduced."	( Study on the interaction between lovastatin and three digestive enzymes and the effect of naringin and vitamin C on it by spectroscopy and docking methods. Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Meng, X; Nan, G; Song, N; Wang, Y; Yang, G; Yang, L; Zhang, L, 2020)	0.56
"5 g every 6 hours) corrects vitamin C deficiency and hypovitaminosis C and provides an appropriate dosing schedule to achieve and maintain normal or elevated vitamin C levels in septic shock."	( Pharmacokinetic data support 6-hourly dosing of intravenous vitamin C to critically ill patients with septic shock. Abdelhamid, YA; Bellomo, R; Bitker, L; Collie, JT; Deane, AM; Doherty, S; Eastwood, G; Fujii, T; Greaves, RF; Hudson, EP; Luethi, N; Naorungroj, T; Udy, AA; Yanase, F, 2019)	0.51
" High-dose vitamin C was defined as a dosage in excess of 10 g or 24 g within 2 days of admission."	( Effect of high-dose vitamin C therapy on severe burn patients: a nationwide cohort study. Aso, S; Fushimi, K; Goto, H; Kaita, Y; Kojiro, M; Matsui, H; Nakajima, M; Yamaguchi, Y; Yasunaga, H, 2019)	0.51
" Caloric dosing is ideally guided by indirect calorimetry, and endogenous energy production should be considered."	( Nutrition in Sepsis: A Bench-to-Bedside Review. De Waele, E; Malbrain, MLNG; Spapen, H, 2020)	0.56
" However, many questions remain regarding the optimal dosing regimens and plasma concentrations, timing of administration, and adverse effects of vitamin C and thiamine."	( Treating sepsis with vitamin C, thiamine, and hydrocortisone: Exploring the quest for the magic elixir. Halpern, NA; Obi, J; Pastores, SM; Ramanathan, LV; Yang, J, 2020)	0.56
" Several dosages of AA were treated with water extractable/soluble Cr(Ⅵ) to achieve the optimum dosage which could be further utilized in solidification process."	( Detoxification and immobilization of chromite ore processing residue using the alkali-activated cementitious materials mixed with ascorbic acid. Huang, X; Jiao, B; Li, D; Lin, H; Muhammad, F; Shiau, YC; Xia, M; Yu, L; Zhao, S, 2020)	0.56
" The treatment's effectiveness can be increased by using personalized medication; however, using conventional large-scale drug production methods can restrict tablet geometry and drug dosage combinations."	( Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of ascorbic acid loaded hydrogels: A controlled release study. Aydoğdu, A; Çıkrıkcı, S; Karakurt, I; Lin, L; Orozco, J, 2020)	0.56
" The effect of this treatment on the health-promoting properties depends on the following different factors: type and variety of the fruit or vegetable, form and method of ozone treatment, and dosage of ozone."	( Ozonation as a Method of Abiotic Elicitation Improving the Health-Promoting Properties of Plant Products-A Review. Agriopoulou, S; Sachadyn-Król, M, 2020)	0.56
" The objective of the present study was to replicate these two latter observations using an amphetamine dosing regimen that yields only minor depletions of dopamine."	( The effect of ascorbic acid pretreatment on amphetamine-induced dopamine depletion in male and female mice. Gifford, JJ; Wagner, GC, 2020)	0.56
" Because of a low content of active ingredients, it was essential to choose the way of adding them to the tableting mass and evaluate their distribution homogeneity in the dosage units."	( Development and uniformity evaluation of low-dose medicated chewing gums prepared by compression method. Goy, A; Gureyeva, S; Hrudko, V; Kolisnyk, T; Maslii, Y; Ruban, L; Yevtifieieva, O, 2020)	0.56
" The initial dosage of vancomycin was calculated according to the actual weight of the patient and adjusted according to the renal function."	( [High dose vitamin C significantly reduces the nephrotoxicity of vancomycin in critically ill patients]. Bian, X; Chen, E; He, J; Jing, F; Mao, E; Xu, W; Zhao, B, 2020)	0.56
" The dosage of vitamin C administered was also relatively low compared with previous adult reports."	( High dose vitamin C induced methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Lo, YH; Mok, KL, 2020)	0.56
" Improving treatment efficacy without increasing the cisplatin dosage is desirable."	( Ascorbate sensitizes human osteosarcoma cells to the cytostatic effects of cisplatin. Akagi, M; Amano, H; Dash, S; Honda, M; Komuro, A; Nishimura, S; Oka, N; Okada, H; Ota, K; Ueda, T, 2020)	0.56
" The dosage of vitamin C [median (IQR), mg/kg (body weight)/day] were [162."	( Beneficial aspects of high dose intravenous vitamin C on patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in severe condition: a retrospective case series study. Gao, Y; Hu, B; Huang, J; Li, J; Li, Y; Ling, Y; Lu, H; Lu, S; Mao, E; Peng, Y; Qu, H; Wang, Y; Zhang, W; Zhao, B, 2021)	0.62
" AsA recognized as one of the most prominent antioxidants, when overdosed, displays considerable pro-oxidant activity, though precise dosing of its supplementation is desired."	( Ascorbic acid mitigates cadmium-induced stress, and contributes to ionome stabilization in fission yeast. Kovár, M; Navrátilová, A; Požgajová, M, 2021)	0.62
" Overall, there is need for high-quality human trials to confirm whether vitamin C can potentiate the outcomes of orthopaedic procedures and to determine optimal dosage and means of administration to maximize its proposed benefits."	( Vitamin C in orthopedic practices: Current concepts, novel ideas, and future perspectives. Bolia, IK; Oakes, B; Petrigliano, FA; Weber, AE, 2021)	0.62
" The mechanisms involved in NOC formation are studied in regard with the dose-response relationship of added nitrite and its interaction with ascorbate on NOC formation in a cured and cooked meat model."	( Chemical reactivity of nitrite and ascorbate in a cured and cooked meat model implication in nitrosation, nitrosylation and oxidation. Bonifacie, A; Gatellier, P; Nassy, G; Promeyrat, A; Santé-Lhoutellier, V; Théron, L, 2021)	0.62
" Subgroup analysis showed that worse renal function or higher vitamin C dosage could lead to greater bias in point-of-care glucose readings; however, these inaccuracies rarely represented a clinical risk."	( Effect of high-dose intravenous vitamin C on point-of-care blood glucose level in septic patients: a retrospective, single-center, observational case series. Bian, X; Chen, B; Chen, E; He, J; Mao, E; Qian, X; Sheng, H; Zhao, B; Zheng, G, 2021)	0.62
" This study compared 1L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid with adjuvant drug regimens (1L PEG-AA, lower volume) with 2L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid (2L PEG-A, low volume) to evaluate whether the adjuvants can be used to reduce the standard dosage of purgative further."	( Comparison of 1L Adjuvant Auxiliary Preparations with 2L Solely Polyethylene Glycol plus Ascorbic Acid Regime for Bowel Cleaning: A Meta-analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials. Wang, W; Xie, J; Xu, L; Yuan, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2021)	0.62
" An amount of 1 to 2 g per day of vitamin C demonstrated efficacy both in CRP and endothelial function, and a dosage of melatonin ranging from 5 to 25 mg /day showed good evidence of efficacy in CRP, TNF and IL6."	( Does Evidence Exist to Blunt Inflammatory Response by Nutraceutical Supplementation during COVID-19 Pandemic? An Overview of Systematic Reviews of Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Melatonin, and Zinc. Argano, C; Cavezzi, A; Corrao, S; Lo Monaco, M; Mallaci Bocchio, R; Natoli, G; Troiani, E, 2021)	0.62
" Pooled analysis showed that vitamin C treatment reduced the risk of CRPS I regardless of dosage (RR = 0."	( A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials on the impact of oral vitamin C supplementation on first-year outcomes in orthopedic patients. Chang, YJ; Chen, JY; Chen, KH; Chiang, MH; Ho, CN; Hung, KC; Sun, CK; Wang, LK; Wu, SC, 2021)	0.62
" Dose-response analysis showed that vitamin C supplementation changed LDL significantly based on vitamin C dose."	( Does vitamin C supplementation exert profitable effects on serum lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes? A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Asbaghi, O; Ashtary-Larky, D; Clark, CCT; Naeini, F; Namkhah, Z, 2021)	0.62
" Once-weekly MN dosing regimen may provide patients with a more convenient, therapeutically equivalent option to daily topical dosing, and may increase compliance and long-term persistence with AD therapy."	( Epigallocatechin gallate/L-ascorbic acid-loaded poly-γ-glutamate microneedles with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Chen, MC; Chiu, YH; Hung, JI; Wu, YW, 2021)	0.62
"Future studies with consistent end points, initiation time with an emphasis on early initiation, and standard vitamin C dosing regimen are needed to determine the overall benefit of vitamin C in sepsis."	( Vitamin C for Sepsis and Septic Shock. Ammar, AA; Ammar, MA; Bell, CM; Condeni, MS, 2021)	0.62
" aureus-stimulated whole blood, a broad dose-titration of vitamin C and hydrocortisone alone did not lead to dose-response effects for the central innate immune mediators TCC and IL-6."	( Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone, and the Combination Thereof Significantly Inhibited Two of Nine Inflammatory Markers Induced by Escherichia Coli But Not by Staphylococcus Aureus - When Incubated in Human Whole Blood. Barratt-Due, A; Christiansen, D; Medeiros, PMC; Mollnes, TE; Pischke, SE; Schjalm, C; Sokolova, M; Würzner, R, 2022)	0.72
" The observed dose-response curve between scar strength and vitamin C intake suggests that the daily vitamin C intake needed to prevent collagen-related pathologies is in the range recommended by the National Academy of Medicine and the European Food Safety Authority (75 to 110 mg/d), not the WHO recommendation (45 mg/d)."	( Vitamin C and scar strength: analysis of a historical trial and implications for collagen-related pathologies. Hujoel, MLA; Hujoel, PP, 2022)	0.72
" This work demonstrates, for the first time, that the inhibition of nitrosamine formation in oral solid dosage forms is indeed feasible with suitable inhibitors."	( Inhibition of N-Nitrosamine Formation in Drug Products: A Model Study. Allain, LR; Clancy, J; D'Addio, SM; Marota, MJ; Nanda, KK; Tignor, S, 2021)	0.62
"We investigated the dose-response relationship of MitoQ, SKQ1, and vitamin C on Dox-induced damage on H9c2 cardiomyoblasts when drugs were given concurrently with Dox (e."	( Mitochondrial targeted antioxidants, mitoquinone and SKQ1, not vitamin C, mitigate doxorubicin-induced damage in H9c2 myoblast: pretreatment vs. co-treatment. Ahmad, H; Barsotti, R; Chen, Q; Harvey, A; Martorana, R; Onal, H; Pjetergjoka, A; Prasad, S; Ross, E; Sacks, B; Sehgal, A; Wastella, C; Young, LH, 2021)	0.62
" The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of ACT and ASC in their combined dosage form."	( Cost-effective and earth-friendly chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of Acetaminophen and Ascorbic Acid in pharmaceutical formulation. Dalia, F; Hadef, Y; Lalaouna, AED; Nekkaa, A; Titel, F, 2022)	0.72
" The purpose of this review is to discuss clinical controversies in the management of septic patients, including the use of novel medications and dosing strategies, to assist providers in appropriately determining what treatment strategy is best suited for patients."	( Beyond the bundle: Clinical controversies in the management of sepsis in emergency medicine patients. Bonderski, V; Krishnan, K; Rech, MA; Tednes, P; Wassermann, TB, 2022)	0.72
" The effectiveness of vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc on COVID-19 was different based on baseline nutrient status, the duration and dosage of nutrient therapy, time of administration, and severity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease."	( The Role of Immunomodulatory Nutrients in Alleviating Complications Related to SARS-CoV-2: A Scoping Review. Bandy, B; Chilibeck, P; Deguire, JR; Hanley, AJ; Hosseini, Z; Jandaghi, P; Pahwa, P; Vatanparast, H, 2022)	0.72
" The developed method was applied for the determination of ascorbic acid in the commercially available dosage form; Ruta C60® tablets."	( A highly sensitive switch-on spectrofluorometric method for determination of ascorbic acid using a selective eco-friendly approach. El-Malla, SF; Elattar, RH; Kamal, AH; Mansour, FR, 2022)	0.72
" In addition, a dose-response relation was examined between antioxidant intake and PD risk."	( Dietary Antioxidants and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Ghoreishy, SM; Jayedi, A; Mohammadi, H; Talebi, S; Travica, N, 2022)	0.72
" When suspected, the dosage of serum vitamin C is the diagnostic gold standard; furthermore, imaging studies, performed by an expert radiologist, can reveal the typical features of scurvy."	( A Narrative Review on Pediatric Scurvy: The Last Twenty Years. Indolfi, G; Lionetti, P; Rubino, C; Trapani, S, 2022)	0.72
" Dose-response analysis showed that vitamin C intake was associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), oesophageal cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer and lung cancer with an increment of 50-100 mg per day."	( Vitamin C intake and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Jiang, X; Peng, R; Song, C; Sun, Q; Xu, K; Zou, Y, 2022)	0.72
" This study aimed to explore the dose-response association between micronutrient intake and periodontitis."	( Abnormal Micronutrient Intake Is Associated with the Risk of Periodontitis: A Dose-response Association Study Based on NHANES 2009-2014. Chen, Q; Li, W; Peng, J; Shang, Q; Xu, H; Yang, D; Zhao, H, 2022)	0.72
" The prepared AA-loaded β-CD NS can be used to formulate other cosmeceutical dosage forms with better stability and effect."	( Nanosponges-based Drug Delivery System for the Cosmeceutical Applications of Stabilized Ascorbic Acid. Ahmed, S; Ali, SA; Anwar, Z; Mujahid, S; Shah, MR; Sheraz, MA; Zuberi, SA, 2023)	0.91
"Herein, we report on a quantitative analysis of zinc gluconate in the authentic form in presence of vitamin C, and the method was applied to their dosage form (Utozinc® tablets)."	( Quantitative 1HNMR Spectroscopy: Analysis of Zinc Gluconate in Utozinc® Tablets, a Mixture of Zinc Gluconate and Vitamin C. Hassan, AEA; Hassan, MH, 2022)	0.72
" We conducted dose-response meta-analyses to assess potential linear and non-linear dose-response relationships."	( Effect of antioxidant intake patterns on risks of dementia and cognitive decline. Liu, T; Xie, X; Zhang, H; Zhou, F, 2023)	0.91
"Low-volume polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid (PEG-Asc) reduces the dosage of colonoscopic bowel preparation (BP) solution, but is still poorly tolerated."	( Efficacy and tolerability of 1 L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid with senna versus 2 L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid for colonoscopic bowel preparation: Prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded trial. Fujiwara, Y; Fukuda, T; Higashimori, A; Jinnai, K; Kin, D; Maeda, N; Morimoto, K; Nakatani, M; Sasaki, E; Sugita, N, 2023)	0.91
" While other research has indicated a positive effect of injectable vitamin C prior to transit, additional research is needed to refine the dosage and physiological need for exogenous antioxidants like vitamin C based on the severity and duration of a stress event in lightweight beef calves."	( Effects of injectable vitamin C at weaning and prior to transit on growth performance of early-weaned beef steers. Beenken-Bobb, AM; Deters, EL; Dornbach, CW; Hansen, SL; McCann, JC; Shike, DW, 2023)	0.91
"We investigated the effect of two dosing regimens of oral iron on iron status and hematological parameters in patients with CKD."	( A randomized trial of once daily versus twice daily dosing of oral iron in CKD. Bhatia, P; Ghosh, A; Gupta, KL; Jha, V; Kamboj, K; Kaur, P; Kohli, HS; Kumar, V; Kundu, M; Malhotra, S; Ramachandran, R; Rathi, M; Sen, T; Sharma, V; Singh, SK; Sood, V; Yadav, AK, 2023)	0.91
" Nevertheless, in clinical practice uncertainty remains about the optimal supplementation strategy, including which substance at which dosage should be administered at what time to specific groups of patients."	( [Vitamin C and D supplementation in critically ill patients]. Amrein, K; Dresen, E; Hill, A; Starchl, C; Stoppe, C, 2023)	0.91
" MÉTHODES: Les microaiguilles formulées avec de l'acide ascorbique et des concentrations variées de polyéthylèneimine ont été fabriquées et ensuite testées pour la stabilité de l'acide ascorbique à l'aide d'un dosage de 2,2-diphényl-1-picrylhydrazyle."	( Highly stable and fast-dissolving ascorbic acid-loaded microneedles. Budthong, P; Chetprayoon, P; Duangdaw, H; Leelawattanachai, J; Manakasettharn, S; Muangnapoh, K; Panyasu, K; Prasertsom, K; Srinives, S; Thepphornbanchakit, N; Triampo, D; Waraho-Zhmayev, D, 2023)	0.91
" Further studies are required to evaluate the effect of this treatment in humans and the necessary dosage in humans."	( Vitamin C as a Potential Prophylactic Measure Against Frozen Shoulder in an In Vivo Shoulder Contracture Animal Model. Feusi, O; Fleischmann, T; Pape, HC; Tiziani, S; Waschkies, C; Werner, CML, 2023)	0.91
" However, high administration dosage of VC for necessary therapeutic efficacy for cancers increases the risk of overt side effects and limits its clinical use."	( Blue light promotes vitamin C-mediated ferroptosis of melanoma through specifically upregulating transporter SVCT2 and generating Fe Chen, Y; Deng, F; Gao, J; Hou, J; Huangfu, S; Liu, H; Lu, J; Pang, W; Tian, Q; Yang, G; Yang, L; Yang, R; Yang, Y; Zhang, L, 2023)	0.91
" However, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations of our research, such as the use of a single depression induction model and limited dosing regimens."	( Vitamins C and D Exhibit Similar Antidepressant Effects to Escitalopram Mediated by NOx and FKBPL in a Stress-Induced Mice Model. Aljabali, AAA; Alqudah, A; Altaber, S; Gammoh, O; Ibrahim, A; Qnais, E; Tambuwala, MM, 2023)	0.91
" Here, we show nanostructured EGCG/ascorbic acid nanoparticles (EGCG/AA NPs) dose-dependently reduced METH self-administration (SA) under fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) and progressive ratio (PR) reinforcement schedules in mice and shifted METH dose-response curves downward."	( EGCG attenuates METH self-administration and reinstatement of METH seeking in mice. Gong, X; Huang, J; Li, L; Lin, S; Liu, Y; Qian, L; Ruan, Y; Si, Z; Wang, X; Yu, Z, 2023)	0.91
" The dose-response evaluation displayed a substantial linear association between the intervention duration and changes in serum HbA1c levels."	( The effects of vitamin C supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asbaghi, O; Ashtary-Larky, D; Hosseini, F; Mohammadi, S; Nadery, M; Namkhah, Z; Nosratabadi, S; Salamat, S; Wong, A; Yarmand, S; Zamani, M, 2023)	0.91
" Male mice were dosed with lead acetate (500 mg/L) in free drinking water for 12 weeks, and administered melatonin (5 mg/kg) or vitamin C (500 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection."	( Melatonin or vitamin C attenuates lead acetate-induced testicular oxidative and inflammatory damage in mice by inhibiting oxidative stress mediated NF-κB signaling. Mei, S; Wang, J; Wang, XZ; Yin, YR; Zhang, JJ; Zhao, ZM; Zheng, QY, 2023)	0.91
" Future studies should search for an optimal dosing regimen, taking baseline and follow-up plasma vitamin C levels into account."	( Vitamin C may reduce troponin and CKMB levels after PCI and CABG: a meta-analysis. de Man, AME; Hemilä, H; Rozemeijer, S; van Baaren, M, 2023)	0.91
" Future studies should focus on refining dosage guidelines, identifying potential side effects, and discerning the most efficacious antioxidant combinations for male infertility solutions."	( Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility: The Protective Role of Antioxidants. Kaltsas, A, 2023)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
coenzyme	A low-molecular-weight, non-protein organic compound participating in enzymatic reactions as dissociable acceptor or donor of chemical groups or electrons.
flour treatment agent	A food additive which is added to flour or dough to improve baking quality and/or colour.
food antioxidant	An antioxidant that used as a food additives to help guard against food deterioration.
plant metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
cofactor	An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group).
skin lightening agent	Any cosmetic used to lighten the colour of skin by reducing the concentration of melanin.
geroprotector	Any compound that supports healthy aging, slows the biological aging process, or extends lifespan.
food colour retention agent	A food additive that intensifies, retains or stabilises the colour of a food.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
ascorbic acid
vitamin C	Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Extracellular matrix organization	135	20
Collagen formation	19	14
Collagen biosynthesis and modifying enzymes	8	9
Tyrosine Metabolism	16	57
Catecholamine Biosynthesis	3	14
Aromatic L-Aminoacid Decarboxylase Deficiency	3	14
Alkaptonuria	16	57
Hawkinsinuria	16	57
Tyrosinemia Type I	16	57
Disulfiram Action Pathway	23	66
Tyrosinemia, Transient, of the Newborn	16	57
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency	3	14
Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency	16	57
Monoamine Oxidase-A Deficiency (MAO-A)	16	57
Ascorbate Metabolism	13	18
Xanthophyll Cycle	2	8
Ascorbate Biosynthesis	4	14
Tyrosine metabolism ( Tyrosine metabolism )	28	41
Folic acid network	0	70
Catecholamine synthesis	0	12
Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism	0	7
Cadmium and glutathione	1	13
AtMetExpress overview	0	109
Differentiation pathway	0	12
Selenium micronutrient network	0	95
Vitamin B12 metabolism	0	50
Effects of nitric oxide	0	7
Pluripotent stem cell differentiation pathway	0	11
Biochemical pathways: part I	0	466

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.7762	0.0025	41.7960	15,848.9004	AID1347398
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	19.4699	0.0060	38.0041	19,952.5996	AID1159521
GLI family zinc finger 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.0319	0.0007	14.5928	83.7951	AID1259369
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	9.5195	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID743035; AID743063
thioredoxin glutathione reductase	Schistosoma mansoni	Potency	22.3872	0.1000	22.9075	100.0000	AID485364
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.9185	0.0123	7.9835	43.2770	AID1645841
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.9399	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID720691; AID720692
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	42.4737	0.0030	41.6115	22,387.1992	AID1159552; AID1159555
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	24.3365	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224841
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	28.2140	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID743069; AID743075; AID743079; AID743080
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0020	0.0237	23.2282	63.5986	AID588543
IDH1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.1735	0.0052	10.8652	35.4813	AID686970
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.5893	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
chromobox protein homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	100.0000	0.0060	26.1688	89.1251	AID540317
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	20.5962	0.0041	9.9848	25.9290	AID504444
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	28.9240	0.0003	23.4451	159.6830	AID743067
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	36.8721	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID651741; AID743202; AID743219
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.6310	0.0752	15.2253	39.8107	AID485360
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1836	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624297
lethal factor (plasmid)	Bacillus anthracis str. A2012	Potency	2.5119	0.0200	10.7869	31.6228	AID912
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0025	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1487
Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	Potency	1.7783	0.0096	10.5250	35.4813	AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Hyaluronidase, phage associated	Streptococcus pyogenes	IC50 (µMol)	1,000.0000	1,000.0000	1,000.0000	1,000.0000	AID977608
Polyphenol oxidase 2	Agaricus bisporus	IC50 (µMol)	264.2500	0.0340	3.9871	10.0000	AID1505136; AID1555220; AID1610412; AID687640
Pancreatic alpha-amylase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	26.5000	0.0460	0.0460	0.0460	AID36971
Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)	IC50 (µMol)	155.3800	3.0000	3.0000	3.0000	AID1497073
Urease	Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean)	IC50 (µMol)	8.5900	0.4570	3.2023	8.5900	AID1882616
Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	32.5000	0.0230	4.4593	10.0000	AID1193294
Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	156.0000	156.0000	156.0000	156.0000	AID1794810
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0005	0.0005	1.3644	6.7100	AID416324
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Km	180.0000	2.0000	2.0000	2.0000	AID506732
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cellular response to starvation	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarization	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
cellular response to calcium ion starvation	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
collagen fibril organization	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
eye pigment biosynthetic process	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
visual perception	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferation	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to UV	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to blue light	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to vitamin D	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
melanin biosynthetic process	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
thymus development	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cAMP	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
pigmentation	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascade	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesis	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contraction	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signaling	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
female pregnancy	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet activation	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activity	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretion	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivation	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron differentiation	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressure	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell growth	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
cell redox homeostasis	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein catabolic process	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular iron ion homeostasis	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular oxygen homeostasis	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of angiogenesis	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
heart trabecula formation	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ventricular septum morphogenesis	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
labyrinthine layer development	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nitric oxide	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of modification of postsynaptic structure	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation protein catabolic process at postsynapse	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic process	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein hydroxylation	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell population proliferation	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of myoblast differentiation	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasculogenesis	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transport	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
brain development	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substance	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transport	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleobase transport	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid metabolic process	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
lung development	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dehydroascorbic acid transport	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
oxygen binding	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
DNA binding	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
fatty acid binding	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
protein binding	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
toxic substance binding	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
pyridoxal phosphate binding	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
metal ion binding	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
enterobactin binding	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase activity	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion binding	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid binding	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
tyrosinase activity	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activity	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
epinephrine binding	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
ferrous iron binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen sensor activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ferrous iron binding	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid binding	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
ferrous iron binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
Notch binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
ferrous iron binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen sensor activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-histidine dioxygenase activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
[protein]-asparagine 3-dioxygenase activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
NF-kappaB binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-aspartic acid 3-dioxygenase activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
ankyrin repeat binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbate:sodium symporter activity	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dehydroascorbic acid transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transporter activity	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular region	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
extracellular space	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
protein-containing complex	Albumin	Bos taurus (cattle)
mitochondrion	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase complex	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi-associated vesicle	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
melanosome membrane	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
melanosome	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Tyrosinase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
virion membrane	Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
nucleus	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular organelle	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Solute carrier family 23 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1345074	Human Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 (SLC23 family of ascorbic acid transporters)	2002	The British journal of nutrition, Feb, Volume: 87, Issue:2	Decreased expression of the vitamin C transporter SVCT1 by ascorbic acid in a human intestinal epithelial cell line.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID173159	Antilipid peroxidation was determined	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID1896735	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins under dark condition by microplate reader based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 75	Phenolic furanochromene hydrazone derivatives: Synthesis, antioxidant activity, ferroptosis inhibition, DNA cleavage and DNA molecular docking studies.
AID401061	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity	1998	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 61, Issue:5	Antioxidant flavonoid glycosides from Daphniphyllum calycinum.
AID104665	Inhibition of malt alpha-amylase	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-07, Volume: 8, Issue:13	Ascorbic acid-based inhibitors of alpha-amylases.
AID463457	Antioxidant activity against DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by ELISA	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	New pyrazoles incorporating pyrazolylpyrazole moiety: synthesis, anti-HCV and antitumor activity.
AID1071362	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 500 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 73	Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of novel selenoester derivatives.
AID652726	Antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 infected in human RD cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Radical-regulating and antiviral properties of ascorbic acid and its derivatives.
AID1331320	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 uM	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 27, Issue:2	Synthesis and application of β-carbolines as novel multi-functional anti-Alzheimer's disease agents.
AID1194982	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity after 15 mins	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, , Volume: 25, Issue:10	Cytotoxic and antioxidant constituents from the leaves of Psidium guajava.
AID389191	Antioxidant activity assessed as oxygen radical absorbance capacity index value at 5 uM by pyrogallol red protection assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 16, Issue:20	Antioxidant capacity of human blood plasma and human urine: simultaneous evaluation of the ORAC index and ascorbic acid concentration employing pyrogallol red as probe.
AID718314	Antioxidant activity assessed as nitric oxide free radical scavenging activity by UV-visible spectroscopy	2012	Journal of natural products, Dec-28, Volume: 75, Issue:12	Phenolic compounds from Caesalpinia sappan heartwood and their anti-inflammatory activity.
AID356320	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2003	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 66, Issue:8	Sulfemodin 8-O-beta-D-glucoside, a new sulfated anthraquinone glycoside, and antioxidant phenolic compounds from Rheum emodi.
AID771137	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 20 mins under dark condition by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19	Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of (S,S)- and (R,R)-secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs).
AID724078	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical scavenging activity at 100 uM after 5 mins by NBT reduction assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Design, synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole integrated benzophenones.
AID405697	Antioxidant activity assessed as oxygen radical scavenging activity by ORAC-fluorescence assay	2008	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6	Antioxidant 2-phenylbenzofurans and a coumestan from Lespedeza virgata.
AID685399	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of superoxide radical-induced NBT reduction by alkaline DMSO method	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 56	Docking studies, synthesis, characterization of some novel oxazine substituted 9-anilinoacridine derivatives and evaluation for their antioxidant and anticancer activities as topoisomerase II inhibitors.
AID722717	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition DPPH radical production after 15 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 21, Issue:1	Trisubstituted thiophene analogues of 1-thiazolyl-2-pyrazoline, super oxidase inhibitors and free radical scavengers.
AID652745	Antioxidant activity using deaerated 0.1 M alpha-glycerophosphate as substrate assessed as inorganic phosphate level at 1 mmol/L after gamma-irradiation (Rvb = 3.44 +/- 0.12 10'7 mol/J)	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Radical-regulating and antiviral properties of ascorbic acid and its derivatives.
AID619976	Antioxidant activity assessed as nitric oxide scavenging activity at 50 ug/ml after 150 mins by Griess method relative to control	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 46, Issue:10	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of oxazolyl/thiazolylsulfonylmethyl pyrazoles and isoxazoles.
AID1635489	Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as cell viability at 80 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 59, Issue:12	Benzylpiperidine-Linked Diarylthiazoles as Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Agents: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.
AID1549507	Haemolytic activity in human erythrocytes assessed as induction of hemolysis at 2.5 mM after 30 mins relative to H202	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 169	Anticancer activity, dual prooxidant/antioxidant effect and apoptosis induction profile of new bichalcophene-5-carboxamidines.
AID294912	Antioxidant activity assessed as nitric oxide radical scavenging activity at 0.1 ug/ml after 150 mins	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 42, Issue:8	Syntheses of new tetrasubstituted thiophenes as novel anti-inflammatory agents.
AID1309174	Ratio of resveratrol IC50 to compound IC50 for AAPH radical scavenging activity	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16	Ionophoric polyphenols selectively bind Cu(2+), display potent antioxidant and anti-amyloidogenic properties, and are non-toxic toward Tetrahymena thermophila.
AID1301297	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity after 60 mins	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13	Enantioselective synthesis and antioxidant activity of 3,4,5-substituted piperidine derivatives.
AID614053	Inhibition of bovine testes hyaluronidase at 4200 uM after 30 mins at pH 5 by turbidimetric analysis	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9	Design of benzimidazole- and benzoxazole-2-thione derivatives as inhibitors of bacterial hyaluronan lyase.
AID754975	Inhibition of N-terminal His6-tagged human reticulocyte 15-LOX1 pseudoperoxidase activity assessed as reduction of active ferric ion to inactive ferrous state measured decomposition of 13-(S)-HPODE at 40 uM after 30 mins by iron-xylenol orange staining as	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13	Pseudoperoxidase investigations of hydroperoxides and inhibitors with human lipoxygenases.
AID1439751	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of superoxide radical generation at 1 mM after 5 mins by NBT reduction assay relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Synthesis of extended conjugated indolyl chalcones as potent anti-breast cancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.
AID1487135	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity measured after 30 mins in absence of light	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16	Phenylsulfonylfuroxan NO-donor phenols: Synthesis and multifunctional activities evaluation.
AID1071363	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 150 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 73	Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of novel selenoester derivatives.
AID1352202	Antioxidant activity in PBS buffer assessed as NO scavenging activity after 90 mins in presence of sodium nitroprusside by Griess assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 145	Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies of new 3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol/isoxazol-5-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-indole derivatives as potent antioxidants and 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors.
AID1265669	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by plate reader analysis	2015	Journal of natural products, Nov-25, Volume: 78, Issue:11	Indoline Amide Glucosides from Portulaca oleracea: Isolation, Structure, and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity.
AID549278	Inhibition of DOPA oxidase activity of tyrosinase in mouse B16 cells at 10 to 20 ug/ml after 72 hrs by colorimetry	2010	Journal of natural products, Nov-29, Volume: 73, Issue:11	Inhibition of melanogenesis and oxidation by protocatechuic acid from Origanum vulgare (oregano).
AID1896736	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of Cu2+ reducing activity incubated for 30 mins by CUPRAC assay relative to trolox	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 75	Phenolic furanochromene hydrazone derivatives: Synthesis, antioxidant activity, ferroptosis inhibition, DNA cleavage and DNA molecular docking studies.
AID294917	Antioxidant activity assessed as nitric oxide radical scavenging activity at 1.0 ug/ml after 150 mins	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 42, Issue:8	Syntheses of new tetrasubstituted thiophenes as novel anti-inflammatory agents.
AID1466640	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH free radical at 125 uM after 30 mins relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 25, Issue:13	Antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum heterophyllum.
AID1610482	Inhibition of equine serum BuChE at 20 uM using butyrylcholine iodide as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition by Ellman's method relative to control	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 29, Issue:23	Synthesis of 2-arylhydrazinylidene-3-oxo-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acids as new selective carboxylesterase inhibitors and radical scavengers.
AID457086	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical scavenging activity after 2 mins by NBT reduction assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 20, Issue:3	Natural ortho-dihydroxyisoflavone derivatives from aged Korean fermented soybean paste as potent tyrosinase and melanin formation inhibitors.
AID721640	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of DPPH radical scavenging activity by spectroscopic analysis	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 60	Monocyclic β-lactams as antibacterial agents: facing antioxidant activity of N-methylthio-azetidinones.
AID1867444	Induction of ROS generation in fluconazole resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae overexpressing CgCdr2p transporter assessed as increase in ROS level incubated for 90 mins by DCFH-DA dye based fluorescence assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-01, Volume: 63	Effects of β-lapachone and β-nor-lapachone on multidrug efflux transporters and biofilms of Candida glabrata.
AID289708	Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity at 0.1 mg/ml	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3	Natural dibenzoxazepinones from leaves of Carex distachya: Structural elucidation and radical scavenging activity.
AID619974	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 46, Issue:10	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of oxazolyl/thiazolylsulfonylmethyl pyrazoles and isoxazoles.
AID1071365	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 15 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 73	Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of novel selenoester derivatives.
AID977602	Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM	2013	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6	Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1730957	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 25 ug/ml (Rvb = 22 to 40.2 %)	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 36	Structure based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazole derivatives targeting dihydropteroate synthase enzyme.
AID1487136	Antioxidant activity assessed as H2O2 radical scavenging activity after 60 mins	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16	Phenylsulfonylfuroxan NO-donor phenols: Synthesis and multifunctional activities evaluation.
AID1113090	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide anion radical scavenging activity at 5 mg/ml after 5 min by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-27, Volume: 61, Issue:12	Isolation and characterization of new p-Terphenyls with antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities from halophilic actinomycete Nocardiopsis gilva YIM 90087.
AID619972	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 50 ug/ml after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 46, Issue:10	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of oxazolyl/thiazolylsulfonylmethyl pyrazoles and isoxazoles.
AID476929	Human intestinal absorption in po dosed human	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Neural computational prediction of oral drug absorption based on CODES 2D descriptors.
AID762742	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 10 ug/ml after 20 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID504290	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical scavenging activity by NBT method	2010	Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9	Chlorinated iridoid glucosides from Veronica longifolia and their antioxidant activity.
AID283697	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 200 umol/L relative to control	2007	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 70, Issue:4	Bioactive metabolites from the Caribbean sponge Aka coralliphagum.
AID1556931	Prooxidant activity in calf thymus DNA assessed as increase in bleomycin-induced DNA damage by measuring optical density at 2 mM incubated for 1 hr by spectrophotometry relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Synthesis and biochemical studies of novel organic selenides with increased selectivity for hepatocellular carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma.
AID724079	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 uM after 20 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Design, synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole integrated benzophenones.
AID652906	Antioxidant activity using deaerated 0.1 M alpha-glucosophosphate as substrate assessed as hydroxy radical level at 1 mmol/L after gamma-irradiation	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Radical-regulating and antiviral properties of ascorbic acid and its derivatives.
AID1565350	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 60 uM/ml incubated for 20 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 182	Cyclic enaminone as new chemotype for selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities.
AID762737	Antioxidant activity assessed as reducing power of ferric ion at 50 ug/ml after 20 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID1071366	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 5 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 73	Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of novel selenoester derivatives.
AID764769	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 uM after 30 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17	Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of (E)-3,4-dihydroxy styryl sulfonamides derivatives as multifunctional neuroprotective agents against oxidative and inflammatory injury.
AID590698	Antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 100 uM after 20 mins by spectrophotometric analysis at pH 7.5	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 46, Issue:4	Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(bis((1,3,4-oxadiazolyl/1,3,4-thiadiazolyl)methylthio)methylene)malononitriles.
AID1651267	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins in water bath	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 30, Issue:4	Design, synthesis and anti-Alzheimer's disease activity study of xanthone derivatives based on multi-target strategy.
AID453102	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity by measuring reduction in DPPH absorbance by ELISA relative to untreated control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 17, Issue:23	Synthesis, tautomerism, and antimicrobial, anti-HCV, anti-SSPE, antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones.
AID1453046	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 20 mins under dark condition by UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135	Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and in vitro antimalarial properties of new carboxamides bearing sulphonamide.
AID515373	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity by spectrophotometry	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 18, Issue:18	2,3-diarylxanthones as strong scavengers of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: a structure-activity relationship study.
AID1753663	Antioxidant activity assessed as bleomycin-Fe2+-induced DNA degradation by measuring absorbance at 0.1 mg/ml after 1 hr	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 218	New organoselenides (NSAIDs-Se derivatives) as potential anticancer agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico calculations.
AID226689	Free radical scavenging activity of DPPH was determined	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-03, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Neuroprotective effects of flavones on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblostoma cells.
AID1651261	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for equine serum BChE using butyrylthiocholine as substrate by Ellman's method to IC50 for electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine as substrate by Ellman's method	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 30, Issue:4	Design, synthesis and anti-Alzheimer's disease activity study of xanthone derivatives based on multi-target strategy.
AID1453461	Antioxidant activity of the compound in phosphate buffer at pH 6.6 assessed as potassium ferric cyanide ion reducing activity at 25 umol/ml after 20 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	Synthesis of methanesulphonamido-benzimidazole derivatives as gastro-sparing antiinflammatory agents with antioxidant effect.
AID1255363	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity measured as discoloration incubated for 30 mins in dark	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103	Correlation of antioxidant activities with theoretical studies for new hydrazone compounds bearing a 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzyl moiety.
AID734220	Antioxidant activity assessed as concentration required for 50 % inhibition of micoM DPPH activity after 30 mins by UV-vis spectrophotometry	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7	Fungal metabolites of xanthohumol with potent antiproliferative activity on human cancer cell lines in vitro.
AID1178158	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as reduction in absorbance of DPPH after 60 mins incubation at 100 uM by DPPH radical scavenging /microplate assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 22, Issue:9	Synthesis, antioxidant and photoprotection activities of hybrid derivatives useful to prevent skin cancer.
AID1594664	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1 mM after 30 mins under dark condition relative to untreated control	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-01, Volume: 27, Issue:11	Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-melanogenic effects of (E)-2,3-diphenylacrylic acid derivatives.
AID761966	Hemolysis of human erythrocytes after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66	Novel 2-(2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-yl)acetamides as antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory compounds.
AID416324	Agonist activity at human adrenergic alpha2B receptor expressed in HEK293 cells coexpressing Gqi5 protein by FLIPR assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 17, Issue:6	(-)-Dibromophakellin: an alpha2B adrenoceptor agonist isolated from the Australian marine sponge, Acanthella costata.
AID1322145	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins incubation in dark	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21	Thioflavones as novel neuroprotective agents.
AID1347585	Upregulation of elastin mRNA expression in HDF at 100 uM after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis	2017	Journal of natural products, 11-22, Volume: 80, Issue:11	neo-Clerodane Diterpenoids from Salvia polystachya Stimulate the Expression of Extracellular Matrix Components in Human Dermal Fibroblasts.
AID1125421	Antioxidant activity assessed as potassium ferric cyanide ion reducing power after 20 mins by absorbance analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Apr-25, Volume: 77, Issue:4	Two sarcoviolins with antioxidative and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from the edible mushroom Sarcodon leucopus collected in Tibet.
AID714928	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide scavenging activity using xanthine-xanthine oxidase system by NBT dye reduction based assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 22, Issue:23	Synthesis, characterization, antidepressant and antioxidant activity of novel piperamides bearing piperidine and piperazine analogues.
AID615294	Antioxidant activity assessed as potassium ferricyanide ion reducing power after 20 mins by spectrophotometry	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Synthesis and bio-activity evaluation of tetraphenyl(phenylamino) methylene bisphosphonates as antioxidant agents and as potent inhibitors of osteoclasts in vitro.
AID614022	Inhibition of Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronidase after 1 hr by microplate reader assay	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9	Design of benzimidazole- and benzoxazole-2-thione derivatives as inhibitors of bacterial hyaluronan lyase.
AID1202774	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of APPH radical scavenging activity preincubated for 30 mins followed by APPH addition measured after 90 mins by hydrophilic-ORAC fluorescence assay	2015	Journal of natural products, Feb-27, Volume: 78, Issue:2	Antioxidative compounds from Garcinia buchananii stem bark.
AID1399488	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical cation scavenging activity by measuring trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity at 20 uM after 1 hr by UV/Vis spectrophotometric analysis	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 26, Issue:16	Synthesis, molecular docking, and biological activity of 2-vinyl chromones: Toward selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors for potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.
AID1272818	Antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania donovani MHOM/IN/80/DD8 after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 26, Issue:3	Antileishmanial activity of novel indolyl-coumarin hybrids: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular docking study and in silico ADME prediction.
AID1076256	Antioxidant activity assessed as H2O2 radical scavenging activity	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 75	Synthesis, docking and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of novel 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-6-yl)selenopheno[2,3-d]pyrimidines.
AID1257012	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity after 10 mins by UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23	Chrysin-benzothiazole conjugates as antioxidant and anticancer agents.
AID1191655	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS scavenging activity after 6 mins by spectrophotometry	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5	Schiff's bases of quinazolinone derivatives: Synthesis and SAR studies of a novel series of potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidants.
AID1194494	Antioxidant activity assessed as ferric-reducing antioxidant power after 20 mins at 50 degC by UV spectrophotometry	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8	New septanoside and 20-hydroxyecdysone septanoside derivative from Atriplex portulacoides roots with preliminary biological activities.
AID1453463	Antioxidant activity of the compound in phosphate buffer at pH 6.6 assessed as potassium ferric cyanide ion reducing activity after 20 mins by spectrophotometric method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	Synthesis of methanesulphonamido-benzimidazole derivatives as gastro-sparing antiinflammatory agents with antioxidant effect.
AID363318	DPPH radical scavenging activity assessed as ratio of drug concentration to DPPH concentration producing 50% decrease in DPPH after 5 mins	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 43, Issue:6	Synthesis and biological activities of a series of 4,5-diaryl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanones.
AID1234179	Antioxidative activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2015	Journal of natural products, Jul-24, Volume: 78, Issue:7	Indole Alkaloids from Chaetomium globosum.
AID764772	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17	Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of (E)-3,4-dihydroxy styryl sulfonamides derivatives as multifunctional neuroprotective agents against oxidative and inflammatory injury.
AID567049	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of heme protein-dependent lipid peroxidation at 1 mM	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1	Design, synthesis and pharmacobiological evaluation of novel acrylic acid derivatives acting as lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
AID620060	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml relative to control	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 46, Issue:10	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of oxazolyl/thiazolylsulfonylmethyl pyrazoles and isoxazoles.
AID1193494	Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility, log S of the compound in simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2 at RT after 4 hrs by 96 well plate method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7	Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility measurements in simulated fluids by 96-well plate method in early drug discovery.
AID625295	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) validation dataset; compound DILI positive/negative as observed in Pfizer data	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1615198	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins under dark condition	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 179	Discovery of a novel 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid-based 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor that induces apoptosis and may impair autophagic flux in RCC4 renal cancer cells.
AID496830	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania major	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1193294	Inhibition of tyrosinase (unknown origin)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7	Effect of the tyrosinase inhibitor (S)-N-trans-feruloyloctopamine from garlic skin on tyrosinase gene expression and melanine accumulation in melanoma cells.
AID685398	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 56	Docking studies, synthesis, characterization of some novel oxazine substituted 9-anilinoacridine derivatives and evaluation for their antioxidant and anticancer activities as topoisomerase II inhibitors.
AID1194493	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity incubated for 6 mins	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8	New septanoside and 20-hydroxyecdysone septanoside derivative from Atriplex portulacoides roots with preliminary biological activities.
AID776428	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 20 mins by UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69	Synthesis, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of novel 6-aryl-5-cyano thiouracil derivatives.
AID1650988	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of colourless Fe3+-TPTZ complex to coloured Fe2+-TPTZ complex measured after 5 mins by FRAP assay	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 30, Issue:4	Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-arylcoumarins as potential anti-Alzheimer's disease agents.
AID1313279	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 20 ug/ml after 20 mins by spectrophotometry relative to control	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 26, Issue:15	Synthesis of lignan conjugates via cyclopropanation: Antimicrobial and antioxidant studies.
AID1155650	Neuroprotective activity against amyloid beta (25 to 35)-induced cell death in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as cell viability at 10 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Lignans from the fruit of Schisandra glaucescens with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties.
AID1631497	Antioxidant activity after 5 mins by NBT assay	2016	Journal of natural products, Apr-22, Volume: 79, Issue:4	Minor Pyranonaphthoquinones from the Apothecia of the Lichen Ophioparma ventosa.
AID464441	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of ABTS free radical scavenging activity after 6 mins by TRAP assay	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Synthesis of new spiroindolinones incorporating a benzothiazole moiety as antioxidant agents.
AID549264	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml after 30 mins	2010	Journal of natural products, Nov-29, Volume: 73, Issue:11	Inhibition of melanogenesis and oxidation by protocatechuic acid from Origanum vulgare (oregano).
AID539844	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 500 ug by spectrophotometry relative to control	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24	Synthesis, antimicrobial and antioxidant evaluation of quinolines and bis(indolyl)methanes.
AID1692038	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins under dark condition by spectrophotometric analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 197	Antioxidant activity of novel quinazolinones bearing sulfonamide: Potential radiomodulatory effects on liver tissues via NF-κB/ PON1 pathway.
AID1360873	Antioxidant activity assessed as ferric ion reduction by measuring FeSO4 equivalents reducing Fe3+-TPTZ to Fe2+-TPTZ at 40 ug/ml after 25 mins by FRAP assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 155	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new coumarins bearing 2,4-diaminothiazole-5-carbonyl moiety.
AID1570051	Cytoprotective against H2O2-induced cell death in human U251 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 100 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2 induction and measured after 1 hr by MTS assay (Rvb = 50%)	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 180	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of hydroxypyridinone-coumarin hybrids as multimodal monoamine oxidase B inhibitors and iron chelates against Alzheimer's disease.
AID401236	Inhibition of superoxide production in PMNCs by NBT reduction assay	2004	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 67, Issue:4	Madhucosides A and B, protobassic acid glycosides from Madhuca indica with inhibitory activity on free radical release from phagocytes.
AID386936	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 43, Issue:10	The antioxidant activity of 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-di-sulfanimide)-chitosan.
AID246191	Effective concentration to induce a quorum signal in Vibrio harveyi(by binding Lux P protein)	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-02, Volume: 15, Issue:9	Quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi: probing the specificity of the LuxP binding site.
AID496824	Antimicrobial activity against Toxoplasma gondii	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID648401	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 200 ug/ml after 20 mins	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 51	Facile synthesis, characterization and pharmacological activities of 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles and 5,6-dihydro-3,6-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles.
AID1453052	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH radical generation at 0.01 mg/ml after 20 mins under dark condition by UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135	Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and in vitro antimalarial properties of new carboxamides bearing sulphonamide.
AID1533608	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human serum BChE to IC50 for Electric eel AChE	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163	Design and development of some phenyl benzoxazole derivatives as a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with antioxidant property to enhance learning and memory.
AID456320	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1	Reliability of bond dissociation enthalpy calculated by the PM6 method and experimental TEAC values in antiradical QSAR of flavonoids.
AID478246	Antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rat assessed as reduced glutathione level	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioassay of 3,3'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[2-alkoxycarbonyl-alkyl)-2-thio-benzoxa-phosphinines].
AID405490	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 1 mM	2008	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6	(Iso)-quinoline alkaloids from fungal fruiting bodies of Cortinarius subtortus.
AID762734	Antioxidant activity against ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin at 50 ug/ml after 1 hr	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID762899	Total antioxidant capacity of the compound at 100 uM relative to control	2013	Journal of natural products, Aug-23, Volume: 76, Issue:8	Phaeolschidins A-E, five hispidin derivatives with antioxidant activity from the fruiting body of Phaeolus schweinitzii collected in the Tibetan Plateau.
AID323921	Enhancement of HCV RNA replication in OR6 cells after 72 hrs by luciferase reporter assay	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Comprehensive analysis of the effects of ordinary nutrients on hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture.
AID722940	Inhibition of human recombinant GSK-3beta using GS2 peptide as substrate and [gamma33P]-ATP at 50 uM after 30 mins by scintillation counting	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 60	Evidence for a new binding mode to GSK-3: allosteric regulation by the marine compound palinurin.
AID437942	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain assessed as reduction in glutathione content	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of phosphorylated derivatives of galanthamine.
AID614058	Inhibition of bovine testes hyaluronidase at 100 uM after 30 mins at pH 5 by turbidimetric analysis	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9	Design of benzimidazole- and benzoxazole-2-thione derivatives as inhibitors of bacterial hyaluronan lyase.
AID1611501	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 300 uM incubated for 60 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-15, Volume: 29, Issue:24	Synthesis and evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as sunscreens useful to prevent skin cancer.
AID327928	DPPH radical scavenging activity	2008	Journal of natural products, Feb, Volume: 71, Issue:2	Structural characterization and DPPH radical scavenging activity of an arabinoglucogalactan from Panax notoginseng root.
AID427666	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide anion radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometry	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 17, Issue:13	Potential antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors from synthetic polyphenolic deoxybenzoins.
AID1498380	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml measured after 30 mins	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 26, Issue:12	Synthesis of sulfadiazinyl acyl/aryl thiourea derivatives as calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibitors, pharmacokinetic properties, lead optimization, Lineweaver-Burk plot evaluation and binding analysis.
AID614054	Inhibition of bovine testes hyaluronidase at 460 uM after 30 mins at pH 5 by turbidimetric analysis	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9	Design of benzimidazole- and benzoxazole-2-thione derivatives as inhibitors of bacterial hyaluronan lyase.
AID1347863	Inhibition of alpha-MSH-induced TRP-1 expression in human A375 cells at 25 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel dihydrostilbene derivatives as potential anti-melanogenic skin-protecting agents.
AID1496217	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins in dark by spectrophotometric method	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 28, Issue:12	Valproic acid induces three novel cytotoxic secondary metabolites in Diaporthe sp., an endophytic fungus from Datura inoxia Mill.
AID492140	Antioxidant activity assessed as formazan formation induced absorbance changes at 25 ppm at 570 nm at 37 degC for 6 hrs by MTT assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Jul-23, Volume: 73, Issue:7	An efficient and economical MTT assay for determining the antioxidant activity of plant natural product extracts and pure compounds.
AID1053469	DPPH radical scavenging activity assessed as reducing ability at 5 to 100 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	Discovery of tryptanthrin derivatives as potent inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase with therapeutic activity in Lewis lung cancer (LLC) tumor-bearing mice.
AID1730962	Antioxidant activity assessed as nitric oxide radical scavenging activity at 50 ug/ml (Rvb = 25.8 to 41.6 %)	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 36	Structure based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazole derivatives targeting dihydropteroate synthase enzyme.
AID1250853	Inhibition of baker's yeast alpha-glucosidase type-1 using p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 20 mins by microplate reader analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	New arylalkanones from Horsfieldia macrobotrys, effective antidiabetic agents concomitantly inhibiting α-glucosidase and free radicals.
AID1663503	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction in lipid peroxidation	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15	3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1555220	Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase using L-dopa as substrate incubated for 30 mins by spectrophotometric method
AID1693239	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 20 mins in dark conditions	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 32	Synthesis, biological evaluation, and NMR studies of 3-fluorinated derivatives of 3',4',5'-trihydroxyflavone and 3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone.
AID1194495	Antioxidant activity assessed as catalase activity by measuring hydrogen peroxide disappearance per mg protein measured for 1 min at 25 degC	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8	New septanoside and 20-hydroxyecdysone septanoside derivative from Atriplex portulacoides roots with preliminary biological activities.
AID382109	Distribution coefficient, log D at pH 1.0 after 4 hrs by shake flask method	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9	Novel antioxidant agents deriving from molecular combination of Vitamin C and NO-donor moieties.
AID762741	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml after 20 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 23, Issue:16	Novel pyrazoline amidoxime and their 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID409960	Inhibition of bovine brain MAOB	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21	Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID1487492	Antioxidant activity assessed as H2O2 free radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometric analysis	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16	Synthesis, antioxidant, antifungal, molecular docking and ADMET studies of some thiazolyl hydrazones.
AID1057590	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 25 to 100 uM after 30 mins	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 56, Issue:22	Aminothiazole-featured pirinixic acid derivatives as dual 5-lipoxygenase and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 inhibitors with improved potency and efficiency in vivo.
AID502059	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity at 50 ug/ml	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	InCl3 mediated one-pot multicomponent synthesis, anti-microbial, antioxidant and anticancer evaluation of 3-pyranyl indole derivatives.
AID1242828	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH redical scavenging activity incubated for 2 hrs in dark condition	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 25, Issue:18	Dietziamides, novel tetramic acid dimers from Dietzia timorensis MZ-3 with antioxidative activity.
AID1453462	Antioxidant activity of the compound in phosphate buffer at pH 6.6 assessed as potassium ferric cyanide ion reducing activity at 50 umol/ml after 20 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	Synthesis of methanesulphonamido-benzimidazole derivatives as gastro-sparing antiinflammatory agents with antioxidant effect.
AID1594574	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 15 to 20 mins by UV-visible spectrometry	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-01, Volume: 29, Issue:11	Cu-mediated synthesis of differentially substituted diazepines as AChE inhibitors; validation through molecular docking and Lipinski's filter to develop novel anti-neurodegenerative drugs.
AID1366176	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 200 ug/ml after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Design and synthesis of benzimidazole-based Rho kinase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma.
AID626498	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide anioin radical scavenging activity after 5 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Synthesis and antioxidant activities of novel 4-Schiff base-7-benzyloxy-coumarin derivatives.
AID1267476	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 2 mM after 30 mins	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1	Bioactive minor components of the total salvianolic acids injection prepared from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.
AID548961	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as reducing activity of DPPH at 0.1 mM after 60 mins	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23	Does conjugation of antioxidants improve their antioxidative/anti-inflammatory potential?
AID416923	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide anion scavenging activity by NBT reduction method	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2	Cytotoxic, antioxidant activities and structure activity relationship of some newly synthesized terpenoidal oxaliplatin analogs.
AID232873	Free radical scavenging assessed as color reduction of DPPH	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Synthesis and characterization of a series of novel monoacylated ascorbic acid derivatives, 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acids, as skin antioxidants.
AID387798	Cytoprotective activity against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in human HL-60 cells assessed as cell viability at 30 uM after 24 hrs by trypan blue exclusion assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 18, Issue:19	2,2'-Pyridoin derivatives protect HL-60 cells against oxidative stress.
AID1268019	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml after 20 mins by UV-vis spectrophotometry analysis	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 26, Issue:2	Synthesis of novel coumarin appended bis(formylpyrazole) derivatives: Studies on their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
AID1610134	Antiproliferative activity against human CFPAC-1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Antitumor and antiviral activities of 4-substituted 1,2,3-triazolyl-2,3-dibenzyl-L-ascorbic acid derivatives.
AID687640	Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase using as L-DOPA substrate after 2 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11	Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of a 6-isoprenoid-substituted flavanone isolated from Dalea elegans.
AID401336	Antioxidant activity assessed by superoxide anion scavenging assay	1996	Journal of natural products, Feb, Volume: 59, Issue:2	Natural polyphenols (vegetable tannins) as drugs: possible modes of action.
AID496817	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma cruzi	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID497111	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 1 hr	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 18, Issue:15	Synthesis and biological evaluation of arylidene analogues of Meldrum's acid as a new class of antimalarial and antioxidant agents.
AID1405935	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156	Current progress on antioxidants incorporating the pyrazole core.
AID174641	Effect of AOS scavenger on ventricular fibrillation (VF), arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat, incidence at 3 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID1428663	Antiradical activity assessed as gallic acid equivalents of Foline-Ciocalteu reagent reducing capacity at 1 mM preincubated for 5 mins followed by Na2CO3 addition measured after 90 mins	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	Novel flavonolignan hybrid antioxidants: From enzymatic preparation to molecular rationalization.
AID294918	Antioxidant activity assessed as nitric oxide radical scavenging activity at 1.2 ug/ml after 150 mins	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 42, Issue:8	Syntheses of new tetrasubstituted thiophenes as novel anti-inflammatory agents.
AID1663837	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 30, Issue:14	Isolation and biological activity of agrostophillinol from kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) leaves.
AID1610138	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Antitumor and antiviral activities of 4-substituted 1,2,3-triazolyl-2,3-dibenzyl-L-ascorbic acid derivatives.
AID446405	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Development of (S)-N6-(2-(4-(isoquinolin-1-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-N6-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]-thiazole-2,6-diamine and its analogue as a D3 receptor preferring agonist: potent in vivo activity in Parkinson's disease animal models.
AID1396238	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH-radical scavenging activity at 1 mM incubated for 30 mins under dark condition	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-07, Volume: 26, Issue:14	The tyrosinase inhibitory effects of isoxazolone derivatives with a (Z)-β-phenyl-α, β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold.
AID592648	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 100 uM after 30 mins	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 19, Issue:7	Synthesis and anti-melanogenic activity of hydroxyphenyl benzyl ether analogues.
AID588211	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID549265	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2010	Journal of natural products, Nov-29, Volume: 73, Issue:11	Inhibition of melanogenesis and oxidation by protocatechuic acid from Origanum vulgare (oregano).
AID1462746	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity by measuring radical-scavenging activity factor (moles of radicals scavenged by each mol of antioxidant) at 20 uM measured at 15 mins by HPLC	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	Structural evidence for the DPPH radical-scavenging mechanism of 2-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid.
AID448092	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging after 30 mins	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	Antioxidant and antibacterial studies of arylazopyrazoles and arylhydrazonopyrazolones containing coumarin moiety.
AID1599716	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins in dark condition by spectrophotometric analysis	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 27, Issue:20	Synthesis of N-hydroxycinnamoyl amide derivatives and evaluation of their anti-oxidative and anti-tyrosinase activities.
AID1730960	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml (Rvb = 22 to 40.2 %)	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 36	Structure based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazole derivatives targeting dihydropteroate synthase enzyme.
AID762334	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 50 ug after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66	Microwave-assisted synthesis of some new pyrazolopyridines and their antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities.
AID1487483	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 60 ug/ml after 15 mins by spectrophotometric method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16	Synthesis, antioxidant, antifungal, molecular docking and ADMET studies of some thiazolyl hydrazones.
AID1294868	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins in dark condition by spectrophotometric method	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 26, Issue:10	Synthesis, molecular properties prediction and anticancer, antioxidant evaluation of new edaravone derivatives.
AID1762401	Inhibition of porcine liver carboxylesterase using 4-NPA as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition by spectrophotometric analysis	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 218	Novel potent bifunctional carboxylesterase inhibitors based on a polyfluoroalkyl-2-imino-1,3-dione scaffold.
AID1250854	Inhibition of rat intestinal Maltase using maltose as substrate assessed as glucose release after 10 mins by glucose oxidase method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	New arylalkanones from Horsfieldia macrobotrys, effective antidiabetic agents concomitantly inhibiting α-glucosidase and free radicals.
AID402015	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Quinones from Chirita eburnea.
AID720995	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Synthesis and antioxidant activities of 2-oxo-quinoline-3-carbaldehyde Schiff-base derivatives.
AID382104	Antioxidant activity Wistar rat hepatocyte membrane assessed as Fe(3+)-ADP/NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation at 50 uM by TBA assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9	Novel antioxidant agents deriving from molecular combination of Vitamin C and NO-donor moieties.
AID1204902	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity measured as decoloration of a MeOH solution after 10 mins by spectrophotometry	2015	Journal of natural products, Feb-27, Volume: 78, Issue:2	Iridoid glycosides from Barleria lupulina.
AID1663836	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 30, Issue:14	Isolation and biological activity of agrostophillinol from kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) leaves.
AID1264278	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 25 ug/ml after 30 mins by spectrophotometric assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 104	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some new fluorine containing hydroxypyrazolines as potential anticancer and antioxidant agents.
AID1511011	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity incubated for 40 mins	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 180	Discovery of new potent dual sigma receptor/GluN2b ligands with antioxidant property as neuroprotective agents.
AID1479538	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated in dark for 20 mins	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-22, Volume: 61, Issue:4	The Synthesized Plant Metabolite 3,4,5-Tri-O-Galloylquinic Acid Methyl Ester Inhibits Calcium Oxalate Crystal Growth in a Drosophila Model, Downregulates Renal Cell Surface Annexin A1 Expression, and Decreases Crystal Adhesion to Cells.
AID691694	Antioxidant activity of the compound in phosphate buffer at pH 6.6 assessed as potassium ferric cyanide ion reducing activity at 6.25 to 100 uM after 20 mins	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 22, Issue:20	Antioxidant properties of Mannich bases.
AID513611	Inhibition of NO production in BAEC assessed as inhibition of Ca2+ influx at 1 mM	2006	Nature chemical biology, Nov, Volume: 2, Issue:11	Nitric oxide activates TRP channels by cysteine S-nitrosylation.
AID1202844	Antioxidant activity assessed as ferric reducing antioxidant power at 0.1 mg/ml by FRAP assay	2015	Journal of natural products, Feb-27, Volume: 78, Issue:2	Puupehenol, a potent antioxidant antimicrobial meroterpenoid from a Hawaiian deep-water Dactylospongia sp. sponge.
AID770309	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH-induced free radical generation at 1 to 500 uM after 30 mins relative to control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19	Discovery of novel (1S)-(-)-verbenone derivatives with anti-oxidant and anti-ischemic effects.
AID283705	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 40 umol/L relative to control	2007	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 70, Issue:4	Bioactive metabolites from the Caribbean sponge Aka coralliphagum.
AID1635491	Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 20 uM incubated for 2 hrs followed by H2O2 challenge measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 59, Issue:12	Benzylpiperidine-Linked Diarylthiazoles as Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Agents: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.
AID1405942	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 ug/ml after 20 mins by UV absorbance method relative to control	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156	Current progress on antioxidants incorporating the pyrazole core.
AID1168136	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 60 mins by spectrophotometry	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	PASS-assisted design, synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of new butylated hydroxytoluene derivatives.
AID374242	Inhibition of bleomycin-induced DNA damage assessed as absorbance at 532 nm after 1 hr at 37 degC	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 44, Issue:4	New acyclic nucleosides analogues as potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial derived from pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolines.
AID1487490	Antioxidant activity assessed as H2O2 free radical scavenging activity at 80 ug/ml after 10 to 15 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16	Synthesis, antioxidant, antifungal, molecular docking and ADMET studies of some thiazolyl hydrazones.
AID1768734	Inhibition of equine serum BuChE by Ellman's method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 49	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of naringenin carbamate derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID36973	Inhibitory constant against Alpha-amylase	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-17, Volume: 10, Issue:14	Kinetic characterisation of ene-diol-based inhibitors of alpha-amylase.
AID1202555	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of ABTS free radical scavenging activity after 10 mins by spectrophotometry relative to control	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 96	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinazoline derivatives as anti-trypanosomatid and anti-plasmodial agents.
AID1420841	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 20 uM measured after 30 mins	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158	Design, synthesis and identification of novel substituted 2-amino thiazole analogues as potential anti-inflammatory agents targeting 5-lipoxygenase.
AID1496213	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 50 uM after 30 mins in dark by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 28, Issue:12	Valproic acid induces three novel cytotoxic secondary metabolites in Diaporthe sp., an endophytic fungus from Datura inoxia Mill.
AID549263	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 20 ug/ml after 30 mins	2010	Journal of natural products, Nov-29, Volume: 73, Issue:11	Inhibition of melanogenesis and oxidation by protocatechuic acid from Origanum vulgare (oregano).
AID1268016	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 25 ug/ml after 20 mins by UV-vis spectrophotometry analysis	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 26, Issue:2	Synthesis of novel coumarin appended bis(formylpyrazole) derivatives: Studies on their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
AID1172552	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity relative to untreated control	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Synthetic derivatives of aromatic abietane diterpenoids and their biological activities.
AID690850	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-28, Volume: 55, Issue:12	Structure-activity relationship study of N⁶-(2-(4-(1H-Indol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-N⁶-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole-2,6-diamine analogues: development of highly selective D3 dopamine receptor agonists along with a highly potent D2/D3 agoni
AID1352204	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide dismutase-like activity by measuring inhibition of xanthine oxidase-induced superoxide anion level measured ever 30 secs for 5 mins by NBT reduction assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 145	Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies of new 3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol/isoxazol-5-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-indole derivatives as potent antioxidants and 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors.
AID648403	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 800 ug/ml after 20 mins	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 51	Facile synthesis, characterization and pharmacological activities of 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles and 5,6-dihydro-3,6-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles.
AID1743176	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of ABTS radical scavenging activity measured after 1 hr by UV-vis spectrophotometric method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208	Multiple biological active 4-aminopyrazoles containing trifluoromethyl and their 4-nitroso-precursors: Synthesis and evaluation.
AID678494	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical scavenging activity at 100 uM after 5 mins by NBT reduction assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 22, Issue:18	Synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking studies of 3-(substituted)-aryl-5-(9-methyl-3-carbazole)-1H-2-pyrazolines as potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.
AID478248	Antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rat assessed as catalase level	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioassay of 3,3'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[2-alkoxycarbonyl-alkyl)-2-thio-benzoxa-phosphinines].
AID744461	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 250 uM after 60 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63	Synthesis and biological activities of some novel aminomethyl derivatives of 4-substituted-5-(2-thienyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones.
AID771144	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of K3FeCN6 at 1 to 500 uM by spectrophotometric analysis in presence of FeCl3	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19	Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of (S,S)- and (R,R)-secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs).
AID1555975	Inhibition of electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by Ellman's method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 177	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of rutacecarpine derivatives as multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID491005	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 uM	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 45, Issue:7	Synthesis and bioassay of pyrrolyl oxazolines and thiazolines.
AID365747	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 16, Issue:16	Inhibitory effects of polymethoxy flavones isolated from Citrus reticulate on degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3: enhanced inhibition by their combination.
AID401337	Antioxidant activity assessed by hydroxyl radical scavenging assay	1996	Journal of natural products, Feb, Volume: 59, Issue:2	Natural polyphenols (vegetable tannins) as drugs: possible modes of action.
AID453276	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity by lucigenin oxidation assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 17, Issue:20	Synthesis and antioxidant properties of new chromone derivatives.
AID1611502	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 200 uM incubated for 60 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-15, Volume: 29, Issue:24	Synthesis and evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as sunscreens useful to prevent skin cancer.
AID1193498	Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility, log S of the compound simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2 at RT after 24 hrs by shake-flask method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7	Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility measurements in simulated fluids by 96-well plate method in early drug discovery.
AID678495	Antioxidant activity assessed as H2O2-induced hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at 100 uM after 5 mins by spectrophotometry	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 22, Issue:18	Synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking studies of 3-(substituted)-aryl-5-(9-methyl-3-carbazole)-1H-2-pyrazolines as potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.
AID1155652	Antioxidant activity assessed as ferric ion reducing activity expressed as Fe(II) using ferrous-TPTZ by FRAP assay	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 82	Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking study of 3-aroyl-1-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)thiourea derivatives as 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors.
AID502058	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	InCl3 mediated one-pot multicomponent synthesis, anti-microbial, antioxidant and anticancer evaluation of 3-pyranyl indole derivatives.
AID219598	Compound was tested for the inhibition of xanthine oxidase; Inactive	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-18, Volume: 10, Issue:24	Antioxidant activity and xanthine oxidase inhibition activity of reductic acid: ascorbic acid analogue.
AID691692	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 50 uM	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 22, Issue:20	Antioxidant properties of Mannich bases.
AID693513	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of H2O2 radical scavenging activity at 75 ug/mL by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 58	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole tagged thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.
AID753094	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 64	Synthesis, cytotoxic activity and DNA-interaction studies of novel anthraquinone-thiosemicarbazones with tautomerizable methylene group.
AID693512	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of H2O2 radical scavenging activity at 50 ug/mL by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 58	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole tagged thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.
AID449328	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity by UV-visible spectrophotometry	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 19, Issue:18	Synthesis and biological evaluation of quinic acid derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents.
AID682620	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS free radical scavenging activity at 1 mg/mL by spectroscopic analysis	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 56	Synthesis, antitumor, cytotoxic and antioxidant evaluation of some new pyrazolotriazines attached to antipyrine moiety.
AID380423	Antioxidant activity in human HL60 cells assessed as inhibition of TPA-stimulated hydrogen peroxide induced DCFH-DA oxidation by fluorometric microplate assay	2006	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 69, Issue:3	Schisandrene, a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan from Schisandra chinensis: structure-antioxidant activity relationships of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans.
AID1743179	Antioxidant activity assessed as AAPH scavenging activity by measuring residual fluorescence at 50 uM measured at 1 min interval for 30 mins by ORAC fluorescein assay relative to control	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208	Multiple biological active 4-aminopyrazoles containing trifluoromethyl and their 4-nitroso-precursors: Synthesis and evaluation.
AID719016	Antioxidant activity of compound assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24	Novel coumarin derivatives bearing N-benzyl pyridinium moiety: potent and dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
AID405699	Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in renal failured rat plasma assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde level by TBARS assay	2008	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6	Antioxidant 2-phenylbenzofurans and a coumestan from Lespedeza virgata.
AID1753662	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins under dark condition relative to vitamin C	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 218	New organoselenides (NSAIDs-Se derivatives) as potential anticancer agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico calculations.
AID615466	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation using egg lecithin liposomes incubated for 1 hr	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Novel dihydropyrimidines and its pyrazole derivatives: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID36970	Inhibition of fungal alpha-amylase	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-07, Volume: 8, Issue:13	Ascorbic acid-based inhibitors of alpha-amylases.
AID1167300	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated at room temperature for 20 mins by UV-visible spectrophotometry	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21	Design, synthesis and exploring the quantitative structure-activity relationship of some antioxidant flavonoid analogues.
AID1773259	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 uM incubated for 2 hrs by microplate reader method	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 223	Novel cannabidiol-carbamate hybrids as selective BuChE inhibitors: Docking-based fragment reassembly for the development of potential therapeutic agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1370424	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated under dark condition for 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 28, Issue:3	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of glutamic acid derivatives as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
AID626496	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Synthesis and antioxidant activities of novel 4-Schiff base-7-benzyloxy-coumarin derivatives.
AID1663502	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 30, Issue:15	3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl nitrate with nitric oxide releasing, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
AID1505137	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity measured after 30 mins incubation under dark condition	2018	Journal of natural products, 01-26, Volume: 81, Issue:1	Isolation of Flavonoids and Flavonoid Glycosides from Myrsine africana and Their Inhibitory Activities against Mushroom Tyrosinase.
AID478242	Antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rat assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis, spectral characterization and bioassay of 3,3'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[2-alkoxycarbonyl-alkyl)-2-thio-benzoxa-phosphinines].
AID652744	Antioxidant activity using deaerated 1 M ethylene glycol as substrate assessed as hydroxy radical additive level at 1 mmol/L after gamma-irradiation	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Radical-regulating and antiviral properties of ascorbic acid and its derivatives.
AID1191657	Antioxidant activity assessed as DMPD scavenging activity after 15 mins by spectrophotometry	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5	Schiff's bases of quinazolinone derivatives: Synthesis and SAR studies of a novel series of potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidants.
AID1635492	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 10 uM after 30 secs by spectrophotometry	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 59, Issue:12	Benzylpiperidine-Linked Diarylthiazoles as Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Agents: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.
AID349359	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of ROS-induced linoleic acid peroxidation at 1 mM after 15 mins at 100 degC by modified TBARS assay relative to control	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 16, Issue:19	Antioxidative and thrombolytic TMP nitrone for treatment of ischemic stroke.
AID1743660	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins under dark condition relative to control	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208	Synthesis and biological evaluation of organoselenium (NSAIDs-SeCN and SeCF
AID720998	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide anion radical scavenging activity after 5 mins by spectrophotometry	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Synthesis and antioxidant activities of 2-oxo-quinoline-3-carbaldehyde Schiff-base derivatives.
AID439060	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21	Glucose-containing flavones--their synthesis and antioxidant and neuroprotective activities.
AID36971	The compound was tested for inhibition of malt Alpha-amylase by Megazyme assay	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-17, Volume: 10, Issue:14	Kinetic characterisation of ene-diol-based inhibitors of alpha-amylase.
AID1512368	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 uM after 30 mins under dark condition relative to control	2019	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-10, Volume: 10, Issue:10	Chalcone-Thiazole Hybrids: Rational Design, Synthesis, and Lead Identification against 5-Lipoxygenase.
AID447535	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity by UV spectroscopic method	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14	Synthesis, antioxidant properties and radioprotective effects of new benzothiazoles and thiadiazoles.
AID1193499	Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility, log S of the compound simulated intestinal fluid at pH 6.8 at RT after 24 hrs by shake-flask method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7	Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility measurements in simulated fluids by 96-well plate method in early drug discovery.
AID693511	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of H2O2 radical scavenging activity at 25 ug/mL by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 58	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole tagged thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.
AID1462745	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity by measuring radical-scavenging activity factor (moles of radicals scavenged by each mol of antioxidant) at 20 uM measured at 10 mins by HPLC	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	Structural evidence for the DPPH radical-scavenging mechanism of 2-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid.
AID1867445	Induction of ROS generation in fluconazole resistant Candida glabrata 109 overexpressing CgCdr1p transporter assessed as increase in ROS level incubated for 90 mins by DCFH-DA dye based fluorescence assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-01, Volume: 63	Effects of β-lapachone and β-nor-lapachone on multidrug efflux transporters and biofilms of Candida glabrata.
AID761704	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS free radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometry	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66	Selective cytotoxic effects on human breast carcinoma of new methoxylated flavonoids from Euryops arabicus grown in Saudi Arabia.
AID496825	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania mexicana	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID771143	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of K3FeCN6 by spectrophotometric analysis in presence of FeCl3	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19	Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of (S,S)- and (R,R)-secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs).
AID1368752	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 uM by spectrphotomery	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2	Protective effects of 6-ureido/thioureido-2,4,5-trimethylpyridin-3-ols against 4-hydroxynonenal-induced cell death in adult retinal pigment epithelial-19 cells.
AID1575199	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity at 20 uM measured at 30 sec interval over 60 mins	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 29, Issue:3	Aegeline, a natural product from the plant Aegle marmelos, mimics the yeast SNARE protein Sec22p in suppressing α-synuclein and Bax toxicity in yeast.
AID652736	Antioxidant activity using deaerated ethanol as substrate assessed as 2,3-butanediol level at 1 mmol/L after gamma-irradiation by gas chromatography (Rvb = 2.05 +/- 0.09 10'7 mol/J)	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Radical-regulating and antiviral properties of ascorbic acid and its derivatives.
AID666938	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 22, Issue:13	Evaluation of novel antioxidant triterpenoid saponins from the halophyte Salicornia herbacea.
AID588210	Human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) modelling dataset from Ekins et al	2010	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 38, Issue:12	A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury.
AID1730968	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml (Rvb = 23.6 to 43.1 %)	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 36	Structure based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazole derivatives targeting dihydropteroate synthase enzyme.
AID614099	Antioxidant activity assessed as H2O2 scavenging activity at 12.5 to 250 ug/mL after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysisic analysis	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 19, Issue:17	Tylosema esculentum extractives and their bioactivity.
AID598649	Anti-lipid peroxidation activity ferric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation using egg yolk homogenate at 40 ug/ml by TBARS assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 21, Issue:12	Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of new substituted bis(1,3,4-oxadiazoles), 3,5-bis(substituted) pyrazoles and isoxazoles.
AID1405919	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH radical at 100 ug/ml relative to control	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156	Current progress on antioxidants incorporating the pyrazole core.
AID1596151	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 15 mins under dark condition by spectrophotometric method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 174	A combinatorial approach for the discovery of drug-like inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase-1.
AID360503	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	1995	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11	Santolindiacetylene, a polyacetylene derivative isolated from the essential oil of Santolina canescens.
AID1768735	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for electric eel AChE to IC50 for equine serum BuChE	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 49	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of naringenin carbamate derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID693514	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of H2O2 radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/mL by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 58	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole tagged thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.
AID1549513	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometric method relative to ascorbic acid	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 169	Anticancer activity, dual prooxidant/antioxidant effect and apoptosis induction profile of new bichalcophene-5-carboxamidines.
AID693508	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of nitric oxide free radical production at 75 ug/mL after 150 mins by Griess method relative to control	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 58	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole tagged thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.
AID733738	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 15 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 62	Synthesis, anticancer and antioxidant activities of 2,4,5-trimethoxy chalcones and analogues from asaronaldehyde: structure-activity relationship.
AID1589004	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH-radical scavenging activity at 1 mM incubated for 30 mins under dark condition by microplate reader based assay relative to control	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 27, Issue:17	Inhibitory effects of N-(acryloyl)benzamide derivatives on tyrosinase and melanogenesis.
AID1567596	Antioxidant activity in human blood assessed as total antioxidant capacity at 10 uM after 48 hrs (Rvb = 6.3 +/- 0.5 No_unit)	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178	Carvacrol prodrugs as novel antimicrobial agents.
AID1326483	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1 uM after 30 mins in absence of light by spectrophotometric analysis	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Combinatorial synthesis, in silico, molecular and biochemical studies of tetrazole-derived organic selenides with increased selectivity against hepatocellular carcinoma.
AID427307	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometry	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 17, Issue:13	Cytotoxic activity and inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production of triterpene saponins from the roots of Physospermum verticillatum (Waldst & Kit) (Apiaceae).
AID1533605	Inhibition of Electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate after 10 mins measured for every mins by Ellman's method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163	Design and development of some phenyl benzoxazole derivatives as a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with antioxidant property to enhance learning and memory.
AID1730959	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 75 ug/ml (Rvb = 22 to 40.2 %)	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 36	Structure based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazole derivatives targeting dihydropteroate synthase enzyme.
AID598279	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Synthesis of chromone carboxamide derivatives with antioxidative and calpain inhibitory properties.
AID1366175	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 150 ug/ml after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Design and synthesis of benzimidazole-based Rho kinase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma.
AID1610140	Cytotoxicity against human HFF cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Antitumor and antiviral activities of 4-substituted 1,2,3-triazolyl-2,3-dibenzyl-L-ascorbic acid derivatives.
AID761965	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation activity after 15 mins by MDA assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66	Novel 2-(2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-yl)acetamides as antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory compounds.
AID1565347	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 uM/ml incubated for 20 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 182	Cyclic enaminone as new chemotype for selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities.
AID1155573	Inhibition of human recombinant 5-LO expressed in Escherichia coli Bl21 (DE3) using arachidonic acid as substrate preincubated for 10 mins measured after 10 mins by RP-HPLC analysis	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 57, Issue:13	SAR studies on curcumin's pro-inflammatory targets: discovery of prenylated pyrazolocurcuminoids as potent and selective novel inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase.
AID448094	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5021 after 24 hrs by disk diffusion method	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	Antioxidant and antibacterial studies of arylazopyrazoles and arylhydrazonopyrazolones containing coumarin moiety.
AID1487491	Antioxidant activity assessed as H2O2 free radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml after 10 to 15 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16	Synthesis, antioxidant, antifungal, molecular docking and ADMET studies of some thiazolyl hydrazones.
AID1565349	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 40 uM/ml incubated for 20 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 182	Cyclic enaminone as new chemotype for selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities.
AID1899549	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 20 uM incubated for 30 mins under dark condition by microplate reader based assay	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228	Imidazolylacetophenone oxime-based multifunctional neuroprotective agents: Discovery and structure-activity relationships.
AID1399482	Inhibition of equine serum BChE using butylthiocholine iodide as substrate incubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition by Ellman's method	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 26, Issue:16	Synthesis, molecular docking, and biological activity of 2-vinyl chromones: Toward selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors for potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.
AID693501	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH free radical production at 25 ug/mL after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 58	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole tagged thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.
AID1730967	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity at 75 ug/ml (Rvb = 23.6 to 43.1 %)	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 36	Structure based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazole derivatives targeting dihydropteroate synthase enzyme.
AID1248400	Inhibition of malt alpha-amylase	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20	From carbohydrates to drug-like fragments: Rational development of novel α-amylase inhibitors.
AID1453055	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH radical generation at 0.04 mg/ml after 20 mins under dark condition by UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135	Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and in vitro antimalarial properties of new carboxamides bearing sulphonamide.
AID1126577	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalents of cupric reducing antioxidant capacity after 30 mins	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-06, Volume: 78	Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-dehydrodipeptidyl-N,N'-dicyclohexylurea analogs.
AID506733	Activity of HIF prolyl hydroxylase-3	2007	Nature chemical biology, Mar, Volume: 3, Issue:3	Non-heme dioxygenases: cellular sensors and regulators jelly rolled into one?
AID744460	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 312.5 uM after 60 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63	Synthesis and biological activities of some novel aminomethyl derivatives of 4-substituted-5-(2-thienyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones.
AID449287	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 50 uM after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 52, Issue:23	Design, synthesis, and examination of neuron protective properties of alkenylated and amidated dehydro-silybin derivatives.
AID1875639	Immunomodulatory activity in IL-17A Katushka/IL-10eGFP/Foxp3RFP reporter mouse cell trace violet-labelled CD4+ T cell derived TGF-beta1/IL-6/IL-23-polarized Th17 cells assessed as increase in IL-17 positive cell population at 5 to 20 uM measured after 3 d	2022	Journal of natural products, 11-25, Volume: 85, Issue:11	Cellular Stress-Induced Metabolites in
AID1610412	Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase using L-dopa as substrate by spectrophotometric method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Benzo[b]thiophene-thiazoles as potent anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents: Design, synthesis, tyrosinase/tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors, molecular docking study, and antioxidant activity.
AID1487482	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 40 ug/ml after 15 mins by spectrophotometric method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16	Synthesis, antioxidant, antifungal, molecular docking and ADMET studies of some thiazolyl hydrazones.
AID506731	Activity of HIF prolyl hydroxylase-1	2007	Nature chemical biology, Mar, Volume: 3, Issue:3	Non-heme dioxygenases: cellular sensors and regulators jelly rolled into one?
AID674915	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH scavenging activity after 30 mins by microplate reader method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	The antioxidant effect of imine resveratrol analogues.
AID1503706	Antioxidant activity assessed as H2O2 free radical scavenging activity after 1 hr by UV spectrophotometric analysis	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 141	Therapeutic investigations of novel indoxyl-based indolines: A drug target validation and Structure-Activity Relationship of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors with cardiovascular regulation and thrombolytic potential.
AID1565351	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 80 uM/ml incubated for 20 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 182	Cyclic enaminone as new chemotype for selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities.
AID1377035	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at test compound/DPPH volume ratio 1:1 after 1 hr by UV-spectrophotometric method	2017	Journal of natural products, 06-23, Volume: 80, Issue:6	Derivatives of the Lignan 7'-Hydroxymatairesinol with Antioxidant Properties and Enhanced Lipophilicity.
AID1277565	Antioxidant activity assessed as suppression of H2O2/cobalt2+-mediated hydroxyl radical formation by luminol-based fluorescence assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel orally available 1-phenyl-6-aminouracils containing dimethyldihydrobenzofuranol structure for the treatment of allergic skin diseases.
AID724080	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at 100 uM after 5 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Design, synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole integrated benzophenones.
AID588209	Literature-mined public compounds from Greene et al multi-species hepatotoxicity modelling dataset	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jul-19, Volume: 23, Issue:7	Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
AID1501903	Antioxidant activity assessed as redox reaction between compound and MTT in DMSO measured after 6 hrs	2017	Journal of natural products, 09-22, Volume: 80, Issue:9	Lipid Peroxidation and Cyclooxygenase Enzyme Inhibitory Compounds from Prangos haussknechtii.
AID491004	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of nitric oxide production at 100 uM	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 45, Issue:7	Synthesis and bioassay of pyrrolyl oxazolines and thiazolines.
AID1453457	Antioxidant activity of the compound in phosphate buffer at pH 6.6 assessed as potassium ferric cyanide ion reducing activity at 1 umol/ml after 20 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	Synthesis of methanesulphonamido-benzimidazole derivatives as gastro-sparing antiinflammatory agents with antioxidant effect.
AID1871454	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins in dark condition by spectrophotometrical analysis	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227	Coumarin-benzimidazole hybrids: A review of developments in medicinal chemistry.
AID295621	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 200 ppm	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11	Radical scavenging and cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitory activity of bergaptol and geranylcoumarin from grapefruit.
AID179357	Effect of AOS scavenger on arrhythmias induced by ischemia-reperfusion in anesthetized rat measured as ventricular tachycardia (VT), frequency, times at 3 mg/kg	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Studies on scavengers of active oxygen species. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids.
AID497110	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS free radical scavenging activity at 100 uM after 12 hrs	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 18, Issue:15	Synthesis and biological evaluation of arylidene analogues of Meldrum's acid as a new class of antimalarial and antioxidant agents.
AID693503	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH free radical production at 75 ug/mL after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 58	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole tagged thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.
AID429185	Antioxidant activity assessed as radical DPPH scavenging activity	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15	Inhibitory effects of flavonoids isolated from Fragaria ananassa Duch on IgE-mediated degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3.
AID652727	Selectivity ratio of MNTD for human RD cells to EC50 for HSV1	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Radical-regulating and antiviral properties of ascorbic acid and its derivatives.
AID1155648	Neuroprotective activity against amyloid beta (25 to 35)-induced cell death in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as cell viability at 0.4 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Lignans from the fruit of Schisandra glaucescens with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties.
AID1810884	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis
AID1370494	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 20 to 30 mins	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 28, Issue:3	Microwave-assisted synthesis of novel 5-substituted benzylidene amino-2-butyl benzofuran-3-yl-4-methoxyphenyl methanones as antileishmanial and antioxidant agents.
AID1385540	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins in dark condition	2018	Journal of natural products, 08-24, Volume: 81, Issue:8	Spiro-Phthalides and Isocoumarins Isolated from the Marine-Sponge-Derived Fungus Setosphaeria sp. SCSIO41009.
AID327008	DPPH radical scavenging activity	2008	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 71, Issue:1	Gentisyl alcohol derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium terrestre.
AID733736	Antioxidant activity assessed as nitric oxide scavenging activity after 2.5 hrs by Griess assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 62	Synthesis, anticancer and antioxidant activities of 2,4,5-trimethoxy chalcones and analogues from asaronaldehyde: structure-activity relationship.
AID1264277	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml after 30 mins by spectrophotometric assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 104	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some new fluorine containing hydroxypyrazolines as potential anticancer and antioxidant agents.
AID1851303	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity by absorbance based analysis	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-15, Volume: 70	Anti-inflammatory and anticancer p-terphenyl derivatives from fungi of the genus Thelephora.
AID1867443	Induction of ROS generation in fluconazole resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae overexpressing CgCdr1p transporter assessed as increase in ROS level incubated for 90 mins by DCFH-DA dye based fluorescence assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-01, Volume: 63	Effects of β-lapachone and β-nor-lapachone on multidrug efflux transporters and biofilms of Candida glabrata.
AID1428664	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrophotometric method	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	Novel flavonolignan hybrid antioxidants: From enzymatic preparation to molecular rationalization.
AID652740	Antioxidant activity using deaerated 1 M ethanol as substrate assessed as hydroxy radical additive level at 1 mmol/L after gamma-irradiation	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Radical-regulating and antiviral properties of ascorbic acid and its derivatives.
AID1169847	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins	2014	Journal of natural products, Nov-26, Volume: 77, Issue:11	Chlorinated polyketide obtained from a Daldinia sp. treated with the epigenetic modifier suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid.
AID598280	Antioxidant activity in rat liver homogenates assessed as inhibition of iron-ascorbic acid mix-induced lipid peroxidation after 30 mins by TBARS assay	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Synthesis of chromone carboxamide derivatives with antioxidative and calpain inhibitory properties.
AID1360871	Antioxidant activity assessed as ferric ion reduction by measuring FeSO4 equivalents reducing Fe3+-TPTZ to Fe2+-TPTZ at 10 ug/ml after 25 mins by FRAP assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 155	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new coumarins bearing 2,4-diaminothiazole-5-carbonyl moiety.
AID1439804	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 20 mins by UV/VIS Spectrophotometric method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Biologically active perspective synthesis of heteroannulated 8-nitroquinolines with green chemistry approach.
AID1178159	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as reduction in absorbance of DPPH after 60 mins incubation at 35 uM by DPPH radical scavenging /microplate assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 22, Issue:9	Synthesis, antioxidant and photoprotection activities of hybrid derivatives useful to prevent skin cancer.
AID652733	Antioxidant activity using 1M ethanol as substrate assessed as H2O2 level at 1 mmol/L after gamma-irradiation by spectrophotometry (Rvb = 2.73 +/- 0.18 10'7 mol/J)	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Radical-regulating and antiviral properties of ascorbic acid and its derivatives.
AID502055	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	InCl3 mediated one-pot multicomponent synthesis, anti-microbial, antioxidant and anticancer evaluation of 3-pyranyl indole derivatives.
AID1428668	Antioxidant activity against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipoperoxidation in rat liver microsomal membranes at 50 uM preincubated for 10 mins followed by tert-butyl hydroperoxide addition measured after 60 mins by TBARS assay relative to control	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	Novel flavonolignan hybrid antioxidants: From enzymatic preparation to molecular rationalization.
AID619975	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 46, Issue:10	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of oxazolyl/thiazolylsulfonylmethyl pyrazoles and isoxazoles.
AID309192	DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 17, Issue:19	Synthetic tyrosyl gallate derivatives as potent melanin formation inhibitors.
AID1248049	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation after 3 hrs by TBA-MDA test	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19	Synthesis, electronic properties, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of some new benzimidazoles.
AID374240	Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat erythrocytes assessed as ABTS-induced hemolysis after 1 hr	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 44, Issue:4	New acyclic nucleosides analogues as potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial derived from pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolines.
AID598648	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 10 ug/ml by UV-visible spectrophotometry	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 21, Issue:12	Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of new substituted bis(1,3,4-oxadiazoles), 3,5-bis(substituted) pyrazoles and isoxazoles.
AID1155577	Aqueous stability of the compound in at 2 uM in 10 mM aqueous ammonium bicarbonate at pH 7.9 assessed as formation of trans-6-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxo-5-hexenal measured as residual amount of compound by reversed phase liquid chromatography	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 57, Issue:13	SAR studies on curcumin's pro-inflammatory targets: discovery of prenylated pyrazolocurcuminoids as potent and selective novel inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase.
AID1405936	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156	Current progress on antioxidants incorporating the pyrazole core.
AID1464784	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins under dark condition by UV-vis spectrophotometric method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 27, Issue:20	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 8-substituted-6-hydrazonoindolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-12(6H)-one scaffolds as potential cytotoxic agents: IDO-1 targeting molecular docking studies.
AID351092	Antioxidant activity against FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate assessed as inhibition of malondialdehyde release after 1 hr by thiobarbituric acid assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9	Preparation of two sets of 5,6,7-trioxygenated dihydroflavonol derivatives as free radical scavengers and neuronal cell protectors to oxidative damage.
AID1882616	Inhibition of jack bean urease	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 234	An overview on the synthetic urease inhibitors with structure-activity relationship and molecular docking.
AID1762405	Inhibition of equine serum BuChE using butyrylcholine iodide as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition by Ellman's method	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 218	Novel potent bifunctional carboxylesterase inhibitors based on a polyfluoroalkyl-2-imino-1,3-dione scaffold.
AID670405	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14	Synthesis, biological evaluation of 5-carbomethoxymethyl-7-hydroxy-2-pentylchromone, 5-carboethoxymethyl-4',7-dihydroxyflavone and their analogues.
AID693504	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH free radical production at 100 ug/mL after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 58	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole tagged thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.
AID736835	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 20 uM	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3	Structure-activity relationship study of vitamin k derivatives yields highly potent neuroprotective agents.
AID447537	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS free radical scavenging activity by radical cation discoloration assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14	Synthesis, antioxidant properties and radioprotective effects of new benzothiazoles and thiadiazoles.
AID351090	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometry	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9	Preparation of two sets of 5,6,7-trioxygenated dihydroflavonol derivatives as free radical scavengers and neuronal cell protectors to oxidative damage.
AID619978	Antioxidant activity assessed as nitric oxide scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml after 150 mins by Griess method relative to control	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 46, Issue:10	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of oxazolyl/thiazolylsulfonylmethyl pyrazoles and isoxazoles.
AID1858994	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227	Role of basic aminoalkyl chains in the lead optimization of Indoloquinoline alkaloids.
AID1366174	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 100 ug/ml after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Design and synthesis of benzimidazole-based Rho kinase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma.
AID670408	Antioxidant activity in erythrocytes assessed as inhibition of hemolysis	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14	Synthesis, biological evaluation of 5-carbomethoxymethyl-7-hydroxy-2-pentylchromone, 5-carboethoxymethyl-4',7-dihydroxyflavone and their analogues.
AID754977	Inhibition of human leukocyte 5-LOX pseudoperoxidase activity assessed as reduction of active ferric ion to inactive ferrous state measured decomposition of 13-(S)-HPODE at 40 uM after 30 mins by iron-xylenol orange staining assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13	Pseudoperoxidase investigations of hydroperoxides and inhibitors with human lipoxygenases.
AID754974	Inhibition of N-terminal His6-tagged human prostate epithelial 15-LOX2 pseudoperoxidase activity assessed as reduction of active ferric ion to inactive ferrous state measured decomposition of 13-(S)-HPODE at 40 uM after 30 mins by iron-xylenol orange stai	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13	Pseudoperoxidase investigations of hydroperoxides and inhibitors with human lipoxygenases.
AID678493	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 uM after 20 mins by spectrophotometry	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 22, Issue:18	Synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking studies of 3-(substituted)-aryl-5-(9-methyl-3-carbazole)-1H-2-pyrazolines as potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.
AID1585457	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 10 mins	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 26, Issue:23-24	Dimeric cinnamoylamide analogues for regulation of tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells: A role of diamide-link chain length.
AID1497073	Antiglycation activity in bovine serum albumin assessed as inhibition of advanced glycated end product formation after 24 hrs in presence of alpha-D-glucose by fluorescence assay	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 26, Issue:12	Antidiabetic potential of phytochemicals isolated from the stem bark of Myristica fatua Houtt. var. magnifica (Bedd.) Sinclair.
AID502061	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity at 200 ug/ml	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	InCl3 mediated one-pot multicomponent synthesis, anti-microbial, antioxidant and anticancer evaluation of 3-pyranyl indole derivatives.
AID437950	Antioxidant activity in Wistar rat brain assessed as catalase content	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of phosphorylated derivatives of galanthamine.
AID1430035	Antioxidant activity assessed as DDQ radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-01, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Synthesis of new chromeno-carbamodithioate derivatives and preliminary evaluation of their antioxidant activity and molecular docking studies.
AID16878	The reaction rate constant(K) by measuring competition with nitroblue tetrazolium of the superoxide radicals formed by xanthine oxidase/xanthine	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 38, Issue:15	Cardioselective ammonium, phosphonium, and sulfonium analogues of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid that inhibit in vitro and ex vivo lipid peroxidation and scavenge superoxide radicals.
AID1875640	Immunomodulatory activity in IL-17A Katushka/IL-10eGFP/Foxp3RFP reporter mouse cell trace violet-labelled CD4+ T cell derived TGF-beta1/IL-6/IL-23-polarized Th17 cells assessed as increase in IL-10/IL-17 positive cell population at 5 to 20 uM measured aft	2022	Journal of natural products, 11-25, Volume: 85, Issue:11	Cellular Stress-Induced Metabolites in
AID486892	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 8 hrs	2010	Journal of natural products, Jun-25, Volume: 73, Issue:6	Dihydro-beta-agarofuran sesquiterpenes and pentacyclic triterpenoids from the root bark of Osyris lanceolata.
AID375989	Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide anion scavenging activity by xanthine oxidase oxidation system relative to control	2006	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 69, Issue:4	Vanillic acid glycoside and quinic acid derivatives from Gardeniae Fructus.
AID592649	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 19, Issue:7	Synthesis and anti-melanogenic activity of hydroxyphenyl benzyl ether analogues.
AID292585	DPPH radical scavenging activity at 25 uM	2007	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 70, Issue:7	Kadsuphilols A-H, oxygenated lignans from Kadsura philippinensis.
AID1810880	Inhibition of human BChE using butyrylthiocholine iodide as substrate incubated for 20 mins followed by substrate addition by Ellman's method
AID36969	Inhibition of Alpha-amylase	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-07, Volume: 8, Issue:13	Ascorbic acid-based inhibitors of alpha-amylases.
AID1610139	Antiproliferative activity against human SW620 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Antitumor and antiviral activities of 4-substituted 1,2,3-triazolyl-2,3-dibenzyl-L-ascorbic acid derivatives.
AID614063	Inhibition of bovine testes hyaluronidase at 80 uM after 30 mins at pH 5 by turbidimetric analysis	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9	Design of benzimidazole- and benzoxazole-2-thione derivatives as inhibitors of bacterial hyaluronan lyase.
AID442292	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity by microplate reader assay	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Synthesis, anti-HCV, antioxidant, and peroxynitrite inhibitory activity of fused benzosuberone derivatives.
AID722253	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity in ethanol solution at 10 ug/mL	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of thymol and carvacrol based Schiff bases.
AID764764	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 30 uM after 30 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17	Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of (E)-3,4-dihydroxy styryl sulfonamides derivatives as multifunctional neuroprotective agents against oxidative and inflammatory injury.
AID652742	Antioxidant activity using deaerated 3 M ethylene glycol as substrate assessed as hydroxy radical additive level at 1 mmol/L after gamma-irradiation	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Radical-regulating and antiviral properties of ascorbic acid and its derivatives.
AID689838	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2012	Journal of natural products, Oct-26, Volume: 75, Issue:10	Diarylcyclopentendione metabolite obtained from a Preussia typharum isolate procured using an unconventional cultivation approach.
AID1453460	Antioxidant activity of the compound in phosphate buffer at pH 6.6 assessed as potassium ferric cyanide ion reducing activity at 10 umol/ml after 20 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	Synthesis of methanesulphonamido-benzimidazole derivatives as gastro-sparing antiinflammatory agents with antioxidant effect.
AID1313280	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 40 ug/ml after 20 mins by spectrophotometry relative to control	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 26, Issue:15	Synthesis of lignan conjugates via cyclopropanation: Antimicrobial and antioxidant studies.
AID1743181	Antioxidant activity in human erythrocytes assessed as protection against AAPH-induced hemolysis at 400 uM preincubated for 20 mins followed by AAPH addition and measured after 2 hrs by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208	Multiple biological active 4-aminopyrazoles containing trifluoromethyl and their 4-nitroso-precursors: Synthesis and evaluation.
AID670407	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as inhibition of lipid peroxidation	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14	Synthesis, biological evaluation of 5-carbomethoxymethyl-7-hydroxy-2-pentylchromone, 5-carboethoxymethyl-4',7-dihydroxyflavone and their analogues.
AID497113	Antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical assessed as compound able to consume half the amount of free radical after 1 hr	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 18, Issue:15	Synthesis and biological evaluation of arylidene analogues of Meldrum's acid as a new class of antimalarial and antioxidant agents.
AID403405	Antioxidant activity in rat brain assessed as malondialdehyde level at 568 uM by thiobarbituric acid method	2005	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 68, Issue:8	Neuroprotective and antioxidant activity of compounds from the aerial parts of Dioscorea opposita.
AID492088	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 18, Issue:14	(-)-N-Formylanonaine from Michelia alba as a human tyrosinase inhibitor and antioxidant.
AID1635488	Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as cell viability at 40 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 59, Issue:12	Benzylpiperidine-Linked Diarylthiazoles as Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Agents: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.
AID1377034	Lipophilicity, log P of the compound	2017	Journal of natural products, 06-23, Volume: 80, Issue:6	Derivatives of the Lignan 7'-Hydroxymatairesinol with Antioxidant Properties and Enhanced Lipophilicity.
AID767447	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 67	Regioselective synthesis of phenanthrenes and evaluation of their anti-oxidant based anti-inflammatory potential.
AID1268018	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 75 ug/ml after 20 mins by UV-vis spectrophotometry analysis	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 26, Issue:2	Synthesis of novel coumarin appended bis(formylpyrazole) derivatives: Studies on their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
AID722704	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometry	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Design, synthesis and inhibitory activities of naringenin derivatives on human colon cancer cells.
AID496821	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1309171	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16	Ionophoric polyphenols selectively bind Cu(2+), display potent antioxidant and anti-amyloidogenic properties, and are non-toxic toward Tetrahymena thermophila.
AID1250855	Inhibition of rat intestinal Sucrase using sucrose as substrate assessed as glucose release after 40 mins by glucose oxidase method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	New arylalkanones from Horsfieldia macrobotrys, effective antidiabetic agents concomitantly inhibiting α-glucosidase and free radicals.
AID496818	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1405921	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity relative to control	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156	Current progress on antioxidants incorporating the pyrazole core.
AID1506519	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins	2017	MedChemComm, Feb-01, Volume: 8, Issue:2	Synthesis, characterization, solubilization, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of aminomethylated dihydroquercetin.
AID1352198	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH radical formation after 30 mins	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 145	Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies of new 3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol/isoxazol-5-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-indole derivatives as potent antioxidants and 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors.
AID1288029	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity by UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 26, Issue:7	Biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of new curcuminoid derivatives: Synthesis and characterization.
AID1126575	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity after 15 mins	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-06, Volume: 78	Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-dehydrodipeptidyl-N,N'-dicyclohexylurea analogs.
AID1173788	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 22, Issue:23	Antioxidant and antimicrobial studies on fused-ring pyrazolones and isoxazolones.
AID1506525	Reducing power of the compound assessed as reducing Fe3+ power at 0.15 to 1.2 mM using potassium ferricyanide in pH 6.6 KH2PO4-K2HPO4 buffer by UV spectrophotometry	2017	MedChemComm, Feb-01, Volume: 8, Issue:2	Synthesis, characterization, solubilization, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of aminomethylated dihydroquercetin.
AID652746	Antioxidant activity using deaerated 0.1 M alpha-glycerophosphate as substrate assessed as hydroxy radical level at 1 mmol/L after gamma-irradiation	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Radical-regulating and antiviral properties of ascorbic acid and its derivatives.
AID548960	Antioxidant activity of the compound assessed as reducing activity of DPPH at 0.1 mM after 20 mins	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23	Does conjugation of antioxidants improve their antioxidative/anti-inflammatory potential?
AID767448	Antioxidant activity assessed as galvinoxyl free radical scavenging activity after 20 mins	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 67	Regioselective synthesis of phenanthrenes and evaluation of their anti-oxidant based anti-inflammatory potential.
AID1326485	Pro-oxidant activity as bleomycin-Fe2+ induced calf thymus DNA damage measured as absorbance at 2 mM after 1 hr by thiobarbituric acid-based assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Combinatorial synthesis, in silico, molecular and biochemical studies of tetrazole-derived organic selenides with increased selectivity against hepatocellular carcinoma.
AID1155643	Antioxidant activity assessed as 150 uM DPPH free radical scavenging activity under dark condition after 30 mins by microplate reader analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Lignans from the fruit of Schisandra glaucescens with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties.
AID549275	Cytotoxicity against mouse B16 cells up to 100 ug/ml after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Nov-29, Volume: 73, Issue:11	Inhibition of melanogenesis and oxidation by protocatechuic acid from Origanum vulgare (oregano).
AID1202778	Antioxidant activity assessed as H2O2 scavenging activity after 15 mins	2015	Journal of natural products, Feb-27, Volume: 78, Issue:2	Antioxidative compounds from Garcinia buchananii stem bark.
AID626499	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity after 1 hr by spectrophotometric analysis	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Synthesis and antioxidant activities of novel 4-Schiff base-7-benzyloxy-coumarin derivatives.
AID1382194	Antioxidant activity assessed as ferric ion reduction by measuring FeSO4 equivalents reducing Fe3+-TPTZ to Fe2+-TPTZ measured every 15 secs for 4 mins by FRAP assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146	Regioselective synthesis of 7-O-esters of the flavonolignan silibinin and SARs lead to compounds with overadditive neuroprotective effects.
AID195224	The compound was tested for the stimulation of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes induced by [Fe2+] at a concentration of 10E-5 M.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7	3-O-alkylascorbic acids as free-radical quenchers: synthesis and inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation.
AID1730966	Antioxidant activity assessed as hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity at 50 ug/ml (Rvb = 23.6 to 43.1 %)	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 36	Structure based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazole derivatives targeting dihydropteroate synthase enzyme.
AID1784505	Antioxidant activity assessed as free radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins under dark condition by DPPH assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-05, Volume: 225	From virtual screening hits targeting a cryptic pocket in BACE-1 to a nontoxic brain permeable multitarget anti-Alzheimer lead with disease-modifying and cognition-enhancing effects.
AID1668231	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 30, Issue:12	Synthesis of novel of 2, 5-disubstituted 1, 3, 4- oxadiazole derivatives and their in vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant evaluation, and molecular docking study.
AID363319	Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced evans blue bleaching at 50 uM	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 43, Issue:6	Synthesis and biological activities of a series of 4,5-diaryl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanones.
AID1487481	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 20 ug/ml after 15 mins by spectrophotometric method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16	Synthesis, antioxidant, antifungal, molecular docking and ADMET studies of some thiazolyl hydrazones.
AID496826	Antimicrobial activity against Entamoeba histolytica	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID614052	Inhibition of bovine testes hyaluronidase at 49 uM after 30 mins at pH 5 by turbidimetric analysis	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9	Design of benzimidazole- and benzoxazole-2-thione derivatives as inhibitors of bacterial hyaluronan lyase.
AID772993	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalents of ABTS radical scavenging activity at pH 7.4 by spectrophotometry	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 68	Chemopreventive and antioxidant activity of 6-substituted imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1227882	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 10 mins by spectrophotomteric analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Anti-inflammatory and antitumor phenylpropanoid sucrosides from the seeds of Raphanus sativus.
AID615464	Antioxidant activity assessed as nitric oxide radical scavenging activity after 150 mins	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Novel dihydropyrimidines and its pyrazole derivatives: synthesis and pharmacological screening.
AID1549512	Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 169	Anticancer activity, dual prooxidant/antioxidant effect and apoptosis induction profile of new bichalcophene-5-carboxamidines.
AID1347860	Growth inhibition of mouse B16 cells at 25 uM after 48 hrs by SRB assay relative to control	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel dihydrostilbene derivatives as potential anti-melanogenic skin-protecting agents.
AID1704055	Antioxidant activity assessed as radical scavenging activity measured after 30 mins by DPPH assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 204	Synthesis, inhibitory activity and in silico docking of dual COX/5-LOX inhibitors with quinone and resorcinol core.
AID1183315	Nitric oxide scavenging activity by naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride based Griesse-Ilosavay method	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84	Zwitterionic pyrimidinium adducts as antioxidants with therapeutic potential as nitric oxide scavenger.
AID722249	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity in ethanol solution at 100 ug/mL	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of thymol and carvacrol based Schiff bases.
AID1384553	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity incubated under dark condition for 30 mins	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Design and synthesis of novel pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazoles: 7-Chloro-2-oxo-3a-(2'-oxo-2',3'-dihydro-1'H-indol-3'-yl)-2,3,3a,4,5,10-hexahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-a]carbazole-1-carbonitrile as an efficient anticancer agent.
AID567050	Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of ABTS radical at 0.1 mM	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1	Design, synthesis and pharmacobiological evaluation of novel acrylic acid derivatives acting as lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
AID511051	Antioxidant activity assessed as nitric oxide scavenging activity at 100 uM after 120 min by Griess assay	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 45, Issue:9	Synthesis and bioassay of aminosulfonyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and their interconversion to 1,3,4-thiadiazoles.
AID228869	Free radical scavenging assessed as 50% reduction in DPPH absorbance (516 nm)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Synthesis and characterization of a series of novel monoacylated ascorbic acid derivatives, 6-O-acyl-2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acids, as skin antioxidants.
AID594792	Antioxidant activity assessed as xanthine-xanthine oxidase generated superoxide anion scavenging after 20 mins	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10	Synthesis of cinnamoyl ketoamides as hybrid structures of antioxidants and calpain inhibitors.
AID722251	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity in ethanol solution at 25 ug/mL	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Synthesis and antioxidant activity of thymol and carvacrol based Schiff bases.
AID1453459	Antioxidant activity of the compound in phosphate buffer at pH 6.6 assessed as potassium ferric cyanide ion reducing activity at 5 umol/ml after 20 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	Synthesis of methanesulphonamido-benzimidazole derivatives as gastro-sparing antiinflammatory agents with antioxidant effect.
AID1530292	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1 mM after 30 mins by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Synthesis of cinnamic amide derivatives and their anti-melanogenic effect in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells.
AID1555978	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 uM incubated for 2 hrs under dark condition relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 177	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of rutacecarpine derivatives as multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1428670	Antiradical activity assessed as gallic acid equivalents of Foline-Ciocalteu reagent reducing capacity at 1 mM preincubated for 5 mins followed by Na2CO3 addition measured after 90 mins in presence of silybin	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	Novel flavonolignan hybrid antioxidants: From enzymatic preparation to molecular rationalization.
AID701010	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 uM	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 54, Issue:13	Discovery and biological evaluation of a novel class of dual microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1/5-lipoxygenase inhibitors based on 2-[(4,6-diphenethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)thio]hexanoic acid.
AID1238055	Antioxidant activity assessed as nitric oxide radical scavenging activity at 500 uM incubated for 60 mins with light exposure at room temperature by Griess assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16	Nitric oxide inhibitory activity and antioxidant evaluations of 2-benzoyl-6-benzylidenecyclohexanone analogs, a novel series of curcuminoid and diarylpentanoid derivatives.
AID1193492	Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility, log S of the compound in water at RT after 4 hrs by 96 well plate method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7	Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility measurements in simulated fluids by 96-well plate method in early drug discovery.
AID549274	Antioxidant activity in mouse BNL-CL2 cells assessed as inhibition of H2O2-induced ROS production at 20 ug/ml by DCFHDA assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Nov-29, Volume: 73, Issue:11	Inhibition of melanogenesis and oxidation by protocatechuic acid from Origanum vulgare (oregano).
AID594174	Antioxidant activity in rat erythrocytes assessed as inhibition of peroxyl radicals-induced hemolysis at 2 mM after 2 hrs	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Synthesis, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-hemolytic and cytotoxic evaluation of new imidazole-based heterocycles.
AID1366172	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 25 ug/ml after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Design and synthesis of benzimidazole-based Rho kinase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma.
AID1155644	Antioxidant activity assessed as 300 uM DPPH free radical scavenging activity under dark condition after 30 mins by microplate reader analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Lignans from the fruit of Schisandra glaucescens with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties.
AID468431	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins	2009	Journal of natural products, Oct, Volume: 72, Issue:10	Lipocarbazoles, secondary metabolites from Tsukamurella pseudospumae Acta 1857 with antioxidative activity.
AID1428680	Cytoprotective activity against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced decrease in cell viability in human HepG2 cells at 5 uM pretreated for 1 hr followed by co-treatment with tert-butyl hydroperoxide for 3 hrs in presence of silybin by MTT assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 127	Novel flavonolignan hybrid antioxidants: From enzymatic preparation to molecular rationalization.

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	15548 (37.09)	18.7374
1990's	5608 (13.38)	18.2507
2000's	8696 (20.74)	29.6817
2010's	8915 (21.26)	24.3611
2020's	3157 (7.53)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	2,497 (5.52%)	5.53%
Reviews	2,694 (5.95%)	6.00%
Case Studies	804 (1.78%)	4.05%
Observational	50 (0.11%)	0.25%
Other	39,216 (86.64%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Comparative Evaluation of Vitamin C and Injectable-platelet Rich Fibrin in the Management of Thin Gingival Phenotype: A Split-mouth Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT05841303]	Phase 4	13 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-01	Not yet recruiting
A Phase 1, Single-Dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers [NCT02534753]	Phase 1	8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Local Vasoconstriction in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome [NCT01210430]	Early Phase 1	74 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Completed
Phase II Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled 1-way Crossover Trial to Investigate Safety and Efficacy of the Ascorbic Acid and Tocopherol for the Treatment of the Fragile X Syndrome [NCT01329770]	Phase 2	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-12-31	Completed
The Effect of Antioxidant Vitamin Supplementation on Muscle Performance and Redox Status After Eccentric Training [NCT01290458]		28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Completed
The Effect of a Mixture of Micellized Curcumin/Boswellia Serrata/Ascorbic Acid on Health-related Quality of Life in Patients With Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome. [NCT05150782]		32 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-17	Not yet recruiting
Clinical Outcomes of Intravenous Vitamin C Synergy With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations [NCT03799094]	Phase 1/Phase 2	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-12-05	Recruiting
Differences by Sex and Genotype in the Effects of Stress on Executive Functions [NCT04273880]	Phase 1	146 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-04-28	Recruiting
Comparison of Bioavailability of Liposomal and Traditional Formulation of Vitamin C [NCT05843617]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-02-28	Completed
SIMCAP (Surgery in Metastatic Carcinoma of Prostate): Phase 2.5 Multi-Institution Randomized Prospective Clinical Trial Evaluating the Impact of Cytoreductive Radical Prostatectomy Combined With Best Systemic Therapy on Oncologic and Quality of Life Outco [NCT03456843]	Phase 2	190 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-03-14	Recruiting
Optimization of the Bowel Preparation Regimen for Colon Capsule Endoscopy Procedure [NCT05726097]	Phase 3	147 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-01	Recruiting
Influence Of Endothelial Function On Central and Peripheral Causes Of Exercise Impairment In Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00786019]		47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Completed
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarat 300 mg - Phyllanthus Urinaria 300mg - Adenosma Glutinosum 150mg - Eclipta Prostrata 150mg, Ascorbic Acid 500 mg Daily is Effective in the Long-term Treatment of Chronic and Acute Hepatitis B. [NCT01198860]		0 participants	Expanded Access		Approved for marketing
Administration of Intravenous Vitamin C in Novel Coronavirus Infection and Decreased Oxygenation (AVoCaDO): A Phase I/II Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy Clinical Trial [NCT04357782]	Phase 1/Phase 2	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-16	Completed
The Effect of Vitamin C on Wound Healing In Mandibular Fracture Patients: A Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03938584]		45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-12	Completed
Vitamin C Supplementation Intervention for Patients With Heart Failure-A Pilot Study [NCT04036110]		36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-14	Completed
Pilot Study for Determining the Impact of Ascorbic Acid Treatment on the Development and Treatment of Vasodilation in Cardiac Surgery [NCT03744702]	Early Phase 1	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-28	Completed
Intermittent Androgen Deprivation Therapy in the Era of AR Pathway Inhibitors; a Phase 3 Pragmatic Randomized Trial. [NCT05974774]	Phase 3	1,600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-15	Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Their Combination for Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome in Hemodialysis Patients: a Randomized Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT01125033]	Phase 2/Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
Evaluation of the Impact of Ascorbic Acid in the Prevention of Vancomycin Induced Nephrotoxicity [NCT03921099]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-01-17	Recruiting
Prospective Placebo-Controlled Double-Blinded Trial for High-Dose Vitamin C Administration During the Acute Resuscitative Phase of Severe Thermal Injuries [NCT01587261]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to This potential study was held up at the level of the FDA as they wouldn't approve and IND for the dose of vitamin C we wanted to use.)
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Dose-ranging Study of OPK-88004 Once-a-day Dosing for 16 Weeks in Men With Signs and Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia [NCT03297398]	Phase 2	114 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-21	Terminated(stopped due to study terminated by sponsor decision)
Docetaxel Plus 6-month Androgen Suppression and Radiation Therapy Versus 6-month Androgen Suppression and Radiation Therapy for Patients With High Risk Localized or Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00116142]	Phase 3	350 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-06-30	Completed
The Effect of Vitamin c on Preventing Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS Type I) Following Ankle Fracture, Prospective Double Blind Study [NCT01338129]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Ascorbic Acid Versus Diode Laser in the Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation: Histological and Clinical Randomized Study [NCT03252418]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-07	Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Two Different High-dose Regimens of Intravenous Vitamin C in Critically Ill Patients [NCT02455180]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Completed
Effects of Long-term Vitamin C+E and Statin Therapy on Vasospasm Improvement and Regression of Atheroma in Patients With Variant Angina [NCT03228238]	Phase 4	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-09-01	Recruiting
The Effect of Vitamin C on Quality of Life of Terminal Cancer Patients [NCT03224572]	Phase 1/Phase 2	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Efficiency and Tolerance of Sodium Picosulphate/ Magnesium Citrate, Polyethylene Glycol/Ascorbate and Oral Sulfate Solution Before Colonoscopy [NCT03698474]	Phase 4	612 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-25	Completed
Balloon Angioplasty of Dialysis AV Fistulae: Effect of Local Delivery of Inhibitors of Lysyl Oxidase (LysoLox) on Serial Angioplasty and Time to Restenosis [NCT03106948]	Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-02-01	Recruiting
Vitamins B1 and C to Improve Outcomes in Patients With Severe Sepsis [NCT03592277]	Phase 2	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-14	Completed
Evaluating Vitamin C in Septic Shock: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT03338569]	Phase 2/Phase 3	125 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-20	Completed
Adjunctive Intravenous Ascorbic Acid for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05849129]	Phase 2	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-02-01	Not yet recruiting
The Impact of Intravenous Vitamin C Combined With Nerve Blocks on Postoperative Pain and Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty. [NCT05514197]		69 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-06-01	Completed
Translation of in Vitro and in Vivo Ascorbate Research Into a New Treatment Option for Pancreatic Cancer: Phase I/IIa Clinical Trial [NCT01364805]	Phase 1	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-04-30	Completed
Outcomes of Metabolic Resuscitation Using Ascorbic Acid, Thiamine, and Glucocorticoids in the Early Treatment of Sepsis. [NCT03422159]	Phase 2	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-05	Completed
Ascorbic Ccid, Hydrocortisone, and Thiamine in Sepsis and Septic Shock - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT03389555]	Phase 2/Phase 3	205 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-09	Completed
Randomized, Phase II Trial of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) as an Adjunct to Pazopanib in the First-Line or Post-Immunotherapy Setting for Metastatic or Unresectable Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) [NCT03334409]	Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-16	Terminated(stopped due to Due to loss of funding from the private foundation source)
The Effect Of Hyaluronic Acid And Melatonin With Systemic Administration of Vitamin C On Implant Stability After Immediate Implant Placement in Anterior and Premolar Region in Systemically Healthy Patients [NCT03804177]	Phase 4	24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-02-10	Not yet recruiting
Vitamin C for the Prevention of UTI in Women Who Undergo Elective GYN Surgeries: a Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03800667]	Early Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-08	Withdrawn(stopped due to No funds)
The Role of a Single Oral Dose (2g) of Vitamin C in Reducing Intensity of Pain and Opioids Consumption in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Study [NCT01322061]	Phase 4	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Completed
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Antioxidants to Prevent Preeclampsia and An Observational Cohort Study to Predict Preeclampsia [NCT00135707]	Phase 3	10,154 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-06-30	Completed
A 4-month, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Intervention of Antioxidant Supplementation in Overweight Children Enrolled in an Outpatient Weight-loss Program: Effects on Oxidative and Inflammatory Markers, Hepcidin, Iron Status, and Components [NCT01316081]		45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Completed
Effect of Oral Vitamin C on The Inflammatory Biomarkers in Hemodialysis [NCT01356433]	Phase 4	128 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
Phase IB/II Trial of High Dose Ascorbic Acid (AA) + Nanoparticle Paclitaxel Protein Bound + Cisplatin + Gemcitabine (AA NABPLAGEM) in Patients Who Have No Prior Therapy for Their Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer [NCT03697239]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to FDA indicated the same study could not be conducted under multiple INDs)
Outcomes of Septic Shock Patients Treated With a Metabolic Resuscitation Bundle Consisting of Intravenous Hydrocortisone, Ascorbic Acid and Thiamine. [NCT03913468]		206 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-01-01	Completed
Obesity, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress [NCT01028976]	Phase 3	512 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
The Effect of Prebiotics on Iron Absorption in Women With Low Iron Stores: Determination of a Dose-dependent Effect of Galacto-oligosaccharides on Iron Absorption, With and Without Addition of Ascorbic Acid [NCT03762148]		46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-01	Completed
Combination Therapy of Vitamin C and Thiamine for Septic Shock: Multi-center, Double-blinded, Randomized, Controlled Study [NCT03756220]	Phase 2	116 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-12-01	Completed
Chronotherapeutic Use of Vitamin C to Reduce Morning Cardiovascular Risk [NCT03290612]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-13	Completed
A Multi-center, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Adaptive Clinical Trial of Vitamin C, Thiamine and Steroids as Combination Therapy in Patients With Sepsis. [NCT03509350]	Phase 3	501 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-22	Completed
The VitamIn C, HydrocorTisone and ThiAMINe in Patients With Septic Shock Trial (VITAMINS Trial) - A Prospective, Feasibility, Pilot, Multi-centre, Randomised, Open-label Controlled Trial [NCT03333278]	Phase 2	216 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-02	Completed
A Phase 1/2 Study of Ixazomib as a Replacement for Bortezomib or Carfilzomib for Multiple Myeloma (MM) Patients Recently Relapsed or Refractory to Their Last Combination Regimen Containing Either Bortezomib or Carfilzomib [NCT02206425]	Phase 1/Phase 2	45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
Treatment of Non-Anemic Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy: a Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial [NCT05423249]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-12	Recruiting
Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine for Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) to Prevent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection Among Adults Exposed to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Blinded, Randomized Study [NCT04328961]	Phase 2/Phase 3	943 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-31	Completed
Prospective Double Blind Study of the Effect of Intravenous High Dose Ascorbic Acid in Women Receiving Adjuvant or Neo-Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Early Stage Breast Cancer [NCT02521077]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Manufacturer unwilling to provide information needed for IND application.)
"Influence of High Vitamin C Dose on Lactate During Extracorporeal Circulation for Heart Surgery and During the 24 Hours Thereafter. (Double Blind Prospective Randomised Study)" [NCT04046861]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-01	Not yet recruiting
Targeting TET2 Mutations in Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) With Azacitidine and Ascorbic Acid [NCT03397173]	Phase 2	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-16	Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Colon Cleansing Quality of Polyethylene Glycol Compared With Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid in Patients With Past Poor Colonic Preparation [NCT02073552]	Phase 4	472 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Completed
Comparative and Additive Effects of Fish Oil and Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction and Airway Inflammation in Asthma [NCT01057615]	Phase 1	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
The Efficacy of Perioperative Parenteral Ascorbic Acid in Reducing Oxidative Stress Among Patients Undergoing Free Flap Reconstructive Surgery: A Prospective Multicenter Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial [NCT05327348]	Phase 3	34 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-25	Recruiting
Effect of Ascorbic Acid Administration on Restenosis of Dysfunctional Hemodialysis Vascular [NCT03524846]	Phase 2	93 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-04-30	Completed
Phase 1b/2 Neoadjuvant High Dose Ascorbate With Concurrent Preoperative Radiation in Patients With Locally Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcomas of Extremity, Trunk and Retroperitoneum [NCT03508726]	Phase 1/Phase 2	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-27	Active, not recruiting
Oxaloacetate Supplementation for Emotional PMS; Measuring Improvements in Depression, Anxiety, Perceived Stress, and Aggression [NCT03509714]		48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-17	Completed
Effects of Ascorbic Acid Administration in the Treatment of Anemia in Chronic Hemodialysed Patients With Iron Overload [NCT02225886]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-02-01	Recruiting
The Effect of Liposome Vitamin C on the Absorption [NCT04886752]		11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-10	Completed
Metastasis-directed Radiotherapy (MDRT) for Men With De-novo Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer Treated With Long-term Androgen Deprivation Therapy in the STAMPEDE Trial (METANOVA) [NCT06150417]	Phase 2	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-04-01	Not yet recruiting
Vitamins C and Vitamin E and Hypertrophy Adaptations to Resistance Traini [NCT04828642]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-02-01	Completed
Study of Safty and Efficacy of Adjuvant Vitamin c in Augmenting Iron Chelation [NCT02083575]	Phase 2/Phase 3	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Clinical Study of an Ascorbic Acid Derivative Dentifrice in Patients With Gingivitis [NCT02102295]	Phase 3	300 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-09-30	Completed
A Multicentre Concealed-Allocation Parallel-Group Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial to Ascertain the Effect of High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C Compared to Placebo on Mortality or Persistent Organ Dysfunction at 28 Days in Septic Intensive Care Unit Pati [NCT04404387]	Phase 3	800 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-22	Recruiting
A Study Evaluating the Therapeutic Efficacy of Tamsulosin and Tadalafil Compared to Placebo in the Treatment and Prevention of Urinary Disorders After Transperineal Prostate Biopsy [NCT05537272]	Phase 4	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-01	Enrolling by invitation
Effect of Ascorbic Acid Administration on Intraoperative Blood Loss and Wound Healing in Total Abdominal Hysterectomy [NCT03965637]	Phase 3	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-08-23	Completed
Effect of Ascorbic Acid Oral Supplementation in Assessing the Severity of Oral Mucositis in Chemo-radiation Therapy of Head and Neck Cancers. [NCT02868151]	Phase 2/Phase 3	180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Completed
Effect of Vitamin C Infusion on Coronary Reperfusion Indexes [NCT01090895]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Recruiting
A Phase II Trial of Pharmacological Ascorbate, Gemcitabine, and Nab-Paclitaxel for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer (PACMAN 2.1) [NCT02905578]	Phase 2	65 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-11-28	Active, not recruiting
Gemcitabine, Ascorbate, Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer, Phase I [NCT01852890]	Phase 1	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Active, not recruiting
A Phase I Trial of High-Dose Ascorbate in Glioblastoma Multiforme [NCT01752491]	Phase 1	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-01	Active, not recruiting
Pre-Surgical Androgen Deprivation Therapy With or Without Axitinib in Previously Untreated Prostate Cancer Patients With Known or Suspected Lymph Node Metastasis [NCT01409200]	Phase 2	73 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-26	Active, not recruiting
Early High-dose Vitamin C in Post-cardiac Arrest Syndrome [NCT03509662]	Phase 2	270 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-07	Recruiting
Vitamin C 4 Care Homes: a Pilot and Feasibility Study to Assess Daily Vitamin C Requirement of Care Home Residents [NCT05122481]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-15	Not yet recruiting
An Open-Label Pilot Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Anti-Viral Activity of High Dose Intravenous Ascorbic Acid in Patients Chronically Infected With Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1, Who Have Failed Prior Therapy With Interferon-alpha and Ribavirin [NCT01250743]		10 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Terminated
Initiation of Vitamin C, Thiamine and Hydrocortisone Therapy for Septic Shock in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03872011]	Phase 3	408 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-02-19	Completed
Phase 2 Study of High Dose Ascorbic Acid in Solid Tumor Disease [NCT01125449]	Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Suspended(stopped due to Awaiting response from FDA as to status of parenteral ascorbic acid manufactured by Bioniche (Ireland).)
Phase IB/II Trial of High Dose Ascorbic Acid (AA) + Nanoparticle Paclitaxel Protein Bound + Cisplatin + Gemcitabine (AA NABPLAGEM) in Patients Who Have Had No Prior Therapy for Their Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer [NCT03797443]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to Regulatory Review needed)
Evaluation of the Impact of Rutin and Vitamin C Combination on Oxidative Stress, Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT03437902]	Phase 2/Phase 3	53 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-24	Completed
Effect of Perioperative Application of Ascorbic Acid on Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery [NCT03756727]	Early Phase 1	110 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-12-01	Not yet recruiting
Lessening Organ Dysfunction With VITamin C (LOVIT) [NCT03680274]	Phase 3	872 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-11-08	Completed
Phase IB/II Trial of High Dose Ascorbic Acid (AA) + Nanoparticle Paclitaxel Protein Bound + Cisplatin + Gemcitabine (AA NABPLAGEM) in Patients Who Have No Prior Therapy for Their Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer [NCT03908333]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to Request to close per funding sponsor. Site not moving forward with trial.)
A Head-to-head Comparison of Efficiency and Tolerance of 4-L Polyethylene Glycol and Sodium Picosulphate/ Magnesium Citrate, Polyethylene Glycol/Ascorbate Before Colonoscopy [NCT02956057]	Phase 4	1,044 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-12	Completed
Intensive High-volume Bowel Cleansing Regimen Versus Low-volume Bowel Regimen in Patients With a High Risk of Poor Colonic Cleansing Following a Validated Predictive Score [NCT03830489]	Phase 4	260 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-02-04	Completed
Randomised, Phase III Multicenter, Open Study of Lanreotide in Non Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Patients Presenting Elevated Chromogranin A Levels [NCT01313273]	Phase 3	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to Poor enrolment)
The Effect of Subconjunctival Vitamin c on Recovery Rate and End Result From Eye Burn. [NCT00734695]	Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-07-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to couldn't recruit patients)
Randomized Phase III Trial Comparing Cabazitaxel Combination Hormone Therapy to Hormone Therapy Alone in Metastatic Prostate Cancer or High Risk Disease [NCT01978873]	Phase 3	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Recruiting
A First-in-Human Clinical Trial of Pharmacologic Ascorbate and Ferumoxytol Combined With Concomitant Temozolomide and External Beam Radiation Therapy for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma [NCT04900792]	Phase 1	12 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-28	Active, not recruiting
Phase II, Double-blind, Randomized, 1-way Cross-over, to Investigate the Effectiveness of the Combination of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and Tocopherol (Vitamin E) Versus Placebo for the Treatment of Depressive Disorders in Elderly [NCT02793648]	Phase 2	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
Effect of Ascorbic Acid as a Final Flush on Post-operative Pain After Single Visit Root Canal Treatment for Patients With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpits Related to Mandibular Molars: Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05478044]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-31	Not yet recruiting
Sideral Forte in Prosthetic Hip and Knee Surgery [NCT04078880]		82 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-12-04	Completed
HIGH-dose Intravenous VItamin C in Patients With Septic Shock: HIGH-VIS Trial [NCT04796636]	Phase 1	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-27	Recruiting
A Phase I Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Combination Therapy to Treat COVID-19 Infection [NCT04482686]	Phase 1	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-09	Active, not recruiting
Advanced ChemoHormonal Therapy for Treatment Naïve Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Apalutamide and Abiraterone Acetate With Prednisone and Androgen Deprivation Therapy After Treatment With Docetaxel and Androgen Deprivation Therapy [NCT04267887]	Phase 2	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-11	Active, not recruiting
High Dose Ascorbic Acid (HDAA) in Patients With Plasma Cell Disorders [NCT03602235]	Phase 1	9 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-03-05	Recruiting
Clinical Pilot Study on Antioxidant Uptake and Downstream Effects [NCT04463030]		24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-01	Recruiting
Evaluation of the Effect of Local Injected Vitamin C on Accelerating the Orthodontic Movement of Maxillary Canine Impaction: A Clinical Trial [NCT03260829]		12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Use of ARINA-1 in an Intermediate Size Patient Population of Bilateral Lung Transplant Patients With CLAD Grade 0 at Duke University to Improve FEV1 [NCT03226431]	Phase 1	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-11	Completed
Intravenous Iron Isomaltoside Versus Oral Iron Supplementation for Treatment of Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy: a Randomised, Comparative, Open-label Trial [NCT03188445]	Phase 4	201 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-11	Completed
Comparative Study on Effects of Sublingual Misoprostol in Addition to Standard Active Management of Third Stage of Labour in Low Risk Parturients in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja. [NCT02424201]	Early Phase 1	660 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Not yet recruiting
Phase II Study of PARP Inhibitor Olaparib and IV Ascorbate in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer [NCT05501548]	Phase 2	15 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-30	Recruiting
Phase I/II Randomized Study to Evaluate the Role of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid Supplementation to Conventional Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Women With Breast Cancer [NCT03175341]	Phase 1/Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-10-01	Not yet recruiting
Effectiveness of Doses of Vitamin c and Zinc in Patients With High Enterocutaneous Fistulas Receiving Nutrition Parenteral Therapy on Closure and Recurrence. Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT06009744]		76 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-31	Recruiting
Evaluation of the Effect of Citicoline (Cebrolux 800 mg) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Compound (BrudyPio 1.5 g) on the Visual Function of Patients With Glaucoma With a Pilot Study [NCT05527106]		73 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-12	Completed
The Effect of Acetylcysteine and Ascorbic Acid on the Prevention of Radiographic-contrast-agent Induced Reduction in Renal Function in ICU Patients. [NCT01017796]	Early Phase 1	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Colon Delivered Vitamin C on Gut Microbiota and Related Health Biomarkers in Healthy Older Adults [NCT05598619]		264 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-01	Recruiting
Hmong Microbiome ANd Gout, Obesity, Vitamin C (HMANGO-C) [NCT04938024]		135 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-28	Completed
A Phase 2 Randomized Open-label 2-Treatment 2-Sequence 2-Period Crossover PK Study to Compare Plasma Concentrations of BH4 in Subjects With Endothelial Dysfunction Following 14 Days of Treatment by 2 Regimens: 6R-BH4 With Vitamin C and 6R-BH4 Alone [NCT00532844]	Phase 2	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-09-30	Completed
Phase I/II Study of the Combination of Bortezomib With Arsenic Trioxide, Ascorbic Acid and High-Dose Melphalan for Patients With Multiple Myeloma [NCT00469209]	Phase 1/Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Completed
Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial for Community- Acquired Pneumonia [NCT02735707]	Phase 3	10,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-04-11	Recruiting
Microneedling With Vitamin C Versus Injectable Vitamin C for Depigmentation in Physiological Gingival Melanin Hyperpigmentation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT05786885]		22 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation in Autologous Stem Cell Transplantations [NCT03964688]	Phase 2	47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-12-10	Completed
Randomized, Double -Blind, Placebo Controlled, Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Zinc and Ascorbic Acid Supplementation in COVID-19 Positive Hospitalized Patients in BSMMU [NCT04558424]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-10-01	Not yet recruiting
[NCT00000555]	Phase 3	0 participants	Interventional	1996-08-31	Completed
Efficacy of High Dose Vitamin C Parenteral Supplement on Amelioration of Fatigue in Company Workers After Work: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00633581]	Phase 2/Phase 3	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Dose Escalation, Inpatient Phase I Study to Determine the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Single Oral Dose of a Combined Live, Attenuated, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (ETEC)-Cholera Vaccine (Peru-15 pCTB) [NCT00654108]	Phase 1	62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-06-02	Completed
The Effect of Hydrocortisone-Ascorbic Acid and Thiamine Therapy on the Outcome of Patients With Sepsis: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blinded Controlled Trial [NCT04160676]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-12-01	Completed
A Pilot Phase II Study of Decitabine, Arsenic Trioxide and Ascorbic Acid for Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndrome [NCT00621023]	Phase 2	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-11-30	Completed
Vitamin C Infusion for TReatment in Sepsis and Alcoholic Hepatitis [NCT03829683]	Phase 2	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-16	Completed
A Phase I Study of Bevacizumab and Intravenous Ascorbic Acid for Patients With Recurrent High Grade Glioma [NCT02833701]	Phase 1	9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Terminated
Vitamin C for the Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections in Women Who Undergo Elective Gynecological Surgeries: a Study Protocol for a Randomized Double Blinded Controlled Trial. [NCT04261036]	Early Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-20	Withdrawn(stopped due to Unfortunately, the economic crisis in Lebanon precluded utilization of available funding to recruit patients at the specified institution. No patients were recruited.)
A Phase II Study of High Dose Vitamin C Intravenous Infusion in Patients With Resectable or Metastatic Solid Tumor Malignancies [NCT03146962]	Phase 2	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-29	Completed
Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid [NCT01833351]	Phase 1	34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-31	Completed
A Phase II Trial of Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer With High Risk Features After Radical Prostatectomy [NCT03570827]	Phase 2	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-08	Active, not recruiting
Phase I - II Clinical Trial of Combination Conventional Cytotoxic Chemotherapy and Intravenous Vitamin C in Patients With Advanced Cancer or Hematologic Malignancy for Whom Cytotoxic Chemotherapy Alone is Only Marginally Effective [NCT01050621]	Phase 1/Phase 2	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Sympathetic-vascular Dysfunction in Obesity and Insulin Resistance [NCT04715022]	Phase 1/Phase 2	23 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-17	Recruiting
'A Prospective Randomized Trial to Assess the Impact of Ascorbic Acid on Outcomes and Complications Post Cardiac Surgeries'' [NCT03639519]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-04-15	Recruiting
Comparison Of The Effects Of Preoperative Melatonin Or Vitamin C Administration On Postoperative Analgesia [NCT02639741]	Phase 4	55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Completed
A Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Study to Compare the Effects of Syrup With EpiCor and Vitamin C to Syrup With Vitamin C Alone on the Common Cold or Influenza in Generally Healthy Children [NCT04093206]		221 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-22	Completed
VItamin C in Thermal injuRY: The VICToRY Trial A Phase III Multi-center Randomized Trial [NCT04138394]	Phase 3	666 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-24	Recruiting
Intravenous Vitamin C for the Prevention of Postreperfusion Syndrome in Orthotopic Liver Transplantation From Deceased Donors [NCT05754242]	Phase 2	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-17	Recruiting
Effect of Ferrous Ascorbate Versus Liposomal Iron on Hemoglobin Concentration and Iron Indices in 6 to 59 Months Age Children With Nutritional Iron-Deficiency Anemia: A Double-blinded Single Centre Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05957328]	Phase 3	96 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-31	Not yet recruiting
Evaluating Low-cost Automatic Water Disinfection Systems to Improve Water Quality and Child Health in Urban Bangladesh [NCT02606981]		1,549 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Completed
Phase II Multicenter Study of Association of Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) and Ascorbic Acid in Myelodysplastic Syndromes [NCT00803530]	Phase 2	55 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to difficulties of enrollement)
The Safety and Efficacy of a Compound Natural Health Product in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Pilot Study [NCT00704990]	Phase 2/Phase 3	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Clinical Trial to Assess the Impact of a Nutritional Supplement on the Recovery of the Nutritional Status of Elderly Patients With Spontaneous Hip Fracture [NCT04183075]		82 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-30	Not yet recruiting
Phase I-II Study of Vitamin C Infusion in Combination With Local mEHT on Non Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients [NCT02655913]	Phase 1/Phase 2	97 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Completed
In-Utero Smoke, Vitamin C, and Newborn Lung Function [NCT00632476]		282 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C ON POST-ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT RELAPSE: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL [NCT06146296]	Phase 2/Phase 3	36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-01	Recruiting
Barrow 5-ALA Intraoperative Confocal Evaluation Trial [NCT01502280]	Phase 3	127 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Completed
Ascorbic Acid Treatment for Patients With Combined Mineralocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Deficiency Secondary to Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase Mutation [NCT02838472]		3 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-06-30	Enrolling by invitation
Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation in Patients With Primary Hypothyroidism Requiring High Levothyroxine Dosage; a Randomized Control Trial [NCT05733078]	Phase 2	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Interventional Testing of Gene-environment Interactions Via the Verifomics Mobile Application [NCT02758990]		16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Terminated(stopped due to Recruiting and financial constraints)
"Effect of Ascorbic Acid and Grape Seed Extract Vitis Vinifera L. in Oxidative Stress Induced by on Pump Coronary Artery by Pass Grafting Surgery" [NCT00839085]		72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Age and Fitness on Vascular Function and Oxidative Stress During Acute Inflammation [NCT03889158]	Phase 4	35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-03-25	Terminated(stopped due to COVID-19)
Effects of Vitamin C, Thiamine and Hydrocortisone in Septic Shock: a Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT04039815]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-12-03	Enrolling by invitation
A Double Blind, Randomized, Crossover Study to Compare the Effectiveness of Montelukast on Atopic Dermatitis in Koreans [NCT00903357]		54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
Effect of Low Doses of Vitamin C on Salivary Cortisol , Heart Rate , Blood Pressure During Group Presentation [NCT04135378]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-11-01	Completed
ACADEMIC: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial of ADT Combined With Abiraterone or Docetaxel in Metastatic Hormone Sensitive Prostate Cancer [NCT03827473]	Phase 2	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-02-08	Terminated(stopped due to The trial was closed because the changing standard of care landscape, making this trial not impactful anymore.)
Assessment of the Effect of Vitamin C on Anemia in Patients With Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysi [NCT02780505]	Phase 4	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
Lead Detoxifying Effects of Ascorbic Acid Among School Going Adolescents of Karachi- A Cluster Randomized Control Trial [NCT02745873]	Phase 2/Phase 3	144 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Completed
Parenteral Ascorbic Acid Repletion in TransplantatIon (PARTI): A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT04756063]	Phase 4	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Phase I/II Trial of Arsenic Trioxide (As2O3) With Ascorbic Acid in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma [NCT00006021]	Phase 1/Phase 2	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-06-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial of Tanreqing Capsule Efficacy and Safety in the Treatment of COVID-19 (Mild and Common Type) [NCT05305456]	Phase 3	480 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-03-28	Completed
The Impact of Ascorbic Acid Therapy on Inflammatory Mediators in Cardiothoracic Surgery Patients: The Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial IV (AFIST IV) Pilot Study [NCT00519337]	Phase 4	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Completed
The Effectiveness of High-dose Intravenous Vitamin c With Very Low Carbohydrate Diet for Terminal Colon Cancer Patients [NCT04035096]	Phase 1/Phase 2	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-01-01	Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Strategies to Treat Anemia in Mexican Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT00822380]		680 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-03-31	Completed
A Phase I Trial of Ascorbic Acid and Gemcitabine for the Treatment of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer [NCT01049880]	Phase 1	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Completed
Phase II Trial of Arsenic Trioxide With Ascorbic Acid in the Treatment of Adult Non-APL Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [NCT00184054]	Phase 2	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-04-30	Terminated(stopped due to Competing studies)
Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Genetic Changes of High Dose Vitamin C Infusions in Castration Resistant Metastatic Human Prostate Cancer [NCT01080352]	Phase 2	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover Study Comparing the Tolerance of Two Forms of Vitamin C in Acid Sensitive Adults [NCT01873820]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
Evaluation of the Effect of Body Weight and Composition on Iron Absorption and Blood Volume [NCT01884506]		64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Completed
Ph 2 Trial of G-FLIP (Low Doses Gemcitabine, 5FU, Leucovorin, Irinotecan & Oxaliplatin), Followed by G-FLIP-DM (G-FLIP + Low Doses Docetaxel & MitomycinC), When Used in Combination With Vitamin C, in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer [NCT01905150]	Phase 2	34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Completed
Mechanisms of Impaired Brain Blood Flow With Aging [NCT03775382]		34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-30	Completed
A Phase II Study of Arsenic Trioxide in Combination With Thalidomide, Dexamethasone, and Ascorbic Acid [NCT00227682]	Phase 2	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to Terminated early due to funding suspension by grant sponsor.)
Percutaneous Pin Removal in the Outpatient Clinic - do Children Require Analgesia? A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01944085]		240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Completed
Effects of Nutritional Iron Absorption Enhancers and Inhibitors and Daytime on Absorption From Oral Iron Supplements [NCT05414474]		35 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-30	Not yet recruiting
a New Spark in Treating Oligorecurrent Prostate Cancer: Adding Systemic Treatment to Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy or Metastasectomy: Key to Long-lasting Event-free Survival? [NCT05352178]	Phase 3	873 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-20	Recruiting
Measuring Dietary Iron Absorption From Edible Insects and Assessing the Effect of Chitin Content on Iron Bioavailability: Stable Iron Isotope Studies in Young Women (Study 2, Xylotrupes Gideon) [NCT05328141]		11 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-20	Enrolling by invitation
Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin for Treatment and Prophylaxis of COVID-19 Pandemic [NCT04668469]		600 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-08	Completed
A Randomised, Multi-Centre, Single-Blinded, Pivotal Phase III Trial to Assess the Efficacy, Acceptability and Safety of a New 2 Litre Gut Cleansing Solution NRL994 Versus a Standard Colon Preparation With 4L PEG+E. [NCT00389233]	Phase 3	360 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-06-30	Completed
Ascorbic Acid Combined With Ibuprofen in Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT00624871]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-04-30	Completed
Phase I/II Study of Arsenic Trioxide (Trisenox), Ascorbic Acid and Bortezomib Combination Therapy in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma [NCT00590603]	Phase 1	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Terminated(stopped due to Poor accrual - terminated during Phase I; Phase II never started.)
Reducing Frailty for Older Cancer Survivors Using Supplements (ReFOCUS): A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) on Frailty and Inflammation in Older Survivors of Cancer [NCT04553666]	Phase 2	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-15	Completed
Evaluation of Combination Zinc and Green Tea Extract Supplementation on Reduction in Symptom Duration and Severity Associated With Community Respiratory Viral Infections: a Randomized Control Trial (ZiPhenol Study) [NCT04898023]	Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-09-21	Terminated(stopped due to Loss of funding)
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Acceptability of Sodium Picosulphate/Magnesium Citrate With Low-volume PEG -Ascorbic Acid as Preparation for Colonoscopy. [NCT01603654]	Phase 4	300 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
A Multicentre, Randomized, Laboratory-blinded, Parallel-group Study to Demonstrate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate in Iron Deficiency Anaemia and to Compare These With Those of Ferrous Ascorbate. [NCT01160198]	Phase 3	271 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-13	Completed
Lifestyle Intervention and Antioxidants in Children With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT00655018]	Phase 2/Phase 3	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-01-31	Completed
Effects of Supplemental Immunonutrition on Healing of Chronic Non-Healing Lower Extremity Ulcers in Diabetic Patients: A Pilot Study [NCT05281562]	Phase 2/Phase 3	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-07-01	Terminated(stopped due to There are not enough patients at our institution meeting eligibility criteria to complete the study as intended.)
"Open-label, Randomized Comparator Study for Evaluation the Bioavailability of Novo C Plus Vitamin C Containing Dietary Supplement in Healthy Subjects" [NCT02606773]	Phase 1	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of High-dose Vitamin C Combined With Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Moderate and Severe Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) [NCT04664010]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-02-06	Completed
Manipulation of L-Ascorbic Acid Level For The Treatment of Selected Cases Of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes [NCT00329498]	Phase 2	25 participants	Interventional	1998-05-31	Suspended
[NCT01426490]	Phase 2/Phase 3	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Recruiting
Phase II Study of Melphalan, Arsenic Trioxide, and Ascorbic Acid in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma [NCT00085345]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional		Withdrawn
Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Exploratory Study To Assess the Efficacy and Safety of a Triple Combination of Ibuprofen+Mg+Ascorbic Acid for Acute Pain Treatment in Temporomandibular Join Disorder (TMJD) Patients [NCT02602483]	Phase 1/Phase 2	96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Completed
Chronic Study of the Effect of Grape Seed Extract Plus Ascorbic Acid on Endothelial Function in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease [NCT00554242]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-07-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Crossover Study Comparing the Bioavailability of Two Forms of Vitamin C in Plasma and Leukocytes Over 24 Hours. [NCT01852903]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-31	Completed
2L Oral Bi-PegLyte Versus 2L Oral MoviPrep Regimen for Outpatient Colonic Preparation: A Randomized, Non-Inferiority Open Trial [NCT01865916]	Phase 4	309 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
Phase Ⅲ Study of IV Ascorbic Acid in Combination With XELOX vs Treatment With XELOX Alone as First-line Therapy for Advanced Gastric Cancer [NCT03015675]	Phase 3	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-03-12	Recruiting
Pilot Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Vitamin C in Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation [NCT03148236]	Phase 2	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-18	Completed
Prevention of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Using Liposomal Encapsulated Vitamin C in Programmed Knee Surgery; A Prospective Randomized Trial [NCT04204200]		66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-06	Completed
Efficacy of Vitamin C Administration for the Prevention of Postpolypectomy Bleeding [NCT03400020]		156 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-28	Completed
The Relationship of Hemoglobin A1c and Diabetic Wound Healing [NCT01350102]	Phase 4	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Terminated(stopped due to study closed due to recruitment problems)
Mechanisms for Vascular Dysfunction and Exercise Tolerance in CF [NCT02690064]		13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Active, not recruiting
A Phase I Study of Oral Arsenic Trioxide With or Without Ascorbic Acid in Adults With Myelofibrosis [NCT01014546]	Phase 1	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Terminated(stopped due to low accrual)
Determining the Safe Dosage of Ascorbic Acid Used in the Treatment of Occluded Totally Implanted Central Venous Catheter. [NCT01270152]	Phase 2	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Completed
A Prospective Randomised Single-Blinded Multicentric and Pivotal Phase III Study Comparing the Efficacy, Safety and Acceptability of a New 2 Litres Gut Lavage Solution NRL994 Versus a Sodium Phosphate Solution for Colonoscopy Preparation [NCT00322062]	Phase 3	340 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-04-30	Completed
Antioxidant Effects on the Outcome of Ovarian Cancer [NCT00228319]	Phase 1/Phase 2	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-10-31	Completed
Pilot Study to Assess Effect of High Dose Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) on Inflammation Reduction in Cardiac Surgery Patients. [NCT02762331]	Phase 1	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-01	Terminated(stopped due to Therapy shown effective by larger studies)
The SU.VI.MAX Study. A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Prevention Trial of the Health Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals. [NCT00272428]	Phase 3	13,000 participants	Interventional	1994-10-31	Completed
A Randomised, Single-Centre, Parallel-Group, Pilot Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety and Patient Acceptability of a New 2-Litre Bowel Preparation Agent (MOVIPREP®) Compared With a Standard Bowel Preparation Agent (PICOLAX®) [NCT00312481]	Phase 2	65 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-07-31	Completed
Steroid, Thiamine and Ascorbic Acid During Post-Resuscitation Period for Comatose Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Survivors (STAR) Trial: Multi-center, Randomized, Single-blinded, Controlled Pilot Study [NCT04921189]	Phase 2	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-31	Recruiting
Role of Ascorbic Acid Infusion in Critically Ill Patients With Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury [NCT04153487]	Phase 2	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-11-30	Completed
The Effect of High Dose Versus Low Dose Intravenous Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)on Burn Injury Resuscitation [NCT00350077]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-07-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Inadequate resources to submit for approval)
Topical Tranexamic Acid Versus Topical Vitamin C With Microneedling in Periorbital Hyperpigmentation; Comparative Study [NCT04697992]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-11-01	Completed
"A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double Masked 120 Subject Futility Design Clinical Trial of Ascorbic Acid Treatment of Charcot Marie Tooth Disease Type 1A." [NCT00484510]	Phase 2/Phase 3	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Completed
Combining Active and Passive DNA Hypomethylation: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Vitamin C in Combination With Azacitidine in Patients With Higher-Risk MDS, CMML-2 or Low-Blast Count AML [NCT03999723]	Phase 2	196 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-09-11	Recruiting
Epigenetics, Vitamin C, and Abnormal Hematopoiesis - Role of Vitamin C in Epigenetic Regulation in Hematopoiesis Sub-Study on CCUS, Low-Risk MDS, and CMML-0/1 [NCT03682029]		109 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-21	Active, not recruiting
Vitamin C Intravenously With Chemotherapy in Peritoneal Metastatic Colorectal Cancer With High Expresison Level of GLUT3 [NCT04516681]	Phase 3	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-01	Recruiting
Coronavirus Disease 2019- Using Ascorbic Acid and Zinc Supplementation (COVIDAtoZ) Research Study A Randomized, Open Label Single Center Study [NCT04342728]		214 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-08	Completed
Quantitative in Vivo Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes [NCT00845130]		42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-09-30	Completed
A Phase 2 Trial of Pharmacological Ascorbate With Concurrent Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT02905591]	Phase 2	46 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-11-16	Recruiting
Vitamins C and E Combined With Cryotherapy on the Pain, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response After Resistance Exercise Session in Untrained Volunteers [NCT02902315]		26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-04	Completed
Effect of Ascorbic Acid on the Incidence of Post-operative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery [NCT01580683]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to No funding obtained to support patient recruitment)
A Phase I Study of High-Dose IV Vitamin C Treatment in Patients With Solid Tumors [NCT00441207]	Phase 1	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
The Effect of Vitamin C on Growth Hormone Secretion [NCT01537094]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to obtain funding to initiate the study. No subjects were enrolled.)
Phase II Study of Arsenic Trioxide, Ascorbic Acid, Dexamethasone, and Thalidomide in Patients With Previously Untreated High-Risk or Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma [NCT00112879]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional		Withdrawn
A Pilot Study of the Efficacy of a Combination of Antioxidants and B Vitamins in Preventing the Recurrence of Hyperlactatemia in Subjects Who Have Limited Antiretroviral Options [NCT00037063]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional		Withdrawn
Lessening Organ Dysfunction With VITamin C - COVID [NCT04401150]	Phase 3	392 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-08-14	Completed
The Efficacy of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid in Patients With Severe Sepsis [NCT02734147]	Phase 2	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-01	Terminated(stopped due to The trial prematurely terminated due to the loss of funding.)
Prospective Study of the Effect of Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) in Male Patients Suffered Prostate Cancer in Asian Population [NCT03703778]		600 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2016-05-22	Recruiting
A Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Androgen Suppression and Elective Pelvic Nodal Irradiation Followed by High Dose 3-D Conformal Boost Versus Androgen Suppression and Elective Pelvic Nodal Irradiation Followed by 125-Iodine Brachytherapy Implant Boos [NCT00175396]	Phase 3	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2004-05-31	Active, not recruiting
Physiological Effects of Gestational Diabetes on the Placenta and Neonatal Outcome; Role of Antioxidant Administration [NCT02355197]	Phase 4	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) on Frailty and Inflammation in Older Survivors of Cancer [NCT06068543]	Phase 2	118 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-01	Not yet recruiting
A Phase I Study of Metronomic Temozolomide and Intravenous Ascorbic Acid for Patients With Recurrent High Grade Glioma [NCT02168270]	Phase 1	4 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-16	Terminated
Risk-stratified Frontline Oral Arsenic Trioxide-based Induction in Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia [NCT03624270]	Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-08-15	Recruiting
High-Dose Vitamin C Treatment in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients, A Retrospective Cohort Study [NCT04710329]		78 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-01-16	Completed
Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Standard Dose Gemcitabine Combined With High Dose Intravenous Vitamin C (HDIVC) Treatment for Patients With Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas. [NCT01654861]	Phase 1	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to recruiting or enrolling participants has halted prematurely and will not resume)
Safety of Oral Antioxidants and Intravenous Vitamin C During GYN Cancer Care [NCT00284427]	Phase 2	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
A Phase I Study of Arsenic Trioxide and Ascorbic Acid (ATO/AA) in Combination With Low Dose Velcade-Thalidomide-Dexamethasone (VTD) in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (MM) [NCT00258245]	Phase 1	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-05-31	Completed
Phase 2 Study of Ascorbic Acid Treatment in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 1A [NCT00271635]	Phase 2	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-01-31	Completed
Prophylactic Administration of Vitamin C in Wrist Fractures; a Randomized Placebo Controlled Multicentre Dose-Finding Study of the Incidence of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [NCT00296868]	Phase 4	300 participants	Interventional	2001-01-31	Completed
A Phase II Trial of Combination Therapy With Thalidomide, Arsenic Trioxide, Dexamethasone, and Ascorbic Acid (TADA) in Patients With Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis or Overlap Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Disorders [NCT00274820]	Phase 2	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-10-31	Completed
A Phase II Trial of Bortezomib + Ascorbic Acid + Melphalan (BAM) Combination Therapy for Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma [NCT00317811]	Phase 2	35 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2005-11-30	Completed
Efficacy of Ascorbic Acid for Prevention of Colistin-Associated Nephrotoxicity [NCT01501968]	Phase 3	54 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Vitamin C: Assessing Safety After Lung Transplant [NCT04505878]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-04-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to Decided not to proceed with study)
EFFICACY, TOLERABILITY, AND SAFETY OF DIFFERENT BOWEL PREPARATIONS FOR COLONOSCOPY IN CHILDREN [NCT01711437]	Phase 4	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Recruiting
Placebo-controlled,Doubled,Randomized Trial Evaluating the Effect of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid on Intraoperative Blood Loss in Women Undergoing Laparoscopic Myomectomy [NCT01715597]	Phase 3	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Low-volume PEG Plus Ascorbic Acid Versus Standard PEG Solution as Bowel Cleansing for Colonoscopy [NCT01740518]		360 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2012-03-31	Enrolling by invitation
A Phase I Pilot Study of Samarium-153 Combined With Neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy and Radiation Therapy in Men With Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer [NCT00328614]	Phase 1	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-03-31	Completed
The Role of Oxidative Stress and Opiorphin in Temporomandibular Disorders [NCT03029494]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-10-01	Recruiting
Pharmacological Ascorbate for the Control of Metastatic and Node-Positive Pancreatic Cancer (PACMAN): A Phase II Trial [NCT01515046]	Phase 2	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to Standard of care changed to FOLFIRINOX; poor accrual.)
Therapies to Prevent Progression of COVID-19, Including Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, Zinc, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12 With or Without Vitamin C, a Multi-centre, International, Randomized Trial: The International ALLIANCE Study [NCT04395768]	Phase 2	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-09	Recruiting
A Comparison of Solid and Soluble Forms of Cold and Influenza Remedies [NCT01332578]	Phase 4	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-31	Completed
Effects of Hydrolyzed Collagen and Vitamin C on Collagen Synthesis and Explosive Performance [NCT03293004]		23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-13	Completed
Randomized Study to Evaluate the Safety and Antiviral Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With Newly Diagnosed COVID-19 Compared to Standard of Care Treatment [NCT04334967]	Phase 4	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-30	Suspended(stopped due to suspected unfavorable risk/benefit assessment)
Radiofrequency as the New Opportunity in Treating Overactive Bladder and Urgent Urinary Incontinence - a Prospective Randomized Placebo Controlled Study [NCT06080217]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-10	Active, not recruiting
Concentrated Ascorbic Acid in DMSO for Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin [NCT05932511]	Early Phase 1	15 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-12	Recruiting
A Phase II Trial of Gemcitabine Plus High-Dose Ascorbate in Locally Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcomas in Adults [NCT03468075]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-11	Terminated(stopped due to Stopping rules met)
The Efficacy of High Dose Vitamin C in the Critically Ill Patient Population [NCT01587963]	Phase 2	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-02-28	Terminated(stopped due to PI's add. responsibilities and time commitment prevent him from completing trial)
IV Vitamin C With Chemotherapy for Cisplatin Ineligible Bladder Cancer Patients: A Forgotten Group [NCT04046094]	Phase 1/Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-17	Active, not recruiting
An Open-Label, Three-Arm, Parallel, Investigator-Initiated Trial of Three Different Gummies (Curcumin Gummies, Vitamin C Gummies, and Vitamin B Complex Gummies) in Healthy Children [NCT05775237]		48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-05-01	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Prophylaxis With Oral Ascorbic Acid, Oral Amiodarone or Both in Combination With Beta Blockers to Reduce Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery [NCT00953212]	Phase 3	304 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
The Effect of Continuous Sipping of a Glucose Solution on Markers of Oxidation in Men and Women [NCT01440790]		18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Completed
Oxalate Formation From Ascorbic Acid [NCT04603898]		136 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-11-15	Recruiting
Clinical Utility of Endothelial Dysfunction in PAD [NCT00491751]	Phase 1	108 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-05-31	Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient enrollment)
Post Operative Atril Fibrillation : The Impact of Oral Vitamin C in Reducing the Risk in Egyptian CABG Patients [NCT06074367]	Phase 4	180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-10-13	Active, not recruiting
Vitamin C to Reduce Exogenous Vasopressor Dose in Septic Shock; a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03835286]	Phase 3	180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-03-01	Active, not recruiting
Comparison of 4L Polyethylene Glycol and 2L Polyethylene Glycol With Ascorbic Acid in Patients With Inactive Ulcerative Colitis; Randomized, Single Blind, Multicenter Study [NCT01929668]		114 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Completed
The Effect of High Dose Parenteral Ascorbic Acid On Microcirculation In Sepsis. Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT04773717]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-01	Completed
The Effect of Phenolic Cmpounds in Osteoarthritis; a Nutritional Intervention [NCT04783792]		72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-01	Completed
The Effect of Local Antioxidant Therapy on Racial Differences in Vasoconstriction [NCT03684213]	Phase 1	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-10-15	Recruiting
Efficacy of Novel Agents for Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among High-Risk Outpatient Adults: An Adaptive Randomized Platform Trial [NCT04354428]	Phase 2/Phase 3	289 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-16	Terminated(stopped due to Low number of events contributing to primary outcome)
PeRiOperative VItamin C to Reduce perSistent paIn After tOtal kNee Arthroplasty (PROVISION): a Pilot Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06123715]	Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-15	Not yet recruiting
SAFEty Study of Early Infusion of Vitamin C for Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Acute Lung Injury (SAFE EVICT CORONA-ALI) [NCT04344184]	Phase 2	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-18	Completed
Effects of Antioxidants Supplementation on Muscular Function of Patients Affected by Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy (FSHD) [NCT01596803]		54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-01	Completed
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Infusion in Human Sepsis [NCT01434121]	Phase 1/Phase 2	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Completed
A Randomized Phase Ⅲ Study of IV Ascorbic Acid in Combination With FOLFOX+/- Bevacizumab vs Treatment With FOLFOX+/- Bevacizumab Alone as First-line Therapy for Advanced Colorectal Cancer [NCT02969681]	Phase 3	442 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Completed
[NCT01926132]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Recruiting
Alcohol Abuse or Alcohol Withdrawal: Risk of Latent Scurvy: A STROBE Compliant Study [NCT03467022]		47 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-01-02	Completed
Investigating the Oral Bioavailability of Vitamin C Administered Using Phosphycell™ Technology - a Phosphatidylcholine-lipid Encapsulation Technology. [NCT05183880]		12 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-11-26	Recruiting
"A Pilot Monocentric, Open Phase II Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of a New Oral Gut Cleansing Solution (Low Dose Bowel Prep) in 30 Patients Submitted to Colonoscopy" [NCT00321230]	Phase 2	30 participants	Interventional	2001-01-31	Completed
Parallel Group Comparison of the New 2 Liter Gut Cleansing Solution NRL 994 Versus Sodium Phosphate Preparation in Routine Colon Cleansing Prior to Colonoscopies for Colon Tumor Screening. [NCT00427089]	Phase 3	360 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-09-30	Completed
Iron Bioavailability Study Of Fortified Oat Drink [NCT01423162]	Phase 4	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
Effects Of Combination Therapy Of Statin And Ascorbic Acid For Prevention Of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy. Randomised Controlled Study [NCT03391830]		250 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-15	Completed
Phase I/II Study of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid in Combination With Irinotecan Versus Irinotecan Alone for Advanced Colorectal Cancer [NCT01550510]	Phase 1/Phase 2	4 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Terminated(stopped due to Closed: low enrollment, many treatment options available for Colorectal Cancer)
Vitamin C Infusion for Treatment in Sepsis Induced Acute Lung Injury [NCT02106975]	Phase 2	170 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
Phase II, Open Label Study of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid in Combination With Gemcitabine and Erlotinib in the Treatment of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer [NCT01555489]	Phase 2	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to Slow accrual)
Phase I/II Study of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid in Treatment of Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma [NCT01754987]	Phase 1/Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Aging- and Obesity-Induced Vascular Dysfunction [NCT04001647]	Early Phase 1	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-01	Suspended(stopped due to IRB approval has been withdrawn)
Phase 2 Study of Extreme Hypofractionation Including Pelvic Nodes for High Risk Prostate Cancer Using MgRT (MRI Guided Radiation Therapy) [NCT05676463]	Phase 2	88 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-16	Suspended(stopped due to on hold due to pause of outside company)
A Pilot Study of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid and Folfirinox in the Treatment of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer [NCT02896907]	Early Phase 1	8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-18	Completed
N-Acetylcysteine vs. Ascorbic Acid for Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy in Renal Insufficiency Undergoing Coronary Catheterization: NASPI Study-A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00356954]	Phase 4	250 participants	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
Comparison the Efficacy Depending on the Order of the Sequential Combination Method Using Sodium Picosulfate and Magnesium Citrate (PMC) and PEG With Ascorbic Acid for Bowel Preparation (The Phase II Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial) [NCT02979223]	Phase 2	142 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Completed
Clinical Research of High Dose Vitamin C Combined With Metformin in the Treatment of Malignant Tumors [NCT04033107]	Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-01	Recruiting
SHARON: Study of Metastatic Cancers in Patients With a Defect in a Homologous Recombination Gene Using Autologous Stems Cells and Potentiated Redox Cycling to Overcome Drug Resistance to Nitrogen Mustard Derivatives [NCT04150042]	Phase 1	10 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-01-13	Recruiting
A Randomized, Examiner-blind, Comparator-controlled, Cross-over Bioequivalence Study on Vitamin C in Healthy Adults [NCT03562988]		35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-08-01	Completed
Radiation Enhancement of Local and Systemic Anti-Prostate Cancer Immune Responses [NCT03649841]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-29	Terminated(stopped due to Terminated due to low accrual.)
1L Morning-only Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid With Prepackaged Low-residue Diet Versus 2L Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid for Bowel Preparation: a Randomized Trial [NCT03329339]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-15	Completed
Targeting the Prostatic Tumor Microenvironment With PLX3397, a Tumor-Associated Macrophage Inhibitor in Men With Unfavorable Risk Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radiation Therapy and Androgen Deprivation Therapy [NCT02472275]	Phase 1	8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Completed
Iron Bioavailability From Salt Fortified With Ferrous Sulphate, Zinc Sulphate and Ascorbic Acid Encapsulated in a Polymer Jacket [NCT02353325]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
Topical Ascorbic Acid for Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma [NCT04279535]	Early Phase 1	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-01	Completed
The Effect of Melatonin and Vitamin C on COVID-19 [NCT04530539]		122 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-10-05	Completed
Reversing Glucose and Lipid-mediated Vascular Dysfunction (REGAL) [NCT04832009]	Early Phase 1	46 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-09	Recruiting
Therapeutic Use of Intravenous Vitamin C in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients [NCT03613727]	Phase 2	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-01	Completed
Vitamin C for the Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections in Women Who Undergo Elective Gynecological Surgeries: a Randomized Double-blinded Controlled Trial [NCT05913180]	Phase 2	180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-15	Not yet recruiting
Cabazitaxel With Abiraterone Versus Abiraterone Alone Randomized Trial for Extensive Disease Following Docetaxel: The CHAARTED2 Trial [NCT03419234]	Phase 2	223 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-26	Active, not recruiting
Double-Blind, Randomized Study of High Dose Vitamin C On Outcome in Cardiac Surgery Patients [NCT01167569]	Phase 4	57 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-10-31	Completed
Phase III Multicenter Randomized Trial of Adjuvant Androgen Deprivation in Combination With Three-dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy Doses in High and Intermediate Risk Localized Prostate Cancer. [NCT02175212]	Phase 3	362 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-11-30	Completed
A Randomized Phase 2 Trial of Ascorbic Acid in Combination With Docetaxel in Men With Metastatic Prostate Cancer [NCT02516670]	Phase 2	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-20	Terminated(stopped due to insufficient clinical response per DSMB)
Influence of Hesperidin and Vitamin C on Uric Acid Concentration [NCT04316390]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-07-15	Completed
Phase 2 Trial Pembrolizumab or Pembrolizumab in Combination With Intratumoral SD-101 Therapy in Patients With Hormone-Naïve Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer Receiving Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and Intermittent Androgen Deprivation Therapy [NCT03007732]	Phase 2	23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-17	Active, not recruiting
A Phase II Trial of High-Dose Ascorbate in Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT02420314]	Phase 2	55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Active, not recruiting
Phosphate Lowering to Treat Vascular Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT02209636]	Phase 4	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-15	Completed
Iron Sucrose Combined With rHuEPO and Ascorbic Acid on Perioperative Allogeneic Red Blood Cell Infusion in Patients Undergoing Elective Major Cardiac Surgery [NCT05353348]		370 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-15	Recruiting
Phase IB/II Trial of High Dose Ascorbic Acid (AA) + Nanoparticle Paclitaxel Protein Bound + Cisplatin + Gemcitabine (AA NABPLAGEM) in Patients Who Have No Prior Therapy for Their Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer [NCT03410030]	Phase 1/Phase 2	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-15	Completed
The Effect of Vitamin C on the Skin Prick Test Wheal Reaction [NCT05810233]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-15	Recruiting
LS1781: Phase 2 Trial of High Dose Intravenous Ascorbic Acid as an Adjunct to Salvage Chemotherapy in Relapsed / Refractory Lymphoma and Patients With Clonal Cytopenia of Undetermined Significance [NCT03418038]	Phase 2	55 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-03-23	Recruiting
Vitamin C to Decrease Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function [NCT01723696]	Phase 2/Phase 3	252 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Completed
Pharmacologic Ascorbic Acid as an Activator of Lymphocyte Signaling for COVID-19 Treatment [NCT04363216]	Phase 2	66 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-05-31	Not yet recruiting
Prospective Study of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Following Radical Prostatectomy [NCT03541850]	Phase 2	92 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-29	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Ascorbic Acid Supplementation in Pregnancy on Anemia (AAA) [NCT03564756]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-08-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to Difficulty with enrollment)
High-dose Intravenous Vitamin C as an Adjunctive Treatment for Sepsis in Rwanda: a Feasibility Trial [NCT04088591]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-10-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Recent studies suggest an increase in mortality due to high-does Vitamin C)
Safety and Efficacy of Preoperative IMRT (Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy) With Concurrent High-dose Intravenous Vitamin C and mFOLFOX6 in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients: a Prospective Study. [NCT04801511]	Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-03-08	Recruiting
Contributions of Nitric Oxide Synthase, Cyclooxygenase, and Reactive Oxygen Species to Regional Cerebrovascular Control During Hypoxia and Hypercapnia [NCT03066115]	Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to This study was never funded, never fully IRB approved, and thus never enrolled anyone.)
Daily vs. Every Other Day Oral Iron Supplementation in Patients With Absolute Iron Deficiency Anemia (DEODO): a Multi-centered, Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03725384]	Phase 3	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-04	Completed
Phase I/II Study of the Combination of Arsenic Trioxide With Ascorbic Acid and High-Dose Melphalan for Patients With Multiple Myeloma [NCT00661544]	Phase 1/Phase 2	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-03-31	Completed
Phase 2/3 Study of Dose-escalated External Beam Radiation Therapy With or Without Chemotherapy for High Risk Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate [NCT01603420]	Phase 2/Phase 3	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Terminated(stopped due to enrollment goals not met)
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate the Effects of Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone and Thiamine on the Outcome of Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock [NCT03335124]	Phase 4	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-26	Terminated(stopped due to Due to insufficient recruitment)
Antioxidants Vitamins and Muscle Damage [NCT05127928]		18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-02-10	Completed
Effect of Antioxidant Vitamins on Coagulopathy and Nosocomial Pneumonia After Severe Trauma [NCT01897792]	Phase 2	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Terminated(stopped due to Inability to recruit patients that meet inclusion criteria.)
Phase 4 Study of High Dose Vitamin C in Chronic Hepatitis Patients [NCT01413360]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
The Effect of Vitamin C and E Therapy on Restless Leg Syndrome in Patients With End Stage Renal Disease on Haemodialysis [NCT05350124]	Phase 3	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-30	Not yet recruiting
Antioxidant Activity and Lipid Peroxidation Status in Patients HIV+ Supplemented With Microencapsulated of Red Pomegranate [NCT03531749]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Completed
Hyperoxia and Antioxidants During Major Non-cardiac Surgery and Risk of Cardiovascular Complications, a Blinded 2x2 Factorial Randomised Clinical Trial [NCT03494387]	Phase 4	600 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-06	Completed
An Observational, Retrospective and Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of 1L (PEG)+ Ascorbic Acid Given for Bowel Preparation Prior to Colonoscopy in Iberia [NCT05174845]		13,393 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-10-01	Completed
Can Yeast Cells Emulate Vitamin E on In-vitro Protection of Human Spermatozoa Against Oxidative Stress? [NCT02814695]	Phase 1	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-08-15	Completed
Effect of Resveratrol and Vitamin C on Insulin Resistance and Antioxidant Capacity in Postmenopausal Women. A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03090997]		45 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-02-15	Active, not recruiting
Phase II Trial of Primary Radiotherapy With Androgen Ablation With or Without Adjuvant Niraparib for Selected High-Risk Locoregional Prostate Cancer [NCT04947254]	Phase 2	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-05	Recruiting
Pharmacological Ascorbate Combined With Radiation and Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Phase 2 Trial [NCT02344355]	Phase 2	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-03-13	Active, not recruiting
Difference in Mortality and Evolution in Septic Patients Treated With Vitamin C, Tiamine, Cyanocobalamine, Pyridoxine and Hydrocortisone Treated at the ICU of General Hospital Zone 11 IMSS Piedras Negras Coahuila. [NCT04197115]	Phase 3	19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-01	Completed
Tolerability and Efficacy of Low-Volume Sodium Picosulfate/Magnesium Citrate Versus 2L Polyethylene Glycol/Ascorbic Acid in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis Undergoing Colonoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03581149]	Phase 4	68 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-03-26	Recruiting
Randomized Controlled Double-blinded Clinical Trial of an Herbal Mouthrinse for Radiotherapy Induced Mucositis in Cancer Patients [NCT01898091]	Phase 2	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Completed
Advancing the Cardiovascular Science of Vitamin C in Cardiac Surgery Patients [NCT03123107]	Phase 1	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-06	Completed
Impact of Low Fiber Diet on Colonic Cleansing Quality Prior to Colonoscopy: Randomized Study Comparing 1 Day Versus 3 Days of Low Fiber Diet [NCT03247452]		404 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-18	Completed
Evaluation of Dermatological Safety of Test Products by 24 Hours Patch Test Under Complete Occlusion or Semi Occlusion or Open Patch on Adult Healthy Human Subjects [NCT05642702]		26 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-05	Not yet recruiting
Early Administration of Vitamin C in Patients With Sepsis or Septic Shock in Emergency Departments: a Multicentre, Double Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial: the C-EASIE Trial [NCT04747795]	Phase 3	301 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-06-01	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT00116142 (5) [back to overview]	10-year Prostate Cancer Mortality
NCT00116142 (5) [back to overview]	10-Year Restricted Mean Survival Time for Overall Survival
NCT00116142 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Acute Adverse Events
NCT00116142 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Late Adverse Events, Any Grade and Attribution
NCT00116142 (5) [back to overview]	10-year Biochemical Recurrence (PSA Failure)
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dl (133 μmol/Liter)
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With an Eclamptic Seizure
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With a Fetus That Was Small for Gestational Age (Below the 3rd Percentile) Adjusted for Sex and Race or Ethnic Group
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With a Fetal Death After 20 Weeks of Gestation or Neonatal Death
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Severe Hypertension
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Sepsis
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Retinopathy of Prematurity
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Birth Weight <2500 Grams
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Birth Weight
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Aspartate Aminotransferase ≥100 U/Liter
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Apgar Score <=3 at 5 Minutes
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Antepartum Bleeding
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Respiratory Distress Syndrome
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Premature Rupture of Membranes
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Pregnancy Associated Hypertension
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Postpartum Pulmonary Edema
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Neonatal Hospital Stay
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Analysis of Primary Composite Outcome in Participants Randomized on or After the 13th Week of Pregnancy
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Placental Abruption
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Admission to NICU
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Analysis of Primary Composite Outcome in Participants Randomized Before the 13th Week of Pregnancy
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Necrotizing Enterocolitis
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Maternal Hospital Stay
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Maternal Death
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Intraventricular Hemorrhage, Grade III or IV
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Hematocrit ≤24% With Transfusion
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Gestational Age at Delivery
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Composite of Pregnancy-associated Hypertension and Serious Adverse Outcomes in the Mother or Fetus or Neonate
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Cesarean Delivery
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Medically Indicated Delivery Because of Hypertension
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Preterm Birth
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Preeclampsia (Mild, Severe, HELLP Syndrome, Eclampsia)
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Fetal or Neonatal Death
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Small for Gestational Age
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With Thrombocytopenia
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With Elevated Liver Enzyme Levels
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With an Indicated Preterm Birth Before 32 Weeks of Gestation Owing to Hypertension-related Disorders
NCT00135707 (38) [back to overview]	Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With an Elevated Serum Creatinine Level
NCT00184054 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Severe (Grades 3-5) Adverse Events
NCT00184054 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Response (Complete Remissions (CR) and Complete Remission With Incomplete Blood Count Recovery (CRi)
NCT00328614 (1) [back to overview]	Maximum Tolerated Dose of Samarium-153
NCT00469209 (1) [back to overview]	Number of Patients Reaching Complete Response (CR)
NCT00491751 (2) [back to overview]	Percentage Change in FMD in All Participants With and Without a CVD Event (Not by Treatment Group)
NCT00491751 (2) [back to overview]	Change in FMD
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Ratio of BH2, B and BH4 Calculated From Total Biopterin Area Under the Curve (0-12hours) for Subjects Administered Sapropterin Dihydrochloride With Vitamin C to Subjects Administered Sapropterin Alone.
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio <30 mg/g
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (mg/g)
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Urinary 8-isoprostane/Creatinine
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Peripheral Arterial Tonometry (PAT)
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve (AUC0-12hrs) of Plasma BH2 and B Concentration
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve (AUC0-12hrs) of Plasma BH4 Concentration
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve (AUC0-12hours) for Calculated BH4 (From Total Biopterin)
NCT00532844 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT00621023 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With an Overall Response of Complete Response (CR) or Partial Response (PR)
NCT00621023 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With an Unacceptable Toxicity
NCT00661544 (1) [back to overview]	Response Rate
NCT00786019 (2) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Circumferential Strain Before and After Exercise at Baseline, After Vitamin C Infusion, and After Exercise Training
NCT00786019 (2) [back to overview]	Ejection Fraction: Percentage of Blood Leaving the Heart Before and After Exercise at Baseline, After a Vitamin C Infusion, and After Exercise Training
NCT00845130 (2) [back to overview]	Concentration of Vitamin C in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
NCT00845130 (2) [back to overview]	Quantify the Effect of Chronic Hyperglycemia on Cellular Uptake of Vitamin C Across the Blood-brain Barrier
NCT00903357 (3) [back to overview]	Changes in SCORAD Index
NCT00903357 (3) [back to overview]	Changes in Urinary EDN
NCT00903357 (3) [back to overview]	Changes in Urinary LTE4
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Readmission to ICU for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Readmission to Hospital for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Postoperative Vasoplegia
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Low Output Heart Failure
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Bradycardia Necessitating Permanent Pacemaker Placement
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	Occurrence of Post-operative Atrial Fibrillation Requiring Treatment After Open Heart Surgery
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Acute Kidney Injury
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	ICU Length of Stay
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	Hospital Length of Stay
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Mortality
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Respiratory Failure Requiring Reintubation
NCT00953212 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Stroke
NCT01160198 (5) [back to overview]	Mean Change in Hb From Baseline to 8 Weeks
NCT01160198 (5) [back to overview]	Mean Change in Hb During 8 Weeks Therapy
NCT01160198 (5) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Who Achieved a Target Hb More Than or Equal to 12 gm/dL After 8 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01160198 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin (Hb) After 8 Weeks of Treatment in Each Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate Group (1 Tablet Daily and 2 Tablets Daily)
NCT01160198 (5) [back to overview]	Difference in Percentage of Participants With Gastrointestinal Side Effects During 8 Weeks Treatment With Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate and Ferrous Ascorbate
NCT01167569 (1) [back to overview]	Mortality
NCT01332578 (8) [back to overview]	Time to Onset of Gastric Emptying
NCT01332578 (8) [back to overview]	Time to Reach Plasma Paracetamol Concentration of 0.25 μg/mL (Microgram Per Milliliter)
NCT01332578 (8) [back to overview]	Time to Onset and Completion of Disintegration of Reference Tablets
NCT01332578 (8) [back to overview]	Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01332578 (8) [back to overview]	Area Under the Concentration/Time Curve From 0 to 30 Minutes (Min) (AUC 0-30 Min)
NCT01332578 (8) [back to overview]	AUC (0-60 Min)
NCT01332578 (8) [back to overview]	Time to Completion of Gastric Emptying
NCT01332578 (8) [back to overview]	Time to Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax)
NCT01350102 (3) [back to overview]	Length of Time for Wound Closure
NCT01350102 (3) [back to overview]	Hgb A1c Level
NCT01350102 (3) [back to overview]	Wound Area Measurements
NCT01413360 (2) [back to overview]	The Change in Serum Interleukin 22 Level From Baseline to 12 Weeks
NCT01413360 (2) [back to overview]	The Change in Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Level From Baseline to 12 Weeks
NCT01423162 (1) [back to overview]	Percent Iron Absorption
NCT01434121 (1) [back to overview]	Number of Patients Who Experienced Ascorbic Acid Infusion Related Arterial Hypotension, Vomiting, or Tachycardia in Septic Patients
NCT01515046 (3) [back to overview]	Progression Free Survival
NCT01515046 (3) [back to overview]	Overall Survival
NCT01515046 (3) [back to overview]	Number of Drug-related Adverse Events Per Cycle
NCT01603420 (7) [back to overview]	Assessment of Total Number of Salvage Androgen Deprivation Use With Comparison of Arms.
NCT01603420 (7) [back to overview]	Assessment of Total Number of Survival Events With Comparison of Group Arms
NCT01603420 (7) [back to overview]	Phase 2 - Assessment of Number of Freedom From Failure Events in the Chemotherapy Arm
NCT01603420 (7) [back to overview]	Phase 2 - Cumulative Number of Incidences of Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Events.
NCT01603420 (7) [back to overview]	Assessment of Number of Grade 2 or Higher Genitourinary (GU) and Gastrointestinal (GI) Adverse Events
NCT01603420 (7) [back to overview]	Assessment of Total Number of Biochemical Failure Events
NCT01603420 (7) [back to overview]	Assessment of Total Number of Local/Distant Failures
NCT01654861 (1) [back to overview]	Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability
NCT01723696 (3) [back to overview]	Incidence of Wheezing Through 12 Months of Age
NCT01723696 (3) [back to overview]	Forced Expiratory Flow at 75% of Expired Volume (FEF75)
NCT01723696 (3) [back to overview]	Forced Expiratory Flow at 75% of Expired Volume (FEF75)
NCT01897792 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Total Blood Product Transfusions
NCT01897792 (10) [back to overview]	Mean Number of Days in ICU.
NCT01897792 (10) [back to overview]	Mean Number of Hospital Stay Days.
NCT01897792 (10) [back to overview]	Mean Number of Ventilator-free Days for Subjects
NCT01897792 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With 60-day Survival
NCT01897792 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Protocol Violations Per Arm.
NCT01897792 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Surviving to Day 28
NCT01897792 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Organ Injury
NCT01897792 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Ventilator-associated Pneumonia.
NCT01897792 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Coagulation Abnormalities
NCT01898091 (1) [back to overview]	Maximum Change in Mean Mouth and Throat Soreness (MTS) Score From Baseline Through Weeks of Radiation Therapy Using the MTS Question of the Modified Oral Mucositis Daily Questionnaire*.
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	VE-40 (Vent RR x TV/Weight) x (PaCO2/40) at Study Hour 0, 48, 96, 168 if Still Intubated, in Ascorbate Infused Patient Compared to Placebo
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor at Study Hour 0, 48, 96, 168
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Thrombomodulin Protein at Study Hours 0, 48, 96, 168 When Compared to Placebo
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	State of Consciousness
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Renal Function
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endpoints at Study Hour 0, 48, 96, 168
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Oxygenation Score: Saturation
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Procalcitonin at Study Hour 0, 48, 96, 168
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Oxygenation Score: Pressure
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Oxygenation Index (FiO2 x Mean Airway Pressure/PaO2) at Study Hour 0, 48, 96, 168 if Still Intubated in Ascorbate Infused Patient Compared to Placebo.
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	mSOFA Scores at Hours 0, 48, 96
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Liver Function
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Coagulation
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Modified Change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (mSOFA) Score
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	ICU-free Days at Day 28
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Ascorbate Level at Hour 0, 48, 96, 168
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	All Cause Mortality to Day 28
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Cardiovascular Function
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Ventilator Free Days to Day 28
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	Hospital-free Days at Day 60
NCT02106975 (21) [back to overview]	C-Reactive Protein at Study Hours 0, 48, 96, 168 When Compared to Placebo
NCT02175212 (5) [back to overview]	Metastasis Free Survival: Estimated Percentage of Participants With Metastasis-free Survival at 5 Years
NCT02175212 (5) [back to overview]	Overall Survival: Estimated Percentage of Participants Alive at 5 Years
NCT02175212 (5) [back to overview]	Late Toxicity
NCT02175212 (5) [back to overview]	Cause-specific Survival
NCT02175212 (5) [back to overview]	Biochemical Disease Free Survival: Estimated Percentage of Participants With Biochemical Disease-free Survival at 5 Years
NCT02209636 (8) [back to overview]	Brachial Artery Flow-mediated Dilation
NCT02209636 (8) [back to overview]	Vascular Endothelial Cell Protein Expression
NCT02209636 (8) [back to overview]	Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) to Measure Systemic Oxidized Stress
NCT02209636 (8) [back to overview]	Oxidative Stress-associated Suppression of EDD
NCT02209636 (8) [back to overview]	Interleukin-6 to Measure Systemic Inflammation
NCT02209636 (8) [back to overview]	C-reactive Protein to Measure Systemic Inflammation
NCT02209636 (8) [back to overview]	Aortic Pulse-wave Velocity
NCT02209636 (8) [back to overview]	Phosphorus Balance Sub-study (COMIRB 15-0384)
NCT02516670 (7) [back to overview]	Number of Serious Adverse Events
NCT02516670 (7) [back to overview]	Number of Participates Experiencing Serious Adverse Events (SAE)
NCT02516670 (7) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT02516670 (7) [back to overview]	Radiographic Progression Free Survival (rPFS)
NCT02516670 (7) [back to overview]	Number of Participates With a Decline in Prostate-specific Antigen From Their Baseline Measurement
NCT02516670 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Quality of Life (QoL) as Measured by the FACT-P Questionnaire
NCT02516670 (7) [back to overview]	Average Number of Times Docetaxel Had Dose Reductions
NCT02734147 (7) [back to overview]	ICU Length of Stay
NCT02734147 (7) [back to overview]	Hospital Length of Stay
NCT02734147 (7) [back to overview]	Change in PIRO Score
NCT02734147 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Modified SOFA Score
NCT02734147 (7) [back to overview]	Ascorbic Acid Concentration at 32 Hours
NCT02734147 (7) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Who Died
NCT02734147 (7) [back to overview]	Modified SOFA Score
NCT02762331 (2) [back to overview]	Development of Renal Calculi
NCT02762331 (2) [back to overview]	Occurence of Atrial Fibrillation
NCT02896907 (1) [back to overview]	Change in Quality of Life as Defined by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C-30
NCT02956057 (2) [back to overview]	Quality of Bowel Preparation Using the Aronchick Scale ( Score 1+2)
NCT02956057 (2) [back to overview]	Tolerance of Bowel Preparation Assessed by 5 Point VAS ( Score 1+2)
NCT03148236 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Interleukin (IL-6)
NCT03148236 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Interleukin (IL-6)
NCT03148236 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Plasma Ascorbic Acid Level
NCT03148236 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Plasma Levels of Ascorbic Acid
NCT03148236 (11) [back to overview]	Post Procedural Pain
NCT03148236 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Von Willebrand Factor (vWF)
NCT03148236 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Von Willebrand Factor (vWF)
NCT03148236 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Creatinine Levels
NCT03148236 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Creatinine Levels
NCT03148236 (11) [back to overview]	Change in hsCRP
NCT03148236 (11) [back to overview]	Change in hsCRP
NCT03297398 (7) [back to overview]	To Evaluate the Effect of OPK-88004 on Uroflowmetry Parameter- Mean Flow Rate (Qave)
NCT03297398 (7) [back to overview]	To Evaluate the Effect of OPK-88004 on Uroflowmetry Parameter- Peak Flow Rate (Qmax)
NCT03297398 (7) [back to overview]	To Evaluate the Effect of OPK-88004 on Uroflowmetry Parameter-voided Volume (Vcomp)
NCT03297398 (7) [back to overview]	To Evaluate the Effect of OPK-88004 on Uroflowmetry Parameter- Postvoid Residual Volume (PVR)
NCT03297398 (7) [back to overview]	Absolute Change in Lean Body Mass and Fat Mass From Baseline to 16 Weeks
NCT03297398 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in PSA (%) to Week 16
NCT03297398 (7) [back to overview]	International Prostate Symptom Score- IPSS
NCT03334409 (6) [back to overview]	Frequency of Adverse Events
NCT03334409 (6) [back to overview]	Overall Response Rate
NCT03334409 (6) [back to overview]	Overall Survival
NCT03334409 (6) [back to overview]	Treatment Failure-free Rate
NCT03334409 (6) [back to overview]	Progression Free Survival
NCT03334409 (6) [back to overview]	Duration of Time on Pazopanib Hydrochloride
NCT03338569 (10) [back to overview]	Duration of ICU Stay Post Intervention Administration
NCT03338569 (10) [back to overview]	Duration of Vasopressor Therapy
NCT03338569 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With ICU Mortality
NCT03338569 (10) [back to overview]	Rate of Lactate Clearance Post Intervention Administration
NCT03338569 (10) [back to overview]	Total Intravenous Fluid Administered
NCT03338569 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Need for Renal Replacement Therapy
NCT03338569 (10) [back to overview]	Change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score
NCT03338569 (10) [back to overview]	Change in Serum Creatinine
NCT03338569 (10) [back to overview]	Change in Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) Scores
NCT03338569 (10) [back to overview]	All Cause Mortality at 28 Days
NCT03389555 (10) [back to overview]	Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Mortality
NCT03389555 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Delirium
NCT03389555 (10) [back to overview]	Renal Failure
NCT03389555 (10) [back to overview]	Shock Free Days
NCT03389555 (10) [back to overview]	Ventilator Free Days
NCT03389555 (10) [back to overview]	Hospital Mortality
NCT03389555 (10) [back to overview]	30-day Mortality
NCT03389555 (10) [back to overview]	ICU Free Days
NCT03389555 (10) [back to overview]	Hospital Disposition: Survivors Discharged Home
NCT03389555 (10) [back to overview]	Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score at Baseline and 72 Hours
NCT03422159 (8) [back to overview]	ICU Mortality
NCT03422159 (8) [back to overview]	Procalcitonin (PCT) Clearance
NCT03422159 (8) [back to overview]	Hospital Mortality
NCT03422159 (8) [back to overview]	Time to Vasopressor Independence (Hours)
NCT03422159 (8) [back to overview]	Hospital Length of Stay
NCT03422159 (8) [back to overview]	Change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score
NCT03422159 (8) [back to overview]	Ventilator Free Days
NCT03422159 (8) [back to overview]	ICU Length of Stay
NCT03468075 (4) [back to overview]	Tumor Response
NCT03468075 (4) [back to overview]	Incidence of Adverse Events (AE) Per CTCAE 4.03
NCT03468075 (4) [back to overview]	Overall Survival
NCT03468075 (4) [back to overview]	Progression Free Survival
NCT03508726 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Participants That Experienced Dose Limiting Toxicities (DLTs) Using CTCAE, Version 4.0
NCT03508726 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Pathologic Tumor Necrosis ≥ 95% Following Concurrent Radiation Therapy and Ascorbate
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Length of Hospital Stay
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Score
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Mortality
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Hayling Test Score
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) Score
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	EuroQol, 5 Dimension (EQ-5D) Visual Analog Scale Score
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Digit Span Test Score
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) Score
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-8 (PTSD-8) Score
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Wechsler Memory Scale III - Delayed Recall Logical Memory Score
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-IV Similarities Score
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Vasopressor and Ventilator-free Days (VVFD)
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS)
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression 6
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Delirium Assessed With the DeliriumTelephone Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Employed
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Mortality at 30 Days
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Mortality at 180 Days
NCT03509350 (19) [back to overview]	Length of ICU Stay
NCT03562988 (6) [back to overview]	Mean Plasma L-ascorbic Acid as Cmax
NCT03562988 (6) [back to overview]	Mean Plasma L-ascorbic Acid as Total Area Under the Curve [AUC(0-24 Hours)]
NCT03562988 (6) [back to overview]	Mean Plasma Vitamin C Absorption Rate as Tmax
NCT03562988 (6) [back to overview]	Mean Leucocyte Vitamin C Absorption Rate as Tmax
NCT03562988 (6) [back to overview]	Mean Leukocyte L-ascorbic Acid as Cmax
NCT03562988 (6) [back to overview]	Mean Leukocyte L-ascorbic Acid as Total Area Under the Curve [AUC(0-24 Hours)]
NCT03592277 (6) [back to overview]	Hospital Length of Stay
NCT03592277 (6) [back to overview]	Hours on Vasopressors
NCT03592277 (6) [back to overview]	Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay
NCT03592277 (6) [back to overview]	Mortality Rates
NCT03592277 (6) [back to overview]	Ventilator Days
NCT03592277 (6) [back to overview]	Readmission Rate
NCT03613727 (4) [back to overview]	Determine Related to Vitamin C Therapy Adverse Events (AEs) Reported Using Criteria in the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 5.0 (CTCAE v5.0)
NCT03613727 (4) [back to overview]	The Proportion of Patients That Experience Non-relapse Mortality (NRM)
NCT03613727 (4) [back to overview]	Time From Transplant to Engraftment
NCT03613727 (4) [back to overview]	To Determine the Effectiveness of Reducing Acute Graft Versus Host Disease (aGVHD)
NCT03649841 (2) [back to overview]	Incidence of Adverse Events
NCT03649841 (2) [back to overview]	Rate of Undetectable Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) (< 0.2)
NCT03827473 (5) [back to overview]	Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) Response
NCT03827473 (5) [back to overview]	Prostate Specific Antigen Progression Free Survival (PSA-PFS)
NCT03827473 (5) [back to overview]	Change in Quality of Life - PROMIS Fatigue
NCT03827473 (5) [back to overview]	Change in Quality of Life - FACT/GOG-NTX
NCT03827473 (5) [back to overview]	Change in Quality of Life - FACT-P
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Change in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Level
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Change in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Level
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Change in Albumin
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Change in Total Bilirubin
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Change in Alkaline Phosphatase
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Changes to Level of Medical Care
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Changes to Urine pH
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Hospital-free Days
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	ICU-free Days
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Number of Deaths Due to Any Cause
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Changes to Corrected QT Interval (QTc)
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Number of Deaths Due to Any Cause
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Number of Treatment-related Adverse Events as Assessed by CTCAE v5.0
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Change in Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) Score
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Changes to Urine Microscopy
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Change in Chronic Liver Failure-Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (CLIF-SOFA) Score
NCT03829683 (17) [back to overview]	Change in Chronic Liver Failure-Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (CLIF-SOFA) Score
NCT03889158 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Oxidative Stress
NCT03889158 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Endothelial Function
NCT03889158 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Arterial Stiffness
NCT04036110 (6) [back to overview]	Serum Vitamin C Level at Month 3
NCT04036110 (6) [back to overview]	Serum Vitamin C Level at Baseline
NCT04036110 (6) [back to overview]	Oxidative Stress
NCT04036110 (6) [back to overview]	Total MSAS-HF Score
NCT04036110 (6) [back to overview]	Cardiac Function
NCT04036110 (6) [back to overview]	Health Related Quality of Life Scores
NCT04204200 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Operated for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Who Had Transposition of Anterior Tibial Tuberosity
NCT04204200 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Operated for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Who Had Total Knee Arthroplasty for Eccentric Arthritis
NCT04204200 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Operated for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Who Had Ligamentoplasty ACL According to Kenneth-Jones
NCT04204200 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Operated for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Who Had Internal Unicompartmental Arthroplasty for Centralized Arthritis
NCT04328961 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Had Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection
NCT04328961 (4) [back to overview]	The Number of Participants Who Had Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection
NCT04328961 (4) [back to overview]	Rate of Participant-reported Adverse Events
NCT04328961 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Had COVID-19 Disease
NCT04354428 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events and Adverse Events Resulting in Treatment Discontinuation
NCT04354428 (6) [back to overview]	COVID-19-related Hospitalization Days
NCT04354428 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Hospitalization or Mortality
NCT04354428 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Persons With Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI), Defined as Resting Blood Oxygen Saturation (SpO2<93%) Level Sustained for 2 Readings 2 Hours Apart and Presence of Subjective Dyspnea or Cough
NCT04354428 (6) [back to overview]	Time to Clearance of Nasal SARS-CoV-2
NCT04354428 (6) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of COVID-19 Symptom Resolution in Days
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	Ventilator-free Days
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	All-cause Mortality
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	Intensive Care Unit (ICU)-Free Days
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	C-reactive Protein (CRP)
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	Change in S/F Ratio During High Dose Intravenous Vitamin C (HDIVC)
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	D-dimer
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	Lymphocyte Count
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Events Related to High Dose Intravenous Vitamin C (HDIVC)
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Reactions
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Reactions
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	Serum Ferritin
NCT04357782 (14) [back to overview]	Hospital-free Days

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
Arm1: Androgen Suppression Therapy + Radiation Therapy	11
Arm2: Docetaxel + Androgen Suppression Therapy + Radiation Therapy	15

Intervention	years (Mean)
Arm1: Androgen Suppression Therapy + Radiation Therapy	8.82
Arm2: Docetaxel + Androgen Suppression Therapy + Radiation Therapy	9.11

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Arm1: Androgen Suppression Therapy + Radiation Therapy	18
Arm2: Docetaxel + Androgen Suppression Therapy + Radiation Therapy	46

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Arm1: Androgen Suppression Therapy + Radiation Therapy	128
Arm2: Docetaxel + Androgen Suppression Therapy + Radiation Therapy	140

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
Arm1: Androgen Suppression Therapy + Radiation Therapy	48
Arm2: Docetaxel + Androgen Suppression Therapy + Radiation Therapy	54

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	9
Placebo	12

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	10
Placebo	4

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	60
Placebo	46

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	12
Placebo	11

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	210
Placebo	204

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	30
Placebo	23

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	19
Placebo	16

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	345
Placebo	369

Intervention	grams (Mean)
Vitamins	3247
Placebo	3244

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	35
Placebo	48

Intervention	participants (Number)
Vitamins	23
Placebo	27

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	56
Placebo	46

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	150
Placebo	144

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	124
Placebo	129

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	1457
Placebo	1322

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	3
Placebo	10

Intervention	days (Median)
Vitamins	2.0
Placebo	2.0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	161
Placebo	158

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	24
Placebo	36

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	577
Placebo	557

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	144
Placebo	127

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamins	10
Placebo	14

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	7.72	10	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	4.17	5	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.95	4	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.	2.04	1	0	trichlorobenzene
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	3.8	11	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-hydroxyglutarate 2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.15	5	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-ketoisovalerate alpha-ketoisovalerate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of isovaleric acid.	2	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
provitamin c provitamin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to (L-xylo)-isomer; structure	12.83	22	1	hexose
alpha-ketoglutaric acid 2-oxoglutaric acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle.	3.13	1	0	oxo dicarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	4.14	6	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
2-keto-4-methylvalerate alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.	2.45	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	3.67	9	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.	4.84	6	0	aminobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-hydroxykynurenine 3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.	2.66	3	0	hydroxykynurenine	human metabolite
dihydro-3-coumaric acid dihydro-3-coumaric acid: intermediate in biosynthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes from phenylalanine. 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid carrying a 3-hydroxyphenyl substituent at C-3.	2.17	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	3.81	12	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	1.96	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids	1.95	1	0
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	6.95	55	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol: the aglycone of gastrodin. p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung.	2	1	0	benzyl alcohols; phenols	plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	2.65	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.72	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	12.79	21	1	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	10.36	14	1	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	3.78	10	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	8.85	37	2	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	5.87	32	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.77	3	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetoin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	methyl ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	metabolite
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	11.03	38	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	7.49	40	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	1.94	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	11.24	13	3	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
curdlan D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.	2.91	3	0	hexose
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	8	41	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	3.29	6	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	4.44	23	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	7.42	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.81	3	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	4.98	40	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	5.49	21	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	4.08	3	1	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	8.55	27	3	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.11	4	0	aryl phosphate
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	4.28	19	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
butyraldehyde [no description available]	2.02	1	0	butanals	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-butylene glycol 2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.	2.1	1	0	butanediol; glycol; secondary alcohol
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	4.84	13	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	4.05	4	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	4.02	15	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	8.24	85	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	3.86	12	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	7.69	3	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	13.38	80	3	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	5.2	49	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	8.12	169	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	2.4	2	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
choline [no description available]	8.51	60	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.39	2	0	tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	15.7	209	21	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	10.48	200	2	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	5.03	42	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	8.44	8	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	8.82	85	2	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
3-methylcatechol 3-methylbenzene-1,2-diol: structure in first source. dihydroxytoluene : Any hydroxytoluene that has two hydroxy substituents. 3-methylcatechol : A methylcatechol carrying a methyl substituent at position 3. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by some bacteria capable of degrading nitroaromatic compounds present in pesticide-contaminated soil samples.	2.41	2	0	methylcatechol	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.69	3	0	alkane	xenobiotic
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	8.25	6	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	9.89	116	1	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.	1.97	1	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.75	3	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
2-nitropropane 2-nitropropane: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitropropane : A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).	2.72	3	0	secondary nitroalkane	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent; xenobiotic
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	11.39	30	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	8.71	10	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
dihydrolipoic acid dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.	10.21	19	0	thio-fatty acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
trimethylenediamine trimethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a propane skeleton with amino substituents at positions 1 and 3.	2	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; reagent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	3.7	10	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	4.57	4	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	4.55	25	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	9.31	4	1	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	3.8	2	1	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase.	3.08	5	0	omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	3.5	8	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
gamma-guanidinobutyric acid gamma-guanidinobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-guanidinobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted by a guanidino group at position 4.. 4-guanidinobutanoate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-guanidinobutanoic acid.. 4-guanidinobutanoic acid : The 4-guanidino derivative of butanoic acid.	2.06	1	0	guanidines; monocarboxylic acid; zwitterion	fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	5.39	7	2	alpha-amino acid
trimetaphosphoric acid trimetaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclotriphosphoric acid : The cyclic anhydride of triphosphoric acid.	1.96	1	0	cyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; inorganic heterocyclic compound; phosphorus oxoacid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	8.98	69	1	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2.69	3	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphoglycolate phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid.	1.98	1	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.07	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	5.78	88	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	4.5	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine [no description available]	9.86	36	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	6.73	17	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	12.72	131	8	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	7.63	3	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3,4-dihydrocoumarin melilotol: structure in first source. 3,4-dihydrocoumarin : A chromanone that is the 3,4-dihydro derivative of coumarin.	2.1	1	0	chromanone	plant metabolite
dihydroxyacetone [no description available]	3.5	2	0	ketotriose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antifungal agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylglycine dimethylglycine: metabolic product of calcium pangamate; mutagen when mixed with nitrite; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethylglycine : An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents.	1.95	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	7.9	4	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dimethylbenzimidazole	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	11.6	106	3	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.65	3	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	7.8	68	1	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gamma-butyrobetaine 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate : An amino-acid betaine gamma-aminobutyric acid zwitterion in which all of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.	2.39	2	0	amino-acid betaine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.74	3	0	chlorocyclohexane
glycine [no description available]	12.48	99	2	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.66	3	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glyceric acid glyceric acid: found in urine of patient with D-glyceric acidemia & hyperglycinaemia; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. glycerol ether : Any ether having glyceryl as at least one of the O-substituents.. glyceric acid : A trionic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.	6.93	1	0	trionic acid	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	9.55	99	4	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.7	3	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolaldehyde [no description available]	2.07	1	0	glycolaldehydes	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	13.88	20	4	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	4.39	6	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycocyamine glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.	2.03	1	0	guanidinoacetic acids; zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.96	1	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	2.91	4	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	12.72	84	3	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	13.25	121	8	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
homogentisic acid Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.	6.74	25	0	dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; hydroquinones	human metabolite; plant metabolite
thiocyanic acid thiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.03	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	7.39	63	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	11.35	37	7	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	4.01	14	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.91	4	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.43	2	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indole-3-acetaldehyde indoleacetaldehyde : An aldehyde that is acetaldehyde substituted by an indolyl group.. indol-3-ylacetaldehyde : An indoleacetaldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by a indol-3-yl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.37	2	0	indoleacetaldehyde	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	3.93	12	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	10.88	102	5	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.6	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	6.62	70	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	5.7	20	1	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
lactaldehyde lactaldehyde : A member of the class of propanals obtained by the reduction of the carboxylic group of lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid).	1.97	1	0	hydroxyaldehyde; propanals	mouse metabolite
lipoamide Lipozyme: lipase from Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on anion exchange resin	2.06	1	0	dithiolanes; monocarboxylic acid amide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	16.62	168	19	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	3.09	5	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methylmercaptan methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0	alkanethiol	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	8.05	47	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	13.62	74	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	14.33	76	15	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	11.77	76	6	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	13.9	170	6	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	2.86	4	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
n-acetylserotonin N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.	2.71	3	0	acetamides; N-acylserotonin; phenols	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	7.65	3	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
naphthalene [no description available]	4.04	15	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
naringenin [no description available]	2.5	2	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; trihydroxyflavanone
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	7.66	112	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	15.35	233	17	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	16.4	201	15	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	15.33	247	10	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.43	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	11.44	32	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	16.74	337	13	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	5.53	13	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	7.01	1	0	dimethylaniline; tertiary amine
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.69	3	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	5.12	10	1	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	5.29	13	1	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	2.74	3	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	12.91	105	9	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	10.79	30	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	1.96	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; phenols	human metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.66	3	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.87	12	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	3.84	12	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.66	3	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	8.11	5	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	3.15	5	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	5.11	42	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylpyruvic acid phenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenylpyruvate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of either keto- or enol-phenylpyruvic acid.. keto-phenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway.	3.19	6	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	chromogenic compound; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.42	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.41	2	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	6.6	18	1	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	3.05	5	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.95	4	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	2.03	1	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.49	2	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	6.12	9	1	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.81	3	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	3.41	7	0	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	3.27	6	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	6.46	14	1	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	9.3	4	1	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	4.55	26	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	5.57	5	1	purine
putrescine [no description available]	3.98	13	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	4.98	12	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.68	3	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	3.09	5	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	6.36	12	1	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	9.49	24	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	3.1	5	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	18.7	424	35	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	10.16	47	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	12.19	47	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	3.12	5	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2.73	3	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	4.83	34	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	10.35	58	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.36	2	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	3.63	9	0	selenium oxoacid
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	5.45	15	1	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	11.93	151	3	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	3.8	11	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	5.38	22	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	11.13	49	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
succinic semialdehyde succinic semialdehyde: structure	2.1	1	0	aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	5	9	1	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	7.82	33	1	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	7.94	67	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	22.18	813	45	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	10.61	18	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	5.42	20	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	3.84	4	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	4.74	31	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	20.8	944	59	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	12.54	176	8	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uroporphyrinogen iii Uroporphyrinogens: Porphyrinogens which are intermediates in heme biosynthesis. They have four acetic acid and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Uroporphyrinogen I and III are formed from polypyrryl methane in the presence of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase and uroporphyrin I synthetase, respectively. They can yield uroporphyrins by autooxidation or coproporphyrinogens by decarboxylation.	2.39	2	0	uroporphyrinogen	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	3.81	11	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	9.83	33	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin [no description available]	2.97	4	0	hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.38	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
sk&f 81297 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzazepine
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.4	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.7	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.39	2	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	2	1	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	2.64	3	0	catecholamine
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	2.67	3	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	3.21	6	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	3.46	1	1	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	10.59	3	2	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	2.08	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	4.77	31	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-didecanoylglycerol 1,2-didecanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	1,2-diglyceride; decanoate ester
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	4.29	19	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.7	3	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.68	3	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide 1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide: RN given refers to parent cp; a 5-HT3 receptor agonist	2	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.41	2	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	7.65	61	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	4.06	15	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
edelfosine edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.	2.9	4	0	glycerophosphocholine
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2.05	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	3.28	6	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	6.39	54	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	1.95	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	8.71	10	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	4.01	14	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	3.85	2	1	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	2.9	4	0
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline n-oxide 2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide: structure. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at cytochrome bc1 and of photosynthetic electron flow immediately before cytochrome b559.	2.38	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	12.74	85	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist	1.98	1	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.46	2	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	1.97	1	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	3.51	8	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	4.59	26	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.01	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	5.07	14	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.	2.42	2	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylethylamine; primary amino compound	biomarker; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	6.08	40	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.44	2	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
4'-bromoflavone 4'-bromoflavone: structure in first source	2.51	2	0
ro 5-4864 4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor	2.42	2	0
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2.43	2	0
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	8.06	5	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	10.93	34	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	4.91	36	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	7.95	37	2	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	2.66	3	0	long-chain fatty acid
5-dimethylamiloride 5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity	1.99	1	0
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	2.93	4	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	5.9	33	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
6-fluoronorepinephrine 6-fluoronorepinephrine: agonist for activation of alpha & beta adrenergic-sensitive cyclic AMP-generating systems; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0	catechols
6-methoxytryptoline 6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.41	2	0
7,8-dihydroxyflavone 7,8-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A naturally occurring flavonoid produced by several plants, including the weed Tridax procumbens (coalbuttons or tridax daisy) and the tree Godmania aesculifolia, In animal models, it has shown efficacy against several diseases of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's.	2.77	3	0	dihydroxyflavone	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2.97	4	0
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	2.38	2	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	3.28	6	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	4.9	10	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	1.99	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	8.18	79	1	monoazo compound
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	4.26	5	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acephate acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	7.5	2	0	mixed diacylamine; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	13.2	171	7	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	5.59	24	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	2.97	4	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.92	6	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	1.95	1	0	acridines
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	2.85	4	0
ag-1296 6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenylquinoxaline: ATP-competitive inhibitor of receptor kinase	2.07	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
alachlor alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.	2.45	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
alaproclate alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	3.23	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole [no description available]	4.56	7	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	4.88	11	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	3.87	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	3.9	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.	3.23	1	0	imidazoles; pyridoindole	antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist
tocopheroxy radical tocopheroxy radical: RN given refers to radical ion (1+), (2R-(2R(4R,8R*)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/90	2.93	4	0	tocopherol
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	4.3	5	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	8.07	5	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	3.58	2	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
am 580 Am 580: a selctive retinoic acid receptor (alpha) agonist; structure given in first source. 4-{[(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}benzoic acid : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid. A selective RARalpha agonist.	2.02	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	6.16	9	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	3.23	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.52	2	0	aromatic amine
ametantrone ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	3.23	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	4.91	11	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	8.79	11	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	5.5	25	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	4.59	8	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
ampyrone Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.	2.47	2	0	primary amino compound; pyrazolone	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline [no description available]	11.8	43	1	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	4.54	7	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	7	9	3	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	12.23	11	3	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	4.3	20	0	barbiturates
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	3.47	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	3.86	3	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.69	3	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	3.88	3	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes
antazoline Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	1.95	1	0	aromatic amine; imidazolines; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.69	3	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	7.45	22	2	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	7.24	11	1	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
aprindine Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.05	1	0	indanes
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	2.35	2	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.83	3	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	16.07	237	19	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.46	2	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	5.6	13	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	3.18	5	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	2.65	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	6.64	9	1	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	5.48	4	1	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
azosemide azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.	7.44	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide; tetrazoles; thiophenes	loop diuretic
baclofen [no description available]	3.59	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	3.56	9	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bemegride Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.	1.93	1	0	piperidones
bendazac bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.	3.59	2	0	indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger
bendiocarb bendiocarb: FICAM 80W contains 80% of the above chemical cpd as the active ingredient	2.59	2	0	benzodioxoles; carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	4.01	4	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benfluorex [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	9.28	4	1	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	6.97	1	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	6.3	6	1	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	12.43	37	1	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	4.6	6	1	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	4.51	7	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl benzoate benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.	4.37	2	2	benzoate ester; benzyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite; scabicide
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	3.61	9	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	3.14	5	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	7.58	2	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	2.39	2	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
propiolactone Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.	2.4	2	0	propan-3-olide
betaxolol [no description available]	3.86	3	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	5.33	7	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	4.08	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2.05	1	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.	3.23	1	0	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	11.35	16	13	diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.07	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.02	1	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	4.08	4	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bithionol Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.	2.46	2	0	aryl sulfide; bridged diphenyl antifungal drug; bridged diphenyl fungicide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine pesticide; polyphenol	antifungal agrochemical; antiplatyhelmintic drug
bretylium bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	2.45	2	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
bromisovalum Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.	2.05	1	0	N-acylurea; organobromine compound
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
bumetanide [no description available]	4.65	8	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin bunazosin: structure	2.01	1	0	quinazolines
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.97	4	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	4.08	4	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	5.89	7	1	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital	3.23	1	0	barbiturates
butalbital butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates	analgesic; sedative
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	2.93	4	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	12.06	91	3	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	8.43	30	4	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	8.63	123	1	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	4.06	3	1	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2.05	1	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	4.06	4	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	5.44	11	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxide carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.	1.98	1	0	dibenzoazepine; epoxide; ureas	allergen; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
carbazochrome carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename	4.38	2	2
carbinoxamine carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.	3.23	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.46	2	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carbazilquinone Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
carcinine carcinine: structure. carcinine : A beta-alanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of beta-alanine with the primary amino group of histamine.	1.98	1	0	beta-alanine derivative; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound	antioxidant; crustacean metabolite
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmofur [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.94	13	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	3.82	2	1	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	2.45	2	0	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	4.65	8	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	4.33	20	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	8.68	18	2	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.	3.54	2	0	aromatic ketone
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	4.46	6	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	5.03	12	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	4.1	3	1	pyridinium ion
chloral hydrate [no description available]	3.47	8	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	9.44	6	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	11.87	12	2	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	3.59	2	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	8.17	51	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	4.18	5	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	11.53	8	1	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	9.31	70	1	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	4.71	9	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpropham Chlorpropham: A carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator.. chlorpropham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.	1.95	1	0	benzenes; carbamate ester; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide; plant growth retardant
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	4.31	18	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	3.86	3	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	4.27	5	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.46	2	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether; thiazolidinone	antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostamide cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure	1.97	1	0	quinolines
cilostazol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimaterol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	6.97	23	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.25	1	0
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	2.05	1	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.94	4	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	8.5	33	1	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	2.97	4	0	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	6.72	9	2	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	7.99	4	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.26	6	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.7	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	5.99	21	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene [no description available]	3.86	3	0	tertiary amine	estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	4.24	5	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	4.32	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	10.48	12	0	clonidine; imidazoline
chlorazepate clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.	3.59	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug
clotiazepam clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
clotrimazole [no description available]	4.55	7	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cloxyquin cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinolines
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2	1	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cromolyn cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.	2.46	2	0	chromones; dicarboxylic acid	anti-asthmatic drug; calcium channel blocker
cyclandelate Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.	2.41	2	0	carboxylic ester; secondary alcohol	vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	3.23	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.	3.76	3	0	organic molecular entity
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2.04	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclopentolate Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.. cyclopentolate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.	2.44	2	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; muscarinic antagonist; mydriatic agent; parasympatholytic
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	3.93	12	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	9.32	6	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	8.22	6	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dapsone [no description available]	5.8	29	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	2.45	2	0	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.43	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone: ubiquinol analog. 6-decylubiquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	5.98	14	2	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	13.69	224	3	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	5.1	14	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	7.8	33	1	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	4.76	5	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	7.57	24	2	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	3.53	8	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	4.36	6	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2.05	1	0	dibenzothiophenes; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	keratolytic drug
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	3.32	6	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	13.14	31	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	5.46	21	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	2.35	2	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; diarylmethane
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	3.99	4	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	8.27	6	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	3.58	2	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	3.62	9	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.74	3	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	6.39	54	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	4.41	6	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dihydrocytochalasin b dihydrocytochalasin B: inhibits cell motility in many eucaryotic cells	7.4	2	0
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	2.77	3	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	11.16	26	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	4.15	16	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
dinitolmide Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.04	1	0	dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	11.83	21	1	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	4.13	15	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.7	3	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	6.72	18	1	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dipyrone metamizole : A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.	2.5	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; pyrazoles	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	5.42	4	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	7.05	26	1	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	4.7	30	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	6.45	22	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	2.66	3	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	7.42	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.	2.01	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	3.1	5	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	5.54	19	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
adtn ADTN: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	8.06	5	0
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	3.23	1	0	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	3.23	1	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	3.59	2	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	3.23	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dsp 4 DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
dyclonine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines	topical anaesthetic
dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.	3.23	1	0	oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols	bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	4.42	21	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	3.23	1	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
embelin embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.	2.49	2	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	9.83	7	1	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	4.27	18	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	2.05	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.41	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
eperisone eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.	3.37	1	1	aromatic ketone; piperidines
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	5.51	65	0
estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.	3.59	2	0	triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	4.7	9	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ethenzamide ethenzamide: structure	2.92	4	0	organic molecular entity
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	9.55	8	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethinamate ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.	2.04	1	0	carbamate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	sedative
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	4.26	5	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.	3.23	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
ethoxyquin Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.	10.52	13	0	aromatic ether; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical; food antioxidant; genotoxin; geroprotector; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester [no description available]	4.47	2	2
ethyl loflazepate ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.87	4	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	3.49	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810 [no description available]	3.86	3	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2.94	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	4.61	27	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	4.26	5	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	5.79	6	1	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	7.53	14	2	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	7.84	12	1	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	6.86	4	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.74	3	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	3.39	7	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	3.86	3	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level	3.86	3	0	benzodioxoles
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	3.22	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.	3.23	1	0	carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	4.26	5	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	5.8	26	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	4.26	5	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	3.36	7	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	9.47	7	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	4.72	9	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.42	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.	3.23	1	0	benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	9.87	41	2	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	7.19	15	2	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	3.51	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	4.43	6	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.	2.46	2	0	diarylmethane
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	4.41	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	4.01	4	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	4.38	6	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	2.88	4	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	11.82	30	2	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	2.66	3	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	6.2	12	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.89	4	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil [no description available]	4.4	6	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	5.48	20	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	5.03	13	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.	4.08	4	0	aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	3.52	8	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	3.86	3	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.8	3	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	9.09	15	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	3.3	6	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	5.33	17	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzenes
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	3.8	10	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gö6983 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	indoles; maleimides
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	3.23	6	0
granisetron [no description available]	3.59	2	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
guaiazulene guaiazulene: structure	2.05	1	0	sesquiterpene
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	12.43	12	2	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	9.77	10	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	3.23	1	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	4.61	8	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.41	2	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.75	3	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	8.97	61	2	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	4.98	9	1	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.75	3	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	7.51	2	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.39	2	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol [no description available]	2.37	2	0	stilbenoid
hexetidine Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)	2.05	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	5.68	27	0	barbiturates
hexylresorcinol [no description available]	2.75	3	0	resorcinols
beta-thujaplicin beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.	2.49	2	0	cyclic ketone; enol; monoterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; plant metabolite
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	4.09	15	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	2.46	2	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	5.64	10	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	9.98	12	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	3.23	1	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
p-hydroxyamphetamine p-Hydroxyamphetamine: Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects. It is sometimes called alpha-methyltyramine, which may also refer to the meta isomer, gepefrine.	1.96	1	0	amphetamines
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	8.92	12	2	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	6.36	21	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	3.86	3	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin [no description available]	2.44	2	0
mk 473 MK 473: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.08	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	9.87	40	2	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	4.62	8	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	6.72	18	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
alverine alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.	2.05	1	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug
idebenone [no description available]	7.32	13	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	2.25	1	0	piperidines
ifosfamide [no description available]	4.28	5	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	5.27	17	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	4.54	7	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
incadronate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	4.08	4	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	9.63	8	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	11.51	101	2	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	7.84	5	4	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodoacetamide [no description available]	4.78	10	0
iodoquinol Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.	1.97	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organoiodine compound	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiseptic drug
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	3.68	3	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iodipamide Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound; secondary carboxamide	radioopaque medium
ioversol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid [no description available]	5.14	15	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	4.28	5	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.7	10	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)	4.02	4	0	benzenes
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	5.08	5	2	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	8.34	57	1	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	4.57	26	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	8.15	79	1	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	8.89	3	0	alkylbenzene
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	4.22	5	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itraconazole [no description available]	4.12	4	0	piperazines
juglone juglone: structure. juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.	8.72	9	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	geroprotector; herbicide; reactive oxygen species generator
nsc 664704 kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).	2.05	1	0	indolobenzazepine; lactam; organobromine compound	cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	5.33	17	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.71	3	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	5.32	17	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	11.26	10	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	3.59	2	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	5.06	7	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	3.98	14	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	5.44	11	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic acid [no description available]	7.2	28	1	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	3.49	8	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phenyllactic acid 3-phenyllactic acid: alpha-hydroxy analog of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-phenyllactic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.5	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	2.9	4	0
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	4.54	7	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	4.28	5	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	7.77	11	3	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	3.12	5	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	3.11	5	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	4.08	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	3.23	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
tetramisole 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole : An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.. tetramisole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levamisole and dexamisole.	2.37	2	0	imidazothiazole	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linopirdine linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug	2.06	1	0	indoles
lithium hydroxide lithium hydroxide: used for tryptophan determinations in proteins & foods; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-OH	2.08	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	3.96	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
lomustine [no description available]	4.23	5	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	3.62	2	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	3.82	3	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	12.9	13	3	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	3.23	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.42	7	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.	3.12	5	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	4.19	17	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source	2.69	3	0	isopropyl ester
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	4.21	5	0	anthracenes
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	3.37	7	0	organic molecular entity
edaravone [no description available]	4.27	5	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	4.39	6	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	3.77	3	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	4.85	11	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	3.59	2	0	diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.23	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic sodium salt
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.	2.66	3	0	monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.61	8	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.	2.05	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinolines; secondary alcohol
memantine [no description available]	7.09	5	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	9.37	63	2	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mepenzolate mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	6.63	6	1	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	1.93	1	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	9.24	5	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	4.02	4	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	6.46	14	1	organic molecular entity
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	4.98	12	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	1.94	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	4.87	2	1	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	4.19	5	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	8.44	22	2	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.94	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	4.61	8	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	2.69	3	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	3.5	2	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	9.93	35	4	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	3.48	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	2.11	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methoxyamine methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.42	2	0	organooxygen compound
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	2	1	0	organochlorine insecticide
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	2.93	4	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)	3.58	2	0	benzothiadiazine
nocodazole [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	7.92	4	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	3.31	6	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.91	4	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	6.19	10	1	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
methyprylon methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	9.49	7	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	4.08	4	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	9.62	8	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	13.3	27	4	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	10.82	18	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	4.24	5	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
n-methyl-d-glucamine dithiocarbamate N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate: antidote for cadmium intoxication; repeated administration can result in reduction in cadmium levels of kidney & liver; structure given in first source	2	1	0
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	3.16	5	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	4.54	5	1	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	4.08	4	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	3.23	1	0	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone [no description available]	4.22	2	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minaprine minaprine: Agr 1240 refers to di-HCl; short-acting type A MAO inhibitor (MAOI) of mild potency; structure	1.96	1	0	morpholines; pyridazines; secondary amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; cholinergic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	6.27	10	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	3.88	3	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	4.05	4	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	4.4	6	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	2.04	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	3.88	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	5.51	21	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	4.3	3	0	monoterpenoid
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.06	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.	2.9	4	0	acetamides; benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	6.6	68	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
n-formylmethionylphenylalanine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	peptide
fg 7142 FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist	1.97	1	0	beta-carbolines
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	4.48	7	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	2.02	1	0	catecholamine
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	4.83	4	2	purine nucleoside
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	3.86	3	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nadifloxacin nadifloxacin: (R)-isomer does not induce chromosomal aberrations, unlike (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; hydroxypiperidine; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug
nadolol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tetralins
nafoxidine Nafoxidine: An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.	1.98	1	0	benzenes; naphthalenes; ring assembly
nalidixic acid [no description available]	6.08	9	1	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.97	4	0
naphazoline Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.	1.95	1	0	naphthalenes
naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	4.43	6	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	8.56	9	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ubiquinone q1 Ubiquinone Q1: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex. ubiquinone-1 : A compound composed of the standard 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone nucleus common to ubiquinones; and a side chain of a single isoprenoid unit.	3.66	3	0	ubiquinones
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	4.3	5	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	4.44	7	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	4.02	4	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niceritrol Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	7.66	26	2	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.39	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilutamide [no description available]	3.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	4.62	8	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	4.68	8	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.42	2	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	4.4	6	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	4.23	5	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	13.83	68	20	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nizatidine [no description available]	3.86	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist
nizofenone nizofenone: protects experimental mice & rats against cerebral anoxia	2.38	2	0	benzophenones
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	4.23	5	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)	4.66	8	0	catechols; lignan; tetrol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	4.79	9	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	5.57	5	1	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.73	3	0	nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.78	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nylidrin Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.	5.95	4	2	alkylbenzene
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	3.21	6	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	9.95	6	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	9.61	27	9	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	4.06	4	0	carbazoles
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	3.99	4	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	2.31	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
1,2-cyclohexanediamine 1,2-cyclohexanediamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.15	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	2.05	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.08	4	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	2.77	3	0	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	4.44	6	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxethazaine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid amide
oxibendazole oxibendazole: structure	2.46	2	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	7.41	59	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxiracetam oxiracetam: structure in first source	6.98	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	2.97	4	0	aromatic ether
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	3.14	5	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	5.85	3	2	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	3.21	6	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	6.69	18	1	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	4.71	29	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.87	4	0	phenylalanine derivative
pamidronate [no description available]	4.08	4	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	4.44	6	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	7.61	18	3	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.	3.25	6	0	dichlorobenzene	insecticide
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	5.75	28	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	4.99	12	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 169316 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor	2.01	1	0	imidazoles
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.9	12	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	4.22	5	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	4.41	6	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	6.33	31	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	7.36	14	1	oxopurine
perazine Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.	2.05	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	3.86	3	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	4.48	7	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure	2.04	1	0	acetamides
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	5.37	19	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	2.66	3	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	2.37	2	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	2.65	3	0	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	8.32	89	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	2.05	1	0	phenols
4-phenolsulfonic acid 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is phenol substituted by a sulfo group at C-4.	1.97	1	0	arenesulfonic acid
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	2.44	2	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	5	13	0	aromatic amine
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	3.86	3	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	3.63	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.93	4	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	8.39	41	3	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	1.97	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	5.73	20	1	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	1.97	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.75	3	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	4.89	11	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	5.47	11	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipamperone pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; bipiperidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	2.05	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	2.88	4	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
pipobroman Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.	2.04	1	0	N-acylpiperazine; organobromine compound; tertiary carboxamide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	4.91	8	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirbuterol pirbuterol: structure	2.05	1	0	pyridines
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	1.99	1	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	1.95	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide [no description available]	3.58	2	0	benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	6.06	47	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	3.7	10	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.48	2	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents	3.23	1	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	4.26	5	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	9.7	9	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	4.91	8	1	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	9.87	11	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	4.37	6	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	4.09	16	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	6.9	22	1	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	15.61	41	2	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	4.71	9	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	6.01	38	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	4.23	5	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	5.21	3	1	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.	3.23	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	1.99	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	1.95	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	14.1	28	2	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propanil Propanil: A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.. propanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the amino group of 3,4-dichloroaniline. It is a herbicide used for the treatment of numerous grasses and broad-leaved weeds in rice, potatoes, and wheat.	2.45	2	0	anilide; dichlorobenzene	herbicide
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	3.23	1	0	xanthenes
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.53	8	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propiverine propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	7.51	15	1	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	6.97	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	9.15	53	2	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	11.35	30	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.89	4	0
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	3.23	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	2.41	2	0	pyridines
pyridostigmine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	pyridinium ion
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	3.05	5	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	9.71	9	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134 quazepam: structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	benzodiazepine
quetiapine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	dibenzothiazepine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	3.91	3	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.	3.86	3	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine [no description available]	3.15	5	0	aralkylamine
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	4.67	6	1	secondary carboxamide
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	3.25	6	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	4.08	4	0	benzothiazoles
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	6.37	7	1	alkylamine
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	4.26	5	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	2	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	3.23	1	0	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	4.72	2	1	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	1.98	1	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	4.67	8	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole [no description available]	4.62	4	0	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
aurin aurin: structure	1.92	1	0	diarylmethane
4-bromotetramisole 4-bromotetramisole: available in levo & dextro form; L-form potent inhibitor of non specific alkaline phosphatase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	11.57	21	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	3.2	6	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.45	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.	3.46	2	0	benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.45	2	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid: antineoplastic, Histone Deacetylase inhibitor	2.08	1	0	hydroxamic acid
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	3.48	2	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
carbamylhydrazine carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	carbohydrazide; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound; ureas
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	2.04	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
sennoside a&b [no description available]	4.07	2	1
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.76	3	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	3.59	2	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	6.81	11	2	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.31	19	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	10.74	27	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2.88	4	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	3.27	6	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	3.59	2	0	pyridines
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	3.86	3	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; orphan drug; prodrug
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	4.27	19	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	6.72	18	1	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
imatinib [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	pyridines; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	3.59	2	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	6.25	6	2	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure	2.62	3	0	1,3-thiazoles
sulfabenzamide sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.	2.46	2	0	benzenes; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial drug
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	2.38	2	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	3.77	2	1	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine	7.65	3	0	sulfonamide antibiotic	antiinfective agent
sulfamerazine [no description available]	4.06	3	1	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfameter Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; leprostatic drug; renal agent
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	4.61	6	1	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	4.21	5	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	6.8	18	4	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.65	3	0	pyridazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	9.14	17	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	4.34	4	1	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.45	2	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	8.68	17	2
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	3.85	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	3.93	13	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	3.33	7	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	8.57	9	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	9.69	8	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulfoxone sulfoxone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available]	3.59	2	0	alkylbenzene
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	8.27	6	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sultopride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	salicylamides
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	4.26	5	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	3.12	5	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	azepine
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.75	3	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	3.12	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
tegafur [no description available]	2.7	3	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
telenzepine telenzepine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzodiazepine
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	3.59	2	0	benzodiazepine
temozolomide [no description available]	5.66	5	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	3.81	3	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.49	7	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	3.15	5	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.88	4	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.24	6	0	quaternary ammonium ion
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	1.94	1	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
3-hydroxyaspartic acid 3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.37	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy-amino acid
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	7.28	10	1	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	4.04	3	1	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	4.54	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,2'-thiodiethanol 2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom	2.04	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; diol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; solvent
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	4.18	5	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	4.96	7	0	aziridines
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	7.08	1	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	4.4	6	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	7.36	2	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	3.62	2	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tinoridine tinoridine: proposed anti-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS seach PYRIDINES (75-86)	1.96	1	0	thienopyridine
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	8.07	17	2	N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	3.59	2	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	2.37	2	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	4.39	6	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	3.74	3	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	10.73	16	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	3.86	3	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	3.13	5	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.	3.86	3	0	aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	9.19	11	2	amino acid
trapidil Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.	2.05	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	4.07	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triacetin Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.	2.44	2	0	triglyceride	adjuvant; antifungal drug; food additive carrier; food emulsifier; food humectant; fuel additive; plant metabolite; solvent
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	9.96	6	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	3.83	3	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	2.04	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine 2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
triclosan [no description available]	2.71	3	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	4.43	8	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	4.5	7	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.65	3	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	3.23	1	0	amine
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	4.51	7	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethobenzamide trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.	3.23	1	0	benzamides; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	7.9	18	4	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	3.58	2	0
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	3.23	1	0	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	11.12	9	1	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	1.99	1	0
tyramine [no description available]	7.53	43	1	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9 [no description available]	1.95	1	0	alkylbenzene	geroprotector
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.23	1	0	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil [no description available]	2.44	2	0	piperazines
urethane [no description available]	8.84	12	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.	3.86	3	0	cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic
vesamicol vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	piperidines
vesnarinone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
vigabatrin [no description available]	3.86	3	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	2.39	2	0
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.7	3	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xanthurenic acid xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.	2.01	1	0	dihydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	animal metabolite; iron chelator; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate: structure given in first source; inhibits DMBA-induced carcinogenesis by inhibiting DMBA-DNA adduct formation	2.03	1	0
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	4.08	4	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	3.23	1	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	3.92	12	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	4.08	4	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zomepirac zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	cardiovascular drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.89	3	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	2.05	1	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
donepezil hydrochloride donepezil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)- donepezil hydrochloride. Its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.	2.48	2	0
guanidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic chloride salt	protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.4	2	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.	3.59	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	6.73	18	1	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.	2.46	2	0	acylcholine
corticosterone [no description available]	10.38	182	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	10.82	70	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	5.95	8	1	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	8.19	6	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	6.99	61	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.93	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	5.21	16	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	10.45	56	4	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	6.33	52	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	8.06	43	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	3.25	6	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	3.09	5	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	2.15	1	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
triethylenemelamine Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.	2.04	1	0	1,3,5-triazines	alkylating agent; insect sterilant
2-aminophenol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	2.05	1	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.	2.05	1	0
isoproterenol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	catechols
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	11.69	192	2	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.	2.05	1	0
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	11.32	103	3	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.	2.63	3	0
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	7.71	30	1	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
methacetin methacetin: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacetin : A member of the class of acetamides that is paracetamol in which the hydrogen of phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	7.66	3	0	acetamides; aromatic ether
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.79	11	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	5.39	11	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
aldosterone [no description available]	8.42	25	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
allobarbital allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects	2.45	2	0	barbiturates
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	9.37	61	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	5.04	5	2	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
lynestrenol Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.64	3	0	steroid
norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.	1.93	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
cysteine [no description available]	4.1	4	0	cysteine zwitterion; cysteine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	14.02	47	2	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	6.24	28	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
paramethasone Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)	2.45	2	0	fluorinated steroid
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	2.42	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	4	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
androsterone [no description available]	2.34	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	14.98	28	3	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride
1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene	mutagen
nad [no description available]	2.05	1	0	NAD	geroprotector
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	1.99	1	0
n-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene: structure	1.96	1	0
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.	3.57	9	0	2-acetamidofluorenes
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	5.01	13	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.	6.55	19	3	indoles
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	2.38	2	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	5.59	24	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	5.71	11	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.	1.95	1	0	phenylethanolamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	6.26	28	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	2.37	2	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	5.34	18	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	9.59	45	2	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	4.13	16	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isonicotinic acid isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.	2.05	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
methyldimethylaminoazobenzene Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: A very potent liver carcinogen.. 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene : A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen.	2.67	3	0
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	1.94	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	4.48	4	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	8.1	71	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.49	2	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	8.99	63	2	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	10.89	19	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	5.24	54	0	corticosteroid hormone
benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2.64	3	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	3.6	9	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	8.93	59	2	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	14.63	47	2	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	10.45	44	5	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	10.35	141	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.96	4	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cetrimonium bromide cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.	2.46	2	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	detergent; surfactant
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	8.6	220	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol [no description available]	4.5	25	0	tertiary alcohol
vincristine [no description available]	4.29	5	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	10.67	15	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	1.96	1	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	11.63	136	3	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	6.8	24	3	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	7.64	3	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	3.04	5	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	4.3	6	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	6	36	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	7.94	38	1	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	9.54	78	3	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	4.32	6	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
dromostanolone dromostanolone: synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid used to lower plasma cholesterol & as antineoplastic agent in advanced breast neoplasms; major descriptor (66-86); on-line search ANDROSTANOLS (80-86); ANDROSTANES (68-86); INDEX MEDICUS search DROMOSTANOLONE (66-86); RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
promethazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	3.79	3	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	1.98	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	10.63	118	4	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	3.08	5	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
triphenylethylene [no description available]	1.97	1	0	stilbenoid
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	3.69	10	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	4.26	19	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.6	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	4.67	9	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.97	13	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	9.13	99	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	5.41	14	1	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	8.52	45	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
thiamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
n-nitrosomorpholine N-nitrosomorpholine : A nitrosamine that is morpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. A carcinogen and mutagen, it is found in snuff tobacco.	9	14	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	9.89	75	3	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	15.76	442	12	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tributyrin tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.	3.44	1	1	butyrate ester; triglyceride	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug; protective agent
p-aminoazobenzene p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.	2.01	1	0
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	8.82	12	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	7.86	12	1	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	15.68	310	7	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	8.34	41	1	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.	3.86	3	0	quaternary ammonium salt
phlorhizin [no description available]	10.19	16	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
mepazine mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.	3.23	1	0	phenothiazines
methoxamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	dimethoxybenzene
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	2.35	2	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.53	13	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.89	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
n-methyltryptamine N-methyltryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	tryptamine alkaloid; tryptamines	metabolite
n,n-dimethyltryptamine N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.	1.98	1	0	tryptamine alkaloid; tryptamines
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	2.45	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	9.17	5	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	12.2	165	1	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	3.85	2	1	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	2	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	4.65	9	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	5.91	25	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.	3.17	5	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; lipoic acid; thia fatty acid	cofactor; nutraceutical; prosthetic group
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	7.69	3	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	6.35	11	4	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	4.27	19	0	anilines; primary arylamine
calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.	3.56	2	0	calcium salt	chelator
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	4.32	6	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	12.7	50	1	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	3.06	5	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.68	3	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	9.16	52	2	lactose
primaquine phosphate [no description available]	2.46	2	0
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	15.31	181	15	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	3.38	7	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	8.94	59	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	5.86	101	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	10.06	30	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	2.46	2	0
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.39	2	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
mebanazine mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.23	1	0	benzenes
n-hexanal [no description available]	3.73	10	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
uracil mustard Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.	2.74	3	0	aminouracil; nitrogen mustard
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	4.16	5	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	9.94	38	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.66	3	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
thiamine hydrochloride thiamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining thiamine chloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.25	1	0	hydrochloride; vitamin B1	insect repellent
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	4.19	17	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	1.93	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	4.17	17	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone [no description available]	6.75	3	2	sulfone
hexachloroethane [no description available]	1.96	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethanes	carcinogenic agent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	4.07	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	7.17	15	2	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	3.49	8	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	3.83	12	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	3.2	6	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	3.59	2	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.	2.39	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
benziodarone benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)	3.59	2	0	aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	1.96	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
caffeine citrate caffeine citrate: RN given for [1:1] mixture; used for prophylaxis and treatment of apnea in preterm babies	2.21	1	0
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	8.19	27	2	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	11.47	117	3	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	9.18	12	3	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	3.78	11	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	3.49	2	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	5.09	10	1	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.95	4	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	5.68	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-thiomalic acid [no description available]	2.4	2	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	9.73	129	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	3.16	5	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2.04	1	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	8.27	11	5	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.	2.45	2	0	organic sodium salt	dye
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	8.74	11	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	10.21	16	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	5.13	15	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	2.05	1	0	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
alizarin [no description available]	7.48	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	2.63	3	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
trypan blue VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.	2.05	1	0
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	2.63	3	0	organic molecular entity
cordycepin [no description available]	2.47	2	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	12.48	193	4	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.04	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.	5.02	13	0	N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound	antioxidant
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	17.72	177	28	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl bromide methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.	3.06	1	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes; methyl halides	algal metabolite; fumigant insecticide; marine metabolite
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	3.92	13	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	7.09	43	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	3.1	5	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl chloride Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.	1.93	1	0	chloromethanes; methyl halides	marine metabolite; mutagen; refrigerant
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.37	2	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.38	2	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	3.63	9	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	2.64	3	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	2.37	2	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	8.75	10	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	8.81	4	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	2.41	2	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	3.97	2	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
boron trifluoride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	boron fluoride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	1.99	1	0	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
bromotrichloromethane Bromotrichloromethane: A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.	2.68	3	0
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.91	4	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
trichlorofluoromethane trichlorofluoromethane: refrigerant, aerosol propellant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trichlorofluoromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by three chlorine and one fluorine atom.	2.04	1	0	chlorofluorocarbon; halomethane	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; NMR solvent; refrigerant
tetrafluoromethane tetrafluoromethane: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	fluorocarbon; fluoromethanes	refrigerant
tert-amyl alcohol 2-methylbutan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is propan-1-ol in which both of the hydrogens at position 1 have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.58	2	0	aliphatic alcohol; tertiary alcohol	protic solvent
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	5.54	68	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
dalapon dalapon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	carboxylic acid; organohalogen compound
pentachloroethane [no description available]	2.39	2	0	chloroethanes	non-polar solvent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	8.27	20	4	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	3.52	8	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	3.23	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.88	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.	3.23	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
bromthymol blue Bromthymol Blue: A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.. bromothymol blue : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.	2.05	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; polyphenol; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
bromcresol green Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.	1.95	1	0	benzofurans
allylpropymal allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.76	3	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	11.27	36	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
butobarbital butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
methsuximide methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
methylpentynol methylpentynol: structure	2.04	1	0	ynone
dimethyl sulfate dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.41	2	0	alkyl sulfate	alkylating agent; immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	6.99	24	1	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	9.32	18	0
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.13	5	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	2.02	1	0
pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.	4.08	3	1	pentaerythritol nitrate	explosive; vasodilator agent
triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.	3.44	2	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
isopentane [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alkane	refrigerant
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	3.27	6	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.91	4	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.08	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	3.37	7	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	8.43	7	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
chloroacetamide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	3.55	8	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	9.24	5	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane: see also record for tetrachloroethane. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1, 2 and 2.	2.04	1	0	chloroethanes
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.41	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pempidine Pempidine: A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.	1.94	1	0	piperidines
dimethisterone Dimethisterone: A synthetic progestational hormone without significant estrogenic or androgenic properties. It was formerly used as the progestational component in SEQUENTIAL ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS	2.35	2	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	16.33	157	10	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3.95	12	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	5.5	26	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2.44	2	0	pinene	plant metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.72	3	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	2.37	2	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.89	4	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
1-amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone 1-amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone: intermediate in the production of dyes	2.05	1	0	anthraquinone
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	8.51	6	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
3-bromobenzanthrone [no description available]	7.42	2	0
benzanthrone benzanthrone: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.25	6	0	phenanthrenes
pyridoxic acid Pyridoxic Acid: The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxic acid : A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxate : A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	4.75	7	1	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite
cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.	2.46	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic
acenaphthene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	acenaphthenes
skatole [no description available]	2.38	2	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	9.56	36	2	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	2.46	2	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	5.57	73	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
7,8-dimethyl-10-[(2R,3R,4S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione [no description available]	2.04	1	0	flavin
9,10-phenanthrenequinone 9,10-phenanthrenequinone: structure	2.41	2	0	phenanthrenes
syrosingopine syrosingopine: was heading 1963-94; SYRINGOPINE was see SYROSINGOPINE 1977-94; use RESERPINE to search SYROSINGOPINE 1966-94	1.93	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.42	2	0
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	7.03	1	0	anthraquinone
8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	3.92	13	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	3.14	5	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	3.23	1	0	organobromine compound; pyridines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
n-nitrosodiphenylamine N-nitrosodiphenylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	phenylhydrazines
fluorene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.	2.45	2	0	naphthylacetic acid	synthetic auxin
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	13.17	19	3	penicillin allergen; penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	6.94	12	2	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene trichlorobenzene: commercial grade of trichlorobenzene containing 70% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene & 30% 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene; see also record for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. trichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.. 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.04	1	0	trichlorobenzene
2,6-xylidine 2,6-xylidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dimethylaniline : A primary arylamine that is aniline in which the hydrogens at the 2- and 6-positions are replaced by methyl groups. It is used in the production of some anasthetics and other chemicals. It is a drug metabolite of lidocaine (local anasthetic).	2.11	1	0	dimethylaniline; primary arylamine	carcinogenic agent; drug metabolite
2,6-dichlorophenol 2,6-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,6-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol with the chloro substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.06	1	0	dichlorophenol
hexachlorobutadiene hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure	2.05	1	0	organochlorine compound
hexamethylbenzene hexamethylbenzene : A methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.04	1	0	methylbenzene
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	7.51	16	1
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	5.59	28	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-furoic acid 2-furoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. furoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of a furan ring having a single carboxylic acid group on any ring position and derivatives thereof.. 2-furoic acid : A furoic acid having the carboxylic acid group located at position 2.	7.37	2	0	furoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; inhibitor; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
picric acid picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.63	2	0	C-nitro compound	antiseptic drug; explosive; fixative
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	5.97	8	1	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.77	3	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
1-methylnaphthalene 1-methylnaphthalene : A methylnaphthalene carrying a methyl substituent at position 1.	2.04	1	0	methylnaphthalene	carcinogenic agent; plant metabolite
1-chloronaphthalene 1-chloronaphthalene: word preservative; in xylamon the active ingredient is 60% 1-chloronaphthalene; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2126	2.04	1	0
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.71	3	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.	2.38	2	0	hydroxybiphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; environmental food contaminant
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	2.38	2	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	7.11	1	0	xanthones	insecticide
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	2.38	2	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	10.91	7	1	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diethylpropion Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.	4.01	4	0	aromatic ketone; tertiary amine	appetite depressant
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether: structure. 2,6-dimethoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.71	3	0	dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	4.6	26	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.1	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	1.95	1	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-methylnaphthalene 2-methylnaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylnaphthalene : A methylnaphthalene carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.	2.04	1	0	methylnaphthalene
2-chloronaphthalene 2-chloronaphthalene: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.87	4	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	2.91	4	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
naphthacene tetracene : An acene that consists of four ortho-fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.	2.04	1	0	acene; tetracenes
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	3.07	5	0
pyronine Pyronine: Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.. pyronin Y : An organic chloride salt having 6-(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium as the cation. Used with methyl green to selectively demonstrate RNA (red) in contrast to DNA (green) with the Unna-Pappenheim method.	7.02	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	histological dye
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	8.06	5	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	3.41	7	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
4-biphenylamine 4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.02	1	0	aminobiphenyl	carcinogenic agent
4-phenylphenol 4-phenylphenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. biphenyl-4-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.	1.96	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.6	9	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	5.75	6	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	3.08	5	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
n,n-diethyl 4-phenylenediamine N,N-diethyl 4-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
veratric acid veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.49	2	0	benzoic acids	allergen; plant metabolite
1-phenylpropanol 1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
cdaa CDAA: structure	2.6	1	0	tertiary carboxamide
fenoprop fenoprop: RN given is for parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	phenoxy herbicide
synephrine [no description available]	3.05	5	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	3.64	9	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	4.37	6	0	carbonyl compound
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.46	2	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	2.04	1	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiophene [no description available]	2.41	2	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
2-xylene 2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.04	1	0	xylene
2-chlorotoluene 2-chlorotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
2-dichlorobenzene 2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene	hepatotoxic agent; metabolite
2-toluidine 2-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is ortho to the methyl group.	3.4	1	1	aminotoluene	carcinogenic agent
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	4.9	13	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
2-bromophenol bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.	2.91	4	0	bromophenol	marine metabolite
2-chlorophenol chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.	2.01	1	0	2-halophenol; monochlorophenol
pseudocumene 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.	2.04	1	0	trimethylbenzene	neurotoxin
3,4-dichloroaniline 3,4-dichloroaniline : A dichloroaniline having the two chloro-substituents at the 3- and 4-positions.	2	1	0	dichloroaniline	epitope; xenobiotic
durene durene: structure. durene : A tetramethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.	2.04	1	0	tetramethylbenzene
1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene : A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.	2.04	1	0	tetrachlorobenzene
2-methylbutanal 2-methylbutanal: structure in first source. 2-methylbutanal : A methylbutanal in which the methyl substituent is at position 2.	2.21	1	0	2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde; methylbutanal	plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; volatile oil component
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.11	5	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
n-methylpyrrole [no description available]	7.05	1	0	pyrroles
sulfosalicylic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.	7.39	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; benzoic acids; phenols	metabolite
1,3-ditolylguanidine 1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain	2.63	2	0	toluenes
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.	3.56	3	0	5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
o-aminoazotoluene o-Aminoazotoluene: An azo dye with carcinogenic properties.	1.97	1	0
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.08	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furfuryl alcohol furfuryl alcohol: structure. furfuryl alcohol : A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.21	1	0	furans; primary alcohol	Maillard reaction product
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	4.63	27	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
furfuryl mercaptan furfuryl mercaptan: major flavoring agent in coffee; structure in first source	2.47	2	0	heteroarene
tert-butylbenzene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
p-tert-butyl catechol [no description available]	2.31	1	0
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	2.17	1	0	organoarsonic acid
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	4.49	7	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
cumene cumene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.	2.44	2	0	alkylbenzene
1-phenethylamine 1-phenethylamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine that is ethylamine substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.	1.93	1	0	phenylethylamine	human metabolite
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	7.59	2	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	9.12	14	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl gallate methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.	2.43	2	0	gallate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
dicloran 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.	2.04	1	0	aromatic fungicide; dichlorobenzene; nitroaniline	antifungal agrochemical
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	2.03	1	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2.64	3	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
3-dinitrobenzene dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.	7.72	3	0	dinitrobenzene	neurotoxin
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.71	3	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
gamma-terpinene gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.	7.92	4	0	cyclohexadiene; monoterpene	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	3.13	5	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl-4-toluidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.06	5	0	diamine; substituted aniline
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.	1.99	1	0	benzaldehydes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	chromogenic compound
4-nitrobenzyl chloride 4-nitrobenzyl chloride: structure given in first source. p-nitrobenzyl chloride : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a chloromethyl group.	1.96	1	0	benzyl chlorides; C-nitro compound	mutagen
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	2.72	3	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
ethylbenzene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	8.47	2	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.31	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	4.16	17	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
n-nitrosopiperidine N-nitrosopiperidine: structure. N-nitrosopiperidine : A nitrosamine that is piperidine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. One of the many carcinogens detected in cigarette smoke, it is found in meat, cheese and spices that have been treated with the preservative sodium nitrite.	3.7	10	0	nitrosamine; piperidine	apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mutagen
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.37	2	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	4.3	6	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
dyrene dyrene: structure. anilazine : A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine pesticide; secondary amino compound; triazines	antifungal agrochemical
methylenebis(chloroaniline) Methylenebis(chloroaniline): Aromatic diamine used in the plastics industry as curing agent for epoxy resins and urethane rubbers. It causes bladder, liver, lung, and other neoplasms.. 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) : A chloroaniline that consists of two 2-chloroaniline units joined by a methylene bridge.	1.97	1	0	chloroaniline	metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	2.68	3	0	pyridinium salt
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.	7.69	3	0	aromatic amine	allergen; carcinogenic agent
tripropylamine tripropylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tripropylamine : A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by a propyl group.	2.17	1	0	tertiary amine
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.75	3	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
boric acid [no description available]	8.3	6	0	boric acids	astringent
1,2-dihydrostilbene 1,2-dihydrostilbene: intermdiate in biosynthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes from phenylalanine. 1,2-dihydrostilbene : A diphenylethane that is the 1,2-dihydro derivative of stilbene.	2.04	1	0	diphenylethane
n-propylbenzene n-propylbenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. propylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene having one of its aromatic hydrogens substituted by a propyl group.	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.	2.46	2	0	isothiocyanate	allergen; reagent
benzonatate benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.	3.23	1	0	benzoate ester; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anaesthetic; antitussive
n-butylbenzene butylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted by a butyl group at position 1.	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
4-anisidine 4-anisidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-anisidine : A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen para to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a reagent for the detection of oxidation products such as aldehydes and ketones in fats and oils.	2.54	2	0	methoxybenzenes; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	genotoxin; reagent
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.11	1	0	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
quinhydrone quinhydrone: structure	2.05	1	0	addition compound
1,4-dibromobenzene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	dibromobenzene
4-bromophenol 4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.	2.7	3	0	bromophenol	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; persistent organic pollutant; rat metabolite
4-xylene p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.04	1	0	xylene
4-chlorotoluene 4-chlorotoluene: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2.36	2	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
4-toluidine 4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.	2.15	1	0	aminotoluene
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	3.12	5	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	2.31	1	0	enoate ester; epoxide
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	2.04	1	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
1-bromopropane 1-bromopropane: used as a solvent. 1-bromopropane : A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.	2.31	1	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	neurotoxin; solvent
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	2.4	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
1-butene but-1-ene : A butene with unsaturation at position 1.	2.04	1	0	butene
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	2.54	2	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	6.02	21	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
2-bromoethylamine [no description available]	2.46	2	0
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	3.25	6	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	9.91	8	1	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
isethionic acid Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.04	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid	human metabolite
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.29	6	0	alkane
vinyl acetate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetate ester
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	1.95	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
3-xylene m-xylene : A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.04	1	0	xylene
3-phenylenediamine 1,3-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine taht is benzene substituted at positions 1 and 3 with amino functions.	2.15	1	0	phenylenediamine
mesitylene mesitylene: structure. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	trimethylbenzene
3,5-dimethylaniline 3,5-dimethylaniline: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
1,3,5-trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene: structure in first source. 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	trichlorobenzene
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.78	3	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	2.43	2	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
bromobenzene [no description available]	3.6	9	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.4	2	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2.73	3	0
n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.	2.4	2	0	short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	7.46	15	3	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
1-pentene 1-pentene: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
butyl chloride butyl chloride: structure	2.04	1	0
n-butylamine n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
allyl cyanide TL 350: structure given in first source. allyl cyanide : An aliphatic nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an allyl group.	2.02	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; olefinic compound	antifeedant; neurotoxin; plant metabolite
diethylamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	secondary aliphatic amine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	10.4	63	11	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.39	2	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	4.07	14	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	9.83	33	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
2,5-hexanedione 2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone	1.96	1	0	diketone; methyl ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine : An ethylenediamine derivative in which each nitrogen carries two methyl substituents. It is widely employed both as a ligand for metal ions and as a catalyst in organic polymerisation.	1.98	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative	catalyst; chelator
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.76	3	0	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.98	4	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
pentanal pentanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.	2.02	1	0	saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
1,4-butanediol butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).	2.15	1	0	butanediol; glycol	neurotoxin; prodrug; protic solvent
dimethylethylenediamine dimethylethylenediamine: structure in first source	1.95	1	0
2-ethoxyethanol 2-ethoxyethanol : A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.1	1	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent; teratogenic agent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.44	2	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2.04	1	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	3.67	10	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
dipropyl sulfide [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aliphatic sulfide
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
dibutylamine [no description available]	2.66	3	0
pelargonic acid pelargonic acid: K salt acts as cariostatic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nonanoic acid : A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.	2.05	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antifeedant; Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite
triethylene glycol triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.6	1	0	diol; poly(ethylene glycol); primary alcohol	plasticiser
undecanoic acid undecanoic acid : A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid found in body fluids; the most fungitoxic of the C7:0 - C18:0 fatty acid series.. undecanoate : A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of undecanoic acid; used in tandem with testosterone cation in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Major species at pH 7.3.	2.05	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antifungal agent; human metabolite
dodecanol Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.	1.95	1	0	dodecanol; primary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; cosmetic; insect attractant; insecticide; pheromone; plant metabolite
dodecylmercaptan dodecylmercaptan: used in polymerization of neoprenes; structure	1.98	1	0
tetraethylenepentamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	polyazaalkane	copper chelator
behenic acid behenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. docosanoic acid : A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.75	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	9.31	6	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83	3.23	6	0	steroid ester
methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.23	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
imipramine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant
neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.	2.05	1	0	bromide salt
n(1)-acetylphenylhydrazine [no description available]	3.75	2	1
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	4.44	7	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
propylene propylene: structure	2.37	2	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
dimethyl ether dimethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to two methyl groups.	2.1	1	0	ether
oxyphenisatin acetate Oxyphenisatin Acetate: A laxative that undergoes enterohepatic circulation. It may cause jaundice.	1.95	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
mephobarbital Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.75	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant
edrophonium chloride edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2.46	2	0	chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.94	12	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid : A benzoic acid derivative carrying 3-, 4- and 5-methoxy substituents.	2	1	0	benzoic acids; methoxybenzenes	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	2.72	3	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.9	4	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	3.25	6	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
2'-hydroxyacetophenone 2-acetylphenol : A monohydroxyacetophenone that is acetophenone in which one of the hydrogens ortho to the acetyl group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.1	1	0	monohydroxyacetophenone; phenols	flavouring agent
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.05	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	6.75	19	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.47	2	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
dianisidine Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.	2.7	3	0	biphenyls
2-tolidine 2-tolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0	biphenyls
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.68	3	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
clorophene [no description available]	1.93	1	0
piperonal piperonal: has been used as a pediculicide; structure. piperonal : An arenecarbaldehyde that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a formyl substituent at position 5. It has been isolated from Piper nigrum.	2.1	1	0	arenecarbaldehyde; benzodioxoles	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.67	3	0	dichlorophenol
ethylene urea ethylene urea: used in manufacture of polymers, finishing agents for textiles & leather, in formulation of plasticizers, lacquers & adhesives; structure. imidazolidinone : An imidazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.11	1	0	imidazolidinone; ureas
3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole : An aromatic ether that is 4-methoxyphenol in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	8.92	12	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.74	3	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
1,4-naphthoquinone naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.	8.51	8	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
di-n-pentyl phthalate dipentyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the dipentyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.46	2	0	diester; phthalate ester	plasticiser
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.48	2	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
monobutyl phthalate monobutyl phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	phthalic acid monoester
cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94	9.33	6	0	quinolines
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. naptalam : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride.	2.49	2	0	carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; N-(1-naphthyl)carboxamide	herbicide
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	1.95	1	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.	2.65	3	0	benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	2.41	2	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
amiben Amiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.07	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
syringaldehyde syringaldehyde: isolated from nonfermented fiber fractions of oat hulls and cottonseed hulls. syringaldehyde : A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.13	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; hydroxybenzaldehyde	hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.48	8	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
oxythiamine Oxythiamine: Thiamine antagonist, antimetabolite.. oxythiamine(1+) : A 1,3-thiazolium cation that is 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole alkylated at the N3 position by a (2-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.	2.37	2	0	1,3-thiazolium cation	antimetabolite; vitamin B1 antagonist
phenazopyridine hydrochloride phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
tetrracaine hydrochloride leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride	2.46	2	0	benzoate ester
2-aminobenzothiazole [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzothiazoles
dextrothyroxine Dextrothyroxine: The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.. D-thyroxine : The D-enantiomer of thyroxine.	1.95	1	0	D-tyrosine derivative; thyroxine
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	3	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrosodimethylaniline 4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position.	2.02	1	0	dimethylaniline; nitroso compound; tertiary amino compound
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	4.59	26	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	1.99	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
n-(hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
dodecyl sulfate dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE	1.99	1	0	alkyl sulfate
diphenylcarbazide Diphenylcarbazide: Used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine.	2.1	1	0	phenylhydrazines
benzyl cyanide benzyl cyanide: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor	2.02	1	0	benzenes; nitrile	animal metabolite; pheromone
monuron monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.	2.04	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sterogenol hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source. cetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.	2.05	1	0	bromide salt; pyridinium salt	antiseptic drug; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; surfactant
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	4.19	6	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.43	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
cupric acetate [no description available]	3.07	5	0
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	3.03	4	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.72	3	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	3.23	6	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
tetraphenylborate Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.	2.36	2	0
monomethylarsonic acid monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	arsonic acids; one-carbon compound; organoarsonic acid
pregnenolone [no description available]	5.24	17	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.	1.95	1	0	20-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	3.28	6	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	3.84	12	0	D-aldohexose derivative
copper phthalocyanine copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.	2.46	2	0
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	8.23	8	1	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.	3.23	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
pentoxyl Pentoxyl: 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.	2.88	4	0	pyrimidone
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	4.38	21	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
2-vanillin ortho-vanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is salicylaldehyde substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2	1	0	benzaldehydes; guaiacols	antimutagen; plant metabolite
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.87	12	0	organic molecular entity
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.7	3	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	4.73	30	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	3.23	1	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)	2.05	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	2.05	1	0	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
dydrogesterone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	progestin
fluocortolone Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.	1.95	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	13.55	208	5	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
tripelennamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	11.6	29	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
phenetidine Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	drug metabolite
methylene dimethanesulfonate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.	7.11	1	0	homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	2.04	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
1,12-benzoperylene 1,12-benzoperylene: structure; see also record for benzoperylene	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benzo(e)pyrene benzo(e)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzo[e]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. It is listed as a Group 3 carcinogen by the IARC.	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	8.31	6	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
benzo(j)fluoranthene benzo(j)fluoranthene: dihydrodiol metabolites identified as mutagens; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	naphthalenes
benzo(b)fluoranthene benzo[b]fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of a benzene ring fused with a acephenanthrylene ring.	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	mutagen
fluoranthene fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.	2.45	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benzo(k)fluoranthene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	naphthalenes
triphenylene triphenylene: structure. triphenylene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2.04	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene
chrysene chrysene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2252. chrysene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene found commonly in the coal tar.	2.04	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene	plant metabolite
dibenzo(aj)anthracene dibenzo(aj)anthracene: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	phenanthrenes
benzo(a)fluorene benzo(a)fluorene: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	carbotetracyclic compound
benzo(b)fluorene benzo(b)fluorene: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	carbotetracyclic compound
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	9.12	17	5	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.93	13	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	3.81	11	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	3.15	5	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
triethylenediamine triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.	2.69	3	0	bridged compound; diamine; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent; tertiary amino compound	antioxidant; catalyst; reagent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.09	5	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	6.69	41	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.71	10	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.06	5	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	9.49	71	3	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	7.07	1	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	9.12	3	1	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	8.08	25	4	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
cyclooctane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
ethynodiol diacetate Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	3.21	6	0	steroid ester; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; estrogen receptor modulator; synthetic oral contraceptive
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	4.42	22	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.71	3	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	5.1	45	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
calcium gluconate [no description available]	12.11	18	2	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	5.57	14	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.	8.65	10	0	diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	1.99	1	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	9.62	84	1	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	4.44	22	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	8.06	5	0	corticosteroid hormone
benactyzine Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.	2.63	3	0	diarylmethane
methylpentynol carbamate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
mechlorethamine n-oxide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nitrogen mustard
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid: tyrosing metabolite; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid : A 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	4.85	8	1	2-hydroxy carboxylic acid; phenols	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
paraoxon [no description available]	8.49	8	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	7.96	4	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.75	3	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	heptanoate ester; sterol ester	androgen
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	12.09	18	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	10.08	22	3	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	4.35	3	1	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
perfluorodecanoic acid perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.	1.98	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)	2.9	4	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
glymidine glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.	1.99	1	0	diether; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	hypoglycemic agent
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride pseudoephedrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of pseudoephedrine.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	plant metabolite
diethyl sulfide ethyl sulfide : An aliphatic sulfide in which the sulfur atom is bonded to at least one ethyl group.. diethyl sulfide : An ethyl sulfide compound having two ethyl groups attached to a sulfur atom.	2.04	1	0	ethyl sulfide
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	9.74	8	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.81	3	0	steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.17	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	2.63	3	0	ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; butanamides; butyrate ester	agonist; cardiotonic drug; vasodilator agent
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	2.42	2	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
procarbazine hydrochloride procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent
cuprizone [no description available]	3.36	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
4-fluorophenol 4-fluorophenol: structure given in first source. 4-fluorophenol : A fluorophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a fluorine.	2.41	2	0	fluorophenol; monofluorobenzenes
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	9.14	15	1	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	3.92	13	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.05	1	0
silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses	7.76	3	0	organosilicon compound
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	2.05	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	2.42	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	3.15	5	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	3.13	5	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	4.95	9	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.	1.97	1	0
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.9	4	0	alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfur-containing amino acid; thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antidote; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent
4-methylcatechol [no description available]	3.44	7	0	methylcatechol	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; hapten; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	3.25	5	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
dicyandiamido dicyandiamido: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a cyano group. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, explosives, oil well drilling muds, and dyestuffs.	2.21	1	0	guanidines; nitrile	curing agent; explosive; fertilizer; flame retardant; nitrification inhibitor
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.88	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.42	2	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocystines	human metabolite
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.07	1	0	ketene
carbonyl sulfide carbonyl sulfide: structure. carbonyl sulfide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.	2	1	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	4.01	4	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	9.64	6	1	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	11.58	14	4	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	3.02	4	0	cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	immunomodulator; plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	5.22	9	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
naphthazarin naphthazarin: fish toxin; isolated for first time from the walnut onigurmi, Juglans mandshurica maxim var. Sieboldiana Makino; structure. naphthazarin : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.02	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; plant metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	9.03	14	0
boldine [no description available]	2.77	3	0	aporphine alkaloid
cholanthrene cholanthrene: structure given in first source	7.37	2	0
nitramine nitramine : Amines substituted at N with a nitro group (a contracted form of N-nitroamines); they are thus amides of nitric acid, and the class is composed of nitramide, O2NNH2, and its derivatives formed by substitution.. N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine : A nitramine that is methylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a nitro group while the other is substituted by a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl group. A yellow crystalline powder, it is a high explosive, capable of being detonated by friction, shock, or a spark.	1.96	1	0	nitramine	explosive
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.47	2	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	1.96	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	2.01	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
menadiol [no description available]	2.65	3	0	methylnaphthalenes; naphthalenediols; naphthohydroquinone
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.	3.45	2	0	acyl sulfate; adenosine bisphosphate; purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.88	4	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	2.05	1	0	phthalazines
lophine [no description available]	2.17	1	0
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	3.07	5	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.42	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
adenosine phosphosulfate Adenosine Phosphosulfate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS.. 5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine 5'-phosphate having a sulfo group attached to one the phosphate OH groups.	3.05	1	0	acyl monophosphate; acyl sulfate; adenosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	4.41	21	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.98	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
pamaquine pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	aminoquinoline
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	4.63	6	1	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
benzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone: structure in first source	2.78	3	0
dithiol dithiol: structure	2.01	1	0
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	2.69	3	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.74	3	0	butenolide
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	3.44	7	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid lutidinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 4.	1.99	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.77	3	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
olivetol olivetol: from cannabidiol by pyrolysis; structure. olivetol : A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a pentyl group.	2.25	1	0	resorcinols	lichen metabolite
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	7.82	101	2	quinone imine	dye
phloretic acid phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.	2.48	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.68	2	0	4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative
orcinol orcinol: used as reagent for pentoses, lignin, beet sugar, saccharoses, arabinose & diastase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. orcinol : A 5-alkylresorcinol in which the alkyl group is specified as methyl.	2.48	2	0	5-alkylresorcinol; dihydroxytoluene	Aspergillus metabolite
phorone phorone: an industrial solvent; structure	3.39	7	0	dialkenyl ketone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	3.39	7	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	5.62	18	1	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	7.66	3	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
margaric acid margaric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. heptadecanoic acid : A C17 saturated fatty acid and trace component of fats in ruminants.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; mammalian metabolite
arachidic acid icosanoic acid : A C20 striaght-chain saturated fatty acid which forms a minor constituent of peanut (L. arachis) and corn oils. Used as an organic thin film in the production of liquid crystals for a wide variety of technical applications.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	3.07	5	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.93	4	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	8.79	3	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
echothiophate iodide Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.	2.35	2	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antiglaucoma drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.07	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.71	3	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
triphenylmethane triphenylmethane : A triarylmethane in which the three aryl groups are phenyl. It forms the basic skeleton of several synthetic dyes.	2.03	1	0	triarylmethane	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	12.66	66	8	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	6.4	13	1	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	9.76	7	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	4.75	29	0
physcione physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.	2.01	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	8.37	7	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
tryptophol tryptophol : An indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	indolyl alcohol	auxin; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hemimellitene hemimellitene: structure. 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 3. It has been found in Centaurium erythraea.	2.04	1	0	trimethylbenzene	neurotoxin; plant metabolite
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	10.25	20	7	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	13.02	64	10	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.52	8	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	7.42	2	0	cellobiose	epitope
apronalide apronalide: structure	2.04	1	0	N-acylurea
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	3.02	4	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
herniarin herniarin: methoxy analog of umbelliferone; structure. herniarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a methoxy group at position 7.	2.48	2	0	coumarins	fluorochrome
coumarin-3-carboxylic acid coumarin-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	coumarins
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	2.05	1	0	thiazoles
hydroxyhydroquinone benzene-1,2,4-triol : A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.	2.69	3	0	benzenetriol	mouse metabolite
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.41	2	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
2-methylfuran 2-methylfuran : A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	furans; volatile organic compound	flavouring agent; fuel; hepatotoxic agent; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.	2.37	2	0	dinitrophenol acaricide; hydroxytoluene; nitrotoluene	dinitrophenol insecticide; fungicide; herbicide
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	2.87	4	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	5.14	14	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
tricaprylin tricaprylin: 13C-labeled trioctanoin used in breath tests to detect fat malabsorption. trioctanoin : A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.	2.04	1	0	octanoate ester; triglyceride	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
diphenylcarbazone diphenylcarbazone: sensitive reagent for Hg, for which it gives blue color; structure	2.1	1	0
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	3.06	5	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
1-chloropropane 1-chloropropane: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane: nephrotoxic. isooctane : An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.	2.41	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	fuel additive; nephrotoxin; non-polar solvent
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0
levocarnitine (R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.	3.23	1	0	carnitine	antilipemic drug; nootropic agent; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; water-soluble vitamin (role)
3-aminobutyric acid 3-aminobutyric acid: GABA uptake inhibitor. 3-aminobutanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 3.	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
1,3-dichlorobenzene 1,3-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	21.27	1,099	132	dialdehyde	biomarker
bis(chloromethyl) ether Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether: A substance that is an irritant to the eyes and respiratory tract and may be carcinogenic.. bis(chloromethyl) ether : An ether that is dimethyl ether in which one of the hydrogens attached to each of the methyl group has replaced by a chlorine.	1.96	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
cadmium acetate cadmium acetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0
1-chlorohexane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	4.18	3	1	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
sulfanilylurea sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure	3.23	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	3.39	7	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.98	4	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
violacein [no description available]	7.52	2	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	8.38	7	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
amitriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic tricyclic compound
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	3.12	5	0	phenoxazine
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.72	3	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	9.05	15	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	3.4	7	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.37	2	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	3.08	5	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
beta-phellandrene [no description available]	1.98	1	0	phellandrene	plant metabolite
brocresine Brocresine: A histidine decarboxylase inhibitor.	1.95	1	0
glycyl-glycyl-glycine glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.	1.96	1	0	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide
glycylglycine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
prenol [no description available]	2.6	1	0	alkenyl alcohol; prenols
lignoceric acid lignoceric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetracosanoic acid : A C24 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.05	1	0	straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
18-hydroxycorticosterone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	1.98	1	0	terpineol; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	4.72	2	1	glycerophosphocholine
silver acetate silver acetate: RN refers to acetic acid, silver (1+) salt	2.77	3	0
diepoxybutane diepoxybutane: difunctional alkylating agent; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2.66	3	0	epoxide	mutagen
monoacetyldapsone monoacetyldapsone: used in leprosy chemotherapy. monoacetyldapsone : A secondary carboxamide resulting from acetylation of one of the amino groups of dapsone.	2.06	1	0	acetamides; anilide; secondary carboxamide; sulfone
metahexamide metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
1,4-dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene : A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.04	1	0	dimethylnaphthalene
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	7.42	2	0	bis(azo) compound
lactulose [no description available]	3.86	3	0	glycosylfructose	gastrointestinal drug; laxative
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.39	2	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	6.55	45	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
isoxsuprine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	alkylbenzene
2,6-dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene : A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dimethylnaphthalene	environmental contaminant
1,2-dibromobenzene dibromobenzene : Any member of the class of bromobenzenes that consists of a benzene or a substituted benzene ring carrying two bromo groups at unspecified positions.	2.04	1	0	dibromobenzene
2-benzoquinone 2-benzoquinone: reacts with methionines of RNAase at pH 1; reagent for determining conformational differences in related proteins. 1,2-benzoquinone : A benzoquinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol.	2.61	2	0	1,2-benzoquinones; benzoquinone
alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.31	1	0	thia fatty acid
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	3.76	3	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
4-amino-1,2,4-triazole 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	2.01	1	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
nitrosobenzene [no description available]	7	1	0	benzenes; nitroso compound	xenobiotic metabolite
methenamine mandelate methenamine mandelate: 'Reflux' is Dagra brand name which is not kept as term due to low use and other meanings of the term	8.8	4	0
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	8.03	4	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
betaine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
iodobenzene iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.04	1	0
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	2.36	2	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
1-hexene 1-hexene: structure in first source. 1-hexene : An alkene that is hexane carrying a double bond at position 1.	2.52	2	0	alkene
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	3.12	5	0	organic sulfide
megestrol acetate [no description available]	9.53	5	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	2.02	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
methylurea N-methyl urea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by a methyl group at one of the nitrogen atoms.	7.37	2	0	ureas
2-chloropropionic acid 2-chloropropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified chlorine locant; structure	1.99	1	0
1,1-dimethylurea [no description available]	1.93	1	0
ethylmalonic acid ethylmalonic acid: don't confuse with diethyl malonate, which is a diester. ethylmalonate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of ethylmalonic acid.. ethylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid obtained by substitution of one of the methylene hydrogens of malonic acid by an ethyl group.	2.01	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.11	1	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
4-chloro-1-naphthol 4-chloro-1-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants	2.1	1	0
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	3.08	5	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pamabrom [no description available]	3.23	1	0
toyocamycin Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; nitrile; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
galactitol [no description available]	2.92	4	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentachlorobenzene pentachlorobenzene: structure. pentachlorobenzene : A member of the class of pentachlorobenzenes that is benzene in which five of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. Now classed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention.	2.04	1	0	pentachlorobenzenes	persistent organic pollutant
2-methylanthracene 2-methylanthracene: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
2-hydroxyacetanilide 2-acetamidophenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 2-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. A positional isomer of paracetamol which possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-platelet aggregation properties.	2.04	1	0	acetamides; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; xenobiotic metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	19.98	380	34	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
3-hydroxyacetanilide metacetamol : A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.	2.46	2	0	acetamides; phenols	non-narcotic analgesic
bendazole bendazole: also an NSAID; Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.77	2	1	benzimidazoles
methoxyacetic acid methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.46	2	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; human xenobiotic metabolite; mutagen
6-methyluracil 6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.	1.98	1	0	pyrimidone	metabolite
n-propyl disulfide n-propyl disulfide: major flavor component of onions; non-nitrogenous, pungent volatile oil. dipropyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the alkyl groups specified are propyl. It is a component of the essential oils obtained from Allium.	2.42	2	0	organic disulfide	plant metabolite
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	4.71	6	1
Berberine chloride (TN) [no description available]	2.48	2	0	organic molecular entity
1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene : A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2 , 3 and 4.. tetrachlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying four chloro groups at unspecified positions.	2.04	1	0	tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene : A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	tetrachlorobenzene
tridecanoic acid tridecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of tridecanoic acid.. tridecanoic acid : A C13 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
fluoroacetamide 2-fluoroacetamide : Acetamide substituted at C-2 by a fluorine atom.	2.15	1	0	2-fluoroacetamides
erythromycin stearate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	8.01	23	2	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
precocene ii precocene II: has antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities; from plants of genus Ageratum; an antiallotropin compound capable of inhibiting juvenile hormone biosynthesis	2.11	1	0	chromenes	precocenes
nonadecanoic acid nonadecanoic acid : A C19 straight-chain fatty acid of plant or bacterial origin. An intermediate in the biodegradation of n-icosane, it has been shown to inhibit cancer growth.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	fungal metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannoheptulose Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.. D-keto-manno-heptulose : The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.. D-manno-heptulose : A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados.	2.05	1	0	D-manno-heptulose
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	1.95	1	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.66	3	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
dibutyldichlorotin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	5.93	20	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
hadacidin hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.	2.04	1	0	aldehyde; monocarboxylic acid; N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
2-methylimidazole [no description available]	1.99	1	0
methoxytryptophol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	indoles
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.74	3	0
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.67	3	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl Bromide: A chemical reagent that reacts with and modifies chemically the tryptophan portion of protein molecules. Used for 'active site' enzyme studies and other protein studies. Sometimes referred to as Koshland's reagent.	1.95	1	0
9-methylanthracene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
9,10-dimethylanthracene 9,10-dimethylanthracene: RN given refers to parent ion	2.04	1	0
carbophenothion carbophenothion: structure	2.04	1	0	organic sulfide
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	5.21	3	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	2.04	1	0
calcium citrate Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.	2.04	1	0	organic calcium salt	flavouring agent; food additive; food preservative; nutraceutical
calcium lactate [no description available]	7.78	3	0
4-methylimidazole 4-methylimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylimidazole : Imidazole substituted at position 4 by a methyl group.	2.13	1	0	imidazoles	carcinogenic agent; reaction intermediate
2,6-diaminotoluene 2,6-diaminotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-diaminotoluene : A diamine that is toluene in which both of the hydrogens ortho- to the methyl group are replaced by amino groups.	1.98	1	0	diamine; primary amino compound	mutagen
tempidon 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source	2.4	2	0	piperidones
8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline 8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	hydroxyquinoline
lormetazepam lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	sedative
vinblastine [no description available]	2.45	2	0
potassium citrate Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.	3.1	1	0	potassium salt	diuretic
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	3.13	5	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
benzoylarginine nitroanilide Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide: A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product.	2.39	2	0
diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.	3.23	1	0	ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
amaranth dye Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.39	2	0
dibutylnitrosamine dibutylnitrosamine: structure	2.96	4	0	nitroso compound
cyclopentenone 2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.	2	1	0	alicyclic ketone; enone	Hsp70 inducer
n-nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine: Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism.	2.7	3	0	pyrrolidines
2-cyclohexen-1-one 2-cyclohexen-1-one: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with specified locant for double bond. cyclohexenone : The parent compound of the cyclohexenones, composed of cyclohexanone having one double bond in the ring.. cyclohex-2-enone : A cyclohexenone having its C=C double bond at the 2-position.	3.06	1	0	cyclohexenone
nitrosobenzylmethylamine nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure	2.38	2	0
methidathion methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops	3.4	7	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxycytidine [no description available]	13.36	31	14	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	3.8	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	9.71	52	2	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
ethylestrenol Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.	3.45	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent
testolactone Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.	2.04	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; seco-androstane
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride
estradiol valerate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	steroid ester
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	3.37	1	1	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.08	1	0
bucrylate Bucrylate: Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive also used to occlude blood vessels supplying neoplastic or other diseased tissue.	1.98	1	0
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	3.86	3	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	1.98	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
phenylhydroquinone phenylhydroquinone: major metabolite of o-phenylphenol; cleaves DNA; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
nicotinamide mononucleotide Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.	1.96	1	0	nicotinamide mononucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrithioxin Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.	2.9	4	0	methylpyridines
benzyl viologen Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.	1.95	1	0	bipyridines
dimethoxon dimethoxon: pesticide	2.54	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
tetradecyltrimethylammonium tetradecyltrimethylammonium: cationic surfactant; used to determine thermal stability of DNA; Catrimox-14 is the tradename of the oxalate; Catrimox-14 lyses cells and simultaneously precipitates RNA and was demonstrated useful in isolating RNA from whole blood	2.06	1	0
undecane undecane : A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	alkane
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.8	3	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cycloate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
decabromobiphenyl ether decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.	2.41	1	0	polybromodiphenyl ether	neurotoxin
ethylenediamine-n,n'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid): synthetic iron chelator; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in 3rd source	2.05	1	0
1,6-hexanedithiol 1,6-hexanedithiol: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	alkanethiol
2-hydroxyquinoxaline quinoxalin-2-ol : A hydroxyquinoxaline that consists of quinoxaline having a single hydroxy substituent located at position 2.	2.02	1	0	hydroxyquinoxaline	metabolite
prolintane [no description available]	2.85	4	0	amphetamines
prothipendyl prothipendyl: a neuroleptic azaphenothiazine; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.25	1	0	aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound
ethidium bromide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic bromide salt	geroprotector; intercalator; trypanocidal drug
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	2.13	1	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	4.21	16	0
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.49	2	0	cadmium molecular entity
germanium oxide germanium oxide: has antimutagenic effects; RN given refers to cpd with MF GeO2	7.21	1	0
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	1.96	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	6.17	32	1	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	4.31	18	0	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	11.08	54	8	zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide [no description available]	7.57	2	0	vanadium oxide
dioxouranium(vi) [no description available]	2.31	1	0	uranium oxide
lead sulfide lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa	2.58	2	0
molybdenum disulfide [no description available]	2.58	2	0	sulfide salt
cupric sulfide copper(II) sulfide : A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.21	1	0
monolaurin monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol	2.07	1	0	1-monoglyceride; dodecanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	14.42	56	19
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	2.45	2	0	pinene	plant metabolite
chromium trioxide chromium trioxide: oxidizing agent. chromium trioxide : A chromium oxide composed of a single chromium bound (oxidation state +6) to three oxygens; the acidic anhydride of chromic acid.	1.98	1	0	chromium oxide
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.05	1	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.	2.7	3	0	inorganic hydroxy compound	food acidity regulator
ferrous oxide [no description available]	2.43	2	0	iron oxide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	5.11	13	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346 sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.	2.04	1	0	nucleoside analogue	protein kinase inhibitor
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	8.16	11	3	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	30.62	5,182	702	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	16.97	207	19
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
mesterolone Mesterolone: 17 beta-Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic activities.	3.35	1	1	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	2.42	2	0	aliphatic nitrile
guanazole Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
selenomethionine [no description available]	8.44	18	5	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
selenocystine selenocystine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	diselenide; selenoamino acid
allyl isocyanate allyl isocyanate: a glycosinolate degradation product that has insectidical activity	2.17	1	0	isocyanates
ibufenac ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.	3.86	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	6.07	15	2	diarylmethane
2,4-dinitrothiocyanatobenzene 2,4-dinitro-1-thiocyanatobenzene : A thiocyanate compound having a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; thiocyanates	hapten; tolerogen
malaoxon malaoxon: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search MALATHION/AA (72-83). malaoxon : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malaoxon. It is the active insecticide of the proinsecticide malathion.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphoryl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphoryl)thio group.	2.4	2	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
meturedepa meturedepa: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6031	2.04	1	0	phosphoramide
metaxalone [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	4.94	35	0
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	2	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
ioxynil ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	iodophenol; nitrile	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
bromoxynil bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	dibromobenzene; hydroxynitrile; phenols	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	3.68	2	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
6-methylchrysene 6-methylchrysene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	alkane
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers.	2.05	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
2,2'-biphenol biphenyl-2,2'-diol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls carrying hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 2'.	1.97	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
5-chlorouracil 5-chlorouracil : An organochlorine compound consisting of uracil having an chloro substituent at the 5-position.	1.97	1	0	organochlorine compound
nitrofen nitrofen: structure	3.28	6	0	organic molecular entity	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	2.36	2	0
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	2.41	1	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	9.41	117	1	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
picloram Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.	2.04	1	0	aminopyridine; chloropyridine; organochlorine pesticide; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	herbicide; synthetic auxin
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.96	4	0	tertiary amine
orange g orange G : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 7-hydroxy-8-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]naphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid. It is often combined with other yellow dyes in alcoholic solution to stain erythrocytes in trichrome methods, and is used for demonstrating cells in the pancreas and pituitary.	2.21	1	0
2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenol 2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.93	1	0
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	3.97	13	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
5-hydroxyindole [no description available]	2.38	2	0	hydroxyindoles	human metabolite
ethoglucid Ethoglucid: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.	2.04	1	0	epoxide
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	4.18	5	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	5.79	17	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
2,4-d amine 2,4-D amine: (1:1) combination of above cpds	2.01	1	0
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	5.18	15	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
3-phenylpropylamine 3-phenylpropylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group.	1.96	1	0	benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	4.37	6	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
1,6-diaminohexane 1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.	2	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenylphosphonothioic acid, 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester Phenylphosphonothioic Acid, 2-Ethyl 2-(4-Nitrophenyl) Ester: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide.	1.96	1	0	organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-dithiobis(5-nitropyridine) 2,2'-dithiobis(5-nitropyridine): structure	2.03	1	0
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	6.18	12	1	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.17	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage	2.05	1	0	benzodioxine
azaribine azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.	2.04	1	0	acetate ester; N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antipsoriatic; prodrug
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	2.42	2	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
basic blue k Basic Blue K: RN given refers to chloride. victoria blue R : An iminium salt composed of 4-{[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl][4-(ethylamino)naphthalen-1-yl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.	2	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
octachloronaphthalene Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.	2.45	2	0
3-aminobiphenyl 3-aminobiphenyl: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
1,5-naphthalenediamine 1,5-diaminonaphthalene: structure in first source. naphthalene-1,5-diamine : A naphthalenediamine compound having amino substituents in the 1- and 5-positions.	2.05	1	0	naphthalenediamine	carcinogenic agent
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	8.27	6	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	9.08	15	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
heneicosanoic acid henicosanoic acid : A long-chain fatty acid that is henicosane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to give the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid
nile blue Nile Blue: RN given refers to chloride; structure. nile blue A : An organic chloride salt having 5-amino-9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-7-ium as the couterion. fluorescent dye which is also a potent photosensitiser for photodynamic therapy.	7.08	1	0
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.46	2	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
ethyl violet ethyl violet: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethyl violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of ethyl violet cation. Used for inclusion in mixed dye solutions of the iron resorcin fuchsin type for demonstrating elastic fibres.	2	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
dexbrompheniramine dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	3.23	1	0	brompheniramine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants	2	1	0
alpha-methyldopamine [no description available]	7.02	1	0	amphetamines
12-methylbenzanthracene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
tricosanoic acid tricosanoic acid : A very long-chain fatty acid that is tricosane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.05	1	0	straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	3.77	11	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.46	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione [no description available]	2.04	1	0
2-nitrosofluorene [no description available]	2.36	2	0
2-methylphenanthrene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
7-methylbenzanthracene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
benzyl acetone benzyl acetone: a dominant floral attractant	3.23	1	0	ketone
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	1.95	1	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
victoria blue b victoria blue: no other info available 7/84. victoria blue B : An iminium salt composed of 4-{(4-anilinonaphthalen-1-yl)[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. It binds to nucleic acids and can be used in standardised staining techniques suitable for automated cell-pattern recognition.	2	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	9.17	5	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diacetamate diacetamate: cpd is acetaminophen acetate	1.96	1	0
ethamsylate Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.	2.01	1	0	organosulfur compound; sulfonic acid derivative
acadesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
amphenone b amphenone B: was MH 1975-92 (see under BUTANONES 1975-90); use BUTANONES to search AMPHENONE B 1975-92	1.93	1	0	diarylmethane
acetophenazine acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.	2.45	2	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; phenothiazines	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
tetramethylthiourea [no description available]	2.04	1	0	thioureas
thymine glycol thymine glycol: forms photodimers (thymine dimers) under UV; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.4	2	0	hydroxypyrimidine
methyl methanethiosulfonate S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.	2.08	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative; thiosulfonate ester	metabolite
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	4.56	7	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
trichloroepoxypropane Trichloroepoxypropane: A potent epoxide hydrase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitor. It enhances the tumor-initiating ability of certain carcinogens.	1.98	1	0
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2.71	3	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	3.89	3	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
copper(ii) nitrate copper(II) nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion.	2.03	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt
methional [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	prostaglandin antagonist
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	3.29	6	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.13	5	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
mepiquat mepiquat : A quaternary ammonium ion has that has two methyl groups and a pentamethylene-1,5-diyl group attached to the nitrogen. Its salts are used as plant growth inhibitors.	2.41	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	agrochemical; Maillard reaction product; plant growth retardant
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	14.63	213	15	thujene	plant metabolite
1-octen-3-ol 1-octen-3-ol: main flavor component of mushrooms; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; bait for insect vectors (tsetse, sandflies, mosquitoes). oct-1-en-3-ol : An alkenyl alcohol with a structure based on a C8 unbranched chain with the hydroxy group at C-2 and unsaturation at C-1-C-2. It is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi.	2.21	1	0	alkenyl alcohol; medium-chain fatty alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fungal metabolite; insect attractant; volatile oil component
2,3-diketogulonic acid 2,3-Diketogulonic Acid: Metabolite of ASCORBIC ACID and the oxidized form of the lactone DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.. 2,3-diketogulonic acid : A carbohydrate acid formally derived from gulonic acid by oxidation of the -OH groups at positions 2 and 3 to keto groups.	6.05	38	0
improsan improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	organosulfonic ester
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	8.77	38	1	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	10.43	190	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
iproclozide iproclozide: structure	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	3.48	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
ecdysone [no description available]	2.1	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
furaneol furaneol: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3-one : A member of the class of furans that is 2,5-dimethylfuran carrying additional oxo and hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has been found particularly in strawberries and other such fruits.	2.04	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; furans	flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
chlorophacinone chlorophacinone: structure	1.97	1	0	beta-triketone; diarylmethane
5-methylchrysene 5-methylchrysene: methylchrysenes in tobacco smoke are suspected to contribute to tumorigenicity of this inhalant; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
5,6-dimethylchrysene 5,6-dimethylchrysene: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
7-ethylbenz(a)anthracene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
n,n-diethylhydroxylamine N,N-diethylhydroxylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.66	3	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin [no description available]	8.59	50	3	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
chloric acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	chlorine oxoacid
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	9.97	36	4	carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	5.75	28	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
piperacetazine piperacetazine: was MH 1975-91 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90)	2.04	1	0	phenothiazines
2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
mitomycin a mitomycin A: RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,8beta,8aalpha,8balpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. mitomycin A : A member of the family of mitomycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitumour properties as well as a high level of toxicity.	2.08	1	0	ether; mitomycin	alkylating agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; toxin
calcium propionate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
dimethylnitramine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
n-nitromorpholine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
clonidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	dichlorobenzene
cladribine [no description available]	4.08	4	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	7.25	1	0	phthalic acid monoester
direct blue 71 Direct Blue 71: structure in first source	7.04	1	0
beclomethasone [no description available]	2.45	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.03	1	0
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	5.33	13	1
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	2.48	2	0
pyrodifenium bromide pyrodifenium bromide: was heading 1976-94 (see under PYRROLIDINES 1976-90); PRIFINIUM BROMIDE was see PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94: use PYRROLIDINES to search PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94; quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent more specific for the gastrointestinal tract than atropine	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
ethylene dimethanesulfonate ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure	2.46	2	0
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	3.58	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; isoquinolines; pyridoisoquinoline	antileishmanial agent; antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug
nifuratel Nifuratel: Local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally.	2.07	1	0
metanephrine Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.	1.95	1	0	catecholamine
benorilate benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin	2.05	1	0	carbonyl compound
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	2.77	3	0	aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	12.6	76	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
5,6-dihydroxytryptamine 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.	1.95	1	0
methylene bis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate) methylene bis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate): used in manufacture of polyurethane foam; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate : A diisocyanate consisting of dicyclohexylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.	2.15	1	0	diisocyanate	allergen
trioctylmethylammonium trioctylmethylammonium: used in high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of tRNA; RN given refers to chloride. methyltrioctylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion with three octyl groups and one methyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.04	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	2.45	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
clomacran clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.23	1	0	acridines
1-hydroxypyrene 1-hydroxypyrene: pyrene metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	pyrenes
4-aminobenzhydrazide 4-aminobenzhydrazide: a Russian synthetic drug of acylhydrazide group; decreased uterus wt in rats; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for amino group	2.03	1	0
mexiletine hydrochloride mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
2,7-dinitrofluorene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
pentaquine pentaquine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
u 0521 U 0521: catechol methyltransferase antagonist; structure	2.37	2	0	acetophenones
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	5.27	13	1
1-nitropyrene [no description available]	1.98	1	0	nitroarene	carcinogenic agent
beclomethasone dipropionate beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.	2.46	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; enone; glucocorticoid; propanoate ester; steroid ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	4.86	6	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
1-nitrosopiperazine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	phytanoyl-CoAs
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	6.7	10	1	dioxolane
dimethindene Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.	1.94	1	0	indene
methenamine hippurate methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action	4.92	4	0	N-acylglycine
maleic hydrazide Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.	2.39	2	0	pyridazinone
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	3.55	2	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.	3.59	2	0	azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
acetoxyacetylaminofluorene Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group.	2.36	2	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	4.31	19	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	1.99	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
olaflur Olaflur: cariostatic agent	2.43	2	0
sodium metasilicate sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.	2.17	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
tert-nitrosobutane [no description available]	2.41	2	0
tiadenol tiadenol: structure	2.05	1	0	aliphatic sulfide
2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl [no description available]	1.99	1	0
levodopa methyl ester levodopa methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer	2.88	4	0	tyrosine derivative
n-nitrodiethylamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
metoclopramide hydrochloride metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.	2.46	2	0
hepes [no description available]	2.69	3	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.96	4	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	3.78	10	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	2.49	2	0	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	13.64	178	8	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	8.74	86	1	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	8.65	62	3	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	1.94	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
neon Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.	2.39	2	0	monoatomic neon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	7.91	4	0	vanadium group element atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	7.42	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	6.17	39	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	5.69	76	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
plutonium Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.	3.06	5	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
praseodymium Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.	1.94	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	3.28	6	0	manganese group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	4.8	30	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	1.94	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	7.81	127	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	5.21	51	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.48	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	2.11	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	5.27	48	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	8.68	10	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
americium Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	2.02	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	3.6	9	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	11.25	223	1	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	4.82	32	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	11.33	156	4	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	2.39	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.7	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3.24	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	8.74	226	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	3.06	5	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
holmium Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.	2.11	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	9.13	16	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	9.06	47	3	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	3.19	1	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.9	4	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	3.04	4	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	9.66	6	1	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.94	4	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	10.79	21	1	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	3.31	6	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	8.46	24	2	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	9.49	23	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.71	3	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
meladrazine nitrosoproline: RN given refers to 1-nitroso-L-proline	4.45	23	0
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	4.17	16	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	9.96	12	5	sodium phosphate
perchloric acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0	chlorine oxoacid
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	3.81	11	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
palladium chloride palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	2.08	1	0	palladium coordination entity	catalyst
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	1.98	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	7.86	57	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.57	8	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	6.8	60	1	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	8.7	10	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	14.84	164	25	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
sodium pyrophosphate sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.	2	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	chelator; food emulsifier; food thickening agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	7.8	3	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2.04	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	3.46	8	0	diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate [no description available]	2.75	3	0
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	7.87	4	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	10.66	30	4	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	3.38	7	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	5.89	13	2	inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite [no description available]	3.8	10	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	3.24	6	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	3.08	5	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	6.32	19	0	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.49	23	0	iron coordination entity
lead chloride lead chloride: RN in 9th CI Form Index for cotunnite: 14639-87-3; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-Cl2. lead(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.	2.05	1	0	inorganic chloride; lead coordination entity
lead chromate lead chromate: RN given refers to unspecified lead chromate. lead chromate : A chromium coordination entity comprising chromate and lead(2+) ions in a 1:1 ratio	3.07	5	0	chromium coordination entity; lead coordination entity	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxin; neurotoxin
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	11.33	51	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	5.66	76	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
tungstate [no description available]	2.47	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	4.67	29	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	4.63	8	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
sodium chromate(vi) sodium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with (MF) CR-H2-O4.Na. sodium chromate : An inorganic sodium salt consisting of sodium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	8.07	5	0	inorganic sodium salt	carcinogenic agent; diagnostic agent; oxidising agent; poison
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.48	2	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	4.39	21	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
calcium hypochlorite calcium hypochlorite: structure	2.02	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt	bleaching agent
potassium sulfate potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4	9.48	5	1	inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	4.49	24	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	6.2	19	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	8.53	39	2	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.87	7	1	nitrogen oxoacid
silver chloride [no description available]	2.95	4	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	3.74	10	0	metal sulfate	allergen
beryllium chloride beryllium chloride: RN given refers to BeCl2. beryllium dichloride : A compound of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and chloride in the ratio 1:2.	2.04	1	0	beryllium molecular entity; inorganic chloride	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin
potassium chromate(vi) potassium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-CrH2O4. potassium chromate : A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	3.69	10	0	potassium salt	carcinogenic agent; oxidising agent
chromium nitrate chromium nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified Cr salt. chromium trinitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt consisting of chromium and nitrate in which the ratio of chromium (in the +3 oxidation state) to nitrate is 1:3	2.38	2	0	chromium coordination entity; inorganic nitrate salt
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	8.48	8	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	4.34	19	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.05	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).	1.99	1	0	calcium phosphate
cadmium fluoride [no description available]	2.11	1	0
chlorosulfonic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0
ammonium sulfate [no description available]	3.4	1	1
butylated hydroxyanisole [no description available]	3.65	9	0
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	1.97	1	0
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	7.87	56	0
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	3.34	7	0
zirconium chloride zirconium tetrachloride : A zirconium coordination entity comprising four chlorine atoms bound to a central zirconium atom.	2.1	1	0	inorganic chloride; zirconium coordination entity	catalyst
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	14.58	185	10	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	7.2	20	2	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.93	4	0	aluminium sulfate
radon Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.	3.91	3	0	monoatomic radon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ferric phosphate ferric phosphate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(3+) phosphate : An inorganic phosphate having Fe(3+) as the counterion.	3.35	1	1	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic phosphate; iron molecular entity
ammonium ferric sulfate ammonium ferrous sulfate: supplies nutritional iron. ferrous ammonium sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of ammonium, iron and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.	3.07	5	0	ammonium salt; iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	ferroptosis inducer
chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant	2.78	3	0	chlorine dioxide
ferric pyrophosphate ferric pyrophosphate : An iron coordination entity composed from Fe(3+) cations and diphosphate(4-) anions in a 4:3 ratio.	7.51	11	5	iron coordination entity
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	2.68	3	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	6.25	33	1	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	6.33	36	1	cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4	2.41	2	0	cadmium salt
cobalt sulfate cobalt sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. cobalt(2+) sulfate : A compound of cobalt and sulfate in which the ratio of cobalt (+2 oxidation state) to sulfate is 1:1.	2.03	1	0	metal sulfate
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	4.03	4	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
ancitabine Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.	2.42	2	0	diol; organic heterotricyclic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
cadmium nitrate cadmium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd. cadmium nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having Cd(2+) as the counterion.	2.1	1	0	cadmium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; hepatotoxic agent
amopyroquine amopyroquine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.15	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
camphoroquinone camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.43	2	0	bornane monoterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound
chlormerodrin Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.	2.35	2	0	organomercury compound; ureas	diagnostic agent; diuretic
magnesium nitrate magnesium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of magnesium.	2.43	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; magnesium salt	fertilizer
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	8.33	132	0
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	7.47	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
phenacid phenacid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
sodium bichromate sodium bichromate: RN given refers to di-Na salt	2.67	3	0	inorganic sodium salt
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.42	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
chloramine [no description available]	8.41	7	0	halide
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	2.75	3	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
chrysotile Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)	3.09	5	0
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	9.36	21	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
reproterol reproterol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.05	1	0	oxopurine
cyanophenphos cyanophenphos: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	4.2	18	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
nickel nitrate nickel nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-(HNO3)2	2.02	1	0
n-ethyl-n-hydroxyethylnitrosamine N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is N-nitrosodiethylamine in which one of the ethyl froups has been replaced by a 2-hydroxyethyl group. It is used to induce renal and liver tumours in rodents.	1.97	1	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
n-amyl-n-methylnitrosamine N-methyl-N-pentylnitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has methyl and pentyl substituents. It is a potent oesophageal carcinogen.	1.96	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
n-nitrososarcosine N-nitrososarcosine : A nitrosamine that is sarcosine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group.	1.99	1	0	nitrosamine; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative	carcinogenic agent
3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.4	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.95	1	0	pyrenes
sodium selenate sodium selenate : An inorganic sodium salt having selenate as the counterion.	2.95	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	anticonvulsant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; fertilizer
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	4.87	31	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	3.35	7	0
desmethylmisonidazole [no description available]	1.96	1	0
quinalphos quinalphos: RN given refers to cpd with locant for quinoxalinyl group in position 2; structure	2.41	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
mopidamol Mopidamol: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits platelet aggregation. Formerly used as an antineoplastic.	1.98	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	1.92	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	phenoxy herbicide
calcium chromate(vi) calcium chromate(VI): RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
salen disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron	7.5	2	0
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.61	8	0
dibenzo-18-crown-6 dibenzo-18-crown-6: structure. dibenzo-18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is 18-crown-6 ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 8-9 and 17-18.	7.07	1	0	benzenes; crown ether	phase-transfer catalyst
4-hydroxybenzylcyanide 4-hydroxybenzylcyanide: suicide substrate for dopamine beta-hydroxylase. (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetonitrile : A hydroxynitrile that is phenylacetonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.	2	1	0	hydroxynitrile	plant metabolite
xipamide Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.	2.74	3	0	benzamides
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	3.21	6	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	5.83	12	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
urobilinogen Urobilinogen: A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin.. urobilinogen : A member of the class of bilanes that is a colourless product formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin.	2.1	1	0	bilanes	human metabolite
phytanic acid Phytanic Acid: A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.. phytanic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.	1.98	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	7.17	27	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	3.23	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol [no description available]	3.91	2	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.	2.05	1	0	benzocycloheptathiophene	histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	4.06	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	4.58	8	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	4.12	3	1	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
pentamethylmelamine pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
eedq EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent	2.03	1	0
ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)	4.2	17	0	iron chelate	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
n'-nitrosonornicotine N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals	2.66	3	0	pyridines; pyrrolidines
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	8.37	66	2	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.08	1	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
sodium bisulfide sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)	2.96	4	0
gold tetrachloride, acid gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)	3.3	6	0
hexachloroiridic acid hexachloroiridic acid: inhibitor of DNA synthesis; K2IrCl6 as oxidizing agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0
fluorides [no description available]	9.55	78	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
calusterone calusterone: was MH 1975-92 (see under METHYLTESTOSTERONE 1975-90); use METHYLTESTOSTERONE to search CALUSTERONE 1975-92	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	7.05	10	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
dioxidine dioxidine: Russian drug; structure	2.4	2	0
18-crown-6 18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.71	3	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	phase-transfer catalyst
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	3.87	2	1	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
benomyl [no description available]	3.06	1	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
fenclozic acid fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	3.23	1	0
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	3.48	7	0	tin oxide
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	6.21	41	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
etoprine etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP	2.04	1	0
keracyanin cyanidin 3-rutinoside: an anthocyanin compound. cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride : A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside as the cationic counterpart.	2.43	2	0	anthocyanin chlorides
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane [no description available]	3.23	1	0
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	3.11	1	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
n-hydroxyphenacetin N-hydroxyphenacetin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.36	2	0
calcium dobesilate Calcium Dobesilate: A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.	3.46	2	0
mercaptomerin mercaptomerin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5700	1.92	1	0
n-n-propylnorapomorphine N-n-propylnorapomorphine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.01	1	0
iodine [no description available]	9.62	47	2	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	8.45	14	2	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
aluminum phosphide [no description available]	2.54	2	0
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.68	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine
cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
leptophos Leptophos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. leptophos : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-leptophos. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide that shows neurotoxic effect in humans.. O-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate : An organic phosphonate that is phenylphosphonothioic O,O-acid in which the hydroxy groups are substituted by methoxy and 4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenoxy groups.	1.96	1	0	bromobenzenes; dichlorobenzene; organic phosphonate; phosphonic ester
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	3.58	2	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
luteoskyrin luteoskyrin: mycotoxin from Penicillium islandicum; pollutant of stored rice; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search NAPHTHOQUINONES (75-85); RN given refers to (1S,1'S,2R,2'R,3S,3'S,9aR,9'aR)-isomer	6.98	1	0
disopyramide phosphate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organoammonium phosphate
alclofenac alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	3.49	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	4.51	7	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
indium phosphide indium phosphide: molecular formula - InP	2.11	1	0
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	3.12	5	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
zingerone zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.	2.99	4	0	methyl ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antiemetic; antioxidant; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	8.25	143	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
n-phenylethanolamine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aralkylamine
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	10.81	23	5	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
4-anisaldehyde 4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.	2.41	1	0	benzaldehydes	bacterial metabolite; human urinary metabolite; insect repellent; plant metabolite
myrcene myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	1.98	1	0	monoterpene	anabolic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
methylformamide N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.	2.37	2	0	formamides
acetylacetone acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.	1.97	1	0	beta-diketone
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.76	3	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.72	3	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
isoamyl acetate isoamyl acetate: structure in Merck, 9th ed, #4958. isoamyl acetate : The acetate ester of isoamylol.	2.01	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nonanal nonanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.43	2	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamide peroxide Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.	6.36	14	3	mixture	disinfectant; oxidising agent; reagent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	3.9	13	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin [no description available]	3.59	2	0	indoles
azetepa [no description available]	2.04	1	0	phosphoramide
dimedone dimedone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.47	2	0
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2.45	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2	1	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	4.2	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	7.88	13	2	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
butylated hydroxytoluene 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.	6.78	30	0	phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; food additive; geroprotector
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.97	1	0	alkylbenzene; phenols	antioxidant
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.8	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	2.01	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	3.5	7	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
halazepam halazepam: structure	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	2.82	3	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0
du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.	1.95	1	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	3.07	5	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	15.02	168	8
rose bengal b disodium salt [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fanft FANFT: A potent nitrofuran derivative tumor initiator. It causes bladder tumors in all animals studied and is mutagenic to many bacteria.	7.66	3	0
n-methyl-n-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide : An N-silyl compound that is N-methyltrifluoroacetamide in which the amide nitrogen is replaced by a trimethylsilyl group. N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-silyl compound; trifluoroacetamide	chromatographic reagent
tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.	2.21	1	0	morpholines; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
glisoxepide glisoxepide: oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	sulfonamide
2-hexyldecanoic acid 2-hexyldecanoic acid: viscous oil	3.64	1	1	medium-chain fatty acid
alkenes [no description available]	10.61	18	1
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	13.22	61	7	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	10.63	117	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer	3.59	2	0	chlorphenamine
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	12.01	18	5	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
alovudine [no description available]	2.57	2	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	1.96	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
clometacin clometacin: structure	3.23	1	0	N-acylindole
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.17	1	0
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	4.22	5	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
oxypeucadanin, (s)-(-)-isomer [no description available]	2.15	1	0	epoxide; furanocoumarin; lactone	plant metabolite
ripazepam [no description available]	2.04	1	0	benzenes
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	1.98	1	0
7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid 7-amino-3-methyl-delta(3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid: key intermediate in preparation of several semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics; structure. 7beta-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid : A cephem monocarboxylic acid derivative having a structure based on cephalosporanic acid, deacetoxylated and carrying a 7beta-amino group.	2	1	0	cephalosporin; monocarboxylic acid
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	4.82	32	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	7.03	105	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	3.52	2	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	8.94	26	8	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	5.97	7	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
carfecillin Carfecillin: The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.	2.05	1	0	penicillin
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	2.82	2	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
4-hydroxy-2-ethyl-5-methyl-3(2h)-furanone 4-hydroxy-2-ethyl-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone: structure in first source. 2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone : A member of the class of furans that is furan-3(2H)-one carrying additional ethyl, hydroxy and methyl substituents at positions 2, 4 and 5 respectively. A key aroma compound in soy sauce and fish sauce.	2.04	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; furans	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanadyl sulfate [no description available]	2.89	4	0	metal sulfate; vanadium coordination entity
oxovanadium iv oxovanadium IV: forms complexes with simple sugars	4.06	4	0	vanadium oxide
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	2.41	2	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
gallium citrate [no description available]	3.09	1	0
ferrozine Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.	3.92	13	0
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.71	3	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
enterobactin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	catechols; crown compound; macrotriolide; polyphenol	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.92	3	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
carbidopa carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	3.23	1	0	catechols; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate 1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC	1.97	1	0
prednimustine Prednimustine: Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
dibromothymoquinone Dibromothymoquinone: At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.	2.9	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cytochrome-b6f complex inhibitor
pirimiphos methyl pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.	1.96	1	0	aminopyrimidine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
moricizine hydrochloride moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
moricizine Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.	3.23	1	0	carbamate ester; morpholines; phenothiazines	anti-arrhythmia drug
amygdalin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cyanogenic glycoside; disaccharide derivative; gentiobioside	plant metabolite
amineptin amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.	9.39	6	0	amino acid; carbocyclic fatty acid; carbotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	5.71	15	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
7-ethoxycoumarin 7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.	2.65	3	0
pirprofen pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure	4.08	4	0	pyrroline
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.	1.97	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
serentil mesoridazine besylate : The benzenesulfonate salt of mesoridazine prepared using equimolar amounts of mesoridazine and benzenesulfonic acid.	2.46	2	0	organosulfonate salt	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	1.97	1	0	hexachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	3.43	7	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	10.86	33	3	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl tetrachlorobiphenyl : Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H6Cl4.	2.04	1	0	tetrachlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
etoposide [no description available]	8.33	30	2	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	7.91	13	2	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	1.96	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
2,2-(2-chlorophenyl-4'-chlorophenyl)acetic acid 2,2-(2-chlorophenyl-4'-chlorophenyl)acetic acid: structure given in first source; metabolite of o,p-DDD (mitotane)	2.13	1	0
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.1	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propafenone hydrochloride propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	7.64	10	2	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
tertatolol tertatolol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	thiochromane
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	2.04	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
2,5-dichlorobiphenyl 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl : A dichlorobiphenyl that is p-dichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dichlorobiphenyl
2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl : A dichlorobiphenyl that is chlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobiphenyl; monochlorobenzenes
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide: dopamine-beta-hydroxylase substrate; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
enilconazole enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.	2.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
avridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	amino alcohol
2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	2.43	2	0	phenanthrenes
penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.	3.23	1	0	ethanolamines
etidocaine Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide	local anaesthetic
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	13.44	16	3	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	9.63	4	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.37	2	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
thiocholine Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.	2.05	1	0
perfluidone perfluidone: structure	1.96	1	0	sulfonamide
flunixin flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	3.5	1	1	aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbidopa [no description available]	2.46	2	0	catechols; hydrate; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	4.08	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
hydroxymaprotilin hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0
imidazolidinyl urea imidazolidinyl urea: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	ureas	antimicrobial agent
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	4.08	4	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Duxon: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.13	1	0
2-(4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy)propionic acid 2-(4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy)propionic acid: an herbicide; structure in first source. diclofop : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diclofop. It is a metabolite of declofop-methyl and a postemergence herbicide used for the control of wild oats and annual weeds in wheat, barley, rye and broad-leaved crops.. 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid : An aromatic ether that is 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 4 has been substituted by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; diether; monocarboxylic acid
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	5.63	25	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
ciclopirox olamine ciclopirox olamine : The ethanolamine salt of ciclopirox. A broad spectrum antigfungal agent, it also exhibits antibacterial activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used a a topical treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.	2.08	1	0
tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.98	4	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	3.3	6	0
1,6-dinitropyrene [no description available]	2.01	1	0	pyrenes
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	11.93	12	2	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2.05	1	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	2.04	1	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
oxyfluorofen oxyfluorofen: structure	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
triadimefon 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; ketone; monochlorobenzenes; triazoles
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.68	10	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
nonachlazine Nonachlazine: Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.	2.05	1	0
lonidamine lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.	2.13	1	0	dichlorobenzene; indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; antispermatogenic agent; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
n-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine: reactive arylating intermediate from acetaminophen & N-hydroxyacetaminophen; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0	ketoimine; quinone imine
vecuronium vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; androstane; quaternary ammonium ion	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	9.3	58	1	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen dexibuprofen: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	ibuprofen	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.	4.48	7	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	3.13	5	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.75	3	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
pinazepam pinazepam: structure	2.05	1	0	benzodiazepine
exifone [no description available]	3.82	3	0	benzophenones
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	4.1	15	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	1.97	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.33	6	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.47	2	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	10.68	232	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
mefloquine (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.23	1	0	[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol	antimalarial
1-carboxyglutamic acid 1-Carboxyglutamic Acid: Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.	1.96	1	0
diisopropanolnitrosamine diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.	2.38	2	0	diol; nitrosamine; secondary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
flecainide acetate flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2.46	2	0	acetate salt	anti-arrhythmia drug
nicardipine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	dihydropyridine	geroprotector
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	9.6	22	0
n-ethyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine N-ethyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine: rapid & selective inducer of urinary bladder cancer in rats	1.97	1	0
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	3.21	1	0	epoxide	intercalator
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene
butibufen butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0	monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	3.23	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	9.05	4	0	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
acarbose [no description available]	4.88	5	0	tetrasaccharide derivative	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.	3.59	2	0	aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	4.67	8	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
spiromustine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	3.85	2	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.46	2	0
thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid : A thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine substituted by a carboxy group at position 2.	1.96	1	0	thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid
diaziquone diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.	3.77	3	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines; carbamate ester; enamine	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.69	3	0
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	3.84	3	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	8.35	7	0
fenarimol fenarimol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the treatment of blackspot, mildew and rust in tomatoes, peppers and melons, but is not approved for use within the European Union.. (2-chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-chlorophenyl group while the other is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.46	2	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	2.7	3	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
cefonicid Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.86	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tribonate Tribonate: a bicarbonate-containing buffer; do not confuse with the pesticide tribonate	2	1	0
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	4.4	6	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triciribine phosphate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	6.73	24	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	3.59	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
staurosporine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound	apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector
foscarnet sodium trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antiviral drug
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	1.99	1	0
n-hydroxyacetaminophen N-hydroxyacetaminophen: structure	2.36	2	0
salsoline salsoline: monomethylated metabolite of salsolinol; endogenous neurotoxin found in CSF of patients with Parkinson's disease	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	4.35	6	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	7.43	2	0	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	3.23	1	0	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
butoconazole nitrate butoconazole nitrate : An organic nitrate salt obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of butaconazole and nitric acid. An antifungal agent, it is used in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.	2.46	2	0	aryl sulfide; conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; organic nitrate salt
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	2.42	2	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.05	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	2.68	3	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	4.33	6	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	3.86	12	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	4.26	5	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
encainide Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker
2-amino-6-methyldipyrido(1,2-a-3',2'-d)imidazole 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido(1,2-a-3',2'-d)imidazole: structure	1.98	1	0	imidazopyridine
6-sulfooxymethylbenzo(a)pyrene 6-sulfooxymethylbenzo(a)pyrene: metabolite of 6-hydroxymethylbenzo(a)pyrene; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
triclabendazole [no description available]	8.4	1	1	aromatic ether
fialuridine [no description available]	3.86	3	0
buprofezin buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.	2.17	1	0	thiadiazinane; ureas
indoxyl 3-hydroxyindole: inhibits amyloid fibril formation; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; hydroxyindoles
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent	2.72	3	0
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	3.86	3	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
avobenzone [no description available]	2.5	2	0	dihydrochalcones
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2.05	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
mitoxantrone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	5.44	4	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	8.59	28	2	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.54	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.	3.59	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
1-isopropylhydrazine 1-isopropylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
haloperidol decanoate [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
metsulfuron methyl metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.	1.93	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	4.08	4	0
recainam recainam: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	12.84	12	1	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.4	2	0	aminopyridine
tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source	10.58	5	1	naphthalenes	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	2.41	2	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
mono-n-butyltin [no description available]	2.58	2	0
piritrexim piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.74	3	0
castanospermine castanospermine: indolizidine alkaloid from seeds of Australian legume, Castanospermum australe. castanospermine : A tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer).	3.09	5	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anti-HIV-1 agent; anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	10.77	20	9	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	1.98	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	2.67	3	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
balsalazide balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.	3.23	1	0
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	6.68	9	2	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	3.23	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
caracemide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.	2.97	4	0	carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
clomazone clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.	2.5	2	0	isoxazolidinone; monochlorobenzenes	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.	3.86	3	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	4.4	6	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
alpidem [no description available]	3.86	3	0	imidazoles
methyl bensulfuron methyl bensulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpds. bensulfuron-methyl : The methyl ester of bensulfuron. An acetolactate synthase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide for the control of a variety of both annual and perennial weeds in crops, particularly wheat and rice. It is not licensed for use within the UK.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; pyrimidines	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
ilmofosine ilmofosine: used in treatment of colonic adenocarcinoma in rats; structure given in first source; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt	2.38	2	0
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	4.58	4	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone piroximone: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil 5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV	2.05	1	0
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	4.21	3	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
5,9-dimethyldibenzo(c,g)carbazole 5,9-dimethyldibenzo(c,g)carbazole: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
cilazapril, anhydrous Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; pyridazinodiazepine	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source	3.23	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.05	1	0	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	3.23	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.41	2	0
quinelorane quinelorane: LY 175887 is dextrorotary isomer; LY 137157 is a racemic mixture	1.97	1	0	quinazolines
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	3.23	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	11.29	3	1	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	tetralins
thiophenoxyacetic acid thiophenoxyacetic acid: structure	6.99	1	0
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
temafloxacin temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2.46	2	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound
clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl	2.46	2	0	quinolines
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.86	3	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	3.59	2	0	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
aromasil [no description available]	3.23	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sergolexole sergolexole: structure given in first source	2	1	0
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	5.79	15	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	3.59	2	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	3.9	3	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	3.59	2	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	2.97	4	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	8.64	2	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
tenidap tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer	2.05	1	0
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	4.08	4	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	13.49	26	13	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt	3.23	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	4.11	4	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	3.23	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	15.41	20	11	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	4.56	7	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.04	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
duloxetine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	duloxetine
irinotecan [no description available]	4.82	9	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	4.27	5	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.59	2	0
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	3.59	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	2.21	1	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	3.23	1	0	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
simendan Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.	3.51	1	0
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.05	1	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	3.23	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
trisulfapyrimidine trisulfapyrimidine: RN given refers to above drug combination; RR:65567-91-1 refers to Na salt of each of the components; contains above 3 cpds	3.43	1	1
mifobate mifobate: has antiatherosclerotic properties	2.05	1	0	trialkyl phosphate
tasosartan tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source	3.86	3	0	biphenyls
saquinavir monomethanesulfonate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic molecular entity
tiludronic acid tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	organochlorine compound
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	3.23	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	8.95	34	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
octyl gallate [no description available]	2.77	3	0	gallate ester	food antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
allyl formate [no description available]	2.46	2	0
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	4.01	14	0	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
pyranine pyranine: structure	2.15	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	2.02	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
potassium superoxide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
monoammonium molybdate ammonium molybdate: RN given refers to unspecified ammonium molybdate salt. ammonium molybdate : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	3.61	9	0	ammonium salt	poison
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	6.5	35	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing	3.16	1	0
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	4.05	15	0
edda EDDA: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethylenediaminediacetic acid : An ethylenediamine derivative in which two of the four amine protons of ethylenediamine are replaced by carboxymethyl groups.	2.04	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; ethylenediamine derivative; glycine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; chelator
cathinone cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.	1.98	1	0	2-aminopropiophenone; monoamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; psychotropic drug
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amine; imidazoquinoxaline	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; Maillard reaction product; mutagen
thiolactic acid thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.51	2	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.96	4	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
morzid morzid: structure	2.04	1	0	morpholines
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	3.54	2	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
ammonium peroxydisulfate ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.	2.45	2	0
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	2.41	2	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.43	2	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
silver chromate silver chromate: reagent in electron microscopy of golgi apparatus; RN given refers to (chromic acid)H2CrO4-Ag(1+)[1:2]	3.48	2	0
colestipol Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.	6	3	2
4,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone [no description available]	2	1	0	butenolide	metabolite
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	2.42	2	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
desferrioxamine b mesylate desferrioxamine B mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of desferrioxamine B with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. It is an iron-chelating medicine used to remove excess iron from the body. It binds to iron in the blood, which is then passed out in the urine.	2.79	3	0	methanesulfonate salt	antidote; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator
bupropion hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone
halofuginone [no description available]	7.42	2	0	quinazolines
diltiazem hydrochloride Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	12.34	138	8	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
ortho-cept ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne	2.05	1	0
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	4.26	5	0
verapamil hydrochloride verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.	2.46	2	0
dehydrofelodipine dehydrofelodipine: the primary pyridine metabolite of felodipine	3.39	1	1	phenylpyridine
cefprozil [no description available]	3.59	2	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
ciprofloxacin hydrochloride anhydrous [no description available]	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
terfenadine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	diarylmethane
promethazine sulfoxide promethazine sulfoxide: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	phenothiazines
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.	2.42	2	0	pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
febrifugine febrifugine: antimalarials; structure	2.04	1	0	quinazolines
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.59	2	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	4.09	4	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
amantadine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; dopamine agonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
doxapram hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	central nervous system stimulant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	9.72	83	2	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	3.52	2	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
acid citrate dextrose acid citrate dextrose: used as blood preservative; a mixture of dextrose, citric acid and trisodium citrate	1.97	1	0
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0
dihydrochalcone dihydrochalcone : A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is acetophenone in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.6	1	0	dihydrochalcones	plant metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.89	12	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	3.29	6	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.1	1	0
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	2.51	2	0	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	2.41	2	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
cyclam cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	4.55	24	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	1.95	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.44	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	2.03	1	0	lignan
baicalin [no description available]	2.81	3	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	3.23	1	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
amprenavir [no description available]	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	4.48	3	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
allicin [no description available]	6.96	8	1	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	12.57	35	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.9	4	0
thymine arabinoside thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus	2.04	1	0	N-glycosyl compound
diphenylcyclopropenone diphenylcyclopropenone: strong contact sensitizer; a photosensitizing agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. diphenylcyclopropenone : A cyclopropenone compound having phenyl substituents at the 2- and 3-positions.	4.14	1	0	cyclopropenone	drug allergen; hapten; photosensitizing agent
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	8.72	77	1	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	3.15	5	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
homocitrulline L-homocitrulline : A L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine having a carbamoyl group at the N(6)-position. It is found in individuals with urea cycle disorders.	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ureas	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.73	3	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	4.76	9	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
psicofuranine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	psicose derivative; purine nucleoside
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.4	2	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	3.5	8	0
chlorin chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.	1.99	1	0
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.17	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	3.56	8	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.	2	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.13	1	0
bathocuproine bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.9	4	0
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	3.57	9	0	iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.11	1	0
rhodamine 110 rhodamine 110: RN given refers to chloride	2.05	1	0
neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.	3.72	10	0	phenanthrolines	chelator; copper chelator
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	3.81	3	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): a fluorescent dye; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	ruthenium coordination entity	fluorochrome
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.63	3	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
aristeromycin aristeromycin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha,3beta,5alpha)-isomer	2	1	0
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	7.7	3	0
o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.	3.5	2	0	methylguanine	mutagen
dobutamine hydrochloride dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	3.4	7	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	7.19	35	1	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	16	132	7	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid [no description available]	3.48	8	0
4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone 4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.38	2	0	sulfonic acid derivative
triciribine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nucleoside analogue	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
sinefungin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	adenosines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.46	2	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.46	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; organic nitrate salt
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
histamine phosphate histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.	3.23	1	0	phosphate salt	histamine agonist
n-acetylpenicillamine N-acetylpenicillamine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-acetyl-D-penicillamine : An N-acetyl-D-amino acid where the amino acid is D-penicillamine	2.4	2	0	N-acetyl-D-amino acid
glucose-1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate: RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer. alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate : A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.	2.04	1	0	D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	4.69	9	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
tilbroquinol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organohalogen compound; quinolines
bendamustine [no description available]	3.86	3	0	benzimidazoles
erdosteine [no description available]	2.94	4	0	N-acyl-amino acid
imirestat imirestat: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
droxicam droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.	3.59	2	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; pyridines	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prodrug
dicarbine dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.11	5	0
trofosfamide trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure	2.04	1	0	ifosfamides
caroverine caroverine: structure	2.45	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
rufigallol rufigallol: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	hexahydroxyanthraquinone
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.21	1	0	beta-carbolines
4-aminobenzoic acid-n-xyloside 4-aminobenzoic acid-N-xyloside: K 247 refers to Na salt; RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2.04	1	0
atrinositol [no description available]	2.02	1	0
etofibrate etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
oxaceprol oxaceprol: RN given refers to (trans)-isomer	1.96	1	0
fotrin fotrin: ethyleneamine derivative; antineoplastic; Russian drug; structure	2.04	1	0
sufosfamide sufosfamide: stronger immunosuppressive activity than cyclophosphamide; structure	2.04	1	0
lercanidipine [no description available]	3.4	1	1	diarylmethane
ebrotidine ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	1.99	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
mizolastine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles
azelnidipine azelnidipine: structure given in first source	3.42	1	1	isopropyl ester
intoplicine intoplicine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	pyridoindole
raxofelast Raxofelast: prodrug of IRFI-005	2	1	0
repaglinide [no description available]	3.88	3	0	piperidines
iobitridol [no description available]	2.96	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; hexol; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	4.55	7	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nicanartine nicanartine: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
methacycline [no description available]	2.01	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
bergenin bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure	2.49	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
lumiflavin lumiflavin : A compound showing yellow-green fluorescence, formed by a photolysis of riboflavin in alkaline solution.	2.05	1	0	flavin
boron nitride [no description available]	8.11	4	0	nitride
propatyl nitrate propatyl nitrate: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	nitrate ester
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	2.74	3	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
dexamisole dexamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has R configuration.	1.97	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antidepressant
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	7.96	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hexaconazole 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.44	2	0	dichlorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	chelator
perylenediimide perylenediimide: structure in first source. perylenediimide : The 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide derivative of perylene.	2.25	1	0	dicarboximide; organic heteropolycyclic compound	fluorochrome
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.11	1	0
2,3,5,6-tetrachlorohydroquinone [no description available]	2.68	3	0	chlorohydroquinones; tetrachlorobenzene
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.43	2	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
porphine porphine: structure given in first source	7.01	1	0
sulfamidochrysoidine sulfamidochrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. prontosil : A diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. It was the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.	2.04	1	0
synthalin a synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.	2.05	1	0	guanidines	hepatotoxic agent; hypoglycemic agent; nephrotoxin
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	3.07	5	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
leucomalachite green [no description available]	7.13	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound
n-acetyl-l-arginine N-acetyl-L-arginine: has effect on convulsive seizures. N(alpha)-acetyl-L-arginine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is L-arginine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.1	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid	human metabolite
4-chlorophenethylamine 4-chlorophenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	5.91	102	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	6.37	38	1	1,2,3-triazole
diazobenzenesulfonic acid diazobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.41	2	0
guanidinopropionic acid guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure. 3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels	2.38	2	0	guanidines; zwitterion	hypoglycemic agent
deuteroporphyrin-ix [no description available]	1.99	1	0
azauracil azauracil: minor descriptor (64-72); major descriptor (73-86); on line search URACIL (66-74); URACIL/AA (75-86); INDEX MEDICUS search URACIL (64-72); AZAURACIL (73-86). 6-azauracil : A 1,2,4-triazine compound having oxo-substituents at the 3- and 5-positions.	6.94	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
lupulon lupulon: antibiotic from hops; structure. lupulone : A beta-bitter acid in which the acyl group is specified as 3-methylbutanoyl.. beta-bitter acid : An alicyclic ketone obtained by prenylation at positions 4, 6 and 6 of any 2-acylphloroglucinol. beta-bitter acids are well known for their contribution to the bitter taste of beer.	6.92	1	0	beta-bitter acid	angiogenesis inhibitor; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
pinocembrin pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.	2.47	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
orsellinic acid orsellinic acid: from the Sonoran desert endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum; structure in first source. o-orsellinic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.15	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite; metabolite
isoimperatorin isoimperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist isolated from Glehniae root. isoimperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.15	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	2.13	1	0	isocoumarins
5-hydroxyflavone [no description available]	2.45	2	0	flavones
duroquinone tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source. duroquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	1.99	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	3.07	5	0	anthocyanidin chloride
2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source	3.22	6	0
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.42	7	0	benzodioxoles
trimethobenzamide monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
2-bromohydroquinone 2-bromohydroquinone: metabolite of bromobenzene & 2-bromophenol; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
amiloride hydrochloride amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.	2.46	2	0	hydrate	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	2.45	2	0	benzoate ester; phenols
4-methoxyestradiol 4-methoxyestradiol: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer. 4-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a methoxy group.	2.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; phenols	estrogen; human metabolite; rat metabolite
econazole nitrate econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.	2.46	2	0
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.05	1	0	imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	3.83	3	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	5.63	5	1	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
lomefloxacin hydrochloride lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	11.25	21	19	aryl sulfate; pyridines
pumitepa pumitepa: structure; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.04	1	0
ropinirole hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	indoles
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	3.91	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
pirlindole pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812	2.05	1	0	carbazoles
elmustine elmustine: structure	2.04	1	0
orotirelin orotirelin: increases dopamine release from rat brain	1.96	1	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	4.73	9	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
pirinixil pirinixil: structure	2.02	1	0
dienogest [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; aliphatic nitrile; steroid hormone	progesterone receptor agonist; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
flunoxaprofen flunoxaprofen: structure given in first source. flunoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group (the S-enantiomer). Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the clinical use of flunoxaprofen was discontinued due to possible hepatotoxic side-effects.	2.46	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antirheumatic drug; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
tianeptine tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.	2.46	2	0	dibenzothiazepine; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
forphenicinol [no description available]	2.04	1	0
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	8.03	4	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
1-triacontanol 1-triacontanol: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf & Cirsium segetum. triacontan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is triacontane in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.15	1	0	fatty alcohol 30:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol
dihydroxydiphenyl-pyridyl methane [no description available]	1.96	1	0
ubiquinone-o 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone: from solid-cultured Antrodia camphorata; structure in first source. ubiquinone-0 : A derivative of benzoquinone carrying a 5-methyl substituent; and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. The core structure of the ubiquinone group of compounds.	2.44	2	0	ubiquinones	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
resorufin [no description available]	2.39	2	0	phenoxazine
malvidin chloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
n-acetylhistamine N-acetylhistamine : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide comprising histamine having an acetyl group attached to the side-chain amino function.	1.97	1	0	acetamides; imidazoles	human metabolite
n,n-dimethyl-4-anisidine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
1-methyluric acid 1-methyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by a methyl group at N-1. It is one of the metabolites of caffeine found in human urine.	2.02	1	0	oxopurine	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
indole-3-carboxylic acid indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.	1.93	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
4-chlorophenylhydroxylamine 4-chlorophenylhydroxylamine: structure	1.96	1	0
morphazinamide morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index	2.05	1	0	morpholines; pyrazines; secondary carboxamide
fluorone black fluorone Black: structure	2	1	0
3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	1,2,4-triazines
monoethyl succinate monoethyl succinate: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	fatty acid ester; hemisuccinate
5-hydroxymethylcytosine 5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.	6.79	26	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic primary alcohol; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-hydroxychavicol 2-hydroxychavicol: antimutagen from betel leaf; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
morpholinopropane sulfonic acid 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.	1.96	1	0	MOPS; morpholines; organosulfonic acid
n-acetylglutamic acid N-acetylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid : An N-acyl-L-amino acid that is L-glutamic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.	1.97	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-glutamic acid	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bicinchoninic acid [no description available]	7.39	2	0
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	2.04	1	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
cefminox cefminox : A second-generation cephamycin antibiotic having [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and 2-{[(2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}acetamido side-groups located respectively at positions 3 and 7beta of the cephem nucleus. A broad-spectrum bactericide, it is especially effective against Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria.	2.11	1	0	cephamycin; tetrazoles
pafenolol pafenolol: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	3.59	2	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
isaxonine isaxonine: promotes nerve growth	3.23	1	0	aminopyrimidine
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2.67	3	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.49	2	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
emopamil emopamil: prevents renal injury after warm & cold ischemia; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
posatirelin posatirelin: stimulates oxygen consumption	8.37	1	1	oligopeptide
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
nebivolol 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.	3.23	1	0	chromanes; diol; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
uk 68798 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
danofloxacin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	quinolines
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.	3.59	2	0	razoxane	antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2.39	2	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	3.5	8	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.49	2	0	tocol
loperamide hydrochloride loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
fenoxypropazine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether
trichlorosucrose trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.	3.35	1	0	disaccharide derivative; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	3.91	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
inproquone inproquone: major descriptor (78-80); replaced major descriptor Bayer E39 (63-77); on-line search AZIRINES (66-80); Index Medicus search Bayer E39 (63-77), INPROQUONE (78-80)	2.04	1	0
rexigen clobenzorex: RN given refers to (+)-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0
penicillin n penicillin N: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #6887	2.67	3	0	penicillin
carazolol carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.02	1	0	carbazoles
aceclofenac [no description available]	4.27	5	0	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clociguanil clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0
nitrefazole [no description available]	3.23	1	0	imidazoles
pyridoxilate pyridoxilate: structure	1.98	1	0
tebuquine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cyclobutyrol cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	bile therapy drug
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.	2.05	1	0	polypeptide
tolmesoxide tolmesoxide: structure	2.05	1	0
epicatechin (-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.	3.16	5	0	catechin; polyphenol	antioxidant
gallocatechol (-)-epigallocatechin : A flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.05	1	0	catechin; flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol	antioxidant; food component; plant metabolite
6-hydroxyflavone 6-hydroxyflavone: antioxidant; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
hesperetin [no description available]	5.74	7	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	1.95	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
phorbol-12,13-diacetate phorbol-12,13-diacetate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	1.98	1	0
magnolol [no description available]	2.57	2	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	2.57	2	0	biphenyls
isoflavone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	isoflavones
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	3.64	2	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
clevudine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
lycorine lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.	4.89	11	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
gentamicin c1a [no description available]	3.76	2	0	gentamycin C
5-iminodaunorubicin 5-iminodaunorubicin: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
mesoporphyrin ix mesoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; mesoheme is the iron salt of mesoporphyrin IX. mesoporphyrin IX : A member of the class of mesoporphyrins obtained by formal hydrogenation of the two vinyl groups in protoporphyrin.	1.98	1	0
uroporphyrin i uroporphyrin I: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
leupeptin [no description available]	2.89	4	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
grepafloxacin grepafloxacin: structure in first source	2.46	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
warburganal [no description available]	1.98	1	0	tertiary alcohol
phleomycins Phleomycins: Water-soluble, copper-containing low molecular weight polypeptides obtained from the culture medium of Streptomyces verticillus. They are specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis in bacteria and have been found to act as antitumor agents. They have also been used against rust fungi of plants.. phleomycin : A mixture of glycopeptide antibiotics originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus whose components all contain a thiazolinylthiazole moiety and can form complexes with redox-active metals such as Co, Cu, and Fe. (Bleomycins are very similar to phleomycins, but have a bithiazole moiety in place of the thiazolinylthiazole moiety).	2.21	1	0
puupehenone [no description available]	2.45	2	0
alpha-lapachone alpha-lapachone: structure in first source	2.41	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione: has antineoplastic, intercalating, and trypanocidal activities; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
neplanocin a neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase	2.42	2	0
xylenol orange xylenol orange: carboxylate anion which exhibits characteristic visible spectrum when attached to a metal	2.94	4	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.43	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
3-deazaneplanocin 3-deazaneplanocin: S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase antagonist	2.41	1	0
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.	1.95	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative
(-)-catechin (-)-catechin : The (-)-enantiomer of catechin.	2.77	3	0	catechin	metabolite
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	3.04	4	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	3.23	1	0	carbapenems
1-thiohexadecyl-2-ethyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-thiohexadecyl-2-ethyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to hydroxide, inner salt, 4-oxide, (+-)-isomer; cpd without isomeric designation not available 4/88	1.98	1	0
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: precursor of mutagenic nitroso cpd in soy sauce; structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	harmala alkaloid
methyl reserpate methyl reserpate: RN given refers to (3beta,16beta,17alpha,18beta,20alpha)-isomer	1.93	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
tryptanthrine tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai	2.08	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
glycyl-histidyl-lysine glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence.	2.03	1	0	tripeptide	chelator; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; vulnerary
arjunolic acid arjunolic acid: oleanane type; isol from Cochlospermum tinctorium (Bixaceae); structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2alpha,3beta,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/89. arjunolic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 23 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). Isolated from Symplocos lancifolia and Juglans sinensis, it exhibits antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.	3.55	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antioxidant; metabolite
tetracyanoquinodimethane tetracyanoquinodimethane: structure. tetracyanoquinodimethane : A quinodimethane that is p-quinodimethane in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by cyano groups.	2.42	2	0	alicyclic compound; nitrile; quinodimethane
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	4.32	4	1	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	3.38	6	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
2-naphthylisothiocyanate [no description available]	2.46	2	0
2-(salicylideneamino)phenol 2-(salicylideneamino)phenol: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.66	2	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
ethylene diurea [no description available]	3.32	6	0
4-nitro-4'-aminodiphenyl sulfone 4-nitro-4'-aminodiphenyl sulfone: dapsone metabolite; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	3.59	2	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid substituted by a 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl group at position 3.	2.11	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; monocarboxylic acid
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.95	4	0	dialkyl phosphate
victoria blue bo Victoria blue BO: a cationic triarylmethane dye; exhibits photodynamic activity against the human leukemic cell lines K-562 and TF-1	2	1	0
n-(hydroxymethyl)carbazole N-(hydroxymethyl)carbazole: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
diallyl tetrasulfide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organosulfur compound
2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.	1.96	1	0	alanine derivative; alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	human urinary metabolite
octadecyl palmitate octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.	4.05	3	1	hexadecanoate ester; wax ester	coral metabolite; cosmetic
c.i. direct red 80 Solophenyl red 3BL: structure in first source. Sirius red F3B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Sirius red F3B (acid form) with six equivalents of sodium hydroxide. A polyazo dye used principally in staining methods for collagen and amyloid.	2.44	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide 4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide : An organic disulfide obtained by formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-thiopyridine.	2.03	1	0	organic disulfide; pyridines
tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol [no description available]	1.99	1	0
diaminodurene diaminodurene: structure	1.95	1	0
adipostatin a adipostatin A: allergen from cashew nut shell oil; as adipostatin found as inhibitor of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Streptomyces; Also found in bees; do not confuse with cardol, RN 57486-25-6, MF unknown;. cardol : Resorcinol substituted at position 5 by a pentadecyl chain.	2.54	2	0	5-alkylresorcinol	EC 1.1.5.3 (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0
methyl orsellinate methyl orsellinate: orcinol derivative from the lichen Peltigera leucophlebia (Peltigeraceae); structure in first source	2.15	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
phenyliodosodiacetate phenyliodosodiacetate: glycol-cleaving reagent used with amino alcohols in ring opening & Mannich base reactions; structure	1.96	1	0
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2.41	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
cobalt phthalocyanine [no description available]	3.17	5	0
5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide 5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. MTIC : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is dacarbazine in which one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydrogen. It is the active metabolite of dacarbazine, and is also produced by spontaneous hydrolysis of temozolomide in the body.	1.97	1	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
1-ethoxysilatrane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
sofosbuvir 5-carboxycytosine: a 5-formylcystosine oxidation product; structure in first source. 5-carboxycytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.13	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic carboxylic acid; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	metabolite
2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine: color reagent for serum iron; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.62	6	1
isouramil isouramil: aglycone of convicine	2.36	2	0
ethyl protocatechuate ethyl protocatechuate: structure. ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol. It is the anti-oxidative component of peanut seed testa.	2.71	3	0	catechols; ethyl ester	antibacterial agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.48	2	0
4'-methoxyflavone 4'-methoxyflavone: from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae); structure in first source	2.48	2	0	ether; flavonoids
rivastigmine [no description available]	4.04	3	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan [no description available]	3.23	1	0	carbazoles
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	3.23	1	0	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	6.87	11	1	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid: catechol methyltransferase inhibitor; N1 same as NM	2	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC.	1.96	1	0	MES; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion
5-hydroxymethyluracil [no description available]	2.73	3	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidone	human metabolite
glyceryl 1,2-dinitrate dinitroglycerol : A nitroglycerol carrying two nitro groups at unspecified positions.	2.05	1	0	dinitroglycerol; primary alcohol
tricine N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.13	1	0	tricine
4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol [no description available]	6.99	1	0
4-nitrophenyl sulfate 4-nitrophenyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrophenyl hydrogen sulfate : An aryl sulfate the mono 4-nitrophenyl ester of sulfuric acid.. 4-nitrophenyl sulfate : An aryl sulfate oxoanion resulting from the deprotonation of the sulfooxy group of 4-nitrophenyl hydrogen sulfate. The major microspecies at pH 7.3.	1.95	1	0	aryl sulfate; C-nitro compound	human metabolite
6-amino-1,3-dimethyl uracil 6-amino-1,3-dimethyl uracil: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
3,7-dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol Geranium: A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. Geranium is also used as a common name for PELARGONIUM.	2.17	1	0
tridodecylmethylammonium tridodecylmethylammonium: quaternary amine which forms molecular bond with heparin & can attach firmly to a polyvinyl chloride surface for a nonthrombogenic bypass cannula; RN given refers to chloride	2.04	1	0
lithium bromide lithium bromide: denatures ribonuclease A; also sedative. lithium bromide : A lithium salt in which the counterion is bromide. The anhydrous salt forms cubic crystals similar to common salt.	2.11	1	0	bromide salt; lithium salt
cryptolepine cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.	3.63	2	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
bexarotene [no description available]	3.61	2	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	imidazoles
leucyl-leucyl-leucine leucyl-leucyl-leucine: RN given refers to (L-Leu-L-Leu-L-Leu)-isomer. Leu-Leu-Leu : A tripeptide formed from three L-leucine residues.	1.99	1	0	tripeptide	metabolite
4-nitrophenylglucuronide 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
5-ethylphenazine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	6.6	8	1	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
ruthenium dioxide ruthenium dioxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ru-O2	2.52	2	0
n-nitrososarcosine ethyl ester [no description available]	1.97	1	0
hypobromous acid [no description available]	3.66	3	0	bromine oxoacid
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	2.46	2	0
orphenadrine citrate orphenadrine citrate : A citrate salt which comprises equimolar amounts of orphenadrine and citric acid.	2.46	2	0	citrate salt	H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	2.46	2	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	12.47	14	3	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
ferroin ferroin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0
cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym dicobalt edetate refers to di-Na salt	1.98	1	0
5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
primin primin: contact allergen found in the ornamental plant Primula obconica Hance. primin : A 1,4-benzoquinone having a methoxy substituent at the 2-position and a pentyl substituent at the 6-position.	2.25	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	allergen; antifeedant; antimicrobial agent; hapten; metabolite
4-methylumbelliferyl sulfate 4-methylumbelliferyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylumbelliferone sulfate : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone sulfate which carries a methyl group at position 4. It is a metabolite of 4-methylumbelliferone.	2.37	2	0	aryl sulfate; coumarins	human xenobiotic metabolite
nitrosonium ion nitrosonium ion: a nitric oxide congener. oxidonitrogen(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation resulting from the removal of the unpaired electron from nitric oxide.	2.41	1	0	monovalent inorganic cation; nitrogen oxide
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	5.97	13	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
alpha-tocopherol quinol [no description available]	1.96	1	0
3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid: metabolite of L-dopa; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid : A catechol that is the 3,4-dihydroxy derivative of mandelic acid; a metabolite of L-dopa.	2.39	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols	antioxidant; drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
v 70 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.21	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
fludioxonil fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.	2.17	1	0	benzodioxoles; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrroles	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical; estrogen receptor agonist
s-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate S-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate: induces system acquired resistance in wheat; structure in first source. acibenzolar-S-methyl : A benzothiadiazole that is the S-methyl thioester derivative of acibenzolar. A profungicide (by hydrolysis of the thioester group to give the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as a fungicide and plant activator on a variety of crops, including cotton, chili peppers, lettuce, onions, spinach, tobacco, and tomatoes.	2.25	1	0	benzothiadiazole; thioester	antifungal agrochemical; plant activator; profungicide
2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: cyclic condensation product of ribose and cysteine; structure given in first source; prodrug of L-cysteine; stimulates glutathione biosynthesis; has protective effect against radiation-induced injury and oxidative stress	2.42	2	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	8.65	10	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
convicine convicine: structure	2.36	2	0	glycoside
n-acetylalanine N-acetylalanine: immunodominant determinant of acidic surface antigen from culture filtrate of human strain of Staph aureus. N-acetyl-L-alanine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.04	1	0	L-alanine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
p-chloro-diphenyl diselenide p-chloro-diphenyl diselenide: antidepressant; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
tretazicar tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)	2.04	1	0
dihydroisotanshinone i dihydroisotanshinone I: isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
mebeverine gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol	2.21	1	0
orellanine orellanine: isolated from Cortinarius orellanus	2.39	2	0	bipyridines
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	11.54	52	6	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	3.64	3	0
1-pentanesulfonic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors	2.46	2	0	pyrrolidines
cinchonine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	10.4	46	5	iditol	fungal metabolite
moexipril [no description available]	3.23	1	0	peptide
phentolamine mesylate [no description available]	2.46	2	0
streptovitacin a streptovitacin A: structure	2.04	1	0
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	2.93	4	0	hydroxyisoflavans
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	2.41	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	3.81	10	0
goethite [no description available]	2.96	4	0
oxybutynin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	2.37	2	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile): free radical initiator in liposome systems	4.24	18	0
glycidamide glycidamide: metabolite of acrylamide; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	15.49	107	23	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
methylglucoside [no description available]	1.96	1	0
1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	secondary alcohol
2-amino-5-chlorophenol 2-amino-5-chlorophenol: structure given in first source. 2-amino-5-chlorophenol : Phenol carrying amino and chloro substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively. It is part of the degradation pathway of 4-chloronitrobenzene, CHEBI:34399.	2	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols; primary amino compound
gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	isoquinolines
3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	catechols
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt	2.36	2	0
pyrimethanil pyrimethanil: structure in first source. pyrimethanil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6. A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.	2.11	1	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.96	1	0	oligopeptide
cordium bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.	2.46	2	0	hydrate; hydrochloride
quinclorac quinclorac: an herbicide. quinclorac : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-8-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by chlorines. It is used (particularly as its dimethylamine salt, known as quinclorac-dimethylammonium) as a (rather persistent) herbicide for the post-emergence control of weeds in rice, grass and turf. It is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	agrochemical; herbicide; synthetic auxin
1-methyl-4-(2'-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-methyl-4-(2'-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: more potent dopaminergic neurotoxic compound than MPTP in mice	1.98	1	0
delta-tocopherol [no description available]	4.53	5	1	tocopherol; vitamin E	food antioxidant; plant metabolite
1-methylhistidine 1-methylhistidine: found in muscle proteins; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 1-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-1.. N(tele)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative in which the methyl group is at N(tele)-position.	1.97	1	0	L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion	human metabolite
iodosobenzene iodosobenzene: oxygen donor	2.02	1	0
acetoacetyl coa [no description available]	1.97	1	0	3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
monocerin monocerin: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
cb 10375 trimelamol: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
aluminum maltolate aluminum maltolate: aluminum cpd, not an aluminum salt	2.03	1	0
mci 9038 [no description available]	3.6	2	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	5.58	4	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	11.67	37	13	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
annatto annatto: coloring matter from seeds of Bixa orellana L., Bixaceae; contains bixin and pigments that give carotene reactions; induces hyperglycemia	2.21	1	0
n(alpha)-acetyllysine N(alpha)-acetyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. acetyl-L-lysine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-lysine.. N(2)-acetyl-L-lysine : An acetyl-L-lysine where the acetyl group is located at the N(2)-posiiton.	1.98	1	0	acetyl-L-lysine; amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	2.65	3	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
dextromoramide Dextromoramide: An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070). dextromoramide : An N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004.	1.97	1	0	morpholines; N-acylpyrrolidine	opioid analgesic
alanyltyrosine alanyltyrosine: tyrosine source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Ala-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of L-alanine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.	2	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
glycyl-l-phenylalanine glycylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Gly-Phe : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-phenylalanine residues.	1.99	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite; metabolite
droxidopa Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension	2.05	1	0	catechols; L-tyrosine derivative	antihypertensive agent; prodrug; vasoconstrictor agent
isohumulone isohumulone: hop-derived compound	2.03	1	0	monoterpenoid
carbenicillin indanyl carbenicillin indanyl: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)	2.04	1	0	penicillin
n-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-n'-phenylurea forchlorfenuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a phenyl group and a 2-chloropyridin-4-yl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively. It is a plant growth regulator widely used in agriculture for improving fruit quality and fruit size.	2.15	1	0	monochloropyridine; phenylureas	plant growth regulator
erythrose D-erythrose : The D-enantiomer of erythrose.	2.69	3	0	erythrose	plant metabolite
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	5.93	9	3
npg-gma NPG-GMA: dental coupling agent which bonds filling material to tooth	1.96	1	0
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.19	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
pyrroline pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.	2.1	1	0	pyrroline
malvidin 3-galactoside [no description available]	2.21	1	0	anthocyanidin glycoside
1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one [no description available]	1.97	1	0
pyrogallol sulfonphthalein [no description available]	2.43	2	0
alpha-tocopherol phosphate alpha-tocopherol phosphate: RN given refers to (2R(4R,8R*))-(+-)-isomer	4.7	6	1
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	5.14	46	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
cb 1837 CB 1837: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
desethylchloroquine desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine	2.05	1	0	aminoquinoline
ethylenimine quinone 2,5-bis(aziridin-1-yl)-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines	alkylating agent; mutagen
prolamins Prolamins: A group of seed storage proteins restricted to the POACEAE family. They are rich in GLUTAMINE and PROLINE.	2.41	1	0
imidazoleacetic acid imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.	1.97	1	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
hexaphosphamide hexaphosphamide: structure	2.04	1	0
oxymethacil oxymethacil: structure	1.98	1	0
3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid: structure in first source	7.15	1	0
gardenin b gardenin B: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. gardenin B : A tetramethoxyflavone that is tangeretin in which the methoxy group at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.08	1	0	monohydroxyflavone; tetramethoxyflavone	plant metabolite
dipin dipin: structure	2.04	1	0
phosphazine phosphazine: structure	2.04	1	0
hippuryl-glycyl-glycine hippuryl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to parent cpd; N1 from 9th CI Form Index	2.46	2	0
4-chloro-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenylazo)-2-hydroxybenzene-1-sulfonic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0
3,4-dehydroproline 3,4-dehydroproline: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation	3.09	5	0
6-hydroxy-1-methyltryptoline 6-hydroxy-1-methyltryptoline: possible product of ethanol & tryptophan metabolism; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of beta-carbolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline substituted at position 3 by a carboxy group.	2.1	1	0	alpha-amino acid; aromatic amino acid; beta-carboline alkaloid	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite; rat metabolite
xanthommatin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	xanthommatins
2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine: behaves as a partial agonist toward both alpha1-adrenergic & 5-HT(2) serotonergic receptors. 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine : A 2-arylethylamine compound where the aryl moiety is 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl.	2.03	1	0	2-arylethylamine
1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
diiodobenzotepa diiodobenzotepa: structure	2.04	1	0
quindoline quindoline: a fused indole-quinoline alkaloid from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta; structure	3.51	1	0
atromentin atromentin: an enoyl-ACP reductase (FabK) inhibitor; isolated from Streptococcus pneumoniae; structure in first source. atromentin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione which is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at positions 3 and 6. It is a mushroom pigment isolated from several fungi species and acts as a smooth muscle stimulant, and exhibits anticoagulant, antibacterial and antineoplastic properties.	3.51	1	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones; polyphenol	antibacterial agent; anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; biological pigment; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; fungal metabolite
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) 6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure	1.96	1	0
diosgenin [no description available]	2.36	2	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman: a Vitamin E derivative. chromanol : Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups.	3.09	5	0
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs	2	1	0
lecanoric acid lecanoric acid: from a strain of Pyricularia (deuteromycetes); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.15	1	0	benzoate ester
m3omg M3OMG: has antidepressant activity	2.48	2	0
n-benzoylhistidine N-benzoylhistidine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	1.96	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	6.92	1	0
syringaresinol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; furofuran; lignan; polyether; polyphenol	plant metabolite
n-formylmethionylvaline N-formylmethionylvaline: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.96	1	0
icig 1163 ICIG 1163: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate [no description available]	1.93	1	0
malabaricone c malabaricone C: from maize (Myristica fragrans); structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	butanone	metabolite
wr 159412 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.47	2	0	glycoside; lignan
2-methyl-1,4-dinitropyrrole 2-methyl-1,4-dinitropyrrole: mutagen isolated from reaction mixture of sorbic acid & sodium nitrite; structure in first source	2.41	2	0
karanjin karanjin: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	extended flavonoid
diphenylditelluride [no description available]	2.45	2	0
bimolane bimolane: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
leukogen [no description available]	3.41	1	1
thiodipin thiodipin: structure	2.04	1	0
5-(Ethylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfide
22-ketocholesterol 22-ketocholesterol: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. 22-ketocholesterol : A 3beta-sterol that is cholesterol carrying an oxo group at position 22.	1.99	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid	EC 1.14.15.6 cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain-cleaving) inhibitor
fluoxydine fluoxydine: structure	2.04	1	0
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.05	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
erythrodiol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	plant metabolite
imiphos imiphos: structure	2.04	1	0
pregnanetriol Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.	1.94	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
2,5-diketogluconic acid 2,5-diketogluconic acid: RN given refers to (D-threo)-isomer	2.37	2	0	diketoaldonic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
benzyloxyamine benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
n,n'-(1,2-dihydroxyethylene)bisacrylamide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.	2.1	1	0	phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion; phosphatidylethanolamine	human metabolite
phenglutarimide phenglutarimide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	piperidines
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	8.61	124	1	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.58	9	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	3.87	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
hydrogen sulfite [no description available]	2.77	3	0	sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.41	2	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	1.99	1	0
mizoribine [no description available]	3.37	1	1	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	3.99	4	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
ici 164384 ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.	1.98	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; tertiary carboxamide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination [no description available]	2.44	2	0
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.69	3	0	oligopeptide
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	2.41	1	0	calcium salt; hydrate
wr 1065 WR-1065 : An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2.01	1	0	alkanethiol; diamine	antioxidant; drug metabolite; radiation protective agent
copper cuprous ion: RN given refers to Cu(1+)	2.33	2	0	copper cation; monoatomic monocation	cofactor
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	20.43	110	9
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.94	4	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.69	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
sr141716 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	4.42	21	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	4.08	4	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
n-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: found in human urine	3.06	5	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
u 74006f tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox	4	4	0	corticosteroid hormone
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	3.88	12	0
u 74389f U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source	2.39	2	0
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	2.04	1	0
sr 48968 SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968	2.04	1	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.41	2	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
propidium iodide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	organic iodide salt
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.05	1	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.4	2	0
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; selenomethionine	plant metabolite
artesunic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	4.44	8	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	9.41	8	0
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	9.81	10	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	5.88	7	1
fumitremorgin b fumitremorgin B: intermediary in TR-2 mycotoxin biosyn; RN given refers to (5aR-(5aalpha,6alpha,12beta,14aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. fumitremorgin B : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid produced by several fungi via a tryptophan-proline diketopiperazine intermediate.	2.21	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mycotoxin
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	3.39	7	0	oligopeptide
u 78517f U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl	2.69	3	0
pentoxyresorufin [no description available]	2	1	0
cyproterone acetate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination [no description available]	2.04	1	0
22-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	cholanoid
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	2.48	2	0
propionylcarnitine propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0	O-acylcarnitine	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cardiotonic drug; human metabolite; peripheral nervous system drug
aldophosphamide aldophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide	2.04	1	0	nitrogen mustard
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions.	2	1	0	inositol phosphate
pyronaridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminoquinoline
6-hydroxydopa 6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	7.39	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	4.07	4	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine [no description available]	3.1	5	0	aminosulfinic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0	beta-carbolines
geniposide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	terpene glycoside
n-hydroxymethyl-n-methylformamide N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide: metabolite of dimethylformamide	1.96	1	0	tertiary carboxamide
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	8.57	44	1	proanthocyanidin
dihydrokainate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	5.41	14	1	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	4.65	8	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis	2.03	1	0
u 74500a U 74500A: potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental CNS trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; RN given is for 3,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd; Cancer Lett 1992;64(1):61-6 uses 5,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd for U 74500A	1.98	1	0
fingolimod fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.	2.05	1	0	aminodiol; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; CB1 receptor antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
parinaric acid parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.	3.86	12	0	octadecatetraenoic acid
dihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	capsaicinoid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide [no description available]	2.98	4	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
n-chlorotaurine N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase	2	1	0
s-nitrosomercaptoethanol S-nitrosomercaptoethanol: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor. It is an anti-infective agent and inhibits Bacillus cereus spore outgrowth.	4.71	3	0
asiaticoside [no description available]	2	1	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	5.84	11	0
parthenolide [no description available]	2.74	3	0	germacranolide
bromobenzene 3,4-oxide bromobenzene 3,4-oxide: structure given in first source	3.46	2	0	epoxide
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	2.42	2	0
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	2.44	2	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.72	3	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	4.29	7	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
exp3174 losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.	2.17	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles; organochlorine compound	metabolite
hydroxyitraconazole hydroxyitraconazole: a hydroxylated metabolite of itraconazole; likely contributes importantly to the in vivo activity attributed to itraconazole	3.45	1	1
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	4.82	33	0
tadalafil [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
3-oxoglycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid
1-glyceryloctyl ether 1-glyceryloctyl ether: non-hydrolyzable substrate analog of lipase	3.59	1	1
anserine Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.	2.4	2	0	beta-alanine derivative; dipeptide; zwitterion	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine 6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine: compound used in second source was chlorhydrate; has been used as retinoprotector	4.39	2	2
5,6-dihydroxyindole [no description available]	2.21	1	0	dihydroxyindole	mouse metabolite
precirol precirol: octadecanoic acid esters; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester mixed with 3-hydroxy-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)propyl octadienoate & 2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1,3-propanediol; auxiliary in tableting; alpha glycerol palmitostearate	2.11	1	0
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.04	1	0
indolo(3,2-b)carbazole indolo(3,2-b)carbazole: potent inducer of cytochrome P-4501A1-dependent monooxygenase	2	1	0
5-hydroxydopamine 5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.88	1	0	catecholamine
naphthyl sulfate naphthyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.63	3	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
monobromobimane monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.04	1	0	organobromine compound; pyrazolopyrazole	fluorochrome
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	3.7	1	1	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine : A sulfonamide compound having a 4-hydroxylaminophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom and a 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group attached to the nitrogen atom.	4.34	4	1	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	allergen; metabolite
3-deoxyglucosone 3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.	2.02	1	0	deoxyglucose; deoxyketohexose
oxymatrine oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	alkaloid; tertiary amine oxide
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	3.55	2	0
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.	1.97	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycoside	detergent
glutathione monoisopropyl ester glutathione monoisopropyl ester: prevents mitochondrial damage in muscle after marked depletion of glutathione	1.98	1	0
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	2.03	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane 1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable	2.4	2	0	straight-chain fatty acid
benzoylphenylalanyl-alanyl-proline benzoylphenylalanyl-alanyl-proline: synthetic angiotensin converting enzyme substrate	1.96	1	0
norbuprenorphine norbuprenorphine: metabolite of buprenorphine found in urine & feces; RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	phenanthrenes
fe(ii)-edta Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.59	9	0	iron coordination entity
12-(1-pyrene)dodecanoic acid 12-(1-pyrene)dodecanoic acid: induces lipid storage in cultured leukemic myeloid cells	1.98	1	0
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	4.13	14	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
metadoxine metadoxine: combination of above cpds	3.12	1	0
3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate: structure given in first source	2.9	4	0
paliperidone 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine; secondary alcohol
echinuline echinuline: tri-isoprenylated cyclic dipeptide from Aspergillus amstelodami; structure; Rn given refers to (3S-cis)-isomer. echinulin : An indole alkaloid with formula C29H39N3O2. It is a fungal metabolite found in several Aspergillus species.	2.03	1	0	2,5-diketopiperazines; indole alkaloid; indoles; olefinic compound	Aspergillus metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
4-s-cysteaminylphenol [no description available]	1.97	1	0
nitisinone [no description available]	4.06	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; cyclohexanones; mesotrione	EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
tafenoquine tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; primary amino compound; secondary amino compound
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	2.38	2	0
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
prunasin prunasin: cyanogenic glycoside; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.06	1	0	prunasin
asiatic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	angiogenesis modulating agent; metabolite
janus green janus green: RN given refers to Cl	6.93	1	0
ruthenium tetraoxide ruthenium tetraoxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of Ru-O4	2.48	2	0
1'-acetoxychavicol acetate 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate: antifungal component of Alpinia galanga; structure given in first source. 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate : An acetate ester that is chavicol acetate substituted by an acetoxy group at position 1'.	2.03	1	0	acetate ester; phenylpropanoid	antineoplastic agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-6,9-dimethyl-6h-thieno(3,2-f)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)diazepine 4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-6,9-dimethyl-6H-thieno(3,2-f)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)diazepine: PAF antagonist	1.99	1	0
clofarabine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
1-o-hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone [no description available]	2.91	4	0
eseroline eseroline: RN given refers to (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure. eseroline : A pyrroloindole that is 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 3a and 8 and a hydroxy group at position 5. It is a metabolite of physostigmine and causes neuronal cell death by a mechanism involving loss of cell ATP.	1.96	1	0	phenols; pyrroloindole	human xenobiotic metabolite; opioid analgesic
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde : A phenylacetaldehyde in which the 3 and 4 positions of the phenyl group are substituted by hydroxy groups.	2.1	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; catechols; phenylacetaldehydes	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
astilbin astilbin: dihydroflavonol from Kohki tea processed from Engelhardtia chrysolepis (huang-qui); astilbin is the (2R-trans)-isomer; neoisoastilbin is the (2S-cis)-isomer and is Sweetening Agents; isoastilbin is the (2R-cis)-isomer; structure in first source;. astilbin : A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.31	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; alpha-L-rhamnoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; tetrahydroxyflavanone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol: has gastric antisecretory activity; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.37	2	0
iodofiltic acid iodofiltic acid: labeled with 123 I for myocardial imaging; RN given refers to unlabeled, non-isomeric cpd	3.13	1	0
sch 23982 8-iodo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7-ol: labeled with 125I; D-1 dopamine receptor antagonist	6.98	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	4.98	8	1	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	thiadiazole
dopachrome dopachrome: cyclization product of L-DOPA	2.38	2	0	orthoquinones
maculosin maculosin: RN refers to (3S-trans)-isomer; isolated from Alternaria alternata; structure given in first source. maculosin : A homodetic cyclic peptide that is a dipeptide composed of L-proline and L-tyrosine joined by peptide linkages.	2.06	1	0	dipeptide; homodetic cyclic peptide; phenols; pyrrolopyrazine	metabolite
5,6-dihydroxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acid 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid : A dihydroxyindole that is indole-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 6.	2.13	1	0	dihydroxyindole	mouse metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	4.57	7	0	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
1,1,2-trichloroethanol 1,1,2-trichloroethanol: metabolite of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene	2.04	1	0
1-hydroxyethyl radical ethoxide : An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol.	7.4	2	0	organic anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	3.23	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
mosapride 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.	4.56	2	2	aromatic ether; benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound
pentosidine pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.	3.24	6	0	imidazopyridine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; cross-linking reagent
valdecoxib [no description available]	3.23	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carboxypolymethylene carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance	2.03	1	0
hydroquinidine hydroquinidine: urinary quinine metabolite; RN given refers to (9S)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4703	2.4	2	0	cinchona alkaloid
1-propyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one [no description available]	1.97	1	0
2-o-methylpyrogallol 2-O-methylpyrogallol: metabolite of gallic acid; structure in first source	2	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
calpain inhibitor 2 calpain inhibitor 2: inhibits degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and some other cysteine proteinases	2.01	1	0	peptide
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
alliin alliin: nutritional supplement in diet; possible therapeutic use in anemia and splenic hypertrophy; structure. alliin : An L-alanine derivative in which one of the methyl hydrogens of L-alanine has been replaced by an (S)-allylsulfinyl group.	2.02	1	0	alpha-amino acid
xymedon xymedon: nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound; Russian patent; antiatherogenic; used for treatment of burns; used on varicose ulcer	2.15	1	0
chitotriose chitotriose : An amino trisaccharide comprising of three 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units joined by beta-(1->4) linkages.	2.01	1	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylcysteine S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.97	1	0
desethylamodiaquine desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine	2.05	1	0
5-s-cysteinyldopamine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	S-conjugate
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
luzindole luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.45	2	0	acetamides; indoles	melatonin receptor antagonist
magnesium pyrophosphate magnesium pyrophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd (2:1)	1.97	1	0
5-fluorodopamine [no description available]	2	1	0
chlorodimedone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.11	1	0	acetate ester	fluorochrome
3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucose [no description available]	1.95	1	0
saccharolactone saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2	1	0	aldarolactone; delta-lactone
florox reagent Florox Reagent: reagent for analysis of ketosteroids; structure	1.99	1	0
n,n-dideethylchloroquine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.57	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
procyanidin b2 procyanidin B2 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.	4.04	4	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite
aaptamine aaptamine: natural product from sea sponge Aaptos aaptos; structure given in first source; RN from CA Index Guide 1984	2.01	1	0
aromadedrin aromadedrin: inhibits protein kinase C; the dihydro makes it a flavone rather than a flavonol. (+)-dihydrokaempferol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone having hydroxy groupa at the 3-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions.	2.05	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroflavonols; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetrahydroxyflavanone	metabolite
trichloromethyl free radical trichloromethyl free radical: able to react with amino acid esters	1.99	1	0	organic radical
phosphate-binding proteolipid phosphate-binding proteolipid: MW appx 3000; binds inorganic phosphate with high affinity & specificity; from rabbit kidney brush border membranes	2.01	1	0
niobium pentoxide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
phenoxy radical phenoxy radical : An organic radical generated from phenol.	3.95	13	0	organic radical
hypoiodous acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	iodine oxoacid
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	14.2	51	1	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.41	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	8.98	13	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.97	4	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.	3.23	1	0	indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	2.21	1	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	4.26	5	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
3,5-diiodothyronine 3,5-diiodothyronine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	6.92	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
cholesterol hydroperoxide cholesterol hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer	2.41	2	0
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline (3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline: potent agonist at dopamine receptors mediating neuronal inhibition; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in UD indicates phenyl-imino group	2.41	2	0
nnc 711 NNC 711: structure in first source	3.49	2	0
4-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.21	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
c & b metabond Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-META), methylmethacrylates (MMA) and tri-n-butylborane (TBB)	4.51	5	1
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	3.51	8	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
5-iodoacetamidofluorescein [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	5.39	7	2	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-n,n,o-triacetic acid 2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-N,N,O-triacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
cyclic adp-ribose Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.	2	1	0	cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleotide-sugar	metabolite; ryanodine receptor agonist
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate: structural analog of gamma-butyrobetaine, also of carnitine; antianginal compound; MET-88 is dihydrate; structure given in first source. meldonium : An ammonium betaine that is beta-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a trimethylamino group. A clinically used cardioprotective drug that is used for treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.	1.99	1	0	ammonium betaine	cardioprotective agent; EC 1.14.11.1 (gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
6-hydroxydopa quinone 6-hydroxydopa quinone: structure given in first source; quinoid cofactor of quinoproteins; RN given refers to the 4-hydroxy-3,6-dioxo- tautomer. L-topaquinone : A topaquinone that has S configuration.	2.4	2	0
f-chemotactic peptide F-chemotactic peptide: potent chemoattractant for human neutrophils	1.96	1	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.68	3	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
hydroxycitric acid hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.11	1	0	carbonyl compound
galactose-1-phosphate alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate : A D-galactopyranose 1-phosphate having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.	3.18	5	0	alpha-D-hexose 1-phosphate; D-galactopyranose 1-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3,3'-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate) 3,3'-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate): structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
alanylglutamine alanylglutamine: RN refers to (L-Glu)-isomer; dipeptiven is for parenteral use. Ala-Gln : A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-glutamine residues.	3.43	1	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	2.08	1	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	1.96	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
procyanidin b5 procyanidin B5 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 6' in beta-configuration. It can be found in grape seeds, in Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) root and bark, in apple and in cacao.	2	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	metabolite
tetrahydrocurcumin tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.	2.74	3	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; polyphenol	metabolite
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	3.23	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
copper bleomycin copper bleomycin: Merck reference is for bleomycins	1.99	1	0
ferric bleomycin iron bleomycin: iron-bleomycin complexes	3.24	6	0
ra 642 RA 642: has central hypertensive properties; structure	1.98	1	0
nitrosylprotoheme nitrosylprotoheme: from reaction of nitrite & heme; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
glutathionyldopa glutathionyldopa: glutathione metabolite; precursor of cysteinyldopa	2.01	1	0
teloxantrone teloxantrone: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
hypothiocyanite ion hypothiocyanite ion: structure	2.03	1	0
hypothiocyanite ion hypothiocyanous acid : A sulfur oxoacid that is sulfenic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur has been replaced by a cyano group.	2.04	1	0	one-carbon compound; sulfur oxoacid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiviral agent; human metabolite; oxidising agent; rat metabolite
desvenlafaxine O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.	3.23	1	0	cyclohexanols; phenols; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2	1	0
benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanylarginine-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanylarginine-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide: substrate for measurement of human prekallikrein	2.02	1	0
4-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy 4-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
n(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)hydroxylysine N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)hydroxylysine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
4-nitrososulfamethoxazole 4-nitrososulfamethoxazole: structure given in first source. nitrososulfamethoxazole : A sulfonamide compound having a 4-nitrosophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom and a 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group attached to the nitrogen atom.	3.82	2	1	isoxazoles; nitroso compound; sulfonamide	allergen; metabolite
procainamide 4-hydroxylamine procainamide 4-hydroxylamine: procainamide metabolite in liver microsomes; structure given in first source. procainamide 4-hydroxylamine : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-hydroxylaminobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine; a metabolite in liver microsomes.	2.37	2	0	benzamides; hydroxylamines	drug metabolite
at 2153 probimane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
icrf 198 ICRF 198: hydrolysis product of dexrazoxane; ADR-925 is the (S)-enantiomer of ICRF-198; structure given in first source; ADR 925 is identical to N,N'-((1S)-1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)-bis(N-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl))glycine	1.98	1	0
iremycin iremycin: anthracycline antibiotic from Streptomyces violaceus subsp. iremyceticus; RN given refers to parent cpd(7R-trans)-isomer	2.04	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	8.04	37	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
sb 211475 SB 211475: a carvedilol metabolite; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
3,6-diamino-9-(4-(methylsulfonyl)aminophenyl)aminoacridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
n,n'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine N,N'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
hainanensine hainanensine: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2(5h)-furanone 3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2(5H)-furanone: structure given in first source	3.31	1	0
5-s-cysteinyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0
ne 58051 NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
6-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid [no description available]	2	1	0
cyclic 1,n(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine cyclic 1,N(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine: structure given in first source; RN refers to (6R-trans)-isomer	2.05	1	0
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	3.14	5	0
n-nitrosothioproline N-nitrosothioproline: found in normal human urine	7.67	3	0
delphinidin delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.	7.78	3	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; plant metabolite
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	3.79	10	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
galactonic acid galactonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. galactonic acid : A hexonic acid that has been found to increase in red blood cells of galactosemic patients.. D-galactonic acid : A galactonic acid compound having D-configuration.	7.97	4	0	galactonic acid
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine [no description available]	2.25	1	0
ovothiol c ovothiol C: confers NAD(P)H-O2 oxidoreductase activity on ovoperoxidase; from sea urchin eggs; structure given in first source. ovothiol C : A L-histidine derivative that is N,N-dimethyl-L-histidine substituted at positions N3 and C5 on the imidazole ring by methyl and mercapto groups respectively.	1.97	1	0	aryl thiol; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-histidine derivative	antioxidant; marine metabolite; radical scavenger
tamsulosin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	3.23	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
1-methyl-4-(2'-ethylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
s-nitrosocaptopril S-nitrosocaptopril: manifests nitrovasodilatory activity, inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme activity & inhibits platelet aggregation	2.02	1	0
2-iodo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-2',4,4'-trinitrodiphenyl ether 2-iodo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-2',4,4'-trinitrodiphenyl ether: inhibitor of plastoquinol-plastocyanin oxidoreductase complex	2.03	1	0
antiprimod azaspirane: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
ovothiol a ovothiol A: structure given in first source. ovothiol A : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted at positions N3 and C5 on the imidazole ring by methyl and mercapto groups respectively.	1.97	1	0	aryl thiol; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antioxidant; marine metabolite; radical scavenger
1'-methylascorbigen 1'-methylascorbigen: structure given in first source	3.25	6	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.05	1	0	penicillanic acids
diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine: used for determination of hydroperoxides; structure given in first source	3.42	1	1
carazostatin carazostatin: structure given in first source; MF C20-H25-N-O: free radical scavenger; isolated from Streptomyces chromofuscus DC 118	1.98	1	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	3.59	2	0	biphenyls
tryptamine-4,5-dione tryptamine-4,5-dione: structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
phlorofucofuroeckol a phlorofucofuroeckol A: phlorotannin from Ecklonia kurome; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
4-nitro-2-(4'-hydroxyphenoxy)methanesulfonanilide 4-nitro-2-(4'-hydroxyphenoxy)methanesulfonanilide: metabolite of nimesulide	2.4	2	0
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	9.08	4	0	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
mdl 73404 MDL 73404: structure given in first source; a hydrophilic cardioselective free radical scavenger; analog of alpha-tocopherol	1.98	1	0
buthionine sulfoximine ethyl ester [no description available]	1.99	1	0
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide	prodrug
omega-n-hydroxymethylarginine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-nitrophenyl myo-inositol-1-phosphate 4-nitrophenyl myo-inositol-1-phosphate: structure given in first source; a chromogenic substrate for phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C; RN given refers to monoammonium salt	2.25	1	0
ilomastat CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-tryptophan derivative; N-acyl-amino acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	13.2	55	16	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ml-3000 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman: natriuretic metabolite of gamma-tocopherol; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	benzopyran	antioxidant
5'-(4-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-(4-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenosine: affinity label of the inhibitory DPNH site of bovine liver dehydrogenase; adenosylhomocysteinase antagonist; structure	3.06	1	0
ferene-s Ferene-S: used for serum iron determinations	2.04	1	0
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
n-succinyl-4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl N-succinyl-4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl: nitroxide stable free radical NMR contrast enhancing agent	1.97	1	0
(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate (1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate: thiol-specific spin label; structure given in first source. (1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate : An aminooxyl that is pyrroline substituted by an oxidanediyl group at position 1, by methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 5 and 5, and by a [(methylsulfonyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3. It is a highly reactive thiol-specific spin label.	1.98	1	0	aminoxyls; pyrroline; thiosulfonate ester	spin label
wr 242511 WR 242511: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
phenyl-2-aminoethylselenide phenyl-2-aminoethylselenide: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
1-(4-bromoacetamidobenzyl)edta 1-(4-bromoacetamidobenzyl)EDTA: bifunctional chelating agent. (S)-1-(4-bromoacetamidobenzyl)EDTA : A tetracarboxylic acid consisting of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid having a 4-bromoacetamidobenzyl group at the C1-position and (S)-configuration.	2	1	0	tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	4.38	3	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol (R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.	2.05	1	0	2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
carbapenems [no description available]	2.93	3	0
isodityrosine isodityrosine: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
marsupsin marsupsin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium; RN given for (-)-isomer. marsupsin : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one, substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a 4-hydroxybenzyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 4. Isolated from the heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium, it exhibits antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities.	2.44	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; polyphenol	antilipemic drug; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	3.82	3	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
aspartame [no description available]	4.52	5	1	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
lanthanum hydroxide lanthanum hydroxide: RN given refers to unspecified lanthanum hydroxide	2.07	1	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	5.58	18	1	D-xylose
3-(2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)pyrimido(1,2-a)purin-10(3h)-one 3-(2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)pyrimido(1,2-a)purin-10(3H)-one: a malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosine adduct; structure given in first source	2	1	0
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	2	1	0	quinomethane
duroquinol durohydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol carrying four methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 5 and 6.	2.67	3	0	hydroquinones; methylbenzene	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; volatile oil component
salicylideneaniline salicylideneaniline: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.03	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
n-nitrosoallyl-2,3-dihydroxypropylamine N-nitrosoallyl-2,3-dihydroxypropylamine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
bw 443c [no description available]	1.98	1	0
perrhenate perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re	2.01	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; rhenium oxoanion
ritrosulfan ritrosulfan: RN given refers to parent cpd(R,S)-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0
phytol [no description available]	2.87	4	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	13.39	332	2	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	9.5	22	0
mt-81 toxin MT-81 toxin: isolated from Penicillium nigricans; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
escitalopram Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.	3.73	2	0	1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile	antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkanethiol
procyanidin b3 procyanidin B3 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (+)-catechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in alpha-configuration. It can be found in red wine, in barley, in beer, in peach or in Jatropha macrantha, the Huanarpo Macho.	2.51	2	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
6-methoxyflavone 6-methoxyflavone: suppresses NFAT-mediated T cell activation; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	ether; flavonoids
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel [no description available]	2.48	2	0	hydrate; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.27	5	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).	3.59	2	0	carbohydrazide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
nsc-141549 [no description available]	2.46	2	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	4.43	6	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
aclacinomycin aklavin: antibiotic prepared from culture liquids of streptomycete (A 1129); possessing antiphage activity; structure. aclacinomycin T : An anthracycline that is aklavinone having an alpha-L-rhodosaminyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.96	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tetracenequinones; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
dichlorotetrakis(dimethyl sulfoxide)ruthenium ii dichlorotetrakis(dimethyl sulfoxide)ruthenium II: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation,	2.03	1	0
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	5.47	4	1	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	3.23	1	0	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
3-o-ethylascorbic acid 3-O-ethylascorbic acid: has skin-lightening activity; structure in first source	4.06	12	0	butenolide
galactonolactone galactonolactone: used in detecting a galactosemic fetus; presumed inhibitor of one of the alternate pathways for galactose utilization; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	9.21	17	0
1-methylcyclopropene 1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.	3.35	6	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes	agrochemical; plant growth regulator
quebrachitol quebrachitol: RN given refers to (D-chiro)-isomer	2.13	1	0	cyclohexanols
threonic acid threonic acid: RN given refers to (R,S)-isomer	10.34	13	1	threonic acid
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	3.59	2	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).	3.23	1	0	benzazepine	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
2-keto-4-mercaptobutyric acid 2-keto-4-mercaptobutyric acid: homocysteine metabolite; structure given in first source	2.68	3	0
4-nitrophenylglyoxal [no description available]	1.98	1	0
ribulose ribulose: 5-carbon keto sugar; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PENTOSES (75-85); RN given refers to (erythro)-isomer	2.02	1	0	ribulose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
3,17-diacetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2-carboxylic acid 3,17-diacetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
n-acetylglucopyranosylamine N-acetylglucopyranosylamine: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
4'-chloroflavone 4'-chloroflavone: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
copper bis(histidinate) copper bis(histidinate): RN given refers to N,N(3),O(L)-isomer	1.96	1	0
damvar damvar: structure	2.04	1	0
gulonic acid gulonic acid: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. gulonic acid : A hexonic acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde group of gulose to a carboxylic acid group.	4.09	16	0	gulonic acid
5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone: isolated from Artemisia argyi	2.04	1	0
n-acetyl-s-allylcysteine N-acetyl-S-allylcysteine: found in urine after consumption of onions & garlic; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	N-acyl-L-amino acid
3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethoxybenzene 1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethoxybenzene: used for determination of ascorbic acid in human serum	6.96	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	3.91	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
lyxonic acid lyxonic acid: an aldonic acid. D-lyxonic acid : A lyxonic acid that has D-configuration.. lyxonic acid : A pentonic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of the aldehyde group of lyxose to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	1.98	1	0	lyxonic acid	plant metabolite
azulene sn azulene SN: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
pralnacasan pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source	3.23	1	0
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin [no description available]	2.76	3	0
buddlejasaponin iv buddlejasaponin IV: a triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Bupleurum rigidum; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
clevidipine clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source	3.23	1	0	dihydropyridine
ruboxistaurin ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source	3.16	1	0
jtt 501 JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
solifenacin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.	3.23	1	0	methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate	adrenergic agent
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.66	3	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
kolaviron kolaviron: antihepatotoxic fraction of biflavonones from Garcinia kola seeds; phalloidine antagonist. kolaflavanone : A biflavonoid isolated from the seeds of Garcinia kola that has been shown to exhibit hepatoprotective activity.	2.99	4	0	4'-methoxyflavanones; biflavonoid; dihydroflavonols; ring assembly; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	2.03	1	0
cyanopindolol [no description available]	2.67	3	0	indoles
dehydrocrotonin dehydrocrotonin: a 19-nor-clerodane diterpene; isolated from the bark of Croton cajucara; structure given in first source	7.05	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	10.35	17	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	13.41	377	2	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
triflimide triflimide: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
lubiprostone [no description available]	3.23	1	0
schizandrin b (+)-schisandrin B : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is found in Fructus Schisandrae and Schisandra chinensis.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclic acetal; organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; tannin	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	2.44	2	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
camphora camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.	2.42	2	0	camphor
uvinul t 150 Uvinul T 150: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; no further information available 5/89	2.21	1	0
telbivudine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
malvidin malvidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; coloring agent from flowers of Malvaviscus conzatti. malvidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'.	2.15	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	biological pigment; metabolite
apigeninidin apigeninidin: a sorghum phytoalexin; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
yttria yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3	2.13	1	0
gadolinium oxide gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3	2.17	1	0
celastrol methyl ester celastrol methyl ester: isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii; potent inhibitory activity on both Kir2.1 and ERG1 potassium channels, leading to LONG QT SYNDROME	2.08	1	0	carboxylic ester
glucosone glucosone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	6.92	1	0	ketoaldohexose
alpha-ketocaproic acid alpha-ketocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-oxohexanoic acid : A straight-chain fatty acid consisting of hexanoic acid having an oxo group at position 2.	1.97	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; medium-chain fatty acid; oxo fatty acid; straight-chain fatty acid	human blood serum metabolite
cerium phosphate cerium phosphate: intermediate product in cerium-based technique for staining lysosomal enzymes	2.05	1	0
cerium sulfate [no description available]	2	1	0
titanium phosphate titanium phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified titanium phosphate	7.03	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	6.9	37	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
2,5-dimethyl-3,6-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-diaziridinyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	2.58	2	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
metabisulfite metabisulfite: see also related Na metabisulfite & K metabisulfite	1.99	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
chromocarb diethylamine chromocarb diethylamine: treatment for certain forms of hemorrhagic anal inflammations	2	1	0
threo-pentos-2-ulose threo-pentos-2-ulose: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. 2-keto-D-xylose : A 2-keto-xylose having D-threo configuration; a degradation product of D-ascorbic acid.	7.9	4	0	2-keto-xylose
deacetoxycephalosporin c deacetoxycephalosporin C: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(R*)))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0	cephalosporin
perlolyrine perlolyrine: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	2.03	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	6.18	41	0
n,n'-bis(2-pyridylmethylene)-1,4-butanediamine (n,n',n'',n''')-cu(ii)diperchlorate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, hexadecanol, tyloxapol drug combination dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, hexadecanol, tyloxapol drug combination: protein-free, synthetic surfactant containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, hexadecanol & tyloxapol; used in treatment of respiratory distress syndrome	1.98	1	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.77	3	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.89	4	0	carbodiimide
isosakuranetin isosakuranetin: structure in first source. 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a methoxy group at position 4' (the 2S stereoisomer).	2.13	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; monomethoxyflavanone	plant metabolite
allysine L-allysine : An optically active form of allysine having L-configuration.	3.8	2	1	allysine; amino acid zwitterion; aminoadipate semialdehyde; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate: found in white mustard; structure in first source	2	1	0	phenols
benzo-tepa benzo-tepa: structure	2.04	1	0
tevenel tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
silicomolybdate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
zirconium phosphate zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio	2.05	1	0
ferric ferricyanide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
5-hydroxydopa 5-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to unspecified isomer	2.65	3	0
cerous chloride cerous chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeCl3	2.05	1	0	cerium coordination entity
versiconol (S)-versiconol : An optically active form of versiconol having S-configuration.	2.15	1	0	versiconol
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.57	2	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	ribonolactone	metabolite
hydroxysitosterol stigmast-5-ene-3beta,7alpha-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is sitosterol substituted by an additional alpha-hydroxy group at position 7. It has been isolated from the roots of Breynia fruticosa.	2.03	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid	metabolite; plant metabolite
dithiothreitol tetraacetate dithiothreitol tetraacetate: RN refers to the (R,S)-isomer	2	1	0
isovitexin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
erythrulose [no description available]	2.43	2	0	ketotetrose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tempocholine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
dopamine quinone dopamine quinone: product of the autoxidation of dopamine. dopaminoquinone : A member of the class of 1,2-benzoquinones that is 1,2-benzoquinone in which a hydrogen at para to one of the oxo groups has been replaced by a 2-aminoethyl group.	2.66	2	0	1,2-benzoquinones; primary amino compound	metabolite
8-o-acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester 8-O-acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester: an iridoid glucoside; from Phlomis mongolica Turcz; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,4aalpha,5alpha,7alpha,7aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
desmethylnaproxen desmethylnaproxen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. desmethylnaproxen : A member of the class of naphthols that is naproxen in which the 6-methoxy group has been demethylated.	1.98	1	0
malabaricone b malabaricone B: from maize (Myristica fragrans); structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
dihydrocitrinone [no description available]	2.04	1	0
tac 278 TAC 278: prodrug of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.04	1	0
substance p, gly(12)- [no description available]	2.39	2	0
fasudil hydrochloride fasudil hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of fasudil with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.15	1	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
1-acetyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-8a-hydroxy-5-methoxypyrrolo(2,3-b)indole 1-acetyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-8a-hydroxy-5-methoxypyrrolo(2,3-b)indole: cyclic isomer of 2-hydroxymelatonin; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)propane [no description available]	2.31	1	0
2-gluthionyl-3,5,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone 2-gluthionyl-3,5,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone: glutathione conjugate of tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone; irreversibly inhibits glutathione S-transferase	2.38	2	0
org 31710 Org 31710: structure given in first source; progestational hormone antagonist	2	1	0
manganese desferioxamine manganese desferioxamine: mimic of superoxide dismutase	2.39	2	0
monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate: monoisoamyl ester of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid	3.81	3	0
methylinositol methylinositol: from Ebenus haussknechtii; structure in first source. pinitol : A cyclitol ether formed by etherification of the 3-hydroxy group of chiro-inositol. It is plant metabolite isolated from the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens.. 1D-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6S-isomer).. D-pinitol : The D-enantiomer of pinitol.	2.13	1	0
hydromethylthionine hydromethylthionine: reduced form of methylene blue. leucomethylene blue : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine in which the ring hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by dimethylamino groups.	2.68	3	0	aromatic amine; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fluorochrome; mouse metabolite; rat metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	3.08	5	0
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	7.41	1	0
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	1.99	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
uric acid riboside [no description available]	2.37	2	0	(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)uric acid
lilly 18947 Lilly 18947: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lilly 18947 refers to HBr salt	6.93	1	0
gulonolactone gulonolactone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	5.46	21	0	gamma-lactone
ferric thiocyanate [no description available]	3.16	5	0
n-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)maleimide N-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)maleimide: structure in first source	2.39	2	0	aminoxyls; dicarboximide; maleimides; pyrrolidines
4'-hydroxyflavanone 4'-hydroxyflavanone: structure in first source. 4'-hydroxyflavanones : Any hydroxyflavanone having a hydroxy substituent located at position 4'.	2.05	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; monohydroxyflavanone
4'-galactooligosaccharide 4'-galactooligosaccharide: structure given in first source. galactooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of galactose residues.	2.17	1	0
scymnol scymnol: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 24-hydroxy steroid; 26-hydroxy steroid; 27-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	3.59	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
4-nitrocatechol sulfate 4-nitrocatechol sulfate: RN given refers to 2-sulfate moiety locant. 2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl hydrogen sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is 4-nitrocatechol in which the hydroxy group that is meta to the nitro group has been converted into the corresponding hydrogen sulfate. It is used (commonly as its dipotassium salt) as a chromogenic substrate for sulphatase.	2.37	2	0	4-nitrophenols; aryl sulfate	chromogenic compound
carbazomycin b carbazomycin B: from Streptomyces Strain H 1051-MY 10; structure not given in first source, but MF given as C15-H15-N-O2; structure contains hydroxy-methoxy-dimethylcarbazole	1.98	1	0
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	3.23	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	2.68	3	0
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	2.7	3	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
amplex red Amplex Red: a component of the Amplex Red Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit	2.01	1	0
triphenanthrolinecobalt(iii) triphenanthrolinecobalt(III): redox reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd with Co integral part of molecule	1.96	1	0
nordihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
boswellic acid boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal	2.31	1	0	triterpenoid
6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, (d)-isomer 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine : The pteridine that is lumazine substituted with methyl groups at C-6 and -7 and with a 1-D-ribityl group on N-8.	1.93	1	0	pteridines	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite
threitol threitol: RN given refers to (R,R)-isomer. D-threitol : The D-enantiomer of threitol.	1.98	1	0	threitol	human metabolite
symmetric dimethylarginine N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	9.82	6	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
ferric maltol ferric maltol: potential use as an oral therapy for iron deficiency anemia	1.97	1	0
miconidin miconidin: found in Primula; a precursor to primin; inhibits growth in Trypanosoma cruzi	2.25	1	0
procyanidin C1 procyanidin trimer C1: a flavonoid found in multiple plant sources including grape, apple, and cacao, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. procyanidin C1 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of three (-)-epicatechin units joined by two successive (4beta->8)-linkages.	2.05	1	0	hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.	3.23	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
6-aminodopamine 6-aminodopamine: cytotoxic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
bathocuproine disulfonate bathocuproine sulfonate: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd. bathocuproine disulfonic acid : A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.. copper chelator : A chelator that is any compound containing a ligand (typically organic) which is able to form a bond to a central copper atom at two or more points.	3.43	7	0	arenesulfonic acid; phenanthrolines	chelator
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	3.23	1	0
molybdenum blue molybdenum blue: spray reagent prepared by dissolving molybdenum trioxide in H2SO4 & adding powdered molybdenum; for staining phospholipids in thin layer chromatography	3.2	5	0
isopulegol isopulegol: isolated from Mentha cardiaca structure in first source	2.25	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid	metabolite
copper tetrabenzo(b,f,j,n)-1,5,9,13-tetraazacyclohexadecine copper tetrabenzo(b,f,j,n)-1,5,9,13-tetraazacyclohexadecine: catalytic reagent for oxidation of ascorbic acid; RN given refers to dinitrate	1.96	1	0
n-acetyl-n-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source	2.42	2	0	aromatic ketone
n,n'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(ii) N,N'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(II): structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	10.54	103	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	11.57	41	4	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
5-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 5-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0
fiduxosin fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
cystinylglycine cystinylglycine: found in human blood plasma	2.04	1	0
campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols	mouse metabolite
n-formylmethionyl-methionyl-phenylalanine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	6.21	27	0
plutonium phytate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	11.18	23	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	7.6	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
dendrophenol dendrophenol: isolated from Dendrobium loddigesii	2.03	1	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	4.17	16	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	9.35	6	5	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
dihydrodaidzein dihydrodaidzein: structure in first source. dihydrodaidzein : A hydroxyisoflavanone that is isoflavanone carrying two hydroxy substituents located at positions 4' and 7.	2.06	1	0	hydroxyisoflavanone	metabolite
2'-hydroxyflavanone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
agn 193109 AGN 193109: structure given in first source	2	1	0
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	1.98	1	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	4.67	6	1	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
dexketoprofen trometamol dexketoprofen trometamol: a water-soluble tromethamine salt of the racemic ketoprofen, rac(+-)-ketoprofen	3.56	1	1
dialuric acid dialuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dialuric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which a hydrogen attached to a ring carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.4	2	0	barbiturates
limonin [no description available]	3.57	2	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel monoxide [no description available]	3.15	5	0
dizocilpine [no description available]	2.55	2	0	secondary amino compound; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	7.4	2	0	very long-chain fatty acid
cyperin cyperin: a phytotoxin; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether
curcudiol curcudiol: RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
dimethylarsinous acid dimethylarsinous acid: a reactive organic intermediate of dimethylarsinic acid involved in toxicity	2.05	1	0	methylarsinous acid
propargylglycine propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.13	1	0
dihydroresveratrol dihydroresveratrol: structure in first source. dihydroresveratrol : A stilbenol that is 1,1'-ethane-1,2-diyldibenzene with hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 4'.	2.17	1	0	stilbenol	plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	12.09	26	1	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
2,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol 2,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. gentisyl alcohol : An aromatic primary alcohol that is benzyl alcohol substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.06	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; phenols	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; fungal metabolite
esculentin steroid esculentin steroid: do not confuse with esculentin (antimicrobial peptide)	2.03	1	0
isospaglumic acid isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.	2.15	1	0	dipeptide	human metabolite
alaninal [no description available]	2.05	1	0
2'-deoxymugineic acid 2'-deoxymugineic acid: structure given in first source	2.49	2	0	tricarboxylic acid
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	2.45	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
2,2'-dipyridyl diselenide [no description available]	2.53	2	0
maltotriose Porcelite: a light-cured composite resin. alpha-maltotriose : A maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the pyranose ring form and has alpha configuration at the anomeric carbon atom..	2.01	1	0	maltotriose trisaccharide	human metabolite
hexestrol diphosphate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
idonic acid idonic acid: RN refers to L-idonate. L-idonic acid : The L-enantiomer of idonic acid.	1.93	1	0	idonic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	3.82	2	1	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
etravirine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
gadusol gadusol: isolated from roe of cod & other marine fish; properties similar to ascorbic acid; structure given in first source	6.96	1	0	cyclohexenones
chlorite [no description available]	3.18	5	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	8.61	30	6	iron coordination entity
cadmium metallothionein cadmium-binding protein: metallothionein which serves in a metal-sequestering mechanism	1.98	1	0
olpadronic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
(-)-gallocatechin gallate (-)-gallocatechin gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-gallocatechin. A natural product found in found in green tea.	2.05	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
desmethylselegiline desmethylselegiline: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.75	3	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	3.23	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	3.23	1	0	indanes
lapatinib [no description available]	3.59	2	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
dehydroerythorbic acid dehydroerythorbic acid: structure given in first source	7.68	3	0
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	2.31	1	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	3.97	3	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	5.67	5	1	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.59	2	0	benzodioxoles
tolvaptan [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib [no description available]	4.32	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
regadenoson [no description available]	3.23	1	0	purine nucleoside
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione [no description available]	2.25	1	0
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.4	2	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
salophen salphen: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.87	4	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.75	3	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
erythritol [no description available]	2.87	4	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	5	13	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.08	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	8.6	120	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fludrocortisone acetate fludrocortisone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.	2.46	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
methandriol Methandriol: A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	1.96	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
nandrolone phenpropionate nandrolone phenpropionate: RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer	1.96	1	0	3-phenylpropionate ester	anabolic agent; androgen
mezlocillin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	indolamine
colchiceine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	cyclic ketone
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	9.62	46	3	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	4.15	15	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	3.25	6	0
propargylamine propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0
vincaleukoblastine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite
lanosterol [no description available]	7.31	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxyestradiol 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.	3.69	10	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug
medrysone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
2-chlorobiphenyl 2-chlorobiphenyl: RN from Toxlit. 2-chlorobiphenyl : A monochlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at position 2.. monochlorobiphenyl : A chlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at unspecified position.. chlorobiphenyl : A chloroarene that consists of a biphenyl skeleton substituted by one or more chloro groups.	2.04	1	0	monochlorobiphenyl
vincristine sulfate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic sulfate salt	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector
n,n-diamylnitrosamine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	6.96	1	0
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	6.36	21	2
potassium bromide potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.	7.72	3	0	potassium salt
benzarone benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure	3.59	2	0	1-benzofurans
nsc-89199 estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.	2.04	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid phosphate
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	4.08	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
lupeol [no description available]	2.98	4	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	1.99	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
solanine Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol].	2.38	2	0
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.21	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
phenethicillin phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.	2.37	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	4.39	2	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
3-deoxy-glycero-pentos-2-ulose 3-deoxy-glycero-pentos-2-ulose: derived form poly(ADP-ribosyl)histones	1.97	1	0
indicine-n-oxide indicine-N-oxide: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R,3S),7abeta))-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin [no description available]	8.5	8	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
elesclomol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carbohydrazide; thiocarbonyl compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
5-formyluracil 5-formyluracil: structure. 5-formyluracil : A pyrimidone resulting from the formal oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 5-hydroxymethyluracil to the corresponding aldehyde. It is a major one-electron photooxidation product of thymine in oligodeoxynucleotides.	2.37	2	0	aldehyde; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	human metabolite; mutagen
wortmannin [no description available]	3.72	10	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.11	1	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
malabaricone a malabaricone A: from Myristica malabarica (rampatri), has antipromastigote activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	3.71	2	0
3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone 3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	ether; flavonoids
sorbinil sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.	8.5	8	0	azaspiro compound; chromanes; imidazolidinone; organofluorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid: metabolite of caffeic acid; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.	2.72	3	0	(dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
indole-3-acetonitrile indole-3-acetonitrile: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-acetonitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.91	4	0	indoles; nitrile	auxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole [no description available]	2.17	1	0
annonacin annonacin: linear polyketide isolated from extracts of the stembark of Annona densicoma; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	5.88	7	1
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
isocryptolepine isocryptolepine: synthetic antimalarial alkaloid; structure in first source	3.51	1	0
pomolic acid pomolic acid: from Rosa woodsii & Hyptis capitata; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.13	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	8.71	15	4	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
neocryptolepine neocryptolepine: isolated from the roots of the African plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta; structure in first source	3.63	2	0
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.75	3	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	6.71	9	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
isoaaptamine isoaaptamine: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-2-(methylthio)-6-oxo-5-pyrimidinecarbonitrile [no description available]	2.06	1	0	pyrimidines
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cimadronate cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
nexavar [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	7.14	15	2
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	3.39	7	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
germine germine: alkamine; present in many polyester alkaloids which occur in Veratrum & Zydadenus species; may be used medically as an antihypertensive agent; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search CEVANES (75-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	3.43	1	1
2,3-diaminophenazine 2,3-diaminophenazine: product form horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of o-phenylenediamine	2.21	1	0
permanganate [no description available]	7.76	3	0	manganese oxoacid
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	3.8	11	0
carboplatin [no description available]	7.42	7	3
tetrachloropalladium tetrachloropalladium: RN given refers to ion(2-); see also record for palladium chloride RN: 7647-10-1	2.07	1	0
rimiterol rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol	2.05	1	0	catechols
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	3.49	8	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
schisanhenol schisanhenol: a dibenzyl cyclooctane from kernels of Schisandra rubriflora; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2	1	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.	2.4	2	0	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	mouse metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	7.75	93	0
sorbose sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.	6.07	16	0	L-sorbose; sorbopyranose
arabinose [no description available]	4.04	15	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
dithiothreitol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1,4-dithiothreitol
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	3.23	6	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	7.47	16	1	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	9.76	30	4	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	6.28	47	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	16.14	42	5	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	5.62	14	0	D-galacturonic acid
glucosamine 6-phosphate glucosamine 6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
elastin [no description available]	7.78	43	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	5.88	23	1	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	3.21	6	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	3.28	6	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	10.41	18	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	6.27	32	1
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	5.8	30	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	2.93	4	0
d-tagatose D-tagatopyranose : The pyranose form of D-tagatose.	2.01	1	0	D-tagatose
dopaquinone [no description available]	2.17	1	0	1,2-benzoquinones; amino acid zwitterion; L-phenylalanine derivative	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.	1.97	1	0	pantetheines; thiol	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
dithioerythritol [no description available]	3.99	14	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
theanine theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.	8.54	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine	geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
7-dehydrocholesterol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.43	2	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	3.81	2	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	12.89	61	1	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
salicin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; aryl beta-D-glucoside; benzyl alcohols	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
casein hydrolysate casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein	2.47	2	0
puromycin [no description available]	5.25	17	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
stachyose stachyose: RN given refers to parent cpd. stachyose : A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose.	2.08	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; tetrasaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	4.27	18	0	taxifolin	metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.45	2	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	7.08	25	1	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	3.58	2	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	3.04	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-formylmethionine N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.	1.96	1	0	L-methionine derivative; N-formyl amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	metabolite
taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2.46	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
n'-formylkynurenine N'-formylkynurenine: a photochemical breakdown product of tryptophan in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.69	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; N-formylkynurenine; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	4.91	8	1	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
5-methyldeoxycytidine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	2'-deoxycytidine
cholesteryl glucoside cholesteryl glucoside: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	monosaccharide derivative; sterol 3-beta-D-glucoside
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	1.96	1	0
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.38	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
homoglutathione [no description available]	2.95	4	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine
2-hydroxyestrone 2-hydroxyestrone: catechol estrogen which is a major metabolite of estradiol in man & animals; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-hydroxyestrone : A 2-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.67	3	0	2-hydroxy steroid; catechols	human metabolite
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	18.61	856	7	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	3.05	5	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
eriodictyol eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.67	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone
(+)-limonene (4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.	2.46	2	0	limonene	plant metabolite
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	11.29	26	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2.9	3	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	3.65	9	0	cellotriose
gulose gulose: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gulopyranose : The pyranose form of gulose.. gulose : An aldohexose that is the C-3 epimer of galactose.	2.97	4	0	D-aldohexose; D-gulose; gulopyranose
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	4.74	10	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	4.96	12	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	3.9	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	5.12	8	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
actinorhodin actinorhodin: structure. actinorhodin : A member of the class of benzoisochromanequinone that is produced by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and exhibits antibiotic activity.	2.1	1	0
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	3.09	5	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
mycothiol mycothiol: a glyco-inositol-cysteine found in MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS which conjugates exogenous compounds for detoxication; it is a microbe counterpart to eucaryotic GLUTATHIONE; acted on by mycothiol disulfide reductase and mycothiol S-conjugate amidase and MDF dehydrogenase;. mycothiol S-conjugate : Any S-conjugate of mycothiol.. mycothiol : A pseudodisaccharide, 1D-myo-inosityl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, in which the hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glucose moiety is replaced by an (N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amido group.	2.08	1	0
vibriobactin vibriobactin: siderophore (iron transport cpd) from Vibrio cholera; structure given in first source. vibriobactin : A catecholate siderophore produced exclusively by Vibrio cholerae. It contains three molecules of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate linked either directly or through L-threonine residues to the polyamine norspermidine.	2.03	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; secondary carboxamide	siderophore
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	4.08	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	3.66	10	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
moxalactam disodium [no description available]	2.46	2	0
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	3.87	3	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	3.49	2	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	2.08	1	0
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.86	3	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	2.45	2	0
trimethaphan camsylate trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.	2.05	1	0
miglitol [no description available]	4.06	2	0	piperidines
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	4.14	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.	3.23	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
nortriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic tricyclic compound	geroprotector
erythromycin estolate Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.	2.75	3	0	aminoglycoside sulfate salt; erythromycin derivative	enzyme inhibitor
kanamycin sulfate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aminoglycoside sulfate salt	antibacterial drug; geroprotector
paromomycin sulfate paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	2.46	2	0
bacampicillin bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.	2.04	1	0	penicillanic acid ester	prodrug
linezolid [no description available]	5.52	4	1	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
verbascose verbascose: a pentasaccharide from developing pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds. verbascose : A pentasaccharide that is stachiose which has an additional unit of alpha-D-galactopyranose attached by a 1->6 glycosidic linkage to the terminal galactosyl residue.	2.08	1	0	pentasaccharide; raffinose family oligosaccharide
canaline canaline: structure	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
norpseudoephedrine norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).	1.98	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug
indican [no description available]	2.7	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
pancratistatin pancratistatin: an isocarbostyril from Amaryllidaceae	3.35	1	0	citraconoyl group
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	1.99	1	0
peonidin peonidin: a COX-2 inhibitor with protein kinase inhibitory and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; RN given for chloride salt. peonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium bearing four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 4', 5 and 7 as well as a methoxy substituent at position 3'.	2.07	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
beta-hederin beta-hederin: derived from beta-amyrin; other hederigenin based saponins are available	1.99	1	0	triterpenoid
carnosol carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata	2.71	3	0	diterpenoid
ferruginol ferruginol: structure in first source. ferruginol : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 12.	3.19	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; meroterpenoid; phenols	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; protective agent
phorbol phorbol: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9b beta))-isomer; synonym isophorbol refers to (4a alpha)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7143. phorbol : A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.	1.99	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	2.51	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
decursin decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	coumarins
angustibalin angustibalin: sesquiterpene lactone from Balduina angustifolia (Pursh) Robins; structure	2.04	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
dolichodial dolichodial: isolated from walkingstick, Anisomorpha buprestoides. dolichodial : A dialdehyde that is cyclopentanecarbaldehyde substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 3-oxo-prop-1-en-2yl group at position 5. It has been found to occur in pheromones of insects such as aphids.	2.02	1	0	dialdehyde; iridoid monoterpenoid; olefinic compound	animal metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
genipin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	3.93	12	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isonaringin isonaringin: structure in first source. narirutin : A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.79	3	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	8.71	10	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
theasinensin a theasinensin A: a tea polyphenol formed from (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, suppresses antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. theasinensin A : A biflavonoid that is obtained by coupling of two molecules of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate resulting in a bond between positions C-2 of the hydroxyphenyl ring. It is a natural product found in oolong tea.	7.06	1	0	biflavonoid; gallate ester; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; melanin synthesis inhibitor; plant metabolite
vicenin ii vicenin: isolated from the leaves of the Indian plant Ocimum sanctum were tested for their radioprotective effect in mice. isovitexin 8-C-beta-glucoside : A C-glycosyl compound that is isovitexin in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	2.01	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite
lusianthridin lusianthridin: from rhizome of Arundina graminifolia	2.05	1	0	dihydrophenanthrene
Hircinol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	phenanthrenes
chrysophanol 8-o-glucoside chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside: has anti-hepatitis B virus activity; also has antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities; isolated from Rheum palmatum. chrysophanol 8-O-beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside in which the aglycone species is chrysophanol, the glycosidic linkage being to the hydroxy group at C-8.	2.01	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monohydroxyanthraquinone
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	2.96	4	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
alpha bitter acid humulon: antibiotic from hops; structure	2.35	2	0	aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone; diketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	antibacterial drug; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; metabolite
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	4.3	18	0
schizandrin c schizandrin C: from Schizandra chinensis Baill & Fructus schisandrae; protects liver from carbon tetrachloride injury;	2.03	1	0	tannin
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	7.4	2	0
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.	2.04	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	cysteine protease inhibitor
temocaprilat temocaprilat: the diacid of temocapril; active metabolite of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (CS-622); RN refers to (2S-(2alpha,6beta(R*))) isomer; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
1-alpha-terpineol (S)-(-)-alpha-terpineol : The (S)-enantiomer of alpha-terpineol.	1.98	1	0	alpha-terpineol	plant metabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	6.73	25	0	tripeptide
geniposidic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	terpene glycoside
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
teprotide Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.	1.96	1	0	peptide
chloramphenicol palmitate chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R,R))-isomer)	2.46	2	0	hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate [no description available]	3.23	1	0
hetacillin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug
cyclo(l-phe-l-pro) [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	4.05	14	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
malvidin-3-glucoside malvidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : An anthocyanin cation consisting of malvidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.	2.15	1	0	anthocyanin cation; aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside	metabolite
calcium pantothenate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	polymer
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.23	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
temocapril hydrochloride temocapril hydrochloride: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	dipeptide
tolterodine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	2.65	3	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
doxorubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	4.28	5	0	anthracycline
metrizamide Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.	2.04	1	0	amino sugar
erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.	2.38	2	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin derivative; ethyl ester; succinate ester
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.39	2	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	3.23	1	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.	2.11	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; propanoate ester; steroid ester; thioester	adrenergic agent; anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; dermatologic drug
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.98	36	0	cyclodextrin
acarbose [no description available]	3.18	5	0	amino cyclitol; glycoside
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	3.18	5	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.66	3	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	3.43	7	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	3.5	8	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	7.97	4	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	18.85	90	5	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	15.74	80	4	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.17	1	0	cyclodextrin
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	3.73	10	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	2.4	2	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.45	2	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine p-nitrophenylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the 4-nitrophenyl ester of choline phosphate.	1.99	1	0	phosphocholines	epitope; hapten
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	1.98	1	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	11.97	79	1	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	25.3	1,787	127	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
latrunculin a latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.	2.11	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.98	4	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.05	1	0	D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.	3.36	2	0	docosahexaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.43	2	0	hexadec-9-enoic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	7.26	37	1	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	10.94	7	1	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	2.7	3	0
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	9.22	53	5	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	8.7	55	1	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	4.35	4	1	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).	3.59	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	13.54	26	2	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	16.87	33	14	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.71	3	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
fumaramide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.86	3	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	5.61	5	1
keratan sulfate Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.	2.45	2	0
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	2.21	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	16.33	182	15	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	6.01	8	1	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	7.23	11	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
formycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	formycin	antineoplastic agent
drf 2725 ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma	2.75	3	0
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	2.05	1	0	enal
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.07	1	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	3.32	6	0	aromatic amide
violaxanthin violaxanthin: a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution); 3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin & antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as ''violaxanthin cycle''; structure; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of ABSCISIC ACID biosynthesis. violaxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants.. all-trans-violaxanthin : The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin.	3.27	6	0	violaxanthin	food colouring
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	3.35	2	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	5.53	23	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
octreotide [no description available]	3.23	1	0
eptifibatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide	anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor
repsox RepSox: inhibits TGF-beta signaling; structure in first source appears to be incorrect	2.31	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
zeatin Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)	1.99	1	0	zeatin	plant metabolite
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2.44	2	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.68	3	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	3.8	11	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
aclarubicin Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.	2.37	2	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; methyl ester; phenols; polyketide; tetracenequinones; trisaccharide derivative; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
decitabine [no description available]	8.71	9	2	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
pantethine pantethine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. pantethine : An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.	1.97	1	0	organic disulfide	coenzyme; nutraceutical
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	1.97	1	0
teniposide [no description available]	3.86	3	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
1,3,6-tri-o-galloyl-beta-d-glucose 1,3,6-tri-O-galloylglucose: structure in first source	3.09	1	0
steviol steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.1	1	0	bridged compound; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; tertiary allylic alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	3.32	6	0
ketoconazole (2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.	4.19	2	0	cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.05	1	0	purvalanol
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	7.12	38	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	3.14	5	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	2.45	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	1.96	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
arsphenamine Arsphenamine: An organoarsenic compound that was commonly used for treating SYPHILIS and other diseases.	1.92	1	0
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	2.94	4	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	9.01	17	5	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.67	3	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	3.44	7	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
2-methylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone 2-methylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	3.89	3	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
negletein negletein: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	ether; flavonoids
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid : A lignan that is 2,3-dimethylbutane substituted by 2-methoxyphenol groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It has been isolated from the bark of Machilus robusta.	2.1	1	0	guaiacols; lignan	plant metabolite
5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine: a major oxidation product of 2'-deoxycytidine	2.42	2	0
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	3.59	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
pallidol pallidol: isolated from Ciccus pallida; structure in first source. pallidol : A tetracyclic stilbenoid that is a homodimer obtained by cyclodimerisation of resveratrol.	2.07	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound; polyphenol; stilbenoid	antifungal agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	2.6	1	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	19.51	607	28	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
n,n'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid N,N'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid: from Actinomycetes MG417-CF17; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
isoxanthohumol isoxanthohumol: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	flavanones
tyrosine o-sulfate O(4')-sulfo-L-tyrosine : An O-sulfoamino acid that is L-tyrosine in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.	1.95	1	0	aryl sulfate; L-tyrosine derivative; O-sulfoamino acid	human metabolite
sodium thiocyanate sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.	2.38	2	0	organic sodium salt
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	4.41	22	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	12.46	40	7	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium perchlorate potassium perchlorate: thyroid antagonist; structure	2.69	2	0
potassium nitrite [no description available]	2.02	1	0
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	3.8	10	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
sodium cyanate sodium cyanate: used in treatment of sickle cell anemia; RN given refers to cyanic acid, Na salt	1.99	1	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound
ammonium carbonate ammonium carbonate: see also record for ammonium bicarbonate (mono-NH4 salt)	2.08	1	0
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	3.12	5	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
sodium dichloroacetate CPC 211: for intravenous use in patients with closed head injuries and stroke patients; no further information available 12/99	2.11	1	0
arsenic trioxide Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.	3.86	3	0	arsenic oxide	antineoplastic agent; insecticide
vanadium trioxide [no description available]	1.94	1	0
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine [no description available]	2.61	2	0	metallophthalocyanine; zinc tetrapyrrole	fluorochrome
2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy-3-carboxylic acid 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.	2.7	3	0	aminoxyls; piperidones	radical scavenger
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-n-oxyl 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-N-oxyl: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	4.89	8	1	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
potassium fluoride potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.	1.98	1	0	fluoride salt; potassium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound; poison
4,5-epoxy-2-decenal 4,5-epoxy-2-decenal: structure given in first source	2.94	4	0	enal
6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-ol 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-ol: a pheromone from the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica; structure in first source	2.41	2	0
ditiocarb sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	5.76	16	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
11-mercaptoundecanoic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dimethyloxalylglycine dimethyloxallyl glycine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	glycine derivative; methyl ester; secondary carboxamide	EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
Tetrahydropiperine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
chavibetol chavibetol: isolated from essential oil of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus leaf; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
4-[[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl]-2,6-ditert-butylphenol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
artemisin [no description available]	3.14	1	0
iron tetraphenylporphyrin [no description available]	2.39	2	0
idarubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	anthracycline
aceglatone aceglatone: structure in Merck	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
sr 90107 fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.	3.23	1	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.97	4	0	triterpenoid
carbenoxolone [no description available]	2.74	3	0
meglumine iodipamide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organoammonium salt	radioopaque medium
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.02	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
camalexin camalexin : An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.	2.47	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; indole phytoalexin	metabolite
nemorosone [no description available]	2.13	1	0
hydroxyphenethylferulate hydroxyphenethylferulate: from the roots of Atropa acuminata (Solanaceae); structure in first source	2.07	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	3.49	7	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
elaidic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	food component
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	4.43	20	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	1.98	1	0	anethole	flavouring agent
2,4-hexadienal 2,4-hexadienal: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. hexadienal : An enal that is hexadiene carrying an oxo group at position 1.. (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal : A hexadienal that is hexanal with trans double bonds at positions 2 and 4. It is found in tomatoes, kiwi fruit, mangoes, potato chips, herbs and spices.	2.21	1	0	hexadienal; polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde; volatile organic compound	flavouring agent; plant metabolite
geraniol [no description available]	2.21	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	8.88	52	0
benzylideneacetone benzylideneacetone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1153. trans-benzylideneacetone : The trans-isomer of benzylideneacetone. It acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) of insects like diamond back moth.. benzylideneacetone : An enone in which a phenyl ring is attached to the beta-carbon atom of but-3-en-2-one. Although both cis- and trans-isomers are possible for the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone, only the trans-isomer is observed.	3.61	2	0	benzylideneacetone	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	12.01	9	3	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	3.35	6	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.88	32	0	isomethyleugenol
piplartine piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	cinnamamides; dicarboximide
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	2.13	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-ionone beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.	2.48	2	0	ionone	antioxidant; fragrance
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.06	5	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	3.6	8	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	8.37	7	0	acetate ester
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	4.35	6	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	11.34	71	1	stilbene
2'-hydroxychalcone 2'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2'.	2.52	2	0	chalcones; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
coumestan coumestan: structure in first source. coumestan : A member of the class of coumestans that is 6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene substituted by an oxo group at position 6.	2.04	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
thyrotropin-releasing hormone PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.	3.23	1	0	peptide hormone; tripeptide	human metabolite
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	5.53	16	1
xanthohumol xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
2,4,4'-trihydroxydeoxybenzoin 2,4,4'-trihydroxydeoxybenzoin: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ilepcimide ilepcimide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	2.51	2	0	benzodioxoles
xanthoangelol xanthoangelol: from Angelica keiskei; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer	2.04	1	0
Methylenedioxycinnamic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	9.19	17	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
discodermolide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	diterpenoid
citraconic acid citraconic acid: was MH 1975-92 (see under MALEATES 1975-90); METHYLMALEIC ACID was see CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; use MALEATES to search CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; SO refers to (E)-isomer. citraconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.01	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	6.03	28	1	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	4.12	4	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	1.97	1	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	7.21	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	1.94	1	0	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	6.53	15	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	9.78	40	5	diphosphate ion
mannose 1-phosphate D-mannose 1-phosphate : A mannose phosphate that is D-mannose carrying a phosphate group at position 1.	2.04	1	0	mannose phosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.11	1	0	benzamides
s 1033 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amygdalin [no description available]	10.29	10	0
glucobrassicin glucobrassicin: isolated from Brussels sprouts; structure given in first source. glucobrassicin : An indolylmethylglucosinolic acid that is 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-(sulfooxy)ethanimidoyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	5.12	8	0	indolyl carbohydrate; indolylmethylglucosinolic acid
amygdalin (R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.	2.04	1	0	amygdalin	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
bucillamine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	organic molecular entity
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	2.39	2	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
ferlixit ferlixit: used to induce siderosis in femal Wistar albino rats	2.04	1	0	polymer
mitobronitol Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.	2.04	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	13.42	29	3	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
xe 991, anthracenone 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	anthracenes
tram 34 TRAM 34: inhibits IKCa1; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	organochlorine compound
prednisolone hemisuccinate prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.	7.35	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; hemisuccinate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	2.01	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.45	2	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.	2.45	2	0
fludarabine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	5.22	16	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
ipratropium bromide anhydrous [no description available]	2.05	1	0
physostigmine salicylate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	azaheterocycle salicylate salt; salicylates
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
methylatropine nitrate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
prothionamide Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.	2.05	1	0	pyridines
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	7.2	17	1
dienestrol Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	1.96	1	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	8.09	8	4	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	10.02	13	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methisazone Methisazone: An antiviral agent effective against pox viruses.	3.05	1	0
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	8.81	12	0	pyrimidone
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.08	1	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron [no description available]	2	1	0
1-methyltryptophan 1-methyltryptophan: an immunomodulator. 1-methyltryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan carrying a single methyl substituent at position 1 on the indole.	2.08	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	2.04	1	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.89	4	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
thiobenzamide thiobenzamide: structure; hepatotoxin in rats	2.02	1	0	benzenes
rhodotorulic acid rhodotorulic acid: RN given refers to (1S-cis)-isomer; structure. rhodotorulic acid : A member of the class of 2,5-diketopiperazines obtained by cyclodimerisation of N(5)-acetyl-N(5)-hydroxy-L-ornithine.	3.05	1	0	2,5-diketopiperazines; hydroxamic acid; L-ornithine derivative	fungal metabolite; siderophore
3,6-dihydroxyflavone 3,6-dihydroxyflavone: induces apoptosis in leukemia HL-60 cells; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	6.74	54	1	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
captax captax: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol : 1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.	2.05	1	0	aryl thiol; benzothiazoles	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
rg108 RG108: DNA methyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
stf 62247 STF 62247: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	substituted aniline
2-mercaptobenzimidazole 2-mercaptobenzimidazole: purine synthesis antimetabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	3.57	2	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
2-mercaptobenzoxazole [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzoxazole
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.	2.05	1	0	methoxycinnamic acid
phenylthiazolylthiourea Phenylthiazolylthiourea: A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.	1.95	1	0
isoferulic acid isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.	2.11	1	0	ferulic acids	antioxidant; biomarker; metabolite
urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.	2	1	0	urocanic acid	human metabolite
2-(4-hydroxyanilino)-1,4-naphthoquinone 2-(4-hydroxyanilino)-1,4-naphthoquinone: structure in first source	2.51	2	0
4-(4-(4-chloro-phenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)phenol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	substituted aniline
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
ethyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate ethyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate: isolated from Artocarpus elasticus; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	3.84	3	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	7.67	25	7	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	2.91	4	0	diarylmethane
thiothixene [no description available]	3.86	3	0	N-methylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	3.23	1	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
tetrahydropalmatine [no description available]	1.93	1	0
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	3.75	11	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	10.44	85	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
hypocrellin b hypocrellin B: photosensitive pigments isolated from Hypocrella bambusae Sacc; structure given in first source	7.04	1	0
pyrabactin pyrabactin: structure in first source. pyrabactin : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-bromonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with the exocyclic amino group of 2-pyridylmethylamine. Mimics the action of the abscisic acid, a phytohormone.	2.49	2	0	naphthalenes; organobromine compound; pyridines; sulfonamide	abscisic acid receptor agonist; hormone; plant growth regulator
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
n-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-n-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)amine N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)amine: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	4.46	24	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	11.73	18	1	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
3-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)acrylic acid 3-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)acrylic acid: residue of morantel found in bovine milk; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	5.4	10	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	10.73	26	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	6.96	14	1
levocetirizine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	diarylmethane
terbinafine [no description available]	3.86	3	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
coniferyl alcohol coniferyl alcohol: structure. coniferol : A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring.	2.74	3	0	guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	animal metabolite; monolignol; mouse metabolite; pheromone; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone 1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
geranylacetone geranyl acetone : A monoterpene ketone in which an (E)-geranyl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone. It is a component of essential oils from various plants including Nelumbo nucifera.	2.01	1	0	monoterpene ketone	flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
aurapten aurapten: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. auraptene : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.	2.46	2	0	coumarins; monoterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; dopaminergic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; gamma-secretase modulator; gastrointestinal drug; hepatoprotective agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; PPARalpha agonist; vulnerary
drotaverin drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines
umbelliprenin umbelliprenin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.48	2	0	terpene lactone
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	5.49	63	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman [no description available]	2	1	0
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	4.73	9	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	8.29	62	2	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole dimercaptothiadiazole: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	3.95	13	0
ethylenethiourea Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.	1.96	1	0	imidazolidines
n-methylthiourea N-methylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	thioureas	drug metabolite; hepatotoxic agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride
tacrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	2.1	1	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	6.55	64	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
safranine t safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.	2.02	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	6.98	1	0
3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	12.59	154	3	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
potassium oxonate potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	8.95	13	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	4.99	12	0
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	4.33	19	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	3.78	10	0
4-maleimido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl 4-maleimido-TEMPO : A member of the class of piperidines that is TEMPO carrying a maleimido group at position 4.	2.89	4	0	aminoxyls; dicarboximide; maleimides; piperidines	radical scavenger; spin label
5-doxylstearate [no description available]	3.25	6	0	aminoxyls
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	12.44	15	1	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	9.88	11	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
6-thioguanosine 6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	purine nucleoside
buthionine buthionine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
streptozocin [no description available]	4.26	5	0
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.1	1	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.83	3	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	3.12	5	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	10.5	34	3	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
tocopherylquinone tocopherylquinone: RN refers to (3R-(3R,7R,11R*))-isomer; structure	3.07	5	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is butyl.	2.04	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.25	1	0
1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: is a nonaqueous ionic liquid	2.11	1	0
3-pyridinylboronic acid 3-pyridinylboronic acid: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
nadp [no description available]	13.59	380	1
6-hydroxyflavanone 6-hydroxyflavanone : A monohydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxyflavanone	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	11.11	212	1
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	4.46	7	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
4-(n,n,n-trimethylamino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl 4-(N,N,N-trimethylamino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; d-Cat1 is a perdeuterated compound	1.97	1	0
5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium chloride 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium: a fluorescent redox probe used to provide direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria	1.99	1	0
rubeanic acid rubeanic acid: indicator for copper, cobalt, & nickel; structure	6.93	1	0
cancidas [no description available]	3.23	1	0
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	5	5	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
artemotil artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	artemisinin derivative
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	4.09	4	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	3.4	7	0	dithiocarbamic acids
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	5.83	31	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.04	5	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
uc-781 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	4.96	6	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
aplaviroc aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
thiamine disulfide thiamine disulfide: structure	2.65	3	0	aminopyrimidine; formamides; homoallylic alcohol; organic disulfide
thiocarlide thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent	2.04	1	0	thioureas
schizandrin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
gomisin j gomisin J: a lignan from Schizandra fruits	2.03	1	0
hmr 3647 [no description available]	4.08	4	0
maraviroc [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tropane alkaloid
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	3.86	3	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.74	10	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
zinc oxide Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	1.93	1	0
dieckol dieckol: found in brown Eisenia and Ecklonia algae, have several pharmacologically beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation; structure in first source. dieckol : A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; oxacycle; phlorotannin	anticoagulant; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; radical scavenger
telaprevir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).	3.23	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	10.04	13	0
glycylproline Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.	1.96	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
5-hydroxycytosine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.44	2	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	5.92	33	0	alkali metal atom
prosultiamine prosultiamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.93	1	0
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	3.5	8	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
goitrin goitrin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. (R)-goitrin : A 5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione that has R-configuration. It is a constituent of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Radix isatidis.	1.96	1	0	5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione	antiviral agent; plant metabolite
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.82	11	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	9.3	45	4	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	3.4	7	0
phosphamidon Phosphamidon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	8.09	5	0
fremy's salt Fremy's salt: mild reagent for conversion of phenols to quinones; structure	9.48	5	1	aminoxyls; potassium salt
thiophanate Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.	2.15	1	0	benzimidazole precursor fungicide; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; thioureas	antifungal drug
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	4.18	5	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
hydroxylysine Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	5.91	14	0	5-hydroxylysine; hydroxy-L-lysine	human metabolite
nizatidine Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.	2.07	1	0
s-pentachlorobuta-1,3-dien-yl-cysteine S-pentachlorobuta-1,3-dien-yl-cysteine: nephrotoxic; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
droloxifene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
dolasetron [no description available]	3.23	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; nitrile; pyridazinone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mannomustine Mannomustine: Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.	2.04	1	0	amino alcohol
monooctanoin monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.	2.07	1	0	1-monoglyceride; octanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
tamoxifen n-oxide tamoxifen N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the amino group of tamoxifen.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; tertiary amine oxide	anti-estrogen; metabolite
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	2.74	3	0	steroid	estrogen
glucametacin glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure	2.45	2	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	3.59	2	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
quinine [no description available]	5.74	28	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	2.53	2	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.97	4	0
thymidine glycol thymidine glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	5.76	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
tryptophan tryptophylquinone tryptophan tryptophylquinone: prosthetic group of the quinoprotein methylamine dehydrogenase; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
dihydroambazone dihydroambazone: structure given in first source; RN from Toxlit	1.97	1	0
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea 1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
cystine [no description available]	12.07	81	5
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.15	1	0	benzazepine
galactaric acid galactaric acid: STRUCTURE; RN given refers to parent cpd. galactaric acid : A hexaric acid resulting from formal oxidative ring cleavage of galactose.	2.4	2	0	hexaric acid	human metabolite
methenolone Methenolone: A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.	3.73	2	1	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
fospropofol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	alkylbenzene
freedom Freedom: The rights of individuals to act and make decisions without external constraints.	2.11	1	0
prucalopride prucalopride: a 5-HT4 agonist enterokinetic compound	8.56	1	1	benzamides
rasagiline [no description available]	3.98	3	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
safingol safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R,S))-isomer	2.1	1	0	amino alcohol
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	3.92	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
zelandopam zelandopam: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
oxalylglycine oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.	2.66	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
cysteine-glutathione disulfide cysteine-glutathione disulfide: a peptide pheromone that induces male ragworms to release sperm	2.05	1	0
pelargonidin-3-glucoside pelargonidin-3-glucoside: structure given in first source; RN given for chloride salt; RN for parent cpd not available 1/93. pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside chloride : A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside as the cationic counterpart.	2.25	1	0	anthocyanin chlorides
thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
7-doxylstearic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine: constituent of lipid tubules	2.08	1	0
1,2-bis(4-(n-butyl)phenylazo-4'-phenylbutyroyl)phosphatidylcholine 1,2-bis(4-(n-butyl)phenylazo-4'-phenylbutyroyl)phosphatidylcholine: forms stable bilayer vesicles; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine [no description available]	2	1	0	phosphatidyl-L-serine
fructosyl-glycine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	fructosamine; glycine derivative; glyco-amino acid	human metabolite
ascorbigen ascorbigen: a depot form of ascorbic acid. ascorbigen : An indolyl carbohydrate that consists of (3aS,6S,6aR)-3,3a,6-trihydroxy-3-tetrahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2-one in which position 3 is substituted by an indol-3-ylmethyl group. Formed from indole-3-carbinol and ascorbic acid in brassica vegetables.	8.23	36	1	indolyl carbohydrate	metabolite
dtpa ferric chelate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
apramycin apramycin : An aminoglycoside that is 2-deoxystreptamine that is substituted on the oxygen at position 4 by an (8R)-2-amino-8-O-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl) group.	2.05	1	0	2-deoxystreptamine derivative; aminoglycoside; organic heterobicyclic compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.73	3	0
2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(2'-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(2'-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman: structure given in first source; a metabolite of delta-tocopherol	5.01	3	1
n,n-dimethylepinephrine N,N-dimethylepinephrine: quaternary analog of epinephrine; RN given refers to iodidestructure given in first source	1.96	1	0
phillygenin phillygenin: cytoprotective lignan from Forsythia suspensa; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
olivomycins Olivomycins: A mixture of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics obtained from Actinomyces (or Streptomyces) olivoreticuli. They are used as fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA and prevent both RNA and protein synthesis and are also used as antineoplastic agents.	2.64	3	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	3.53	8	0
phosphonic acid phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.	2.53	2	0
metaphosphoric acid metaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to cpd with structure HPO3. phosphonate(1-) : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the two OH groups in phosphonic acid.	4.63	10	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	6.98	1	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.48	2	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	2	1	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
silybin [no description available]	3.33	6	0
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	2.21	1	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
poly(sodium vinyl sulfonate) lyapolate: sulfonic acid polymers represent a new class of HIV inhibitors	2.05	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	5.54	22	0
anthraquinone sulfonate anthraquinone sulfonate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified acid locant	2.1	1	0
gw 7647 GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.	2.06	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; ureas	PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	6.32	37	1	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
blister blebbistatin: structure in first source. blebbistatin : A pyrroloquinoline that is 1,2,3,3a-tetrahydro-H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolin-4-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3a, a methyl group at position 6 and a phenyl group at position 1. It acts as an inhibitor of ATPase activity of non-muscle myosin II.	2.47	2	0	cyclic ketone; pyrroloquinoline; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	inhibitor
bromohydrin pyrophosphate bromohydrin pyrophosphate: stimulates human gammadelta T cells; structure in first osurce. bromohydrin pyrophosphate : An alkyl diphosphate having bromohydrin as the alkyl group.	2.25	1	0	alkyl diphosphate; organobromine compound	phosphoantigen
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	2.71	3	0
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	3.84	4	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	3.23	6	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	2.99	4	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
methyl ethyl ketone peroxide methyl ethyl ketone peroxide: synthetic product hardener & polyester varnish; methylethylketone peroxide in dimethylphthalate; used as fiberglass hardener; very toxic to eyes	1.96	1	0
flavan-3-ol flavan-3-ol: structure in first source	9.54	5	1	hydroxyflavonoid
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	4.18	5	0	quinoxaline derivative
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	4.56	26	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	6.19	12	3
or486 OR486: structure given in first source	2	1	0
alizarin red s Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.	2.96	4	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	histological dye
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	6.94	28	3
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	2.41	1	0	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	4.68	30	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	10.35	57	0
d 609 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.81	11	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	2.25	1	0
2-nitro-4-phenylenediamine 2-nitro-4-phenylenediamine: 2-nitro-1,4-benzenediamine; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine : A primary amino compound that is p-phenylenediamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring is replaced by a nitro group. It is a cosmetic hair dye intermediate that is used in permanent hair colouring products (diluted 1:1 with an oxidising agent prior to application).	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; primary amino compound
chloramine-b chloramine-B: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
alpha-carotene alpha-carotene: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer; see also related record beta-carotene. alpha-carotene : A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively.	11.52	38	5	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	plant metabolite; provitamin A
sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	3.23	1	0	triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	3.3	6	0	long-chain fatty acid
reductone [no description available]	3.21	6	0	carbonyl compound
flosequinan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinolines
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	2.52	2	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	3.1	5	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2h)-furanone 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-furanone : A member of the class of furans that is 5-methyl-2,3-dihydrofuran with a hydroxy group at position 4 and a keto group at position 3.	3.31	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; furans	metabolite
tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.	4.08	4	0	2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols	antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.69	3	0
alsterpaullone alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; caprolactams; organic heterotetracyclic compound	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
diclofenac sodium Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.	3.6	8	0	organic sodium salt
pyrroloquinoline pyrroloquinoline: check to see if actually PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE (PQQ COFACTOR)	2.04	1	0
imd 0354 N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide: a cardioprotective agent that inhibits IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta); structure in first source	2.31	1	0	benzamides
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.65	3	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene 1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene: reagent for determination of selenium in milk with gas chromatograph. 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine : The primary amino compound that is 1,2-phenylenediamine (o-phenylenediamine) substituted at the 4- (para-) position by a nitro group.	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound; primary amino compound
tetrathiomolybdate tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure	1.98	1	0
nor-beta-lapachone nor-beta-lapachone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	9.39	21	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
catechin gallate catechin gallate: structure in first source. (+)-catechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3S)-hydroxy group of (+)-catechin.	2.45	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	metabolite
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.47	2	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	14.52	234	12	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2 Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.69	3	0	ubiquinones
bilirubin [no description available]	13.76	153	6	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	9.19	50	4	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	11.96	84	19	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bergaptol 5-hydroxyfurocoumarin : A furanocoumarin which bears a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.03	1	0	5-hydroxyfurocoumarin; psoralens
biochanin a [no description available]	2.74	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	2.74	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
3,7-dimethoxy-5,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone 3,7-dimethoxy-5,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone: isolated from Veronia eremophila; structure given in first source. 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone : A dimethoxyflavone that the 3,7-di-O-methyl derivative of quercetin.	2.07	1	0	dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
trans-phytol trans-phytol: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	diterpenoid; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	algal metabolite; plant metabolite; schistosomicide drug
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	4.32	1	1	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
vitexin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
acacetin 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	6.62	18	1	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	4.39	20	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	10.17	82	2	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	8.14	32	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
quercitrin [no description available]	3.32	6	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	3.58	9	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
ubiquinone 9 ubiquinone 9: a form of coenzyme Q found in many foods; RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	3.41	7	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; human metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	15.13	313	3
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	30.25	1,090	193	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	4.4	8	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.08	5	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	2.9	4	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
glutaconic acid glutaconic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. glutaconic acid : A pentenedioic acid that is pent-2-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1 and 5.. (E)-glutaconic acid : The (E)-isomer of glutaconic acid.	2.01	1	0	glutaconic acid
sinapyl alcohol sinapyl alcohol: has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties; structure in first source. trans-sinapyl alcohol : Sinapyl alcohol in which the configuration of the propenyl double bond is E. It is one of the main monolignols.. sinapyl alcohol : A primary alcohol, being cinnamyl alcohol hydroxylated at C-4 and methoxylated at C-3 and -5.	2.13	1	0	sinapyl alcohol	monolignol
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	8.19	18	1	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propane 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propane: structure given in first source. trans-p-coumaryl alcohol : 4-Hydroxycinnamyl alcohol with E-configuration of the propenyl double bond. It is one of the main monolignols.. 4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol being cinnamyl alcohol hydroxylated at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	1.96	1	0	4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol; phenols; phenylpropanoid	monolignol
coniferaldehyde coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.13	1	0	cinnamaldehydes; guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.88	4	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	3.06	5	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.16	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quercetin 3-o-methyl ether quercetin 3-O-methyl ether: from Rhamnus species; structure in first source. 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone : A tetrahydroxyflavone having the 4-hydroxy groups located at the 3'- 4'- 5- and 7-positions as well as a methoxy group at the 2-position.	2.48	2	0	monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; metabolite
apigetrin apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furylfuramide Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.	1.96	1	0	acrylamides; C-nitro compound; nitrofuran antibiotic; primary carboxamide
alprostadil [no description available]	8.67	13	1	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
(all-e) phytoene (all-E) phytoene: C40 carotenoid biosynthesized in bacteria; minor descriptor (75-84); EP to CAROTENOIDS (85); on-line & Index Medicus search CAROTENOIDS (75-85); RN given refers to (all-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-phytoene : The all-trans-isomer of phytoene.	2.91	3	0	phytoene	plant metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	9.82	29	3	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.4	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	11.33	57	7	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells	2.97	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	13.06	186	10	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
bilirubin diglucuronide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
kaempferol [no description available]	5.56	16	1	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
prostaglandin g2 [no description available]	2.66	3	0	prostaglandins G	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin d2 9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2: has potent antineoplastic & weak smooth muscle contracting activities; structure given in first source. prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that consists of prosta-5,9,13-trien-1-oic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 11 and a hydroxy group at position 15 (the 5Z,13E,15S stereoisomer).	3.01	1	0	prostaglandins J	human metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	3.22	6	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	4.35	4	1	thromboxane	human metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	18.37	52	10	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	3.31	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	6.84	15	5	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	8.5	23	3	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.01	1	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.68	3	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
naringenin chalcone naringenin chalcone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified stereoisomer & from CA Vol 92 Form Index; RN for cpd not in Chemline 7/6/83; structure in first source. 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' ,4, 4', and 6' respectively.	2.43	2	0	chalcones; polyphenol	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	7.04	24	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	6.14	24	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.52	2	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	4.09	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	3.59	2	0
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	3.86	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	4.28	5	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.	3.23	1	0	isoquinolines
timolol maleate (S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.	2.46	2	0	maleate salt	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.46	2	0	maleate salt	anti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	2.46	2	0	fumarate salt	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
methylergonovine maleate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	ergoline alkaloid	geroprotector
hemabate carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.	3.23	1	0
ethchlorvynol Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.	1.94	1	0
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.59	2	0	carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	4.27	5	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
erucic acid [no description available]	2.42	2	0	docosenoic acid
nervonic acid (15Z)-tetracosenoic acid : A tetracosenoic acid having a cis-double bond at position 15.	2.05	1	0	tetracosenoic acid
tentoxin tentoxin: cyclic peptide from fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct.; structure	1.99	1	0	lactam
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	11.07	21	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
2-hexenal, z-isomer 2-hexenal: product of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver; a green odor chemical; do not confuse with the hexabarbital synonym, hexenal; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hexenal : A hexenal having the double bond at the 2-position.. (2E)-hexenal : A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.	3.19	5	0	2-hexenal	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
butein [no description available]	2.79	3	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; radiosensitizing agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
antheraxanthin antheraxanthin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. antheraxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is beta-carotene-3,3'-diol in which one of the one of the endocyclic double bonds has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide. It is a neutral yellow plant pigment found in Euglenophyta.	2.41	2	0	epoxycarotenol	biological pigment; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	9.01	24	2	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.	3.38	7	0	carotenone	biological pigment; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fungal metabolite
capsanthin [no description available]	7.98	4	0	carotenone	plant metabolite
capsorubin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	carotenone
gardenia yellow gardenia yellow: extract of gardenia fruit; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF. crocin-1 : A diester that is crocetin in which both of the carboxy groups have been converted to their gentiobiosyl esters. It is one of the water-soluble yellow-red pigments of saffron and is used as a spice for flavouring and colouring food. Note that in India, the term 'Crocin' is also used by GlaxoSmithKline as a brand-name for paracetamol.	2.11	1	0	diester; disaccharide derivative; diterpenoid	antioxidant; food colouring; histological dye; plant metabolite
cryptoxanthins Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.	9.7	33	3	carotenol	antioxidant; biomarker; plant metabolite; provitamin A
fucoxanthin fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.	2.5	2	0
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	15.45	91	16	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
okanin okanin: hypoglycemic from Coreopsis tinctoria; structure in first source. okanin : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4, 2', 3', and 4' respectively.	2.13	1	0	benzenetriol; chalcones	plant metabolite
sulfuretin sulfuretin: the chalcone C ring closes into a 5 instead of the more typical 6 membered ring leaving a phenyl methane at the 2 position instead of the typical phenyl	2	1	0	1-benzofurans
cucurbitacin d cucurbitacin D: toxic constituent in edible gourd; see also records for cucurbitacins & specific cucurbitacins. cucurbitacin D : A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 5 and 23.	2.06	1	0	cucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
nsc 106399 cucurbitacin E: RN refers to (9beta,10alpha,16alpha,23E)-isomer; structure given in first source. cucurbitacin E : A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 1, 5 and 23.	2.06	1	0	cucurbitacin; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cucurbitacin i cucurbitacin I: toxic constituent in edible gourd; see also records for cucurbitacins & specific cucurbitacins. cucurbitacin I : A cucurbitacin that is 9,10,14-trimethyl-4,9-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-2,5,23-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 16, 20 and 25 and oxo groups at positions 1, 11 and 22.	2.06	1	0	cucurbitacin; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
mezerein mezerein: toxic component of plant Daphne mezereum with anti-leukemic activity against P-388 & P-1210 in mice; can act as a tumor promoter; RN given refers to (12beta(E,E))-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0	diterpenoid
harman harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.	2.1	1	0	harmala alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
usambarensine usambarensine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	harmala alkaloid
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	2.76	3	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
esculin [no description available]	2.91	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	7.76	3	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	3.84	12	0	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	3.56	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
garcinol garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi	2.13	1	0
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	7.75	3	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	4.36	7	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	10.65	17	1	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmin [no description available]	3.19	5	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
fisetin [no description available]	3.12	5	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	2.98	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
euxanthone euxanthone : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1 and 7 and an oxo group at position 9. It has been isolated from Cratoxylum cochinchinense.	2.11	1	0	phenols; xanthones	metabolite; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.81	3	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
Jacareubin jacareubin: antibacterial and gastroprotective from the heartwood of Calophyllum brasiliense; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	pyranoxanthones
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	3.29	6	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.94	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	8.14	5	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	4.01	13	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
myricitrin myricitrin: isolated from root bark of Myrica cerifera L.; structure. myricitrin : A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity.	2.17	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; pentahydroxyflavone	anti-allergic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; plant metabolite
orientin orientin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (D-glucopyranosyl)-isomer. orientin : A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8.	2.97	4	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; C-glycosyl compound; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
rhamnetin rhamnetin: aglycone of xanthorhamnin; from Rhamnus. rhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position 7.	2.05	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	2.98	1	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
tamarixetin tamarixetin: isolated from Costsus spicatus. tamarixetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position O-4'. Isolated from Cyperus teneriffae.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.44	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	5.3	12	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol	2.58	2	0	stilbenoid
pterostilbene [no description available]	2.53	2	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
beta-asarone beta-asarone : The cis-isomer of asarone.	2.08	1	0	asarone	GABA modulator
chicoric acid chicoric acid: inhibits HIV-1 integrase	2.44	2	0	organooxygen compound	geroprotector; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
cynarine cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent	3.16	5	0	alkyl caffeate ester; quinic acid	plant metabolite
forsythiaside forsythiaside: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source; from the unripe fruit of Forsythia suspensa (qinglianquiao)	2.05	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
phaselic acid phaselic acid: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	4.49	8	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
plantamajoside plantamajoside: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source	2.96	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	9.2	15	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	3.59	2	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
puerarin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; hydroxyisoflavone	plant metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	10.75	26	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
3,3',4-o-trimethylellagic acid 3,7,8-tri-O-methylellagic acid: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	tannin
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	3.16	5	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
flupenthixol cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.	2.05	1	0	flupenthixol	dopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.05	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.46	2	0	3-hydroxy steroid; steroid glucosiduronic acid
bacteriopheophytin bacteriopheophytin: pigment which is the degradation product of bacteriochlorophyll; structure. bacteriopheophytin a : A bacteriopheophytin consisting of bacteriochlorophyll a with two hydrogen atoms replacing the magnesium centre.. bacteriopheophytin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole comprising any bacteriochlorophyll molecule with two hydrogen atoms replacing the magnesium centre.	2.4	2	0
7-hydroxyflavone 7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.	2.45	2	0	hydroxyflavonoid
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	14.82	80	15	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	2.06	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
gamma-oryzanol cycloartenyl ferulate: antinociceptive agent from rice bran; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	triterpenoid
ethyl linoleate ethyl linoleate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linoleic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
sorivudine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
plaunotol plaunotol: RN refers to (Z,E,E)-isomer. plaunotol : A diterpenoid that is geranylgeraniol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 18.	2.02	1	0	diterpenoid; primary alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.46	2	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	3.58	2	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	2.67	3	0	stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
10-nitro-9,12-octadecadienoic acid 10-nitro-9,12-octadecadienoic acid: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	nitro fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	11.22	53	17	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/88. 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are palmitoyl and oleoyl respectively.	2.53	2	0	(18R,21S)-24-amino-21-hydroxy-21-oxido-15-oxo-16,20,22-trioxa-21lambdalambda(5)-phosphatetracosan-18-yl icosanoate; phosphatidylethanolamine
tocotrienol, alpha alpha-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis.	2.42	2	0	tocotrienol; vitamin E	ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
tocotrienol, delta delta-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.	2.1	1	0	tocotrienol; vitamin E	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxyestradiol 4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.	2.93	4	0	4-hydroxy steroid	metabolite
4-hydroxychalcone 4-hydroxychalcone: structure in first source. 4-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.	2.13	1	0	chalcones; phenols	antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite
4'-hydroxychalcone 4'-hydroxychalcone: inhibits TNFalpha-induced NF-κB activation; structure in first source. 4'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4'.	2.13	1	0	chalcones; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent
menatetrenone menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	3.86	2	1	menaquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	2.05	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	9.88	16	2	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.05	1	0
olopatadine hydrochloride Olopatadine Hydrochloride: An antihistamine with mast-cell stabilizing properties used as eye drops in the treatment of ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS.	3.41	1	1	dibenzooxazepine
epoprostenol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	prostaglandins I	mouse metabolite
indocyanine green [no description available]	3.23	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.05	1	0	cinnamic acids
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	3.59	2	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	3.59	2	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.	1.95	1	0
terbinafine hydrochloride terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.	2.11	1	0	allylamine antifungal drug; hydrochloride	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	geroprotector
ethamolin monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma	3.23	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate [no description available]	3.59	2	0
9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN refers to (E,E)-isomer	2.93	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. 9-HODE : A HODE that consists of (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid with the hydroxy substituent located at position 9.	2.05	1	0	HODE; octadecadienoic acid	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid: from roots & stem of Glycyrrhiza glabara; antistress compound; RN refers to (E)-isomer. 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadec-10-enoic acid : A TriHOME that is octadec-10-enoic acid in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 9, 12 and 13.	2.07	1	0
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.	2.46	2	0	ketone; prostaglandins Falpha	metabolite
prostaglandin f2 isopropyl ester prostaglandin F2 isopropyl ester: has ocular hypotensive effect	2.02	1	0	prostanoid
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	6.1	11	3	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
8-isoprostaglandin e2 8-isoprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,8 beta,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer; see also 8,12-epi-prostaglandin E2 & prostaglandin E2. 8-epi-prostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	3.4	1	1	cyclic ketone; diol; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; rat metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
muconaldehyde muconaldehyde: potential toxic intermediate in benzene metabolism; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	fatty aldehyde
4-hydroxy-2-hexenal 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal: metabolite from senecionine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0	fatty aldehyde
2-octenal 2-octenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-oct-2-enal : The (E)-isomer of oct-2-enal.. oct-2-enal : An enal consisting of oct-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.	1.97	1	0	oct-2-enal	antifungal agent; volatile oil component
2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer 2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.	2.4	2	0	enal; medium-chain fatty aldehyde; monounsaturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	11.12	51	2	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
2,4-decadienal (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal : A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.	2.4	2	0	polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde	apoptosis inducer; nematicide
oleylamide oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.	2.25	1	0	primary fatty amide	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.75	3	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
ubiquinone 6 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	ubiquinones	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	5.14	3	3
fucosterol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	steroid
codeine [no description available]	13.7	18	2	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	4.26	5	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
methyl 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoate methyl linoleate hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer	2.67	3	0
methyl linoleate [no description available]	10.53	13	0	fatty acid methyl ester	plant metabolite
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	4.03	3	1	hydrochloride
natamycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug
rutin sulfate rutin sulfate: RN refers to Na salt	2.42	2	0
3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	2.04	1	0	pyridoindole
3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	1.99	1	0	pyridoindole
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	4.26	5	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
acrivastine acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.	2.05	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	6.96	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.74	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	7.58	2	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.02	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dothiepin
estropipate estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients	3.23	1	0	piperazinium salt; steroid sulfate
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	1.96	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
hydrocodone Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.	2.11	1	0	morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	3.84	3	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	4.12	4	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ly 163892 loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.	4.41	6	0	carbacephem; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.23	1	0
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	2.46	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	2.66	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	10.06	13	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	3.61	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	3.59	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	6.61	16	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	10.74	14	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	5.18	8	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.23	1	0
3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone: from Streptomyces sp OH-1049; structure given in first source. 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone : A 7-hydroxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3'.	2.74	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone: structure in first source. 4',6,7-trihydroxyisoflavone : A hydroxyisoflavone that is daidzein bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 6.	2.45	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	anti-inflammatory agent; antimutagen; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite; PPARalpha agonist; PPARgamma agonist
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.06	1	0	cyclodextrin
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	4.44	2	2	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a [no description available]	1.99	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
cerium cholesteryl linoleate: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. cholesteryl linoleate : The (9Z,12Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate.	1.98	1	0	CE(18:2); cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol seocalcitol: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	3.52	8	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	10.28	57	2	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pactamycin Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.	2.04	1	0
peridinin peridinin: structure	2	1	0
demycarosylturimycin h [no description available]	2.05	1	0
xylulose [no description available]	3.2	6	0	xylulose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rutin quercetin-3-O-rutinoside: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
anthramycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	3.99	4	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
istradefylline [no description available]	2.21	1	0	oxopurine
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
cloprostenol Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.	2	1	0	prostanoid
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	4.13	2	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	4.14	4	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
cp 481715 quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (4-carbamoyl-1-(3-fluorobenzyl)-2,7-dihydroxy-7-methyloctyl)amide: a CCR1 antagonist and NSAID; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	3.59	2	0	organic molecular entity
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	8.12	5	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
lacidipine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.13	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.7	10	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic ester; difluorobenzene; dipeptide; tert-butyl ester	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	4.91	36	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	3.23	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.23	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
ciguatoxins Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.	2.02	1	0	ciguatoxin	metabolite
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	3.43	1	1	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	2.02	1	0
stiripentol stiripentol: structure	3.35	2	0
vinorelbine [no description available]	4.08	4	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
onapristone onapristone: induces vaginal bleeding and luteal regression in monkeys; structure given in first source; progesterone antagonist	3.12	1	0
silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	indolecarboxamide
s 145 S 145: TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (+)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/88; S-1452 is the calcium hydrate form of S-145	1.99	1	0	monoterpenoid
10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (E)-10-hydroxydec-2-enoic acid : An omega-hydroxy amino acid that is 2-decenoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the terminal carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group and in which the C=C double bond has E configuration. It is a component of royal jelly.	2.05	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy monounsaturated fatty acid; omega-hydroxy-medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain fatty acid	animal metabolite; geroprotector
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	3.11	5	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
biliverdine [no description available]	5.28	17	0
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.46	2	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
chrysotoxine chrysotoxine: inhibits 6-hydroxydopamine induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells via mitochondria protection and NF-κB modulation; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.25	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
glycitein glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.	2.74	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone	fungal metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
ginnalin a ginnalin A: isolated from Acer pycnanthum; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
irisquinone irisquinone: from seeds of Iris pallasii Iridaceae; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.04	1	0
andrographolide [no description available]	2.47	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
kukoamine a kukoamine A: inhibits Crithidia fasciculata trypanothione reductase; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	amine
icariin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
licochalcone a licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	2.49	2	0	chalcones
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	butenolide	metabolite
luteolin 4'-o-glucoside luteolin 4'-O-glucoside: from Kummerowia striata. luteolin-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from Olea europaea.	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
sappanchalcone sappanchalcone: RN given from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 3/85; structure given in first source. sappanchalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that consists of trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 4' and a methoxy group at position 2'. Isolated from Caesalpinia sappan, it exhibits neuroprotective and cytoprotective activity.	2.05	1	0	catechols; chalcones; monomethoxybenzene	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
methyl linolenate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester	insect attractant; plant metabolite
nasunin nasunin: an anthocyanin isolated as purple colored crystals from eggplant peels;	2	1	0
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tiliroside tiliroside: isolated from seeds of Eremocarpus setigerus	2.05	1	0	cinnamate ester; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
diferuloylputrescine diferuloylputrescine: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
thunberginol a thunberginol A: isolated from Hydrangeae dulcis folium; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer	2.06	1	0	but-2-enedial
furazolidone [no description available]	2.75	3	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	4.38	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.46	2	0
erbstatin erbstatin: from actinomycetes; an inhibitor of EGF-receptor kinase & other protein-tyrosine kinases; structure in first source	2	1	0
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	2.05	1	0
su 11248 [no description available]	3.58	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
2'-hydroxy-4-methoxychalcone [no description available]	2.1	1	0
7-hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2	1	0
nifuroxazide nifuroxazide: structure	2.36	2	0	benzoic acids
mitoguazone Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.	2.91	4	0	guanidines; hydrazone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	11.12	16	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
stilbamidine stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
5-hydroxy-3,3',4',7-tetramethoxyflavone 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone: from the rhizome of Kaempferia parviflora; inhibits monocyte adhesion and cellular reactive oxygen species production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. 5-hydroxy-3,3',4',7-tetramethoxyflavone : A monohydroxyflavone that is 5-hydroxyflavone which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3,3',4' and 7.	2.48	2	0	3'-methoxyflavones; monohydroxyflavone; tetramethoxyflavone	plant metabolite
4-nerolidylcatechol 4-nerolidylcatechol: scavenges peroxyl radicals; inhibits Fe(II)-dependent DNA damage; isolated from Pothomorphe; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
guttiferone a guttiferone A: antibacterial from Clusiaceae family; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	12.87	151	5	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	4.45	23	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	4.71	2	1
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z)-isomer; RN for unspecified isomer not in Chemline 8/12/83. 13-HPODE : An HPODE (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroperoxy group is at position 13.	2.71	3	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.	2.21	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bw b70c BW B70C: arachidonic acid antagonist. BW B70C : A hydroxamic acid that is urea in which both the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by a hydroxy and a (1E)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]but-1-en-3-yl group. A selective inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, it can be used for the treatment of asthma.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid; organofluorine compound; ureas	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	3.86	3	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2.43	2	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
molsidomine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	5.1	14	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
oxiconazole oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.	2.41	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; dichlorobenzene; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; oxime O-ether	antiinfective agent
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.94	4	0
methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.07	4	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	10.38	7	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.89	4	0	alkali metal atom
8-hydroxyadenine 8-hydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; structure. 8-oxoadenine : An oxopurine that is adenine bearing a single oxo substituent at position 8.. 8-hydroxyadenine : A nucleobase analogue that is adenine bearing a single hydroxy substituent at position 8.	3.79	2	1	6-aminopurines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; nucleobase analogue; oxopurine	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
octylmethoxycinnamate [no description available]	2.76	3	0	cinnamate ester
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	3.46	8	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine: structure given in first source	4.65	3	2
muconic acid muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4.	1.92	1	0	muconic acid	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
triphenyltin triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds	7.25	1	0
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	5.13	15	0	alkali metal atom
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.02	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	6.97	71	1	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
ethylmorphine Ethylmorphine: A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function.	2.65	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	5.19	3	1	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	6.05	9	1	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	6.11	17	2	metal atom; pnictogen
dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.	1.96	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.67	3	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	15.09	127	19	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	9.01	14	0	boron group element atom
4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide 4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a reduction product of 4-NITROQUINOLINE-1-OXIDE. It binds with nucleic acids and inactivates both bacteria and bacteriophage.	1.95	1	0
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	4.08	4	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	11.1	9	1	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	1.96	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	4.48	7	0	boron group element atom
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	3.23	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
cefixime [no description available]	3.86	3	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	5.21	8	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	3.86	3	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	6.75	7	1	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
verteporfin (2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.	3.23	1	0
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	5.78	6	1	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	8.82	87	2	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	2.65	3	0	azoxy compound
ethyl oleate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.74	3	0
methyl oleate [no description available]	2.38	2	0	fatty acid methyl ester
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)	3.23	1	0	styrenes
musk musk: pure essence from secretion of preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus L.	1.97	1	0	macrolide
costunolide [no description available]	2	1	0
piperic acid piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).	2.05	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; benzodioxoles	plant metabolite
4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid 4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid: an inhibitor of peptidyl glycine hydroxylase (peptide amidating enzyme); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.38	2	0
plastoquinone [no description available]	3.38	7	0	plastoquinone
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	4.3	4	1	alkatriene	fluorochrome
2',4'-dihydroxychalcone 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
flazin flazin: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	harmala alkaloid	metabolite
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2.68	3	0	alkaloid
eleostearic acid eleostearic acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.11	1	0	octadecatrienoic acid
ajoene ajoene: major antiplatelet compound in methanol extract of garlic; also inhibits trypanothione reductase.	2.03	1	0	sulfoxide
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	6.58	8	2	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
vinblastine sulfate [no description available]	2.74	3	0
3,7-dihydroxyflavone 3,7-dihydroxyflavone: structure in first source. 7-hydroxyflavonol : Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent.	2.05	1	0	hydroxyflavan
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	7.9	4	0
trientine hydrochloride [no description available]	3.86	3	0
cytochalasin e cytochalasin E: structure	2	1	0	cytochalasan alkaloid	metabolite
nsc 600032 combretastatin A-1: from Combretum caffrum; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
n-methylscopolamine bromide scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.	3.23	1	0
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	2.46	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.74	3	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
morphinone [no description available]	2.43	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.52	2	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxyribose [no description available]	10.9	39	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	6.76	60	1	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phycocyanobilin phycocyanobilin: tetrapyrrole prosthetic group of phycocyanin protein. phycocyanobilin : A bilin that consists of 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-18-ethyl-3-ethylidene-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydrobilin bearing two oxo substituents at positions 1 and 19.	2.7	3	0
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	2.04	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
astatine Astatine: Astatine. A radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol At, and atomic number 85. Its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. Astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism because it emits ALPHA PARTICLES.	2.31	1	0	elemental astatine
bleomycin [no description available]	3.59	2	0	bleomycin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	14.31	542	5	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	2.85	4	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	4.87	33	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	13.25	133	9	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	6.91	21	1	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	3.07	5	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
dextromethorphan hydrobromide dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.	2.46	2	0	hydrate; hydrobromide
indinavir sulfate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	4.06	4	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
azodicarbonamide [no description available]	7.41	1	0	organic molecular entity
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	9.88	75	1
nitecapone nitecapone: structure given in first source	2.9	4	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone 4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone: from Streptomyces sp OH-1049; structure given in first source	2.74	3	0	isoflavones
2,3-dehydrosilybin dehydrosilybin: inhibits cytochrome P450 1A1 catalytic activity; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	flavonolignan
bakuchiol bakuchiol: chief component of Psoralea corylifolia Linn; structure	4.58	2	2
bergamottin bergamottin: constituent of bergamot oil; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	furanocoumarin	metabolite
artepillin c artepillin C: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.05	1	0
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
apocarotenal apocarotenal: structure. 8'-apo-beta,psi-caroten-8'-al : An apo carotenoid triterpenoid compound arising from oxidative degradation of the beta,beta-carotene skeleton at the 8'-position.	2.05	1	0	apo carotenoid triterpenoid; enal
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	3.86	3	0	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime [no description available]	3.86	3	0	3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether	drug allergen
ceftriaxone [no description available]	4.26	5	0	1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	3.71	2	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
pafuramidine pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine	3.23	1	0
ceftazidime [no description available]	4.08	4	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
guajavarin guajavarin: from leaves of Psidium guajava	2.11	1	0
monodehydroascorbate semidehydroascorbic acid: structure	14.81	54	1	organic radical	mouse metabolite
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.59	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
metaproterenol 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethylglucosinolate: isolated from Moricandia arvensis (Cruciferae); structure given in first source. neoglucobrassicin : An indolyl carbohydrate that is glucobrassicin methoxy substituted at position 1 of the indole moiety.	3.16	1	0
progoitrin progoitrin: RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure. epi-progoitrin : The stereoisomer of xi-progoitrin that has S at the carbon bearing the allylic hydroxy group.. progoitrin : The stereoisomer of xi-progoitrin that has R at the carbon bearing the allylic hydroxy group.	2.01	1	0	alkylglucosinolate
sinigrin sinigrin: glucosinate in mustard seeds etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd. sinigrin : An alkenylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 4-[(sulfooxy)imino]but-1-en-4-yl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	3.12	5	0	alkenylglucosinolic acid
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine 3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine: potent inhibitor of endogenous respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; RN given refers to iodide; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 10/24/83; structure	2.38	2	0
troxerutin troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides	2.92	4	0
talaporfin Talaporfin: effective tumor localizer that brings about the selective degradation of tumor tissue following light exposure; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	3.59	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
3-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: active metabolite of potent mutagen Trp-P-2	1.96	1	0
alvimopan anhydrous alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain	3.23	1	0	peptide
3,3'-di-o-methylellagic acid 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
oxyfedrine Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
4(g)-alpha-glucopyranosyl-rutin 4(G)-alpha-glucopyranosyl-rutin: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
guanylin guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)	2.25	1	0
avicularin avicularin: from Polygonum aviculare L.; RN given refers to L-isomer. avicularin : A quercetin O-glycoside in which an alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residue is attached at position 3 of quercetin via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated particularly from Juglans regia and Foeniculum vulgare.	2.11	1	0	alpha-L-arabinofuranoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
glucose-cysteine glucose-cysteine: RN refers to (D-glucose-L-Cys)-isomer	2.13	1	0
oxyhyponitrite oxyhyponitrite: nitrosating agent; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent acid	7.38	2	0
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	2.04	1	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
docosapentaenoic acid docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.	2.47	2	0	docosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
guanabenz acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene	geroprotector
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene
famotidine [no description available]	4.26	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fenoterol fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.46	2	0	hydrobromide	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	6.37	47	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
2',3,4-trihydroxychalcone 2',3,4-trihydroxychalcone: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	catechols; chalcones
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.74	10	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.	3.76	2	1	hydroxycalciol; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; nutraceutical
lyoniside daucosterol : A steroid saponin that is sitosterol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has bee isolated from Panax japonicus var. major and Breynia fruticosa.	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; steroid saponin	plant metabolite
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	4.06	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
aztreonam [no description available]	4.26	5	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
quercetin-3'-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside quercetin 3'-O-glucoside: structure in first source	2.51	2	0
1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine 1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine: dopamine uptake inhibitor and indirect dopamine agonist	1.98	1	0
urobilin [no description available]	1.94	1	0
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	5.13	9	1	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	1.98	1	0
indicaxanthin indicaxanthin: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	5.54	17	1	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
magnesium citrate magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.	11.36	15	14	magnesium salt	laxative
aurachin d aurachin D: extracted from myxobacterium, Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15; MF: C25-H33-N-O; MW: 363; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	3.49	8	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.46	2	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
nitrovin Nitrovin: An antibacterial growth promoter used in animal feeds.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans
eupomatenoid 6 eupomatenoid 6: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source. rataniaphenol II : A member of the class of benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 3 and a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 5. It is a lignan derivative isolated from the roots of Krameria lappacea.	2.06	1	0	benzofurans; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
cci 15641 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cephalosporin
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	3.37	7	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
sibiricose a6 sibiricose A6: isolated from root bark of Polygala tenuifolia; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	7.21	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	22.48	586	89	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	4.76	5	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	4.15	16	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
triethyllead triethyllead: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.01	1	0
polonium Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).	7.9	4	0	chalcogen; metal atom
ceftiofur [no description available]	2.04	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	15.47	224	8
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	2.93	4	0	organic anion
6-selenoguanosine 6-selenoguanosine: potential antineoplastic agent; analog of 6-thioguanosine with slightly superior therapeutic index; structure	1.95	1	0
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture	3.37	1	1
cefpodoxime [no description available]	3.23	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
clinoptilolite clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF	2.46	2	0
palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	3.23	1	0	azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound	antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	5.4	4	1	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
epoprostenol sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	prostanoid
n-desmethyltamoxifen N-desmethyltamoxifen: main metabolite of tamoxifen; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2	1	0	stilbenoid
4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester: RN given refers to compound with specified unsaturation and no isomeric designation	2.4	2	0
psammaplin a psammaplin A: isolated from marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in second source	2.13	1	0
cefatrizine Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.	2.05	1	0	amino acid amide; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; phenols; semisynthetic derivative; triazoles	antibacterial drug; EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
fk 409 FK 409: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces griseoporeus	2.71	3	0
mevalonolactone mevalonolactone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. mevalonolactone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-mevalonolactone and (S)-mevalonolactone.	2	1	0	4-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-one	fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
raubasine raubasine: RN given refers to (19alpha)-isomer; structure	2.03	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	2.36	2	0
enclomiphene citrate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	5.31	17	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	7.04	107	0	amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol [no description available]	7.85	4	0
cobalt oxide [no description available]	8.16	3	0
diphenoxylate hydrochloride diphenoxylate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenoxylate.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	antidiarrhoeal drug
imidafenacin imidafenacin: structure in first source	3.42	1	1	diarylmethane
ferrous fumarate ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt	9.93	19	12	dicarboxylic acid
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	1.98	1	0	azoxy compound
s-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine: RN given refers to (L-Cys)-isomer; structure given in first source. S-(cis-1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine : An S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in which the dichlorovinyl group has cis- (Z-) geometry.	2.41	2	0	S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	2	1	0	polyterpene
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	10.42	13	13
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	6.05	3	2
dolichol monophosphate mannose Dolichol Monophosphate Mannose: A lipophilic glycosyl carrier of the monosaccharide mannose in the biosynthesis of oligosaccharide phospholipids and glycoproteins.	2.06	1	0
cilastatin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
4-hydroperoxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroperoxy-2-nonenal: RN in first source for 4-hydroxyperoxy-trans-2-nonenal	3.87	2	1	fatty aldehyde
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	3.18	5	0
vitamin a2 vitamin A2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinol : A retinoid derived from 3,4-desaturation of the beta-ionone ring of all-trans-retinol.	2.93	4	0	retinoid; vitamin A	human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
rifaximin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterohexacyclic compound; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative	antimicrobial agent; gastrointestinal drug; orphan drug
chlorambucil-docosahexaenoic acid conjugate [no description available]	2.6	1	0
hesperidin methylchalcone [no description available]	7.54	9	2
uniconazole uniconazole: structural analog of diniconazole; RN refers to ((E)-(+-))-isomer; structure given in first source. uniconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of uniconazole-P and its enantiomer, (R)-uniconazole.. (1E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at position 1 by a 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylpent-1-en-2-yl group.	2.41	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol; triazoles
dehydroergosterol dehydroergosterol : A phytosterol consiting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6-, 7,8- 9,11- and 22,23-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	biomarker; metabolite
ergonovine maleate ergometrine maleate : A maleate salt resulting form the reaction of equimolar amounts of maleic acid and ergometrine. It is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	2.46	2	0	maleate salt	diagnostic agent; oxytocic
1-(1-glycero)dodeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene 1-(1-glycero)dodeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene: fecapentaene mutagen of bacterial origin from human feces; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	2.89	4	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	2.38	2	0
myxothiazol myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.	2.68	3	0
sibiromycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; hemiaminal; phenols; pyrrolobenzodiazepine	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
lumefantrine Lumefantrine: A fluorene derivative that is used in combination with ARTEMETHER for the treatment of MALARIA (see ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE DRUG COMBINATION).. lumefantrine : A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.13	1	0	fluorenes; monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol; tertiary amine	antimalarial
1-(1-glycero)tetradeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene 1-(1-glycero)tetradeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene: fecapentaene mutagen of bacterial origin from human feces; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide 1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound	2.96	4	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
plastochromanol 8 plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol	3.44	1	1
bwa 4c [no description available]	2.48	2	0
1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine [no description available]	2.41	2	0
fura red fura red: structure given in first source; used as an intracellular calcium indicator. fura red : A 1-benzofuran substituted at position 2 by a (5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-ylidene)methyl group, and at C-5 and C-6 by heavily substituted oxygen and nitrogen functionalities respectively.	2.11	1	0
1-o-hexadecyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer	1.99	1	0
9-o-methanoprostaglandin i 9-O-methanoprostaglandin I: shows weak inhibitory activity in rabbit platelet aggregation induced by ADP; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0
4-(carboethoxyphenyl)retinamide viaminate: structure in first source	1.96	1	0
5-phenylpent-4-enyl-1-hydroperoxide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine 1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine: RN given in first source; RN given refers to (R-(Z,Z))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/90. 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl L-serine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.. phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1) : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are octadecenoyl groups.	1.98	1	0	phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1)	mouse metabolite
o-(5-o-(feruloyl)-alpha-arabinofuranosyl)-(1-3)-o-beta-xylopyranosyl-(1-4)-xylopyranose O-(5-O-(feruloyl)-alpha-arabinofuranosyl)-(1-3)-O-beta-xylopyranosyl-(1-4)-xylopyranose: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid: RN given refers to (Z,Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/91	1.98	1	0
6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	psoralens
bacteriochlorophylls Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.	3.07	5	0
plastoquinol plastoquinol: reduced form of plastoquinone. plastoquinol : A prenyl- or polyprenyl-hydroquinone that results from the reduction of a plastoquinone to the corresponding hydroquinone.. plastoquinol-9 : A plastoquinol in which an all-E nonaprenyl group is attached to position 5 of 2,3-dimethylhydroquinone.	2.37	2	0	plastoquinol
1,2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine: used for premature induction of labor in rabbits; RN given refers to (all Z)-isomer	2.38	2	0
1,3'-diethyl-4,2'-quinolylthiacyanine iodide cyanine dye 7: structure	2.05	1	0
rhodoquinone rhodoquinone: methoxy group of ubiquinone substituted with amino group; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
cucurbitacin I 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside cucurbitacin I 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A triterpenoid saponin that is cucurbitacin I attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 2 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from Machilus yaoshansis.	2.06	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cucurbitacin; monosaccharide derivative; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triterpenoid saponin	plant metabolite
4-o-methylascochlorin 4-O-methylascochlorin: causes unusual concentration of urine & prevents polydipsia in DOCA hypertensive rats; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	3.65	2	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
meso-zeaxanthin meso-zeaxanthin: diastereomer of zeaxanthin. meso-zeaxanthin : A carotenol that is beta,beta-carotene carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3R,3'S-diastereomer). It is rarely found in diet and is believed to be formed at the macula by metabolic transformations of ingested carotenoids.	4.45	1	1	carotenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	2.03	1	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
4,5-epoxy-2-heptenal [no description available]	1.99	1	0	enal
4-oxo-2-nonenal 4-oxo-2-nonenal: reacts with 2'-deoxyguanosine; a product of lipid peroxidation; structure in first source. (E)-4-oxonon-2-enal : The enal that is (E)-non-2-enal substituted with an oxo group at C-4.	3.65	3	0	enal; enone	human metabolite
ixabepilone [no description available]	3.59	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
5-demethoxyubiquinone-9 5-demethoxyubiquinone-9: intermediate in biosynthesis of ubiquinone	2.02	1	0	prenylquinone
trisialoganglioside gt1 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
idb 1016 [no description available]	2.89	1	0
cgp-56697 Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.	2.6	1	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	3.02	4	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	quinic acid
indigo carmine 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.	2.46	2	0
hylin [no description available]	2.51	2	0
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	2.37	2	0	triterpenoid saponin
isoacteoside isoacteoside: a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Indian paintbrush (Verbenaceae) Castilleja linariaefolia; also in other plants; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
nifuroxime 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	2.05	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
ceftizoxime [no description available]	3.86	3	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
glucotropeolin [no description available]	2.43	2	0	aralkylglucosinolic acid; benzenes
glucoerucin glucoerucin: structure in first source. glucoerucin : A thia-alkylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 5-(methylsulfanyl)-N-(sulfooxy)pentanimidoyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.02	1	0	organic sulfide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide [no description available]	3.86	3	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide	serotonergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
paclobutrazol paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.	3.16	5	0
beta-escin [no description available]	5.76	28	0
borneol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	borneol
glucoraphanin glucoraphanin: precursor of sulforaphane. glucoraphanin : A thia-glucosinolic acid that is glucoerucin in which the sulfur atom of the methyl thioether group has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide.	3.34	6	0	sulfoxide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin, (r)-isomer [no description available]	2.05	1	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	9.09	15	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.	2.75	3	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	6.9	22	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
lactacystin [no description available]	2	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	2.94	4	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
shellac shellac: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.03	1	0
peplomycin Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.	7.67	3	0	glycopeptide
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	2.45	2	0
beta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food component; plant metabolite
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.04	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	3.35	7	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
androstane androstane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	steroid fundamental parent
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	8.57	9	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
phytofluene phytofluene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.44	2	0	phytofluene
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.13	5	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
dantrolene [no description available]	3.23	1	0
roxithromycin (E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.	2.76	3	0	roxithromycin	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cefdinir [no description available]	3.23	1	0	cephalosporin; ketoxime	antibacterial drug
fumagillin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
etonogestrel [no description available]	3.23	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	2.05	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	5.72	3	0	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
lanreotide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
perfosfamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
temsirolimus [no description available]	3.23	1	0	macrolide lactam
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	3.59	2	0	diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001	3.23	1	0	substituted aniline
dalcetrapib dalcetrapib: inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)	2.31	1	0	anilide
fesoterodine fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
corosolic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	3.2	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
3-aminophthalate 3-aminophthalate: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.34	2	0	borneol
cyclo(prolyl-valyl) [no description available]	2.06	1	0	piperazinone	metabolite
diglycyl-histidine diglycyl-histidine: tripeptide complexed with cupric ion designed to mimic specific Cu(II) transport site of ascorbate on albumin molecule; glycylglycylhistamine is An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine	3.07	5	0	oligopeptide
bromopyruvate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
acetylcarnitine O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.	2.05	1	0	O-acetylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.7	3	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	2.38	2	0
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	2.99	4	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	12.9	14	1	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glucoiberin glucoiberin: from Iberis amara; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
2,5-diketogluconate 2,5-diketogluconate: RN given refers to calcium salt. 2,5-didehydro-D-gluconate : Conjugate base of 2,5-didehydro-D-gluconic acid.	2.01	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
bacteriochlorin bacteriochlorin: structure in first source. bacteriochlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of two pyrrole and two reduced pyrrole units connected by methine linkages, where the two reduced pyrroles are located diagonally opposite one another.	2.07	1	0
sidnocarb sidnocarb: Russian drug; structure	2	1	0
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	14.4	11	5	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.81	3	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	4.02	5	0
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	2.36	2	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	2.25	1	0	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
phoxim phoxim: structure	2.54	2	0
chlorproguanil chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene
nifurtoinol nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	3.23	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone: a neuroprotective agent; structure given in first source	2.96	4	0
n-acetylglucosaminono-1,5-lactone o-(phenylcarbamoyl)oxime N-acetylglucosaminono-1,5-lactone O-(phenylcarbamoyl)oxime: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.	3.23	1	0	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
fosinopril [no description available]	3.59	2	0
armodafinil armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.	3.23	1	0	2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide	central nervous system stimulant; eugeroic
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	2.48	2	0
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	3.3	6	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
s-allylcysteine S-allylcysteine: structure in first source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. S-allylcysteine : An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.	2.13	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
disilver oxide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
iniparib [no description available]	1.98	1	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
bo 653 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2,2-dipentyl-4,6-di-tert-butylbenzofuran: an antiatherogenic antioxidant; structure given in first source	4.65	6	1
eflucimibe eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor	2.05	1	0
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	2.11	1	0
copper(i) triflate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
bemethyl bemethyl: 2-mercaptobenzimidazole deriv.; alkylating agent and mutagen antagonist	2.68	3	0
sappanone a sappanone A: melanogenesis inhibitor from Caesalpinia sappan; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
euk-134 EUK-134: antioxidant; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	2.83	3	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	3.54	2	0	oligopeptide
ferrous bisglycinate ferrous bisglycinate: an iron fortificant in bread for iron-deficient school children	2.06	1	0
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	3.23	1	0	alkylbenzene
capryloyl salicylic acid [no description available]	3.11	1	0
technetium tc 99m diphosphonate technetium Tc 99m diphosphonate: bone seeking radiopharmaceutical whose concentration in bone depends upon regional blood flow & bone metabolism	1.96	1	0
(5z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-3-butyl-2(5h)-furanone 4-bromo-5Z-(bromomethylene)-3-butylfuran-2-one: structure in first source	3.31	1	0
etomoxir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
brl 37344 BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.49	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ginsenoside m1 ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.15	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
7-monohydroxyethylrutoside [no description available]	2.05	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	10.57	5	1	organic molecular entity
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	13.66	279	6	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
alloin alloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structure	2.42	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; laxative
cx 659s CX 659S: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.	3.23	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
treosulfan treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer	2.04	1	0	methanesulfonate ester
nicotianamine nicotianamine: an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor from soy sauce. (S,S,S)-nicotianamine : The (S,S,S)-stereoisomer of nicotianamine.	2.49	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; nicotianamine	chelator; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; plant metabolite
molindone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	indoles
gentamicin sulfate [no description available]	2.97	4	0
n,n-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
2-((aminocarbonyl)amino)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide 2-((aminocarbonyl)amino)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide: an IKK-2 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; thiophenes
ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide N1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide: a potent, selective antimitotic agent against kinetoplastid parasites; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
prunin protein, prunus naringenin-7-O-glucoside: from Dracocephalum rupestre; has protective effects against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis	2.13	1	0
nkp 608 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
secoisolariciresinol diglucoside secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: major precursor of mammalian lignans; structure given in first source; RN given refers to B-D-GLUCO isomer	2.08	1	0
motexafin gadolinium [no description available]	5.29	6	0
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	8.89	14	3	diterpenoid
elobixibat elobixibat: inhibits ileal bile acid transporter	3.8	1	1
zeolites [no description available]	4.16	15	0
s-nitrosocysteinylglycine S-nitrosocysteinylglycine: nitric oxide adduct; found in the rat brain. S-nitroso-L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of S-nitroso-L-cysteine with the amino group of glycine.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide; nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2.05	1	0	xanthene dye
u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.	2.43	2	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
chir 99021 Chir 99021: structure in first source. CHIR 99021 : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.	3.89	3	0	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; cyanopyridine; diamine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
ubiquinol ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.	13.08	43	1	polyprenylhydroquinone; ubiquinol	biomarker; metabolite
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.9	4	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
4-hydroxyestrone 4-hydroxyestrone : A 4-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.	2	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; catechols; phenolic steroid	carcinogenic agent; estrogen; human urinary metabolite
sapunifiram sapunifiram: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
ganu GANU: differs from chlorozotocin by placement of cytotoxic group on C-1 of the glucose ring; less myelosuppressive than chlorozotocin; structure	2.04	1	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	3.7	10	0
neoechinulin a neoechinulin A: from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp.; structure in first source	2.43	2	0
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane 2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane: used in PET and SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters; structure in first source	2.97	1	0
methionine sulfoxide methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.	7.91	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine S-oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite
araloside a araloside A: structure given in first source; isolated from the root bark of Aralia chinesis L.	7.31	1	0	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
candicidin Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.. candicidin D : A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.. candicidin : A mixture of the antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. It is composed of candicidins A, B, C and D, with candicidin D being the major component. Candicidin is active against some fungi of the genus Candida, and has been used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.	1.96	1	0	macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antifungal drug; bacterial metabolite
pericosine b pericosine B: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
myrigalone b myrigalone B: structure given in first source	6.99	1	0	chalcones
2-(beta-(3-iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylaminomethyl)tetralone 2-(beta-(3-iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylaminomethyl)tetralone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.25	1	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	5.06	5	2
cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.	3.47	2	0	cysteine derivative
huprine y huprine Y: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	3.23	1	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
tribulus Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.	2.46	2	0
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
furanone c-30 furanone C-30: structure in first source	3.31	1	0
coumaperine coumaperine: from Piper nigrum (white pepper); structure in first source	2.21	1	0	N-acylpiperidine
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	3.23	1	0
n-acetylcysteinamide [no description available]	2.31	1	0
noradrenochrome noradrenochrome: structure given in first source	6.93	1	0	indoles
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	5.79	3	2
m 40403 imisopasem manganese: a superoxide dismutase mimetic; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
lithium succinate lithium succinate: lithium important for treatment of genital herpes	3.13	1	0
vitamin u Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.06	1	0	methyl-L-methionine; sulfonium betaine
lr-90 LR-90: an advanced glycation endproduct inhibitor that prevents progression of diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-diabetic rats; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	3	4	0
succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-methylcoumarinamide succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-methylcoumarinamide: fluorogenic substrate for ingensin. succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin : A tetrapeptide compound with a succinyl group at the N-terminal and a 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin group at the C-terminal.	2.04	1	0	7-aminocoumarins; tetrapeptide	fluorochrome
decanoylcarnitine decanoylcarnitine: therapeutic agent for diabetic acidosis; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-decanoylcarnitine : An O-acylcarnitine compound having decanoyl as the acyl substituent.	2.11	1	0	decanoate ester; O-acylcarnitine	human urinary metabolite
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate: has antiparasitic activity; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
trans-sodium crocetinate trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma	4.09	3	1
sb-681323 [no description available]	2.25	1	0
retinyl retinoate retinyl retinoate: structure in first source	3.48	1	1
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	5.82	10	0
salvicine salvicine: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
eugenosedin-a eugenosedin-A: antioxidant; protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension, hyperglycaemia and cytokine immunoreactivity in rats and mice	2.03	1	0
meciadanol meciadanol: catechin metabolite; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
11-hydroxysugiol 11-hydroxysugiol : An abietane diterpenoid that is sugiol in which the hydrogen ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.19	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; cyclic terpene ketone; meroterpenoid	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
macelignan macelignan: an NSAID with antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and neuroprotective activities; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	lignan
chetomin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
3,7-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene: from the orchid Scaphyglottis livida; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one: a macrophage TNF-alpha antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	diarylheptanoid; enone; phenols	plant metabolite
dihydroxanthohumol dihydroxanthohumol : A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is the alpha,beta-dihydro derivative of xanthohumol. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it exhibits inhibition of NO production.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; dihydrochalcones; polyphenol	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite
kmup 1 KMUP 1: a potassium channel opener and stimulator of the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
ferrous succinate ferrous succinate: RN given refers to Fe(+2)(1:1) salt; important as iron supplement	4.55	1	1
batatasin-iii [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	3.84	11	0
n'-(10h-indolo(3,2-b)quinolin-11-yl)-n,n-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine [no description available]	3.51	1	0
1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-4E-6E-dien-3-one 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-4E-6E-dien-3-one : A diarylheptanoid that is 4E-6E-dien-3-one substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl group at positions 1 and 7. It has been isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma kwangsiensis.	2.05	1	0	diarylheptanoid; enone; phenols	plant metabolite
vinflunine vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
4,5-diaminofluorescein 4,5-diaminofluorescein: structure in first source	8.11	5	0
tardioxopiperazine a tardioxopiperazine A: isolated from Microascus tardifaciens; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	2,5-diketopiperazines
baci-im [no description available]	4.08	4	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide; zwitterion	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.02	1	0
4-(2-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid o-glucoside 4-(2-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid O-glucoside: a UV-filter compound in human lens; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	glycoside
hydroxymatairesinol hydroxymatairesinol: a plant lignan from Norway spruce (Picea abies); structure in first source	2.15	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	4.23	18	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
5-formylcytosine 5-formylcytosine: structure in first source. 5-formylcytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a formyl group.	2.13	1	0	aminopyrimidine; heteroarenecarbaldehyde; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	metabolite
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	6.24	27	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
conocarpan conocarpan: RN given for (2R-(2alpha,3beta,5(E))-isomer; from the roots of Krameria tomentosa (Krameriaceae); structure in first source	2.06	1	0
8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure in first source	4.32	4	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
dihydroartemisinic acid dihydroartemisinic acid: structure in first source. dihydroartemisinic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid substituted at position 2 by a (1S,4R,4aS,8aR)-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group. It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of the antimalarial drug, artemisinin.	2.05	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; octahydronaphthalenes; sesquiterpenoid	plant metabolite
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	5.8	3	2
amorpha-4,11-diene amorpha-4,11-diene: a precursor to the antimalarial drug artemisinin	3.14	1	0	octahydronaphthalenes; sesquiterpene
5-Hydroxyauranetin 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone: has diuretic activity; isolated from Rubus rosaefolius	2.08	1	0	ether; flavonoids
metamelfalan [no description available]	2.04	1	0
palytoxin palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.	6.99	1	0	polyol	toxin
2,5-anhydromannose 2,5-anhydromannose: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2.13	1	0
cambogin isogarcinol: has immunosuppresant activity; isolated from Garcinia mangostana; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
regorafenib [no description available]	2.13	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
(S)-4,5-dihydroxypentane-2,3-dione (S)-4,5-dihydroxypentane-2,3-dione : Pentane substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by oxo groups, at the 4- and 5-positions by hydroxy groups and with S stereoconfiguration at C-4.	2.02	1	0	alpha-diketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	Escherichia coli metabolite
erastin erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
epoxomicin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	morpholines; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
bms 477118 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	adamantanes; azabicycloalkane; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; tertiary alcohol	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
malvidin-3-glucoside oenin: pigment found in red wine	2.05	1	0
procyanidin b1 procyanidin B1 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin units joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' respectively in a beta-configuration.. Procyanidin B1 can be found in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark or cortex), in Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw, in the root), and in Vitis vinifera (common grape vine, in the leaf) or in peach.	2.74	3	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; metabolite
aspalathin aspalathin: structure in first source. aspalathin : A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is the 2-C-beta-D-glucopyranide of phloroglucinol and which is substituted at position 4 by a 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoyl group. A metabolite of red bush, Aspalathus linearis (and present in the herbal tea made from the leaves), aspalathin exhibits significant hypoglycemic activity.	2.75	3	0	C-glycosyl compound; catechols; dihydrochalcones; polyketide; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	5.57	13	0	nystatins
5-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin, (s)-isomer [no description available]	2.07	1	0
er-086526 eribulin: a halichondrin B derivative that suppresses microtubule growth and acts as an antimitotic agent; structure in first source. eribulin : A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage	2.21	1	0	cyclic ketal; cyclic ketone; macrocycle; polycyclic ether; polyether; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
linoleic acid hydroperoxide linoleic acid hydroperoxide: RN refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleic acid hydroperoxide : A HPODE that is a mono-hydroperoxy derivative of linoleic acid	4.9	8	1
potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO	2.43	2	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound	herbicide
mitoquinone mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity	2.51	2	0
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychroman-2-one [no description available]	2.25	1	0	neoflavonoid
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	2.15	1	0	emamectins
vialinin a vialinin A: free radical scavenger from an edible mushroom in China; structure in first source	3.51	1	0
cytidine diphosphate choline [no description available]	2.46	2	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorophyll b [no description available]	4.27	17	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	2.67	3	0
milnacipran [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetamides
vindesine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	13.42	53	19
meralluride [no description available]	2.84	4	0
guluronic acid [no description available]	2.53	2	0	carbohydrate acid derivative
imidazolone imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose: fluorescent probe for glucose uptake activity in E coli; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
palmitoylcarnitine Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).	2	1	0	O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bacteriochlorophylls Bacteriochlorophyll A: A specific bacteriochlorophyll that is similar in structure to chlorophyll a.. bacteriochlorophyll : Chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria.	2.02	1	0	bacteriochlorophyll; methyl ester
boldenone undecylenate [no description available]	2.31	1	0
diflucortolone Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.	2.45	2	0	21-hydroxy steroid
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	4.47	23	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	4.42	5	0
ferryl iron [no description available]	2.94	4	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	3.69	10	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	4.04	3	1	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	5.34	18	0
methylamphotericin b methylamphotericin B: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0	macrolide; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; metabolite
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	13.11	33	0
pf 03491390 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
n-monoacetylcystine N-monoacetylcystine: antidote for paracetamol poisoning	5.24	3	1
morelloflavone morelloflavone: also inhibits cruzain; RN given for (2S-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-morelloflavone : A biflavonoid found in Rheedia edulis and Garcinia livingstonei.	2.13	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavanone; hydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
n-butylpyridinium [no description available]	2.03	1	0
24-hydroxycholesterol 24-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 24.	2	1	0	24-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	8.49	25	2
galactoflavin galactoflavin: riboflavin antagonist	6.93	1	0
atropine sulfate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	2.69	3	0
neoxanthin neoxanthin: one of the main carotenoids in chloroplasts of higher plants and algae; RN given refers to (9'-cis)-isomer. neoxanthin : An epoxycarotenoid that is 6,7-didehydro-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5',6'-epoxy-beta,beta-carotene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3, 3', and 5 positions.	2.43	2	0
2-((3-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)glucopyranose [no description available]	2.04	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	4.43	19	0
ro 6-4563 glibornuride: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion	2.41	2	0	monoterpenoid
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	7.02	103	0
eosine i bluish Eosine I Bluish: A red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. It may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions.	2.1	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorescent dye; histological dye
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.44	2	0
homobrassinolide homobrassinolide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha)-isomer)	2.05	1	0
bendazac lysine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
m-trifluoromethyl-diphenyl diselenide m-trifluoromethyl-diphenyl diselenide: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
titanium citrate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
calcium ascorbate calcium ascorbate: various prepartions exist for drugs listed under this heading	9.46	23	0
aflatoxin g1 aflatoxin G1: RN given refers to (7aR-cis)-isomer & is from 9th CI Form Index	2.36	2	0
Shanzhiside methyl ester [no description available]	2.11	1	0	glycoside; iridoid monoterpenoid
1-O-feruloyl-beta-D-glucose 1-O-feruloyl-beta-D-glucose : A beta-D-glucoside resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid with the anomeric hydroxy group of beta-D-glucose.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cinnamate ester; phenols	antioxidant; plant metabolite
alisol b monoacetate alisol B 23-acetate: from Alisma orientale rhizome; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	triterpenoid
cysteinyldopa Cysteinyldopa: Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells.	2.89	4	0	catecholamine; zwitterion
ferrous citrate ferrous citrate: iron fortificant	7.42	2	0
deoxoartemisinin deoxoartemisinin: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
murexide Murexide: 5,5'-Nitrilodibarbituric acid ammonium derivative. Used as an indicator for complexometric titrations.	1.96	1	0
furosine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	alpha-amino acid
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein: nonfluorescent, reduced form of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein	2.93	4	0
jaw [no description available]	2.65	3	0	indolecarboxamide
gomisin-g [no description available]	2.03	1	0
adenanthin adenanthin: inhibits both peroxiredoxin I and II; isolated from Rabdosia adenantha; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
5-formyl-2'-deoxycytidine 5-formyl-2'-deoxycytidine: structure in first source	2	1	0
artocarpanone artocarpanone: from Artocarpus heterophyllus; structure in first source	7.13	1	0
methampicillin brassinazole: a triazole-type brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. brassinazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by phenyl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl and p-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. An inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor
cyclo(L-tryptophyl-L-alanyl) [no description available]	2.08	1	0	2,5-diketopiperazines
oxaziclomefone oxaziclomefone: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	alkylbenzene
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	4.87	7	1
n-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-n-phenylurea [no description available]	2.1	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	13.63	442	2	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dianhydrogalactitol Dianhydrogalactitol: One of the cytotoxic dihalohexitols that alkylates and cross-links DNA via an epoxide group during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in a disruption of DNA function and cell cycle arrest. It has antineoplastic activity and also causes bone marrow toxicity.	1.97	1	0
desmosine Desmosine: A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.	2.66	3	0	aromatic amino acid
n-(6-(biotinamido)hexyl)-3'-(2'-pyridyldithio)propionamide N-(6-(biotinamido)hexyl)-3'-(2'-pyridyldithio)propionamide: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
tin mesoporphyrin tin mesoporphyrin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrogen, (SP-4-2)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 5/88	2.47	2	0
amodiaquine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
clindamycin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0	S-glycosyl compound
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	7.08	63	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	2.87	4	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	3.51	8	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	1.98	1	0
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	3.23	1	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	7.29	10	0	polypeptide
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	2.05	1	0	tannin
enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.	3.23	1	0
thymalfasin Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.	2.25	1	0	polypeptide
iturelix iturelix: a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist	1.93	1	0
ganirelix [no description available]	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
shaker b inactivating peptide Shaker B inactivating peptide: amino acid sequence given in first source; inhibits K and Ca channel activity; also blocks cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels	2	1	0
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.39	2	0
fibrinopeptide b Fibrinopeptide B: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation.	2.03	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	4.98	7	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	4.31	6	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	10.48	16	1	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	6.99	1	0
thymopoietin iii thymopoietin III: 48 AA monomeric peptide isolated from bovine spleen; thymopoietins I & II are from thymus; structure in first source	1.96	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.7	3	0
teriparatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
echistatin echistatin: 49 amino acid residues given in first source; from the venom of the viper Echis	2.02	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.08	1	0
salmon calcitonin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone; polypeptide	bone density conservation agent; metabolite
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	10.1	112	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	3.15	5	0
ly-146032 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; lipopeptide; macrocycle; macrolide	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; calcium-dependent antibiotics
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	5.65	3	2
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	4.39	1	1
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	2.9	4	0
exenatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0
violaceol II violaceol II : An aromatic ether in which the ether functionality links a 2,3-dihydroxy-5-methylphenyl group with a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylphenyl group. Fungal metabolite isolated inter alia from Aspergillus spp.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; catechols; resorcinols	mycotoxin
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	2.34	2	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	9.72	69	4	glycoside
sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.	2.05	1	0
quinine sulfate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	hydrate
quercetin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
perovskite calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.	2.25	1	0
ferrous gluconate ferrous gluconate: iron important in this cpd; RN given refers to ferrous cpd	11.02	10	3
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	7.25	22	5
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	11.89	144	3	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	3.06	5	0
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	3.41	1	1	21-hydroxy steroid
buparlisib NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; morpholines; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	9.15	357	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
phenylmercuric acetate Phenylmercuric Acetate: A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.	1.98	1	0	arylmercury compound; benzenes
bismuth subsalicylate bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.	7.4	2	0
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	4.48	1	1	organotin acaricide
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	3.17	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
ku 0063794 Ku 0063794: an mTOR inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	benzyl alcohols; monomethoxybenzene; morpholines; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; mTOR inhibitor
dihydroceramide dihydroceramide: lacks the 4-5 trans double bond of the sphingosine moiety of ceramides; structure in first source. N-acylsphinganine : A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.. dihydroceramide : An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.	2.07	1	0
didymin didymin: a dietary glycoside from citrus fruits that induces Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	3.35	2	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	6.6	27	0	organic molecular entity
valproate sodium Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.	2.46	2	0	organic sodium salt	geroprotector
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	22.82	231	20
argpyrimidine argpyrimidine: structure given in first source. argpyrimidine : A member of the class of hydroxypyrimidines obtained by cyclocondensation of L-arginine and methylglyoxal; a methyl glyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-product (AGE) in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and human cancers.	2.71	3	0	hydroxypyrimidine; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	epitope
flucloronide flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
k-strophanthin-beta strophanthin K: induces arrhythmias; see also K-strophanthin-beta	1.96	1	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid aldehyde
k-strophanthoside K-strophanthoside: cardiac glycoside extracted from Strophanthus kombe; sugars (glucose-glucose-cymarose) are bonded with strophanthidin	2.37	2	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	3.28	6	0
sodium cyanoborohydride sodium cyanoborohydride: reagent for preparing biologically active nitroxides	2.89	4	0
cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide: RN given refers to the (3-beta)-isomer; do not confuse with cholesterol hydroperoxide (5-hydroperoxycholesterol)	4.89	8	1
cefotiam hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
succinyladenosine succinyladenosine: found in body fluids of children with severe psychomotor delay & autism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. succinyladenosine : An aspartic acid derivative that is L-aspartic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by a 9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-yl group.	2.15	1	0	adenosines; amino dicarboxylic acid; L-aspartic acid derivative	metabolite
9-hydroxy-12-oxo-10(e)-dodecenoic acid 9-hydroxy-12-oxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid: structure given in first source	2.93	1	0
d-6-methyl-8-ergolin-1-ylacetic acid amide tartrate D-6-methyl-8-ergolin-1-ylacetic acid amide tartrate: inhibitor of lactation; RN given refers to (8beta)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.36	2	0
hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
Norartocarpanone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	flavanones
menotropins Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.	2.35	2	0
chitosan [no description available]	8.68	119	1
zinc methionine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
diorcinol diorcinol : An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether in which both phenyl groups are substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group and at position 5 by a methyl group.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite; metabolite
n(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine: from Streptococcus lactis; RN given is for the L isomer. N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine : A L-lysine derivative formed during the reaction between methylglyoxal and protein. CEL is a homologue of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end-product that is formed on reaction of glyoxal or glycolaldehyde with protein and on oxidative cleavage of fructoselysine, the Amadori adduct formed on glycation of protein by glucose.	2.13	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	3.8	11	0
butaclamol Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.	1.96	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	9.51	7	0	organosulfonic acid
potassium aminobenzoate [no description available]	2.46	2	0
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	2.37	2	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	4.58	26	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
ampicillin sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
cerivastatin sodium cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; statin (synthetic)
sodium stearyl fumarate sodium stearyl fumarate: an excipient	2.03	1	0
potassium iodate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
osteum [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	7.27	37	3	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	3.39	7	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	9.42	6	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
monensin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sodium iothalamate [no description available]	3.59	2	0
methicillin sodium [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic sodium salt
nafcillin sodium [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic sodium salt
oxacillin sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate [no description available]	2.7	3	0
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	10.14	78	5	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
penicillin g sodium [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic sodium salt
cefamandole nafate cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole.	2.46	2	0	organic sodium salt	antibacterial drug
sodium diatrizoate histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	3.54	8	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	2.81	3	0
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.74	3	0
cephapirin sodium cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.	2.46	2	0	cephalosporin; organic sodium salt	antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic sodium salt
dicloxacillin sodium [no description available]	2.46	2	0	hydrate
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	5.08	13	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	2.68	3	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	3.47	7	0
azlocillin sodium [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic sodium salt
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for Na salt	2.43	2	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	3.08	5	0
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	3.44	8	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	3.06	5	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	3.58	9	0
olaparib [no description available]	7.6	1	0	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	3.86	11	0
fps-zm1 FPS-ZM1: a neuroprotective agent and RAGE receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
sorbosone sorbosone: intermediate in synthesis of vitamin C; RN given refers to (xylo)-isomer	3.18	5	0	xylo-hexos-2-ulose
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	4.93	12	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	3.06	5	0
ys 121 2-(4-chloro-6-(2,3-dimethylphenylamino)pyrimidin-2-ylthio)octanoic acid: inhibits microsomal prostaglanding E2 synthase; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
madecassoside [no description available]	8.43	1	1	carboxylic ester; pentacyclic triterpenoid; trisaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; antirheumatic drug; plant metabolite; vulnerary
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.7	3	0	glycoside
arabinogalactan [no description available]	2.21	1	0
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	5.65	8	0
catechin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dienestrol diacetate dienestrol diacetate: a derivative of the synthetic non-steroid phenolic compound, DIENESTROL, which exhibits estrogenic activities	1.96	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	3.21	6	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.46	2	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.1	1	0	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	10.87	23	5
cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.	3.23	1	0	oligopeptide	antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.67	3	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	2.03	1	0
quercetin 3-o-glucoside-7-o-rhamnoside quercetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside: sedative from Tilia petiolaris; structure in first source. petiolaroside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 and a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 7 via glycosidic linkages. Isolated from the aerial parts of Delphinium staphisagria, it exhibits trypanocidal activity.	2.06	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; quercetin O-glucoside; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
hainanolide hainanolide: from bark of Cephalotaxux hainensis	2.04	1	0
mannans [no description available]	4.76	6	1
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	2.91	4	0
inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate(6-) : The hexaanion of 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate.	1.99	1	0	inositol phosphate oxoanion	human metabolite
ucph 101 2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-(naphthalen-1-yl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
2-hydroxy-5-carboxymethylmuconate semialdehyde 2-hydroxy-5-carboxymethylmuconate semialdehyde: metabolite of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate; structure. 5-formyl-2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-dienedioate : Dicarboxylate anion of 5-formyl-2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-dienedioic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.15	1	0
gliocladic acid gliocladic acid: from Gliocladium virens, Chaetomium globosum & Trichoderma viride; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	3.21	6	0
plx4032 [no description available]	2.61	2	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
dibromophakellin dibromophakellin: an alpha2B receptor agonist; isolated from Acanthella costata and Pseudoaxinyssa cantharella; structure in first source. (-)-dibromophakellin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine sponge Phakellia flabellata and Acanthella costata. It acts as an alpha2B adrenoceptor agonist.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; guanidines; organobromine compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; animal metabolite; marine metabolite
cytochromes c1 Cytochromes c1: The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)	4.44	7	0
ganglioside, gd1a [no description available]	1.98	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	6.17	12	3
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	7.42	34	4
cyanidin 3-galactoside cyanidin 3-galactoside: structure in first source	2.59	2	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.37	2	0
galactocerebroside galactocerebroside: a NITROGEN containing sphingolipid	2.02	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	9.38	30	4
isoechinulin a isoechinulin A: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
preechinulin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	2,5-diketopiperazines
cleistanthin cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.	2.04	1	0	cleistanthins; xylose derivative	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hamamelitannin hamamelitannin: cytotoxic from witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana); structure in first source	3.09	1	0	gallate ester
mephedrone mephedrone: a beta-keto (bk) designer drug; Central Nervous System Stimulants. mephedrone : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.	2.17	1	0	amphetamines; aromatic ketone; secondary amino compound	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	5.82	7	1
hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.	5.49	21	0
tilmicosin tilmicosin: semi-synthetic antibiotic. tilmicosin : A macrolide antibiotic with formula C46H80N2O13. It is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica.	7.11	1	0
tylosin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	3.17	1	0
kavain kavain: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; see also kavaform; structure	2.04	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	1.97	1	0
thiazovivin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
uridine diphosphate n-acetylgalactosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylgalactosamine: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins, sulfatides and cerebrosides.. UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine(2-) : Dianion of UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine arising from deprotonation of the diphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.. UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine : A UDP-sugar having N-acetyl-D-galactosamine as the sugar component.	1.94	1	0	nucleotide-sugar oxoanion	human metabolite
chymostatin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
bix 01294 BIX 01294: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
nimorazole [no description available]	2.04	1	0
2-oxohistidine 2-oxohistidine: structure given in first source; a biological marker for oxidatively modified proteins	2	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	9.06	15	0
butyrolactone i butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	butenolide
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.8	3	0
fr 264205 ceftolozane: cephalosporin anti-bacterial agent with enhanced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ceftolozane : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-2-ium-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria that have become resistant to conventional antibiotics.	2.21	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.74	3	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	3.84	2	1	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	13.97	192	5
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	11.19	19	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	6.16	16	0
1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene [no description available]	3.45	1	1
raltegravir [no description available]	3.23	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; dicarboxylic acid amide; hydroxypyrimidine; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidone; secondary carboxamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	4.63	8	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	9.65	83	2
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	8.96	14	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	7.53	24	2
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	6.45	13	1
isoascorbic acid isoascorbic acid: food antioxidant; (L)-isomer is ascorbic acid; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	8.68	161	3	ascorbic acid
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	8.21	94	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	5.96	21	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	4.76	9	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	2.91	4	0	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
ascorbic acid 2-sulfate [no description available]	6.22	27	0	butenolide
bactobolin bactobolin: from Pseudomonas sp. BN-183; has MF C14-H20-Cl2-N2-O6; RN given refers to parent cpd(R*)-isomer	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	5.8	6	1	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.97	4	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	2.75	3	0	benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	9.43	69	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
dihydroxyfumarate dihydroxyfumarate: RN given refers to ((E)-isomer); structure. dihydroxyfumaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid consisting of fumaric acid having two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions.	3.24	6	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid
ascorbate-2-phosphate ascorbate-2-phosphate: inhibitor of ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfohydrolase from bovine liver. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate : An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.	18.64	202	10	aldonolactone phosphate
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid [no description available]	10.95	186	5	fatty acid ester
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	4.68	5	0
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	2.05	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	2.43	2	0
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
zilascorb zilascorb: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	5.32	7	2
chlortetracycline hydrochloride Alexomycin: a thiopeptide; a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces arginensis isolated from the soil	2.46	2	0
antimycin [no description available]	3.6	9	0
rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.	2.46	2	0
sudoxicam sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)	2.46	2	0
glucoascorbic acid glucoascorbic acid: homolog of ascorbic acid, toxic to mice fed highly purified low fiber diet; structure	3.31	7	0
2-o-octadecylascorbic acid 2-O-octadecylascorbic acid: structure given in first source; free radical scavenger; RN given refers to (L-ascorbic)-isomer	5.33	18	0
methacycline monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
ethyl biscoumacetate Ethyl Biscoumacetate: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226)	3.73	3	0	hydroxycoumarin
hispidin hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).	2.08	1	0	2-pyranones; catechols	antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
minocycline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
demeclocycline hydrochloride demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	2.46	2	0
tigecycline [no description available]	3.61	2	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.46	2	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rutascorbin [no description available]	4.62	6	1
ascorbyl monostearate ascorbyl monostearate: cpd prepared in microencapsulated form	4.14	16	0
ascorbic acid 2-o-glucoside ascorbic acid 2-O-glucoside: has same vitamin C activity as L-ascorbic acid	15.55	108	3	glycoside
6-deoxy-6-fluoroascorbic acid 6-deoxy-6-fluoroascorbic acid: structure given in first source	3.39	7	0
ascorbyl monolaurate [no description available]	3.16	5	0
2-o-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl)ascorbic acid 2-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)ascorbic acid: structure in first source	3.44	7	0
6-deoxy-6-bromoascorbic acid 6-deoxy-6-bromoascorbic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	8.38	7	0
potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate: RN given refers to the potassium salt	7.08	42	0
palinurin palinurin: an NSAID with antibacterial activity; isolated from Ircinia species; structure in firs t source	2.08	1	0
bacitracin a bacitracin A: cyclic dodecapeptide antibiotic from Bacillus licheniformis; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #942. bacitracin A : A homodetic cyclic peptide consisting of (4R)-2-[(1S,2S)-1-amino-2-methylbutyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid attached head-to-tail to L-leucyl,D-glutamyl, L-lysyl, D-ornityl, L-isoleucyl, D-phenylalanyl, L-histidyl. D-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues coupled in sequence and cyclised by condensation of the side-chain amino group of the L-lysyl residue with the C-terminal carboxylic acid group. It is the major component of bacitracin.	2.03	1	0
6-s-hexadecyl-2-methoxythioascorbic acid 6-S-hexadecyl-2-methoxythioascorbic acid: inhibits N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine-stimulated neutrophil superoxide production and NADPH-oxidase	4.2	6	0
zinc gluconate glycine zinc gluconate glycine: sugar-free lozenges for symptomatic relief of common cold	4.08	1	0
betalains Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.	3.59	8	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	6.05	37	0
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	2.03	1	0	peptide
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	10.28	11	11
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.67	3	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.52	2	0
gluma Gluma: bonding agent; aqueous solution of hydroxyethylmethacrylate & glutaral	2.03	1	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.45	2	0
bismuth oxybromide bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation	2.1	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	9.21	88	1
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	13.11	13	2
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.94	4	0	ketal
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-glutamyl-seryl-proline [no description available]	1.97	1	0
indenoindole indenoindole: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	3.11	4	0
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.15	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
3-nitrosotyrosine 3-nitrosotyrosine: structure in first source	2	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	4.71	27	0
carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ajmaline [no description available]	2.05	1	0
araldite araldite: induces experimental asthma in immunized guinea pigs; RN given refers to araldite; see also record for araldite B	2.06	1	0
spiroiminodihydantoin spiroiminodihydantoin: structure in first source. spiroiminodihydantoin : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,6,8-tetraazaspiro[4.4]non-6-ene which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 4, and 9. Both enantiomers are highly mutagenic products resulting from the oxidation of guanine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in DNA by reactive oxygen species.	7.02	1	0	azaspiro compound	mutagen
colistin sulfate [no description available]	2.11	1	0
cv 3611 [no description available]	2.67	3	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	1.97	1	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	3.91	13	0
methyl linoleate ozonide methyl linoleate ozonide: causes inhibition of phagocytosis in rat alveolar macrophages	1.97	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	7.03	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	3.98	13	0
chromium dioxide chromium dioxide: magnetic particles used as solid support in immunoassay	2.21	1	0
ganoderic acid ganoderic acid: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source	8.51	1	1
alcohol oxidase [no description available]	2.78	3	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	9.52	49	2
fertinex [no description available]	3.23	1	0
teferrol [no description available]	5.71	7	3
cefiderocol cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.	2.41	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; siderophore
mitotracker green fm [no description available]	2	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	5.38	61	0
ellagitannin ellagitannin: structure; precoxin A/ praecoxin A is a purified ellagitannin. ellagitannin : A form of hydrolysable tannin produced from ellagic acid. Ellagitannins are glucosides which are readily hydrolysed by water to regenerate ellagic acid when the plants are eaten.	2.73	3	0
asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.	3.6	9	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	3.69	9	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.73	3	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	4.3	20	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	4.25	17	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.67	3	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
ferric oxide, saccharated Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.	6.22	9	4
ascophyllum Ascophyllum: A BROWN ALGAE closely related to FUCUS. It is found attached to rocks and boulders on the middle shore, primarily in the North Atlantic basin.	2.25	1	0
destruxin a destruxin A: cyclopeptide from entomopathogenic fungus Metarhyzium anisopliae; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
cobinamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	7.48	55	0
pepbs1-ac peptide AP301 peptide: a synthetic peptide mimicking the lectin-like domain of TNF	2.25	1	0
etamycin etamycin: antibiotic substance (macrolide lactone) produced by Streptomyces griseus & allied Streptomyces; active against gram-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis & some fungi & other coccal infections; see also neoviridogriseins; structure	1.99	1	0
feldspar feldspar: structure	2.05	1	0
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	4.89	4	2
3-hydroxykynurenine glucoside 3-hydroxykynurenine glucoside: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	3.63	8	0
desferrithiocin desferrithiocin: a siderophore; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
carboxyatractyloside carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
plutonium dioxide plutonium dioxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pu-O2	1.96	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	9.85	10	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	3.25	6	0
baccharin baccharin: antileukemic trichothecene triepoxide isolated from Baccharis megapotamica, a higher plant but may be plant-altered fungal metabolite; structure	2.05	1	0
aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.	2.88	4	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	19.56	453	22
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	10.74	6	1
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	3.21	6	0
s 8932 [no description available]	3.35	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.45	2	0
lysergic acid lysergic acid : An ergoline alkaloid comprising 6-methylergoline having additional unsaturation at the 9,10-position and a carboxy group at the 8-position.	7.64	3	0
nickel ferrite nickel ferrite : A mixed metal oxide with formula Fe2NiO4.	2.13	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	8.01	26	3
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	8.5	28	5
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.9	4	0
antipain Antipain: An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.	2.13	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	6.09	16	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	3.46	8	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.05	1	0
oxytocin, gly-lys-arg- [no description available]	1.97	1	0
neohesperidin [no description available]	7.55	2	0
ncx1000 2-methyl-3-(2-((4-nitrooxybutyloxy)carbonyl)vinyl)phenyl ursodeoxycholic acid ester: a nitric oxide donor; has been known in the literature as 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3-(nitrooxymethyl) phenyl ester, but this is an incomplete name	2.03	1	0
poncirin poncirin: isolated from the fructus of Poncirus trifoliata; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
9-oxononanoyl cholesterol 9-oxononanoyl cholesterol: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
vanadium diascorbate vanadium diascorbate: structure given in first source	2.93	4	0
n-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine N-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
phenylbutazone, propyphenazone drug combination phenylbutazone, propyphenazone drug combination: RN given refers to combination of aminopyrine and phenylbutazone	1.95	1	0
asbestos, amosite Asbestos, Amosite: Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.05	1	0
gallium ga 68 dotatate gallium Ga 68 dotatate: A radioactive diagnostic agent used for POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) imaging of SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR positive neuroendocrine tumors and malignant abdominal paraganglioma.	2.08	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	5.63	17	1
technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.	4.29	4	1
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	3.1	5	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	5.24	12	1
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	8.22	48	2
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	3.73	10	0
lutetium lu 177 dotatate 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate: an somatostatin receptor agonist	2.31	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	7.69	27	2
all-bond 2 All-Bond 2: a 2-component primer system; primer A contains 2% sodium salt of N-p-tolylglycineglycidyl methacrylate	3.4	1	1
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	5.32	12	1
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	3.59	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	5.45	11	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	5.77	22	1	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	11.57	88	7	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase	3.11	5	0	sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	15.51	155	18	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.39	2	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
7,8-dihydroneopterin 7,8-dihydroneopterin: an antioxidant. 7,8-dihydroneopterin : A neopterin where positions C-7 and C-8 have been hydrogenated.	3.5	2	0	dihydropterin; neopterins	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.91	12	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate mannose Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.	3.27	6	0	GDP-D-mannose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
guanosine pentaphosphate Guanosine Pentaphosphate: Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing five phosphate groups. Three phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis.. guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate : A guanosine bisphosphate having a diphosphate at the 3'-position and a triphosphate at the 5'-position.	2.15	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; guanosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.69	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.85	12	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	9.87	32	4	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	8.38	15	3	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	4.75	30	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.39	1	1	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	3.5	8	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	1.97	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine diphosphate Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	5.73	5	4	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	12.68	49	2	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	22.02	783	55	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.98	4	0
viomycin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide antibiotic	antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	1.98	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
7-methylguanine 7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.	2	1	0	7-methylguanine
7,8-dihydrobiopterin 7,8-dihydrobiopterin: RN given refers to (S-(R,S))-isomer. 7,8-dihydrobiopterin : A dihydropterin that is biopterin dihydrogenated at positions 7 and 8.. L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin : A 7,8-dihydrobiopterin in which the 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group has (1R,2S)-configuration; naturally occurring form.	4.5	7	0	7,8-dihydrobiopterin
10-formyldihydrofolate 10-formyldihydrofolate: methotrexate metabolite; inhibits thymidylate synthetase and glycinamide ribotide transformylase. 10-formyldihydrofolic acid : The 10-formyl derivative of dihydrofolic acid.	1.99	1	0	dihydrofolic acids
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	5.04	38	0
neopterin [no description available]	7.84	8	3
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	8.43	33	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	5.46	20	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	7.69	11	1	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	4.08	4	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	4.25	5	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	3.23	1	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.	3.59	2	0	piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	4.39	6	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.	2.11	1	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	2.05	1	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	7.51	8	3	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed [no description available]	2.05	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.	3.23	1	0	imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one 2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one: cypridina luciferin analog	2.01	1	0
2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
8-azaxanthine methanochondroitin: a heteropolysaccharide from cell wall which resembles the eukaryotic chondroitin	1.99	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
syringaldazine syringaldazine: used for detection of laccase in sporophores of wood rotting fungi; structure	2.43	2	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	16.34	199	16	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	3.28	6	0
9-methylguanine 9-methylguanine: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	2.37	2	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
citrovorum factor [no description available]	3.86	3	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.	3.59	2	0	formyltetrahydrofolic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	2.66	3	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pterine-6-carboxylic acid pterine-6-carboxylic acid: photodegradation product of folic acid	2.03	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	3.23	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (6R)-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid : The 5,10-methenyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid arising from enzymatic cyclisation of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2	1	0	methylenetetrahydrofolic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine: used as a synthetic cofactor in place of tetrahydrofolate; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.95	1	0	pterins
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	6.47	6	3	purine nucleoside
4-hydroxyquinazoline 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	quinazolines
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine 2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine
noc 18 NOC 18: releases nitric oxide; structure in first source	2	1	0
alanosine [no description available]	2.45	2	0
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenetriol
furildioxime furildioxime: chelating agent for nickel analysis	2	1	0
bl 4162a anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.	3.51	2	0	imidazoquinazoline	anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone: acts as iron chelating agent	3.12	5	0
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine 7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.78	3	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	3.23	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; phosphoramide; triazoles	antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; prodrug
pyrazofurin pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	2.04	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; pyrazoles	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
vicine vicine: pyrimidine glycoside found in fava bean; structure	2.36	2	0	glycoside
rifabutin [no description available]	4.08	4	0
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	2.41	2	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
2-amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2-amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone: structure given in first source	2	1	0
tetrahydroneopterin [no description available]	3.35	2	0	biopterins
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.4	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	5.01	9	1	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	8.7	10	0
alpha,beta,gamma,delta-tetrakis(4-n-trimethylaminophenyl)porphine alpha,beta,gamma,delta-tetrakis(4-N-trimethylaminophenyl)porphine: for colorimetric determination of serum copper; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
lixazinone lixazinone: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
n(10)-methylfolate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	folic acids
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	6.5	36	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid 5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine: structure in first source. 8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine : An organobromine compound comprising 2'-deoxyguanosine having a bromo substituent at position 8 of the guanine ring system.	3.04	1	0	guanosines; organobromine compound
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	15.54	144	20	guanosines	biomarker
2-naphthol orange 2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2	2.11	1	0
6-methyltetrahydropterin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pterins
arsenazo iii Arsenazo III: Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.	2.08	1	0
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	dibenzodiazepine
inosine pranobex Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.	5.75	7	0
10-formyltetrahydrofolate 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A form of tetrahydrofolate that acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism. In these reactions 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid is used as a substrate in formyltransferase reactions, which is important in purine biosynthesis.	1.99	1	0	formyltetrahydrofolic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	1.94	1	0
echinochrome a echinochrome A: red pigment of sea urchin eggs (Arbacia pustulosa)	2.17	1	0
eriochrome black t [no description available]	7.46	2	0
divicine divicine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.46	8	0
aplysinopsin aplysinopsin: antineoplastic tryptophan deriv from Verongia spengetii (marine sponge); structure	2.11	1	0
pteroylpentaglutamic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	10.65	18	1
hydrazinocurcumin hydrazinocurcumin: structure in first source. hydrazinocurcumin : A pyrazole obtained by cyclocodensation of the two carbonyl groups of curcumin with hydrazine.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; olefinic compound; polyphenol; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
ninopterin ninopterin: structure	2.04	1	0
8-hydroxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
enng [no description available]	2.36	2	0
carbadox Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)	2.87	4	0	quinoxaline derivative
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	2.52	2	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source	3.69	10	0
n-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene: major DNA adduct in female rats treated with 1-nitropyrene	1.98	1	0
levomefolate calcium levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.23	1	0	organic calcium salt	antidepressant
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	2.38	2	0
siphonodictyal b1 siphonodictyal B1: isolated from Siphonodictyon coralliphagum; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
betaxanthin betaxanthin: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.04	1	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate: a mutagenic oxidized form of dGTP	4.34	1	1
4-imino-1,3-diazabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-one [no description available]	3.13	1	0
nitritocobalamin [no description available]	2.54	2	0
dicitrinin a dicitrinin A: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	2.64	3	0
acth (1-14) [no description available]	1.96	1	0
disodium isostearyl 2-o-l-ascorbyl phosphate disodium isostearyl 2-O-L-ascorbyl phosphate: structure in first source	3.3	6	0
eye [no description available]	10.55	89	2
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	2.57	2	0	oligosaccharide
potassium magnesium aspartate Potassium Magnesium Aspartate: An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects.	3.76	2	1
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	6.37	20	2
scorbamic acid [no description available]	8.49	8	0
ferric carboxymaltose ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia	2.11	1	0
mitotempo MitoTEMPO: an antioxidant	2.31	1	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.76	3	0
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	3.51	8	0
amyloid beta-peptides [no description available]	2.85	3	0
lycoperoside h lycoperoside H: steroidal alkaloid glycoside from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum); structure in first source	2.03	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	12.09	27	1
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	6.82	34	0
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	2.02	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.89	4	0
chloroaluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine chloroaluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine [no description available]	2	1	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.39	2	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	4.03	15	0
1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin d3 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3: RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer	1.98	1	0
thrombin aptamer thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide	2.06	1	0
rada16-i RADA16-I: a self-assembling peptide nanomaterial used as a scaffold for bone regeneration; composed of alanine, arginine, and aspartic acid	2.06	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	10.74	19	1
pkh 26 PKH 26: no further information available 8/91	2.31	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.98	14	0
porphyran porphyran: agarose highly substituted by 6-O-sulfation of L-galactose units & 6-O-methylation of D-galactose units; from Porphyra umbicicalis & Bangia fuscopurpurea	2.03	1	0
cochleamycin a cochleamycin A: isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.19	17	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	8.33	17	3
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	8.33	17	3
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	11.59	146	1
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	10.12	46	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	11.59	146	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	14.52	338	8
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	14.48	194	8
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	14.48	194	8
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	19.48	661	12
Anasarca [description not available]	0	17.59	143	53
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	17.59	143	53
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	0	2.04	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	17.75	55	9
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	11.75	75	5
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	11.75	75	5
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	12.75	55	9
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	15.59	113	28
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	24.23	700	87
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	1	26.23	700	87
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	11.13	66	2
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	11.13	66	2
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	15.87	146	7
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	12.51	78	4
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	15.87	146	7
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	12.51	78	4
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	11.58	145	2
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	13.47	102	9
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles [description not available]	0	3.62	3	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	1	15.47	102	9
Parasite Infections [description not available]	0	5.03	10	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	19.32	156	58
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	1	24.06	312	116
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	20.95	370	53
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	1	22.95	370	53
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	0	2.7	3	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	6.72	34	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	4.68	26	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	9.68	26	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	11.27	57	12
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	11.27	57	12
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	6.8	29	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	6.8	29	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	0	3.08	5	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	10.85	29	5
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	15.85	29	5
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	13.84	176	6
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	1	15.84	176	6
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	10.73	65	1
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	0	4.48	8	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	19.84	206	56
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	19.84	206	56
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	7.71	17	1
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	7.71	17	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	9.3	42	3
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	9.3	42	3
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	10.65	35	4
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	3.37	7	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	15.65	35	4
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	3.37	7	0
Ache [description not available]	0	14.86	86	29
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	1	16.86	86	29
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	13.42	73	7
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	13.42	73	7
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	12.22	79	2
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	12.22	79	2
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	10.26	32	2
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	15.26	32	2
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	6.53	47	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	11.53	47	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	4.19	16	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	4.19	16	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	10.08	292	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	10.13	26	5
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	10.13	26	5
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	5.28	54	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	8.53	18	1
Itching [description not available]	0	6.89	10	3
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	8.53	18	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	11.89	10	3
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	3.41	7	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	8.41	7	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	7.96	76	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	10.91	107	3
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	7.96	76	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	10.91	107	3
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	13.43	73	15
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	18.89	247	44
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	27.11	340	78
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	1	15.43	73	15
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	1	20.89	247	44
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	9.5	71	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	18.88	222	66
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	1	20.88	222	66
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	10.12	22	2
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	10.12	22	2
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	5.29	19	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	6.57	34	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	1	7.29	19	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	6.57	34	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	1	18.73	185	9
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.25	1	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	20.23	155	41
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	17.72	141	21
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	15.04	150	9
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	12.82	44	5
Bruise [description not available]	0	3.89	12	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	0	3.97	2	1
Melena The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.	0	2.87	4	0
Hypoascorbemia [description not available]	0	21.51	740	4
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	1	17.66	216	19
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	0	3.89	12	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	0	3.97	2	1
Scurvy An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.	1	18.51	740	4
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	25.85	690	210
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	1	27.85	690	210
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	22.36	352	47
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	1	24.36	352	47
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	0	2.41	1	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	0	3.42	7	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	7.15	24	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	7.17	10	2
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	7.17	10	2
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	7.15	24	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	0	6.58	9	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	20.43	320	8
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	0	9.71	63	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	0	9.71	63	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	20.43	320	8
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	14.6	69	19
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	24.38	1,175	133
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	0	22.55	1,179	35
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	1	24.55	1,179	35
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	7.04	19	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	7.04	19	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	14.13	110	19
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	16.67	164	10
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	1	16.13	110	19
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	16.67	164	10
Malnourishment [description not available]	0	12.67	49	5
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	0	12.67	49	5
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.42	7	1
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	0	7.42	7	1
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	0	4.89	4	2
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	8.57	25	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	13.57	25	1
Sterility, Male [description not available]	0	12.74	74	7
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	0	12.74	74	7
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	6.74	9	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	1	8.74	9	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	4.19	12	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	11.11	71	1
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	7.37	24	1
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	4.19	12	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	11.11	71	1
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	7.37	24	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	21.17	633	46
Corneal Endothelial Cell Damage [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	12.96	82	4
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	0	4.51	5	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	0	4.51	5	1
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	5.69	7	3
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	5.69	7	3
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	15.55	97	32
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	18.83	844	41
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	9.57	32	6
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	9.57	32	6
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	7.54	29	2
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	7.41	28	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	15.45	150	34
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	7.41	28	1
Chloasma [description not available]	0	15.43	53	34
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	0	15.43	53	34
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	0	8.94	8	2
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	0	8.94	8	2
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	12.87	86	23
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	16.07	71	3
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	0	9.54	54	3
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	11.07	71	3
Ecchymosis Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.	0	4.2	17	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	0	9.54	54	3
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	12.64	129	6
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	1	14.64	129	6
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	1	20.37	135	51
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	16.53	59	3
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	16.53	59	3
Colitis, Ischemic Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.	0	2.31	1	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	0	12.11	54	4
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	0	12.11	54	4
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	0	8.21	11	1
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	0	17.32	133	54
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	1	19.32	133	54
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	9.95	28	2
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	9.95	28	2
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	0	2.41	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	0	9.61	20	2
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	19.09	38	20
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	14.61	20	2
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	13.29	56	6
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	1	15.29	56	6
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	9.67	128	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	18.15	67	13
Cardio-Renal Syndrome Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).	0	2.31	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	6.53	15	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	7.03	29	3
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	0	3.87	2	1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	19.46	153	55
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	11.05	46	3
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	1	21.46	153	55
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	0	4.26	7	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	0	4.26	7	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	7.48	46	1
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	8.7	10	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	3.7	10	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	0	2.57	2	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	0	11.94	21	10
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	1	13.94	21	10
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	0	8.93	23	10
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	0	13.93	23	10
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	10.26	25	4
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	10.26	25	4
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	0	8.88	18	3
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	0	8.88	18	3
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	6.71	12	1
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	14.62	85	19
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	1	16.62	85	19
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	0	3.27	6	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	0	3.27	6	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	7.84	97	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	5.05	15	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	5.05	15	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	8.59	59	1
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	8.59	59	1
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	3.44	7	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	3.44	7	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	5.33	8	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	0	13.62	32	17
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	19.22	127	53
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	0	13.62	32	17
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	19.22	127	53
Caries, Dental [description not available]	0	6.55	35	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	11.9	44	5
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	0	6.55	35	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	11.9	44	5
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	0	11.21	22	7
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	0	11.21	22	7
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	12.23	39	9
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	1	14.23	39	9
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	0	5.06	16	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	0	2.83	3	0
Acne [description not available]	0	13.59	22	5
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	9.41	26	2
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	1	15.59	22	5
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	7.03	30	1
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	9.41	26	2
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	0	4.38	8	0
Neurocutaneous Disorders [description not available]	0	4.43	2	2
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	0	3.51	2	0
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	0	3.51	2	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	3.52	8	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	0	13.12	24	2
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	0	13.12	24	2
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	0	2.41	1	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	0	7.41	21	6
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	16.06	80	49
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	1	18.06	80	49
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	4.39	8	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	4.39	8	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	9.79	39	3
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	13.2	74	9
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	13.2	74	9
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	14.79	39	3
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	0	7.76	15	1
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	1	9.76	15	1
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	0	5.34	5	1
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	5.53	6	1
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	5.53	6	1
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	0	11.95	30	13
Small Fiber Neuropathy Disorder of the peripheral nerves that primarily impair small nerve fibers. The affected small nerve fibers include myelinated A-delta fibers (see A FIBERS) and unmyelinated C FIBERS. Because these small fibers innervate skin and help control autonomic function, their neuropathy presents with neuropathic pain, reduced thermal and pain sensitivity, and autonomic dysfunction (e.g. abnormal sweating or facial flushing). Small fiber neuropathy can be idiopathic or associated with underlying diseases (e.g., AMYLOIDOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; SARCOIDOSIS; or VASCULITIS).	0	2.41	1	0
Hemarthrosis Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.	0	3.1	5	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	16.13	163	34
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	1	18.13	163	34
chronic COVID syndrome [description not available]	0	7.73	9	5
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	3.46	4	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	11.24	58	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	1	13.24	58	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	15.64	78	20
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	15.64	78	20
Asystole [description not available]	0	6.87	17	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	1	8.87	17	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	15.01	38	20
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	9.38	35	1
Infarct [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	14.38	35	1
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	0	3.94	12	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	0	3.94	12	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	0	4.17	3	1
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	4.17	3	1
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	8.65	74	1
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	11.36	60	1
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	8.65	74	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	16.36	60	1
Hansen Disease [description not available]	0	5.96	10	1
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	0	10.96	10	1
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	0	11.77	76	3
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	0	11.77	76	3
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	17.7	180	30
Parodontosis [description not available]	0	11.85	66	3
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	0	11.85	66	3
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	17.24	98	51
A-Thalassemia [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Mental Retardation, X-Linked A class of genetic disorders resulting in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY that is associated either with mutations of GENES located on the X CHROMOSOME or aberrations in the structure of the X chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS).	0	2.41	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	17.24	98	51
alpha-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.	0	2.77	3	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	0	6.4	8	2
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	18.11	220	26
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	1	20.11	220	26
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	22.68	254	35
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	0	5.86	9	3
Sinus Infections [description not available]	0	3.34	7	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	17.68	254	35
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	0	3.93	2	1
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	0	10.86	9	3
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	0	3.34	7	0
Amentia [description not available]	0	14.92	36	4
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	9.92	36	4
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	6.06	10	1
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	6.06	10	1
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	16.01	38	4
Psychoses [description not available]	0	6.77	24	1
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	11.96	81	12
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	6.77	24	1
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	1	13.96	81	12
Babesia Infection [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	6.13	17	2
Corridor Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	0	3.16	3	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	8.53	13	5
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	8.53	13	5
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	0	3.16	3	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	6.65	28	2
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	6.65	28	2
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	0	15.8	49	14
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	1	17.8	49	14
Debility [description not available]	0	3.07	3	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	0	10.04	20	3
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	7.41	27	1
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	0	10.64	18	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	7.41	27	1
Bleeding [description not available]	0	11.81	95	3
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	11.81	95	3
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	11.04	23	5
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	1	13.04	23	5
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	8.24	40	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	8.24	40	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	10.92	22	14
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	3.28	6	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	3.28	6	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	10.92	22	14
Epulides [description not available]	0	8.52	26	4
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	0	8.52	26	4
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	17.68	99	42
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	1	24.02	297	126
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	0	4.8	2	1
Grippe [description not available]	0	9.38	47	3
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	0	4.02	5	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	1	11.38	47	3
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	0	4.8	2	1
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	0	10.6	29	4
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	0	4.72	1	1
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	7.31	14	1
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	7.31	14	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	17.03	126	31
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	12.24	63	7
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	17.03	126	31
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	12.24	63	7
MODS [description not available]	0	22.65	266	236
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	22.65	266	236
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	10.03	112	3
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis [description not available]	0	2.82	2	0
Neonatal Sepsis Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.	0	7.82	2	0
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Cockayne-Touraine Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	0	2.38	2	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.	0	2.41	1	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	0	5.76	12	2
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	0	7.81	3	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	14.16	91	8
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	1	18.82	182	16
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	0	7.42	4	2
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	0	7.42	4	2
ALDOB Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.	0	6.97	25	0
Chancroid Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas.	0	2.6	1	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	0	7.72	18	4
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	3.33	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	0	6.14	32	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	3.33	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	1	8.14	32	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	0	9.33	27	5
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	1	16.33	27	5
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	0	5.26	9	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	11.67	152	5
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	11.67	152	5
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	7.87	21	4
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	7.87	21	4
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	0	5.16	7	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	0	5.16	7	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	13.68	72	5
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	13.68	72	5
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	15	82	11
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.28	4	1
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	0	3.64	2	0
Ocular Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.	0	2.39	2	0
Cranial Epidural Hematoma [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	0	4.85	12	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	0	9.85	12	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	0	3.07	5	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	10.1	15	2
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	11.1	35	4
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	10.1	15	2
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	1	13.1	35	4
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	0	3.98	2	1
Astigmatism Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	5.17	3	3
Nearsightedness [description not available]	0	5.4	5	1
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	0	5.4	5	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	8.11	19	1
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	5.51	5	1
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	0	5.51	5	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	11.21	110	5
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	1	13.21	110	5
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	5.35	13	1
Bechterew Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.9	2	0
Alcaptonuria [description not available]	0	11.94	33	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	0	3.65	3	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	10.66	41	4
Ochronosis The yellowish discoloration of connective tissue due to deposition of HOMOGENTISIC ACID (a brown-black pigment). This is due to defects in the metabolism of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. Ochronosis occurs in ALKAPTONURIA, but has also been associated with exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., PHENOL, trinitrophenol, BENZENE DERIVATIVES).	0	6.06	16	0
Alkaptonuria An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme HOMOGENTISATE 1,2-DIOXYGENASE, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. It is characterized by accumulation of HOMOGENTISIC ACID in the urine, OCHRONOSIS in various tissues, and ARTHRITIS.	0	6.94	33	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	0	3.65	3	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	1	12.66	41	4
Spondylarthropathies Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. They are associated with the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN and some with a triggering infection. Most involve the axial joints in the SPINE, particularly the SACROILIAC JOINT, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. Subsets include ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; and others.	0	3.9	2	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	0	6.26	13	1
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	0	6.26	13	1
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	14.03	46	20
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	19.03	46	20
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	5.6	72	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	6.25	11	1
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	1	8.25	11	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	13.17	15	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	0	4.28	4	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	0	4.28	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	4.33	7	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	4.33	7	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	5	15	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	0	4.79	7	1
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	0	4.79	7	1
Lassitude [description not available]	0	13.31	48	17
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	0	4	5	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	1	15.31	48	17
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	0	6.72	22	1
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	0	6.72	22	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	10.4	22	3
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	10.4	22	3
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	0	5.45	25	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	0	5.45	25	0
Erythema Migrans, Lingual [description not available]	0	4.05	3	1
Aphthae [description not available]	0	11.55	22	11
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	0	2.41	1	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	0	11.55	22	11
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	0	3.33	2	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	12.85	83	3
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	12.85	83	3
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	8.41	28	2
Dental Wear [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)	0	7.26	21	2
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	1	13.73	9	1
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	0	8.08	5	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	0	2.76	3	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	12.17	45	9
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.59	2	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	1	14.17	45	9
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	17.32	91	41
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	17.32	91	41
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	0	2.41	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	17.37	231	13
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	1	19.37	231	13
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	6.95	28	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	6.95	28	1
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	0	3.07	5	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	1	17.21	61	21
Muscle Pain [description not available]	0	7.69	6	2
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	0	7.69	6	2
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	3.87	11	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	0	3.87	11	0
Exfoliation Glaucoma [description not available]	0	3.28	6	0
Exfoliation Syndrome The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)	0	3.28	6	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	0	14.28	55	9
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	0	14.28	55	9
Avian Flu [description not available]	0	8.98	10	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	0	3.98	10	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	0	13.09	37	26
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	13.09	37	26
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	10.26	31	11
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	11.65	36	19
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	10.26	31	11
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	1	13.65	36	19
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	0	7.46	12	9
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7	10	1
Tachypnea Increased RESPIRATORY RATE.	0	3.33	4	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	16.25	54	24
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	16.25	54	24
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	0	11.38	37	4
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	17.05	138	22
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	0	3.52	4	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	1	5.52	4	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	13.35	70	11
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	8.48	19	2
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	8.48	19	2
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	13.88	73	20
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	0	6.72	12	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	1	15.88	73	20
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	0	6.72	12	2
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	7.67	12	3
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	7.67	12	3
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	0	2.41	2	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	11.14	26	4
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	0	2.82	3	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	0	2.82	3	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	15.05	49	19
Dry Eye [description not available]	0	7.59	2	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	0	2.59	2	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	0	13.59	17	3
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	0	8.95	11	1
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	0	8.95	11	1
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	10.34	57	4
Dentin, Secondary Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.	0	2.6	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	0	2.76	2	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	4.48	8	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	4.48	8	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	0	4.18	5	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	5.12	11	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	5.12	11	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	0	4.39	4	1
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	0	4.39	4	1
Angiitis [description not available]	0	7.07	10	2
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	7.07	10	2
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	10.69	30	7
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	17.58	120	32
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	1	19.58	120	32
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	10.69	30	7
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	0	5.36	7	2
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	0	5.36	7	2
HbS Disease [description not available]	0	9.45	34	3
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	0	9.45	34	3
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	0	7.73	14	3
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	0	7.73	14	3
Kidney Stones [description not available]	0	13.59	76	6
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	0	13.59	76	6
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	7.13	50	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	12.13	50	0
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	12.12	17	9
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	17.56	129	26
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	0	4.96	9	1
Postpartum Hemorrhage Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).	1	4.66	3	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	0	4.96	9	1
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	1	19.56	129	26
HELLP Syndrome A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.	0	2.6	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	12.12	17	9
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	0	4.85	8	0
Glenoid Labral Tears [description not available]	0	4.75	4	1
Rotator Cuff Injuries Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.	0	4.75	4	1
Malacoplakia The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.	0	6.2	18	0
Common Peroneal Nerve Entrapment [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Infection Reactivation [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy [description not available]	0	7.75	5	4
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral An autosomal dominant degenerative muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. Affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. This tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (Neuromuscul Disord 1997;7(1):55-62; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1420)	0	7.75	5	4
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	0	6.23	7	1
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	0	6.23	7	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	6.67	20	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	6.67	20	1
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	13.06	43	10
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	13.06	43	10
Burns, Electric Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.	0	2.4	2	0
MELAS [description not available]	0	4.35	4	1
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	0	4.2	6	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	0	4.2	6	0
MELAS Syndrome A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)	0	4.35	4	1
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	0	4	2	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	0	4	2	0
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	0	3.6	2	0
Latent Tuberculosis The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.	0	3.52	1	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	0	3.6	2	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	0	3.07	5	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	0	9.18	14	4
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	0	3.07	5	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	0	5.99	4	2
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	0	5.99	4	2
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	0	4.28	2	1
Basedow Disease [description not available]	0	5.53	6	1
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	0	5.53	6	1
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	0	4.96	9	0
Adhesive Capsulitis [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Bursitis Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.	0	2.6	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.68	9	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	12.19	41	8
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	8.79	11	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	12.19	41	8
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	7.05	31	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	12.05	31	1
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	6.3	7	2
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1.5 [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Autoimmune diabetes in adults with slowly progressive PANCREATIC BETA CELL failure and the presence of circulating autoantibodies to PANCREATIC ISLETS cell antigens.	0	2.6	1	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	6.3	7	2
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	0	5.97	26	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	0	9.88	44	2
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	9.88	44	2
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	8.64	31	6
Pyrosis [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Heartburn Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.	0	2.6	1	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	0	3.67	10	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	0	3.67	10	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	0	3.88	4	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	0	7.49	30	1
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	0	10.62	6	1
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	0	7.49	30	1
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	0	5.62	6	1
Drug Associated Myopathies [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	3.25	6	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	3.25	6	0
Post-operative Vasoplegic Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.14	5	2
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	6.18	33	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	6.18	33	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	0	2.6	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	13.12	22	1
Acute Chest Syndrome Respiratory syndrome characterized by the appearance of a new pulmonary infiltrate on chest x-ray, accompanied by symptoms of fever, cough, chest pain, tachypnea, or DYSPNEA, often seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA. Multiple factors (e.g., infection, and pulmonary FAT EMBOLISM) may contribute to the development of the syndrome.	0	3.52	1	0
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy [description not available]	0	4.6	6	1
Hyperemesis Gravidarum Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.	0	4.6	6	1
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	0	4.63	3	2
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	0	11.81	13	2
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	0	4.63	3	2
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	2.38	2	0
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	0	4.88	2	1
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	16.83	56	6
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	11.83	56	6
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	7.82	26	1
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	7.82	26	1
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	10.45	48	2
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	1	12.45	48	2
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	9.39	23	3
B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	3.33	7	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	14.93	62	52
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	1	16.93	62	52
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	0	3.89	13	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	0	3.89	13	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	10.72	27	6
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	10.72	27	6
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	0	2.89	3	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	0	3.48	8	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	0	2.6	1	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	0	4.16	3	1
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	6.65	20	1
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	6.65	20	1
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	0	4.16	3	1
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	0	17.9	345	8
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	0	10.28	55	12
Exanthem [description not available]	0	5.1	10	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	0	9.17	17	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	5.1	10	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	5.36	4	1
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	5.36	4	1
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	7.71	14	1
Aura [description not available]	0	5.89	23	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	1	9.71	14	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	1	12.89	23	0
Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.	0	2.21	1	0
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	0	18.86	259	67
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	0	18.86	259	67
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	0	4.96	2	1
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	0	4.96	2	1
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	0	3.06	5	0
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	0	4.48	8	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	0	10.05	21	9
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	0	15.05	21	9
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	11.82	23	3
Coracohumeral Impingement [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Compression of the ROTATOR CUFF tendons and subacromial bursa between the HUMERAL HEAD and the ACROMION of the SCAPULA. This condition is associated with subacromial BURSITIS, as well as rotator cuff (largely supraspinatus) and bicipital tendon INFLAMMATION.	0	2.25	1	0
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	1	13.82	23	3
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	6.62	19	1
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	4.45	22	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	6.62	19	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.45	22	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	8.78	57	10
Pyometra An accumulation of PUS in the uterine cavity (UTERUS). Pyometra generally indicates the presence of infections.	0	2.21	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	7.32	25	1
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	0	2.67	3	0
Autism [description not available]	0	11.35	14	1
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	5.24	11	1
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	1	8.35	14	1
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	5.24	11	1
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	0	5.51	69	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	0	4.76	12	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	0	3.32	5	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	10.22	25	4
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	10.22	25	4
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	19.07	115	91
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	1	21.07	115	91
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	0	4.08	3	1
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, Viral [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	7.58	21	1
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	7.58	21	1
Diathesis [description not available]	0	13.66	31	2
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.79	4	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	0	3.79	4	0
Infection [description not available]	0	9.82	38	5
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	9.82	38	5
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	3.6	7	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	3.6	7	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	0	2.69	2	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	15.55	72	20
Gingival Hypertrophy Abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingivae brought about by enlargement of existing cells.	0	4.03	5	0
Disseminated Superficial Actinic Porokeratosis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Porokeratosis A heritable disorder of faulty keratinization characterized by the proliferation of abnormal clones of KERATINOCYTES and lesions showing varying atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. These keratotic lesions can progress to overt cutaneous neoplasm. Several clinical variants are recognized, including porokeratosis of Mibelli, linear porokeratosis, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, palmoplantar porokeratosis, and punctate porokeratosis.	0	2.21	1	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	0	3.33	2	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	4.01	5	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	6.69	13	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	0	3.57	2	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	5.23	4	1
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	5.23	4	1
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	4.01	5	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	6.69	13	1
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	3.57	2	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	0	5.06	6	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	0	5.06	6	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	9.59	28	3
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	9.59	28	3
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	12.86	59	12
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	1	14.86	59	12
Metastase [description not available]	0	14.76	65	32
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	14.76	65	32
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	0	3.36	7	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	0	3.36	7	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	0	4.4	8	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	16.34	77	36
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	3.25	5	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	3.25	5	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.06	11	1
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	0	11.06	11	1
Bone Marrow Failure [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Bone Marrow Failure Disorders Inherited or acquired diseases characterized by insufficient and/or dysplastic blood cells.	0	2.25	1	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	0	2.38	2	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	7.07	7	1
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	7.07	7	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	10.05	17	5
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	12.91	66	8
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	0	10.56	62	2
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	0	10.56	62	2
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	0	5.28	13	1
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	0	2.25	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	0	2.54	2	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	11.7	48	6
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	0	8.9	50	5
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	0	2.25	1	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	0	2.25	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	0	5.74	15	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	0	5.61	10	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	0	2.38	2	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	0	2.25	1	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	0	2.25	1	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	0	5.43	5	1
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	0	10.43	5	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	13.44	55	6
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	16.13	90	24
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	16.13	90	24
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	0	6.47	5	1
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	0	11.57	17	4
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	0	2.89	3	0
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	0	4.98	9	1
Paraganglioma A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	2.25	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	0	9.98	9	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	20.75	207	99
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	0	6.76	7	2
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	0	6.59	10	2
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	0	4.46	4	1
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	0	3.98	4	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	0	8.1	5	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	13.5	29	7
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	13.61	33	7
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	13.5	29	7
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	0	3.38	7	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	8.1	135	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	8.1	135	0
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	0	2.25	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	0	3.84	4	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	0	3.14	5	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	17.67	109	27
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	3.14	5	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	1	19.67	109	27
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	0	5.07	10	1
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	0	2.21	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	6.91	10	3
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	6.91	10	3
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Genetic Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	2.87	3	0
Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.	0	2.58	2	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	0	2.25	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	0	6.83	10	1
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	0	6.83	10	1
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	9.95	40	1
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	1	16.95	40	1
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	0	2.92	4	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	0	6.4	16	1
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	0	2.25	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	11.15	51	4
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	11.15	51	4
Capsule Opacification Clouding or loss of transparency of the posterior lens capsule, usually following CATARACT extraction.	0	2.25	1	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	0	6.2	13	1
Siderosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.	0	5.29	13	1
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	0	6.2	13	1
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.25	1	0
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.	0	3.01	4	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	7.07	37	0
Infections, Neisseriaceae [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Co-infection [description not available]	0	3.98	2	1
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	0	3.98	5	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	7.79	12	4
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	3.48	8	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	0	3.98	5	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	7.79	12	4
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	0	2.55	2	0
ACL Injuries [description not available]	0	7.29	8	3
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	0	6.26	13	1
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	0	11.26	13	1
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	6.54	10	2
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	4.68	6	1
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	4.68	6	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	14.08	131	9
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	0	6.83	9	3
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	0	6.83	9	3
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	3.17	5	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	7.28	15	1
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	12.28	15	1
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	0	2.25	1	0
Facial Spasm, Unilateral [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	0	7.54	32	1
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	0	7.54	32	1
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	0	4.62	5	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	0	14.84	8	4
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	5.62	18	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	5.62	18	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	1	7.79	10	0
Shingles [description not available]	0	6.35	9	1
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	0	4.94	9	1
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	0	2.39	2	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	6.35	9	1
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	0	4.94	9	1
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	0	3.14	5	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	0	8.76	11	6
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	0	5.55	17	1
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	5.14	3	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	0	4.32	7	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	0	4.32	7	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	0	3.8	4	0
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	0	5.48	5	1
Dysesthesia [description not available]	0	3.78	2	1
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	0	5.48	5	1
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	11.38	87	2
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	11.38	87	2
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	0	12.91	19	16
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	0	12.91	19	16
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	11.52	19	16
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	10	52	6
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	10	52	6
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	8.63	8	3
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	11.91	36	6
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	0	8.63	8	3
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	11.91	36	6
Infection, Wound [description not available]	0	5.05	10	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	15.05	64	22
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	0	9.12	14	1
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	0	9.12	14	1
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	15.05	64	22
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	14.11	119	29
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	14.11	119	29
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	4.56	5	0
Corynebacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.	0	2.25	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	0	4.56	5	0
Hyperimidodipeptiduria [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	0	11.28	14	1
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.	0	2.25	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	0	6.23	4	3
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	0	6.23	4	3
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	5.22	12	1
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	6.29	26	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	6.29	26	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	9.87	33	3
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	9.87	33	3
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	0	3.56	3	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	0	9.54	16	3
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	5.88	37	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	3.27	6	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.25	6	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	3.27	6	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	0	4.68	3	2
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	0	3.64	1	1
Ambulation Difficulty [description not available]	0	5.45	7	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	4.4	4	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	0	4.4	4	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	16.25	132	28
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	16.25	132	28
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	14.69	82	4
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	0	6.6	23	0
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	0	6.6	23	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	0	7.92	11	1
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	0	3.5	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	0	4.05	5	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	0	4.05	5	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	0	2.7	3	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Central Nervous System Infection [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	0	2.25	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	16.19	60	39
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	0	2.25	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	13.38	27	19
Cramp [description not available]	0	8.04	8	2
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	0	13.04	8	2
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	0	2.57	2	0
Azotaemia [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	7.38	15	2
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	3.84	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	0	3.38	2	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	7.38	15	2
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	3.84	4	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	3.17	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	0	4.71	6	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	0	3.38	2	0
Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.	0	3.17	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	0	2.31	1	0
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	5.9	39	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	5.9	39	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	6.16	31	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	1	9.4	62	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	0	2.55	2	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	6.22	32	0
Stretch Marks [description not available]	0	3.59	7	0
Striae Distensae Linear dermal scars accompanied by epidermal atrophy that affects skin that is subjected to continuous stretching. They usually do not cause any significant medical problems, only cosmetic problems.	0	3.59	7	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	6.32	21	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	6.32	21	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	0	7.71	20	1
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	0	7.71	20	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	0	5.45	5	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	0	5.45	5	1
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	0	3.55	2	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	0	3.55	2	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	5.06	17	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	2.63	2	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	0	2.63	2	0
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	0	2.31	1	0
Hematemesis Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	2.87	4	0
Lead Encephalopathy, Childhood [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	7.45	18	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	7.45	18	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	0	8.07	9	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	10.23	40	3
Leanness [description not available]	0	7.81	8	2
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	0	8.07	9	0
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	0	7.52	11	3
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	0	7.19	5	4
Suffocation [description not available]	0	3.66	10	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	0	3.66	10	0
Hyperthermia An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.	0	2.31	1	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	0	4.18	6	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	0	9.18	6	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	0	3.59	9	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	8.59	9	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	8.81	13	2
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	0	3.23	1	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	8.81	13	2
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	0	8.61	38	1
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	0	13.61	38	1
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	0	7.41	16	3
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	0	7.41	16	3
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	12.34	37	9
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	12.34	37	9
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	0	12.72	10	3
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	8.57	19	1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	8.57	19	1
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	5.01	3	1
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	4.18	3	1
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	0	4.18	3	1
Viral Conjunctivitis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	0	2.63	2	0
Conjunctivitis, Viral Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.	0	2.31	1	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	0	2.39	2	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	0	6.03	13	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	4.87	2	1
Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome A reperfusion syndrome characterized by various pathophysiological processes after CARDIAC ARREST. It may include post-cardiac arrest brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN), cardiocirculatory dysfunction, (e.g., systemic ISCHEMIA), HYPERGLYCEMIA; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE and delayed death.	0	4.62	1	1
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	0	2.85	3	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	0	2.85	3	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	0	10.42	39	5
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	14.77	35	28
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	0	7.58	19	2
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	0	7.58	19	2
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	0	4.79	5	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	0	9.79	5	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.92	4	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	3.34	2	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	0	14.16	37	18
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	0	7.89	4	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	0	5.8	8	1
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	11.3	22	4
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	1	13.3	22	4
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	6.37	9	1
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	0	7.68	17	1
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	6.37	9	1
Jaw Fractures Fractures of the upper or lower jaw.	0	2.15	1	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	0	2.82	3	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	0	5.24	4	1
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	0	5.24	4	1
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	0	2.51	2	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	0	6.54	27	2
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	0	2.86	4	0
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.15	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	4.4	7	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	0	4.29	7	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	0	11.49	123	3
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	0	8.09	5	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	0	3.09	5	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	3.06	5	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	0	3.99	5	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	0	3.99	5	0
Pseudophakia Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.	0	2.15	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	11.26	109	2
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	10.62	20	5
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	10.62	20	5
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	0	2.76	3	0
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	0	7.58	4	4
Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Hand-Foot Syndrome Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.	0	2.15	1	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	0	2.51	2	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	3.6	9	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	3.6	9	0
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.15	1	0
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	0	2.15	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	0	3.22	6	0
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.12	5	0
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy [description not available]	0	3.39	2	0
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))	0	3.39	2	0
Atrophic Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina due to thinning of the vaginal wall and decreased lubrication associated with reduced estrogen levels at MENOPAUSE.	0	2.15	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	6.57	19	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	1	8.57	19	0
Fibroid [description not available]	0	8.07	12	2
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	9.31	31	2
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	1	10.07	12	2
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	9.31	31	2
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	0	9.91	32	3
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	0	9.91	32	3
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	0	3.71	3	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	0	2.48	2	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.27	8	2
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	0	10.19	12	8
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	0	7.27	8	2
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Back Ache [description not available]	0	4.16	6	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	0	4.16	6	0
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	0	2.17	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	0	5.41	24	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	8.8	46	3
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	0	3.97	5	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	0	4.12	3	1
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	0	4.12	3	1
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	0	4.37	7	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	0	9.2	42	5
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.09	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	3.09	1	0
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.62	9	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	4.83	12	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	4.83	12	0
Amyloidosis, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Amyloidosis, Familial Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.	0	2.17	1	0
Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).	0	6.27	14	1
Marasmus [description not available]	0	8.42	22	1
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	0	13.42	22	1
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	0	3.42	2	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	7	13	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	7	13	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	0	6.05	10	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	0	6.05	10	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	0	9.96	25	3
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	0	9.96	25	3
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	0	2.17	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	5.06	42	0
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	0	3.56	1	1
Dental Leakage The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.	0	5.95	9	3
Spider Veins [description not available]	0	4	5	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	0	4	5	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.54	2	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	0	6.17	4	1
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	0	5.9	15	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	0	5.9	15	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	0	3.07	5	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	0	3.07	5	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	0	2.93	4	0
Balkan Endemic Nephropathy [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	0	5.12	18	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	0	5	3	1
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	0	5	3	1
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	0	4.44	3	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	0	8.56	1	1
Miliaria A syndrome of cutaneous changes associated with sweat retention and extravasation of sweat at different levels in the skin. Miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, results from apocrine duct obstruction. The sweat then seeps into the epidermis, producing pruritic erythematous papulovesicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	10.74	4	2
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	0	2.17	1	0
Hypernutrition [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	0	8.53	14	1
Dry Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	6.49	3	3
Geographic Atrophy A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.	0	6.49	3	3
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	0	6.01	3	3
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	3.38	7	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	3.38	7	0
Adipocere [description not available]	0	3.86	12	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	0	6.74	12	2
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	0	6.74	12	2
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	0	9.01	21	5
Amaurosis [description not available]	0	7.59	14	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	0	3.57	9	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	7.59	14	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	0	3.94	2	1
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	0	4.4	2	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	0	3.83	4	0
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	0	2.21	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	0	5.66	7	1
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	0	5.66	7	1
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	0	3.77	11	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	0	3.77	11	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	0	3.75	2	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	0	3.75	2	1
Food Poisoning [description not available]	0	3.69	3	0
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	0	2.17	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	0	4.48	9	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	0	4.48	9	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	0	2.47	2	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	0	3.2	6	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	6.09	22	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	6.09	22	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	8.69	27	2
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	0	5.37	23	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	0	4.19	3	1
Periimplantitis [description not available]	0	3.09	1	0
Peri-Implantitis An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.	0	3.09	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	7.39	28	1
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	7.39	28	1
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	0	5.53	6	1
Ankle Injuries Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.	0	8.17	7	5
Foot Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.	0	8.17	7	5
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	0	2.52	2	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	0	5.82	12	2
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	2.92	4	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	13.28	65	8
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	0	2.17	1	0
Tetraploid [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	8.15	24	2
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	0	2.21	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	0	6.44	6	3
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	0	6.44	6	3
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	12.28	58	13
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	17.28	58	13
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	0	3.32	2	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	5.91	9	1
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	0	9.5	52	2
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	0	7	28	1
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	0	9.5	52	2
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	0	2.21	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	1	11.85	40	4
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	0	3.75	11	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	0	4.45	5	1
Icterus [description not available]	0	4.89	14	0
Cholecystolithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.	0	3.38	2	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	0	8.75	11	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	0	4.89	14	0
B-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	4.34	4	1
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	0	4.34	4	1
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	0	3.45	2	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	0	3.45	2	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	0	3.24	6	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	6.52	18	1
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	1	8.52	18	1
Blast Phase [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	0	3.63	3	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	0	4.79	7	0
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	0	4.79	7	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	0	14.57	149	19
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	0	9.92	10	7
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	0	9.92	10	7
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	9.23	26	6
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	9.23	26	6
Precordial Catch [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	0	2.21	1	0
Lentigines [description not available]	0	10.44	5	3
Lentigo Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).	0	5.44	5	3
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	0	6.99	10	2
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	0	6.99	10	2
ADPKD [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	5.51	16	1
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	0	2.21	1	0
Nail Abnormalities [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Acute Mesenteric Arterial Embolus [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	0	2.44	2	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	5.11	5	2
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	5.11	5	2
Hydrophobia [description not available]	0	4.3	4	1
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	10.13	31	3
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	10.13	31	3
Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and other countries of southeast Asia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.96	9	0
Spinal Curvatures Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).	0	2.21	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	0	2.65	3	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	0	4.26	4	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	1	6.26	4	0
Allergy, Milk [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Milk Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.	0	2.71	3	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	0	3.07	5	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	0	3.07	5	0
Epiretinal Membrane A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)	0	2.21	1	0
Rachitis [description not available]	0	6.69	32	0
Childhood Eating and Feeding Disorders [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	0	6.4	5	1
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	0	6.4	5	1
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	0	2.21	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	0	3.77	11	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	0	2.47	2	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	19.32	198	42
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	19.32	198	42
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	0	2.93	4	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	0	4.13	3	1
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	4.13	3	1
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	0	3.37	7	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	0	3.41	7	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	0	3.41	7	0
Osteochondritis Dissecans A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. Affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints.	0	2.08	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	8.53	32	2
Iron Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	5.04	5	2
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	0	2.7	3	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.72	10	0
Posterior Vitreous Detachment [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	0	8.7	15	5
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	1	10.7	15	5
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	0	6.83	13	2
Acrania [description not available]	0	8.8	14	2
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	0	8.8	14	2
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	12.31	16	3
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	15.6	23	7
Porphyria Variegata [description not available]	0	4.42	2	2
Porphyria, Variegate An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) in the LIVER, the seventh enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include both neurological symptoms and cutaneous lesions. Patients excrete increased levels of porphyrin precursors, COPROPORPHYRINS and protoporphyrinogen.	0	4.42	2	2
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	9.35	53	2
Bed Sores [description not available]	0	14.44	43	20
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	0	19.44	43	20
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	5.92	25	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	5.92	25	0
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	0	13.78	34	9
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	1	18.46	68	18
Choroid Plexus Papilloma [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Choroid Plexus Neoplasms, Primary [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Choroid Plexus Neoplasms Benign or malignant tumors which arise from the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain. Papillomas (see PAPILLOMA, CHOROID PLEXUS) and carcinomas are the most common histologic subtypes, and tend to seed throughout the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces. Clinical features include headaches, ataxia and alterations of consciousness, primarily resulting from associated HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2072; J Neurosurg 1998 Mar;88(3):521-8)	0	2.08	1	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	0	14.19	16	8
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	4.77	12	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	4.77	12	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	0	2.43	2	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	6.47	6	3
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	0	6.47	6	3
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	0	2.08	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	3.93	13	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	8.93	13	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Harelip [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	0	2.91	4	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	0	2.69	3	0
Cyst [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Gingival Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.	0	4.09	3	1
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	13.16	23	1
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	6.13	4	1
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	0	6.13	4	1
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	0	2.46	2	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Asialia [description not available]	0	6.54	10	2
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	0	3.8	4	0
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	0	6.54	10	2
Granulomas [description not available]	0	6.34	22	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	6.34	22	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	0	7.54	8	1
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	0	7.54	8	1
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	0	8.25	37	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	0	8.25	37	0
7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.	0	2.1	1	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	0	4.76	2	1
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	0	4.06	3	1
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	0	4.06	3	1
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	0	7.3	23	2
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	12.3	23	2
Child Malnutrition Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	0	3.26	6	0
Femoral Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.	0	2.08	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	2.38	2	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	14.03	58	3
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	0	8.03	29	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	0	8.03	29	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	0	11.3	7	2
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	0	2.1	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	6.3	7	2
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	0	2.93	4	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	0	4.7	11	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	0	2.89	4	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	0	4.83	13	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	5.91	25	0
Degenerative Disease, Nervous System, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Microphthalmia [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	0	3.33	7	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	0	3.33	7	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	0	2.08	1	0
Intestinal Lymphangiectasis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	0	2.86	4	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	0	8.14	6	4
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	0	8.14	6	4
Mouth, Edentulous Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.	0	8.83	13	4
Black Fever [description not available]	0	3.74	10	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	0	3.74	10	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	5.02	9	1
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	5.02	9	1
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	0	2.1	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	11.04	11	1
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	0	2.44	2	0
Avian Leukosis A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.	0	7.1	1	0
Forearm Injuries Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.	0	2.1	1	0
Burning Mouth Syndrome A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.	0	2.1	1	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	0	4.1	3	1
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	0	4.1	3	1
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	4.64	6	1
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	0	4.64	6	1
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Acariasis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	7.91	44	2
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	7.91	44	2
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	5.89	40	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	5.89	40	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	0	2.1	1	0
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	0	4.94	4	2
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	6.05	10	1
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	6.05	10	1
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	6.68	22	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	0	5.34	14	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	11.68	22	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	0	5.34	14	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	6.25	57	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	0	3.24	6	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	0	3.24	6	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	8.04	24	1
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	0	7.49	17	1
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	0	7.49	17	1
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	0	3.57	3	0
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	0	5.93	9	1
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	6.16	12	1
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	0	6.02	10	1
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	0	6.02	10	1
Astheno Teratozoospermia [description not available]	0	4.92	4	2
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	0	5.55	9	2
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	0	2.1	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	8.57	3	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	0	8.89	11	5
EBV Infections [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	0	2.1	1	0
Myringosclerosis The formation of dense connective tissue in the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE that does not necessarily cause or lead to loss of hearing.	0	2.51	2	0
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available]	0	3.89	13	0
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.	0	3.89	13	0
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.	0	3.01	1	0
Mastocytosis, Systemic A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.	0	3.01	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	3.8	11	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	3.8	11	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	0	4.28	7	0
Placental Abruption [description not available]	0	6.31	5	1
Abruptio Placentae Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.	0	6.31	5	1
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	6.27	26	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	6.27	26	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	0	3.34	2	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	0	3.58	9	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	0	12.73	22	1
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	0	3.06	5	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	0	3.35	7	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	0	6.66	31	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	5.42	15	1
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	5.42	15	1
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	10.44	28	6
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	0	6.7	22	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	0	5.08	5	2
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	0	5.08	5	2
Leiomyomatosis The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.1	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	0	8.66	10	0
ARG1 Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Hyperargininemia A rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle. It is caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme ARGINASE. Arginine is elevated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and periodic HYPERAMMONEMIA may occur. Disease onset is usually in infancy or early childhood. Clinical manifestations include seizures, microcephaly, progressive mental impairment, hypotonia, ataxia, spastic diplegia, and quadriparesis. (From Hum Genet 1993 Mar;91(1):1-5; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p51)	0	2.73	3	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	0	11.05	27	11
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	5.38	5	1
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	0	7.33	16	3
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	0	2.1	1	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	0	2.73	3	0
Air Sickness [description not available]	0	3.48	1	1
Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.	0	3.48	1	1
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	0	5.76	4	2
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	0	5.76	4	2
Adjustment Sleep Disorder [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	0	5.11	3	1
Keratosis, Oral [description not available]	0	7.29	15	3
Leukoplakia, Oral A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	0	7.29	15	3
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.4	1	1
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	0	9.4	1	1
Injuries, Wrist [description not available]	0	14.78	31	22
Allodynia [description not available]	0	4.83	7	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	0	2.94	4	0
HTLV-I Infections Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.	0	2.1	1	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	5.44	14	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	0	3.01	1	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	0	7.1	7	3
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	0	12.56	11	2
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	0	2.72	3	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	0	8.37	11	2
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	0	7.42	9	2
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	0	7.42	9	2
Leukoma [description not available]	0	4.65	6	1
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	0	4.65	6	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	5.21	11	1
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	5.21	11	1
Urogenital Prolapse [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Pelvic Organ Prolapse Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.	0	2.11	1	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	5.7	7	1
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	0	3.37	2	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	0	3.37	2	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	0	3.99	5	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	6.88	14	2
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	6.88	14	2
Birth Injuries Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.	0	7.38	2	0
Polyploid [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	0	7.11	1	0
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	5.04	3	1
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	0	3.04	5	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	0	2.11	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	4.2	6	0
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes, Congenital [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	4.2	6	0
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	0	6.39	9	1
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	0	6.39	9	1
Canine Distemper [description not available]	0	7.65	3	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	0	4.97	9	1
Brain Dead [description not available]	0	3.85	2	1
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	0	3.03	1	0
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	3.03	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	0	8.2	65	1
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	0	8.2	65	1
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	0	3.5	1	1
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	5.44	15	1
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	5.44	15	1
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	0	4.2	18	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	0	4.2	18	0
Palsy [description not available]	0	3.22	6	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	8.22	6	0
Bends [description not available]	0	4.95	4	2
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	4.28	4	1
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	0	9.28	4	1
Candidemia A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.	0	2.11	1	0
Adenomatous Polyps Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.86	4	2
Acute Q Fever [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.44	2	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	0	9.03	5	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	0	3.4	2	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	0	3.5	1	1
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	0	3.54	8	0
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	0	7.39	2	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	2.49	2	0
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	3.8	11	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	0	2.74	3	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	3.8	11	0
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	0	2.11	1	0
Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	0	7.96	4	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	8.1	5	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	2.38	2	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	0	3.34	7	0
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	0	3.09	5	0
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex A multifactorial disease of CATTLE resulting from complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors, and pathogens. The environmental factors act as stressors adversely affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM and other host defenses and enhancing transmission of infecting agents.	0	3.86	2	1
Auditory Cortex Disorder [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	4.06	3	1
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	0	2.11	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	0	6.05	11	1
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	0	6.05	11	1
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	6.52	18	1
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	0	7.42	8	2
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	0	7.42	8	2
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.42	11	2
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	0	2.67	3	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.79	3	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	0	3.57	9	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	3.22	6	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	0	8.35	7	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	0	3.22	6	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	4.96	15	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	0	4.96	15	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Heatstroke [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	0	2.38	2	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	4.63	28	0
Atheroma [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	0	2.11	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	0	9.38	15	9
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	1	11.38	15	9
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	0	7.37	2	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	0	8.04	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.28	19	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	0	2.9	4	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	3.8	11	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	0	5.99	3	3
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	0	5.67	7	1
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	0	4.52	9	0
As If Personality [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	0	4.52	9	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	5.98	10	1
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	0	5.7	7	1
Pink Eye [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	2.66	3	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	0	11.02	27	5
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	0	5.18	6	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	0	11.02	27	5
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	0	5.18	6	0
Teeth, Devitalized [description not available]	0	4.53	5	1
Tooth Fractures Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.	0	2.66	3	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	9.75	23	9
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	0	5.04	10	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	5.15	6	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	0	5.15	6	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Triploid [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
ARC [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	0	2.43	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	6.3	27	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	6.3	27	0
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	0	4.27	4	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	0	4.27	4	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	7.82	17	2
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	7.82	17	2
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	0	3.34	7	0
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	0	3.34	7	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	0	2.13	1	0
Vision, Diminished [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	0	7.3	23	2
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	0	7.3	23	2
Wasting Disease [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	7.69	21	2
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	7.69	21	2
African Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	0	8.29	6	0
Lens Diseases Diseases involving the CRYSTALLINE LENS.	0	3.64	3	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	0	2.13	1	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.38	2	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	0	2.13	1	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.13	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	5.63	10	2
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	0	2.42	2	0
Chemically-Induced Disorders Disorders caused by the intentional or unintentional ingestion or exposure to chemical substances such as PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; NOXAE; and PESTICIDES.	0	2.13	1	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Adult Optic Nerve Glioma [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	0	2.36	2	0
Optic Nerve Glioma Glial cell derived tumors arising from the optic nerve, usually presenting in childhood.	0	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	0	3.87	4	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	0	4.61	6	1
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	0	3.87	4	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	0	4.61	6	1
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	0	5.73	4	2
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	9.73	7	1
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	9.44	5	1
Oliguria Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.	0	2.37	2	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Episcleritis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Dysplasia Linguofacialis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	0	2.15	1	0
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	0	2.15	1	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	3.77	11	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	0	2.17	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	0	6.99	13	1
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	0	6.99	13	1
Ulna Fractures Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.	0	7.1	5	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.24	7	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	0	4.24	7	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.13	5	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	0	5.06	17	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	0	5.06	17	0
Fallopian Tube Diseases Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.	0	2.03	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	0	3.43	1	1
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	5.36	5	1
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	5.36	5	1
Phlegmon [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	0	2.67	3	0
Acute Cholecystitis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Cholecystitis, Acute Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.	0	2.04	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	5.55	17	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	1	7.55	17	1
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	0	5.89	9	1
Acquired Nasal Deformities [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	0	3.6	3	0
Myoglobinuria The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.	0	2.04	1	0
Click-Murmur Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Tooth Loss The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.	0	4.82	12	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	0	2.05	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	3.72	10	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	1	5.72	10	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	0	2.42	2	0
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	0	2.42	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	6.69	21	1
Fractures, Compound [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	0	2.42	2	0
Lethargy A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.	0	2.96	1	0
Multiple Neurofibromas [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Paratyphoid Fever A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.	0	2.63	3	0
Neurofibromatoses A group of disorders characterized by an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with high rates of spontaneous mutation and multiple neurofibromas or neurilemmomas. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 (generalized neurofibromatosis) accounts for approximately 95% of cases, although multiple additional subtypes (e.g., NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2, neurofibromatosis 3, etc.) have been described. (From Neurochirurgie 1998 Nov;44(4):267-72)	0	1.92	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	0	4.68	30	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	0	9.68	30	0
Esophageal Hernia [description not available]	0	2.33	2	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	0	3.47	8	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	0	2.33	2	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	0	7.85	4	0
Addison's Disease [description not available]	0	8.18	6	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	0	7.05	18	2
Addison Disease, X-Linked [description not available]	0	2.84	4	0
Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial Hereditary forms of Addison disease that may exhibit autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. They are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, APNEA; and death in infancy. OMIM: 240200	0	2.84	4	0
Addison Disease An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.	0	3.18	6	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	0	12.05	18	2
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	0	7.33	2	0
Heat Collapse [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Ganglion Cysts Nodular tumor-like lesions or mucoid flesh, arising from tendon sheaths, LIGAMENTS, or JOINT CAPSULE, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. They are not true cysts as they lack epithelial wall. They are distinguished from SYNOVIAL CYSTS by the lack of communication with a joint cavity or the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	0	1.92	1	0
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	0	3.63	10	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	0	3.63	10	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	0	8.04	5	0
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	0	2.04	1	0
Refractory Anemia [description not available]	0	4.71	2	1
Anemia, Refractory A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.	0	4.71	2	1
Dictyocauliasis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	0	3.8	4	0
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	0	10.04	28	11
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	0	3.39	7	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	0	4.95	9	1
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	0	4.95	9	1
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	0	2.66	3	0
Gastric Volvulus [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	3.14	5	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	0	3.14	5	0
Gastric Dilatation Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.	0	2.05	1	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	0	12.07	52	4
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	0	4.34	7	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	0	4.34	7	0
Aseptic Meningitis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Meningitis, Aseptic A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)	0	2.05	1	0
Lower Extremity Weakness, Spastic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary A group of inherited diseases that share similar phenotypes but are genetically diverse. Different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. Clinically, patients present with slowly progressive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity. Peripheral sensory neurons may be affected in the later stages of the disease. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Jan;64(1):61-6; Curr Opin Neurol 1997 Aug;10(4):313-8)	0	2.05	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	3.36	7	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.85	8	1
Erythrohepatic Protoporphyria [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (heme synthetase) in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and COPROPORPHYRINS in the feces.	0	2.96	1	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	0	3.83	2	1
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	0	3.83	2	1
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	6.57	19	1
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	0	5.79	8	1
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	0	5.79	8	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	6.28	36	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.18	6	0
Parotid Diseases Diseases involving the PAROTID GLAND.	0	2.05	1	0
Parotid Duct Calculi [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Submandibular Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND.	0	2.05	1	0
Drusen, Retinal [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	3.68	10	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.68	10	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	0	12.89	90	5
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	0	12.89	90	5
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.57	6	1
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	0	5.57	6	1
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.95	4	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	6.2	24	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	2.94	4	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	0	10.55	25	3
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	10.55	25	3
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	0	2.05	1	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	0	12.87	33	26
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	0	12.87	33	26
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	0	3.43	1	1
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	0	10.55	23	8
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	0	15.55	23	8
Neurovisceral Storage Disease with Vertical Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of the NPC1 gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol transport from LYSOSOMES. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.	0	2.05	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	4.06	3	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	4.06	3	1
Eisenmenger Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Eisenmenger Complex A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.	0	2.38	2	0
Alcohol-Induced Disorders Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.	0	2.05	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	0	2.73	3	0
Atrophy of Gingiva [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Low Tension Glaucoma A form of glaucoma in which chronic optic nerve damage and loss of vision normally attributable to buildup of intraocular pressure occurs despite prevailing conditions of normal intraocular pressure.	0	2.97	1	0
Cervicitis [description not available]	0	3.81	2	1
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	0	4.62	6	1
Uterine Cervicitis Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	3.81	2	1
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	0	4.62	6	1
Dyspareunia Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.	0	4.41	2	2
Vaginal Discharge A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.	0	3.43	1	1
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.51	8	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	0	3.51	8	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	0	3.66	3	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	0	3.66	3	0
Leukemic Infiltration A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.	0	2.05	1	0
Duhring Disease [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	0	2.68	3	0
Marchiafava-Bignami Disease A neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by demyelination or necrosis of the CORPUS CALLOSUM. Symptoms include DEPRESSION; PARANOIA; DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and ATAXIA which can progress to COMA and death in a few months. Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome is seen often in alcoholics but has been found in non-alcoholics as well.	0	2.06	1	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	0	2.68	3	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	0	3.21	6	0
Heavy Metal Poisoning, Nervous System Conditions associated with damage or dysfunction of the nervous system caused by exposure to heavy metals, which may cause a variety of central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous system injuries.	0	2.05	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	0	2.46	2	0
Broad Beta Disease [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.	0	2.9	4	0
Jaw, Edentulous, Partially Absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla.	0	2.7	3	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	0	7.61	13	1
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	0	7.61	13	1
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	0	4.18	6	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	6	10	1
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	0	6	10	1
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	0	4.18	6	0
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)	0	2.97	1	0
Endothelioma, Vascular [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Hemangioendothelioma A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	0	2.65	3	0
Primary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.	0	2.05	1	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	0	2.05	1	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.73	10	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	0	3.73	10	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	2.67	3	0
Cyclitis, Heterochromic [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Sclera Diseases [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	0	2.05	1	0
Iridocyclitis Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.	0	2.05	1	0
Embolus [description not available]	0	3.82	4	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	0	3.82	4	0
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.	0	2.73	3	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	5.93	9	1
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	0	5.93	9	1
Anal Cancer [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Genital Warts [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Anus Diseases Diseases involving the ANUS.	0	3.3	2	0
Anus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.	0	2.97	1	0
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	0	2.97	1	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	0	2.68	3	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	0	2.95	4	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	3.68	10	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	0	1.92	1	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	0	4.94	9	1
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	1	6.94	9	1
Enteric Fever [description not available]	0	3.81	12	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	0	3.81	12	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	0	8.19	6	0
Sycosis [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	0	2.34	2	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	0	3.33	7	0
Acute Membranous Gingivitis [description not available]	0	3.32	7	0
Fusobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.	0	1.92	1	0
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia) Deficiency Disease [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase I Deficiency Disease A urea cycle disorder manifesting in infancy as lethargy, emesis, seizures, alterations of muscle tone, abnormal eye movements, and an elevation of serum ammonia. The disorder is caused by a reduction in the activity of hepatic mitochondrial CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA). (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp50-1)	0	1.92	1	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	0	6.63	21	1
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	0	4.82	4	2
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	0	4.82	4	2
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis [description not available]	0	3.45	1	1
Scleroderma, Diffuse A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.	0	3.45	1	1
Myofibroma A benign tumor that consists chiefly of fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE, with variable numbers of MUSCLE CELLS forming portions of the neoplasm (From Stedman's, 27th ed).	0	6.92	1	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	0	4.31	7	0
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	8.42	17	1
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	0	2.44	2	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	0	2.37	2	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.17	6	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	0	5.17	6	0
Placenta, Retained A placenta that fails to be expelled after BIRTH of the FETUS. A PLACENTA is retained when the UTERUS fails to contract after the delivery of its content, or when the placenta is abnormally attached to the MYOMETRIUM.	0	2.43	2	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	7.12	21	1
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	0	3.41	7	0
Nanism [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	0	2.42	2	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	0	4.69	3	2
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	0	2.44	2	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	0	2.05	1	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	0	3.2	6	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	0	3.2	6	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	0	2.42	2	0
Scrofuloderma [description not available]	0	3.03	5	0
Great Pox [description not available]	0	3.18	6	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	0	3.18	6	0
Scarlet Fever Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.	0	8.03	5	0
Insulin Coma Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused.	0	7.33	2	0
Rubeola [description not available]	0	4.58	6	1
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	0	4.58	6	1
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	0	5.74	35	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	0	5.74	35	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	0	3.77	4	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	0	7.4	11	2
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	0	7.4	11	2
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	0	9.87	8	1
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.	0	2.97	1	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	0	2.98	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	6.21	9	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	5.19	4	0
Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.	0	5.69	2	1
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	0	3.31	2	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	0	4.87	8	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	0	4.87	8	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	6.06	18	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	6.06	18	0
Asbestosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.	0	2.93	4	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	0	6.77	35	0
Follicular Cyst Cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland.	0	2.41	2	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Black Death [description not available]	0	3.2	6	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	0	3.2	6	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	0	2.45	2	0
Poisoning, Fluoride [description not available]	0	6.78	9	3
Fluoride Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.	0	6.78	9	3
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	0	2.06	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	6.24	13	1
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	11.24	13	1
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	0	9.81	11	9
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	0	9.81	11	9
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	5.25	20	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	5.25	20	0
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	0	2.44	2	0
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.	0	3.45	1	1
Gyrate Atrophy Progressive, autosomal recessive, diffuse atrophy of the choroid, pigment epithelium, and sensory retina that begins in childhood.	0	2.98	1	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	0	2.74	3	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	0	2.74	3	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	0	4.87	4	2
Cancer of Muscle [description not available]	0	4.27	2	0
Nail Fungus [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	0	2.06	1	0
Hives [description not available]	0	4.59	6	1
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	9.59	6	1
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	0	5.18	4	1
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	0	5.18	4	1
Sex Disorders [description not available]	0	4.96	3	1
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	0	4.96	3	1
Vasculitis, Retinal [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.34	7	0
Retinal Vasculitis Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.	0	2.36	2	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	0	13.87	13	1
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	0	8.87	13	1
Common Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.	0	3.46	1	1
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	0	2.06	1	0
Seminoma A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.06	1	0
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.	0	2.06	1	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	0	8.56	12	5
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	0	8.56	12	5
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	6.2	13	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	6.2	13	0
Ciliophora Infections Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.	0	2.07	1	0
Foot Deformities Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.	0	2.07	1	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	0	2.4	2	0
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome A syndrome of multiple defects characterized primarily by umbilical hernia (HERNIA, UMBILICAL); MACROGLOSSIA; and GIGANTISM; and secondarily by visceromegaly; HYPOGLYCEMIA; and ear abnormalities.	0	2.06	1	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	2.06	1	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	0	5.19	6	2
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	0	5.19	6	2
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	0	4.27	4	1
Myeloproliferative-Myelodisplastic Diseases [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Myelodysplastic-Myeloproliferative Diseases Clonal myeloid disorders that possess both dysplastic and proliferative features but are not properly classified as either MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES or MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.	0	3.46	1	1
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	1	11.27	4	1
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Ascites, Gelatinous [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	0	2.07	1	0
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei A peritoneal adenocarcinoma characterized by build-up of MUCUS in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. Mucus secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. The majority of cases represent tumor spread from a primary low-grade mucinous neoplasm of the APPENDIX (NCI Thesaurus).	0	7.07	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	0	2.37	2	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	12.65	26	25
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	0	12.65	26	25
Central European Encephalitis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Aortic Valve Disease 1 [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease Congenital heart valve defects where the AORTIC VALVE has two instead of normal three cusps. It is often associated with AORTIC REGURGITATION and AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.07	1	0
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	0	4.99	16	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	0	8.59	3	0
Hypermyotonia [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Hypervitaminosis A A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of VITAMIN A.	0	4.83	8	0
Tumour Lysis Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Tumor Lysis Syndrome A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.	0	2.08	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	3.13	5	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	6.35	9	1
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	6.35	9	1
Anodontia Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.99	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	0	4.11	6	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	2.67	3	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Colonic Diverticulosis [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Skin Diseases, Vascular Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.	0	2.72	3	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	0	4.82	4	2
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	0	4.82	4	2
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	0	9.08	30	2
Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue.	0	2.36	2	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	0	9	5	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	0	4	5	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	0	7.66	3	0
ATLL [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	0	2.66	3	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	0	2.43	2	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	0	5.2	6	2
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	0	5.2	6	2
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	0	2.07	1	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	0	2.07	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	2.07	1	0
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	0	2.07	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	6.69	12	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	0	5.23	4	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	0	5.23	4	1
Separation Anxiety Disorder [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Anxiety, Separation Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.	0	2.08	1	0
Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.	0	4.38	8	0
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	1	4.42	2	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	0	2.42	2	0
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	0	10.19	4	1
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	0	4.5	5	1
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	0	4.5	5	1
Costello Syndrome Rare congenital disorder with multiple anomalies including: characteristic dysmorphic craniofacial features, musculoskeletal abnormalities, neurocognitive delay, and high prevalence of cancer. Germline mutations in H-Ras protein can cause Costello syndrome. Costello syndrome shows early phenotypic overlap with other disorders that involve MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM (e.g., NOONAN SYNDROME and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome).	0	2.08	1	0
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.61	3	0
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)	0	3.61	3	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	0	2.01	1	0
Fibroadenoma An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.8	2	1
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	0	2.01	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	17.67	259	20
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	5.39	24	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	0	2	1	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	0	4.12	6	0
Signs and Symptoms Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient.	0	1.95	1	0
Maxillary Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.	0	2.01	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	0	2.01	1	0
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	0	4.64	3	2
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	0	3.8	2	1
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	0	3.8	2	1
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Frostbite Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.	0	8.05	5	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	0	5.17	19	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	0	5.17	19	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	0	4.37	2	2
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	0	2.39	2	0
Poland Anomaly [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	0	5.55	9	2
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	0	5.55	9	2
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	0	2.01	1	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	0	2.65	3	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	0	4.59	6	1
Complex IV Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Leigh Disease A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).	0	2.01	1	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	0	5.64	13	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	0	5.64	13	0
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	0	2.65	3	0
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.69	3	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	0	3.09	5	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	0	6.21	24	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	0	6.47	6	3
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	0	6.47	6	3
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	0	5.66	4	1
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	0	5.66	4	1
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	0	4.62	6	1
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	0	4.62	6	1
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	2.41	2	0
Pleuropneumonia Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.	0	2.42	2	0
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	0	2.42	2	0
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	0	2.01	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.08	11	1
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	11.08	11	1
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.02	5	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	0	10.72	15	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	0	5.72	15	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	0	6.12	6	2
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	0	6.12	6	2
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	0	4.73	7	1
Bertielliasis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.	0	3.4	1	1
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	0	4.58	6	1
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	0	4.58	6	1
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	0	3.32	2	0
Alveolalgia [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	0	3.95	14	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	0	3.95	14	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	0	7.32	6	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	0	2.34	2	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	0	7.32	6	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	5.51	27	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	0	4.46	9	0
Congenital Syphilis [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Syphilis, Congenital Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur.	0	2.34	2	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	0	2.62	3	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.62	3	0
Fibromatosis [description not available]	0	2.85	4	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	0	7.85	4	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	0	4.84	8	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	0	7.52	23	1
Adrenal Cortex Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	0	2.85	4	0
Neuroses [description not available]	0	2.85	4	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	0	2.85	4	0
Sebaceous Gland Diseases Diseases of the sebaceous glands such as sebaceous hyperplasia and sebaceous cell carcinoma (SEBACEOUS GLAND NEOPLASMS).	0	1.93	1	0
Mumps An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)	0	2.62	3	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	0	3.78	4	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.63	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.	0	2.63	3	0
Biotinidase Deficiency The late onset form of MULTIPLE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY (deficiency of the activities of biotin-dependent enzymes propionyl-CoA carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE) due to a defect or deficiency in biotinidase which is essential for recycling BIOTIN.	0	2.34	2	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	0	2.62	3	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	0	2.63	3	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	0	3.97	5	0
Deficiency, Factor II [description not available]	0	3.95	5	0
Erythremia [description not available]	0	3.19	6	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	1	5.19	6	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	9.15	17	0
Stress Disorders, Traumatic Anxiety disorders manifested by the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is outside the normal range of usual human experience. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, increased arousal, and numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. Traumatic stress disorders can be further classified by the time of onset and the duration of these symptoms.	0	2.33	2	0
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	0	2.64	3	0
Antisocial Behavior Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others	0	2.34	2	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	0	3.33	7	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	0	7.47	17	2
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	3.33	7	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	0	7.47	17	2
Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.	0	3.32	7	0
Steatorrhea A condition that is characterized by chronic fatty DIARRHEA, a result of abnormal DIGESTION and/or INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of FATS.	0	2.34	2	0
Alastrim [description not available]	0	2.33	2	0
Smallpox An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)	0	7.33	2	0
Verruca [description not available]	0	4.03	3	1
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	0	4.03	3	1
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	6.46	17	1
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	6.46	17	1
Bilharziasis [description not available]	0	3.96	5	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	0	8.96	5	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	0	1.93	1	0
Ocular Tuberculosis [description not available]	0	3.77	4	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	0	3.27	2	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	0	4.14	17	0
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Abscess, Peritonsillar [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	0	8.37	30	3
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	0	2.84	4	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	0	2.84	4	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	0	7.13	15	1
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	0	7.13	15	1
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	3.05	5	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Jaundice, Spirochetal [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	0	7.34	2	0
Drowning Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.	0	7.34	2	0
Shock, Surgical A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.	0	2.85	4	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	0	5.6	10	2
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	0	10.6	10	2
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	0	1.93	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Narcosis A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.	0	2.84	4	0
Erythema Nodosum An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.	0	3.95	5	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	0	3.21	6	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	0	8.43	8	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Decapitation Traumatic or experimentally induced separation of the head from the body in an animal or human.	0	2.34	2	0
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection [description not available]	0	3.19	6	0
Diphtheria A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.	0	8.19	6	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	0	1.93	1	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Labyrinthitis Inflammation of the inner ear (LABYRINTH).	0	1.93	1	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	0	1.93	1	0
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	0	5.03	10	1
ENT Diseases [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	0	4.44	5	1
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	2.63	3	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	0	2.63	3	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	7.84	17	3
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	0	7.84	17	3
Jactatio Capitis Nocturna [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	0	2.85	4	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	0	2.85	4	0
Diaper Rashes [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Diaper Rash A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	0	1.93	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	0	3.19	6	0
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	0	3.19	6	0
Generalized Resistance To 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets A hereditary disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; renal defects in phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D metabolism; and growth retardation. Autosomal and X-linked dominant and recessive variants have been reported.	0	2.34	2	0
Diabetes, Phosphate [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Hypophosphatemia, Familial An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.	0	2.35	2	0
Porphyria [description not available]	0	5.35	14	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	0	5.35	14	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Osteosclerosis An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.	0	1.93	1	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	0	3.55	9	0
Ankylosis Fixation and immobility of a joint.	0	2.34	2	0
Spondylitis Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.	0	8.03	5	0
Bone Tuberculosis [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Acquired Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Rickets, Hypophosphatemic A disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; resulting from lack of phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys and possible defects in vitamin D metabolism.	0	1.93	1	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	0	5.85	9	1
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	0	5.85	9	1
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	0	6.93	1	0
Diphyllobothriasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium.	0	2.34	2	0
Bilirubin Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Kernicterus A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)	0	1.93	1	0
Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.	0	3.96	14	0
Parathyroid Disorders [description not available]	0	3.77	4	0
Parathyroid Diseases Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.	0	3.77	4	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	0	2.65	3	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	0	2.86	4	0
Injuries, Neck [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	0	6.93	1	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	2.35	2	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	8.55	17	4
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	8.55	17	4
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	0	7.85	4	0
Cerebromalacia [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	0	7.35	2	0
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.95	5	0
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.	0	1.93	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	0	4.47	9	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	0	3.33	7	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	0	3.33	7	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	0	3.32	7	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	0	3.32	7	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Aperture Syndrome, Thoracic Outlet [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS; SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY; and SUBCLAVIAN VEIN at the superior thoracic outlet. This may result from a variety of anomalies such as a CERVICAL RIB, anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of brachial plexus innervated muscles, PARESTHESIA, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ISCHEMIA, and EDEMA. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5).	0	1.93	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	0	4.57	10	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	0	9.57	10	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	0	5.51	6	1
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.63	3	0
Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.	0	2.63	3	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	11.15	18	2
Dupre Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Tuberculoma A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.	0	1.93	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	0	2.64	3	0
Oxaluria, Primary [description not available]	0	4.25	4	0
Hyperoxaluria, Primary A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.	0	4.25	4	0
Iritis Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.	0	7.86	4	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	0	3.03	5	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	0	2.36	2	0
Pancreatic Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.	0	1.93	1	0
Spasmophilia [description not available]	0	5.5	6	1
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	0	1.93	1	0
Caffey Disease [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Bone Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	0	4.24	4	1
Varices [description not available]	0	4.94	9	1
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	0	2.34	2	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	0	4.24	4	1
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	0	4.94	9	1
Abortion, Threatened UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.	0	2.86	4	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	0	3.19	6	0
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	0	1.93	1	0
Salivary Gland Calculi Calculi occurring in a salivary gland. Most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands.	0	1.93	1	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	0	3.04	5	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	0	3.04	5	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Bronchial Fistula An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.	0	1.93	1	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	0	1.93	1	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	0	1.93	1	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	0	2.34	2	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	0	1.93	1	0
Aortitis, Syphilitic [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Latent Stage Syphilis [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Lordosis The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).	0	2.64	3	0
Pseudarthrosis A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.35	2	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	5.35	14	1
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	0	5.35	14	1
Habit Chorea [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	0	2.85	4	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	0	5.5	6	3
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.	0	1.93	1	0
Athetoid Movements [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	0	2.85	4	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	2.64	3	0
Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.	0	1.93	1	0
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)	0	1.93	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	6.57	7	3
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Lichen Simplex Chronicus [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Neurodermatitis An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.	0	1.93	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	0	3.56	3	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	0	4.96	9	1
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	0	3.55	9	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	0	3.55	9	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.25	7	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	0	2.65	3	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	0	5.12	11	1
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	0	5.12	11	1
Anemia, Leukoerythroblastic [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	0	5.96	10	1
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	0	5.96	10	1
Hay Fever [description not available]	0	6.42	6	3
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	0	6.42	6	3
Endocardial Fibroelastosis A condition characterized by the thickening of ENDOCARDIUM due to proliferation of fibrous and elastic tissue, usually in the left ventricle leading to impaired cardiac function (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE). It is most commonly seen in young children and rarely in adults. It is often associated with congenital heart anomalies (HEART DEFECTS CONGENITAL;) INFECTION; or gene mutation. Defects in the tafazzin protein, encoded by TAZ gene, result in a form of autosomal dominant familial endocardial fibroelastosis.	0	1.93	1	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	0	3.98	5	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	0	3.98	5	0
Xanthoma [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Balanitis Inflammation of the head of the PENIS, glans penis.	0	1.94	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Leukokeratosis Leukoplakic lesions related to abnormal keratin fiber formation.	0	2.87	4	0
Vulvitis Inflammation of the VULVA. It is characterized by PRURITUS and painful urination.	0	1.94	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Leukoplakia A white patch lesion found on a MUCOUS MEMBRANE that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of HEREDITARY DISEASES.	0	2.87	4	0
Fructose Metabolism, Inborn Errors Inherited abnormalities of fructose metabolism, which include three known autosomal recessive types: hepatic fructokinase deficiency (essential fructosuria), hereditary fructose intolerance, and hereditary fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency. Essential fructosuria is a benign asymptomatic metabolic disorder caused by deficiency in fructokinase, leading to decreased conversion of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate and alimentary hyperfructosemia, but with no clinical dysfunction; may produce a false-positive diabetes test.	0	1.94	1	0
Enterocele An intestinal HERNIA.	0	3.27	2	0
Hernia Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.	0	3.27	2	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	0	6.52	10	2
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	1	8.52	10	2
Bone Cysts Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.	0	2.34	2	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	0	1.94	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	0	10.97	10	1
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Cancer of Endocrine Gland [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	3.46	8	0
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.	0	1.94	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	3.46	8	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	0	4.02	3	1
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	0	3.73	2	1
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	0	1.93	1	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	0	1.93	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	0	4.66	2	1
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	0	2.85	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	0	4.66	2	1
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	0	3.8	4	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	0	3.27	2	0
Cancer of the Urethra [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Cancer of the Vagina [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Urethral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.	0	2.36	2	0
Vaginal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.	0	1.94	1	0
Male Genital Tuberculosis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	1.93	1	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	0	1.94	1	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	0	2.86	4	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	0	8.56	3	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	3.77	4	0
Cancrum Oris [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Borrelia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BORRELIA.	0	1.94	1	0
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.85	4	0
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	0	2.85	4	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	0	3.44	8	0
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	0	3.44	8	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	0	5.18	4	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	0	5.18	4	0
Tooth Mobility Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)	0	5.86	9	1
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Giant Cell Arteritis A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	0	3.04	5	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	0	4.83	4	2
Eunuchism The state of being a eunuch, a male without TESTES or whose testes failed to develop. It is characterized by the lack of mature male GERM CELLS and TESTICULAR HORMONES.	0	1.94	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	3.76	11	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	1	5.76	11	0
Favism Hemolytic anemia due to the ingestion of fava beans or after inhalation of pollen from the Vicia fava plant by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.	0	3.34	7	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	0	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	4.26	7	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	0	2.37	2	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	4.26	7	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	0	3.22	6	0
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	0	2.33	2	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	4.58	6	1
Ornithosis [description not available]	0	2.33	2	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	0	4.58	6	1
Psittacosis Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.	0	2.33	2	0
Cholangioma [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Adenoma, Bile Duct A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.	0	2.36	2	0
Scotoma A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.	0	1.94	1	0
Calciphylaxes [description not available]	0	2.85	1	0
Purpura Fulminans A severe, rapidly fatal reaction occurring most commonly in children following an infectious illness. It is characterized by large, rapidly spreading skin hemorrhages, fever, or shock. Purpura fulminans often accompanies or is triggered by DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	2.34	2	0
Hyphema Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.	0	2.87	4	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	0	1.94	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	0	1.94	1	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	0	2.86	4	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	0	7.86	4	0
AL Amyloidosis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.	0	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	0	4.44	5	1
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	0	4.44	5	1
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	0	6.11	7	5
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	0	7.32	14	2
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	0	2.87	4	0
Microglossia [description not available]	0	5.14	6	2
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	0	2.35	2	0
Acatalasemia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Gingival Hyperplasia Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)	0	3.2	6	0
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	0	1.94	1	0
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	0	4.19	18	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	0	3.75	2	1
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	0	3.75	2	1
Tricuspid Incompetence [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	0	1.94	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	0	1.94	1	0
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	0	1.93	1	0
Trichostrongylosis Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.	0	2.35	2	0
Hemorrhage, Oral [description not available]	0	6.76	13	2
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	0	2.01	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	0	6.67	9	1
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	0	6.67	9	1
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	0	7.47	11	1
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	0	3.4	1	1
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Germinoma A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)	0	2.02	1	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	0	3.59	3	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	0	3.59	3	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	0	4.78	7	1
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	0	2.02	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Schwartzman Phenomenon [description not available]	0	2.33	2	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	0	6.92	1	0
Parotiditis [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Lupus Vulgaris A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.	0	2.62	3	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	0	3.25	2	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	0	2.35	2	0
Brill Disease [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne The classic form of typhus, caused by RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII, which is transmitted from man to man by the louse Pediculus humanus corporis. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of intense headache, malaise, and generalized myalgia followed by the formation of a macular skin eruption and vascular and neurologic disturbances.	0	1.92	1	0
Fibrous Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Pyelitis Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.	0	2.35	2	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	0	4.84	8	1
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	0	1.92	1	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.46	8	0
Gas Poisoning Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.	0	6.92	1	0
Bodily Distress Disorder [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	0	7.86	4	0
Dental Fluoroses [description not available]	0	4.27	4	1
Fluorosis, Dental A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)	0	4.27	4	1
Vasomotor Rhinitis [description not available]	0	6.92	1	0
Rhinitis, Vasomotor A form of non-allergic rhinitis that is characterized by nasal congestion and posterior pharyngeal drainage.	0	1.92	1	0
Chorea Gravidarum A rare movement disorder developed during PREGNANCY, characterized by involuntary jerky motion (CHOREA) and inability to maintain stable position of body parts (ATHETOSIS). RHEUMATIC FEVER and collagen vascular disorders are frequently associated with this disease. Chorea may vary from mild to severe and occurs in approximately 1 per 2,000 to 3,000 pregnancies. (From Md Med J 1997 Sep;46(8):436-9)	0	6.93	1	0
Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.	0	10.17	8	0
Ataxia of Gait [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Convergent Strabismus [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Beriberi, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Esotropia A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a cross-eye appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.	0	2.02	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	0	2.37	2	0
Shaken Baby Syndrome Brain injuries resulted from vigorous shaking of an infant or young child held by the chest, shoulders, or extremities causing extreme cranial acceleration. It is characterized by the intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages with no evident external trauma. Serious cases may result in death.	0	2.02	1	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	0	2.02	1	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	0	2.02	1	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	0	3.33	2	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	3.57	3	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	0	2.02	1	0
Compartment Syndromes Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.	0	2.39	2	0
Cumulative Trauma Disorders Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.	0	2.02	1	0
Botulism, Infantile [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Botulism A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)	0	2.02	1	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	0	2.02	1	0
Bites [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous [description not available]	0	2.85	4	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.	0	2.85	4	0
Ludwig's Angina Severe cellulitis of the submaxillary space with secondary involvement of the perimandibular spaces. It usually results from infection in the lower molar area or from an infection following a penetrating injury to the MOUTH FLOOR.	0	6.92	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	0	4.43	5	1
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	0	4.43	5	1
Peritonitis, Tuberculous A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.	0	1.92	1	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	0	2.42	2	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	0	5.54	6	1
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	0	3.79	2	1
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	0	2.02	1	0
Tuberculosis, Urogenital A general term for MYCOBACTERIUM infections of any part of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	0	3.77	2	1
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	0	2.67	3	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.67	3	0
Bleb [description not available]	0	4.72	2	1
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	0	5.04	10	1
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	0	2.02	1	0
Segond Fracture [description not available]	0	4.45	5	1
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	0	4.45	5	1
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	0	3.1	5	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	0	2.38	2	0
Bulbar Palsy [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Ataxias, Hereditary [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.03	3	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	0	4.03	3	1
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	0	2.02	1	0
Attrition, Dental [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Abrasion, Dental [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Amnionitis [description not available]	0	4.72	2	1
Chorioamnionitis INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.	0	4.72	2	1
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	0	2.43	2	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	0	3.98	5	0
Root Resorption Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.02	1	0
Ankylosis of Teeth [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	0	2.88	4	0
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	2.02	1	0
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.	0	2.93	4	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	0	2.02	1	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	6.84	4	0
Halitosis An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.	0	4.27	4	1
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Fetal Macrosomia A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.	0	2.44	2	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	0	3.26	6	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	0	4.06	3	1
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	0	4.06	3	1
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	0	4.86	4	2
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	0	4.86	4	2
Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.	0	2.03	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.79	2	1
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	0	2.94	1	0
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	0	2.94	1	0
Hyperchylomicronemia Late Onset [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Abnormalities, Respiratory System [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	0	2.68	3	0
Fasciculation Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)	0	2.03	1	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	0	5.56	3	2
Xeroderma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.	0	2.03	1	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)	0	2.95	1	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	0	2.65	3	0
Absence Status [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	2.03	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	2.73	3	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	0	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Urethral Obstruction Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.	0	2.03	1	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	0	5.54	6	1
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	0	2.88	4	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	0	2.03	1	0
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Liposarcoma A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.38	2	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	0	3.21	6	0
4 Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Deficiency Disease [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Tyrosinemias A group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. Type I tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. Type II tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE. Type III tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3)	0	2.04	1	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	0	1.92	1	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	0	1.92	1	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	0	1.93	1	0
Keratoacanthoma A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.	0	2.04	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.71	3	0
Alobar Holoprosencephaly [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Dicrocoeliasis Infection with flukes of the genus Dicrocoelium.	0	2.04	1	0
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	0	4.05	3	1
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	0	3.57	3	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Binge Eating [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	0	2.04	1	0
Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.	0	2.04	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	4.22	18	0
Serum Sickness Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.	0	1.94	1	0
Postgastrectomy Syndromes Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.	0	3.19	6	0
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	0	1.94	1	0
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	0	3.04	5	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.37	2	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	0	4.25	4	1
Hakim Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)	0	1.96	1	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	0	3.21	6	0
Cold Sore [description not available]	0	5.74	4	2
Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic [description not available]	0	4.05	3	0
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	10.74	4	2
Stomatitis, Herpetic Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.	0	4.05	3	0
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.74	2	0
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	0	3.2	6	0
Adenosis of Breast [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Fibrocystic Breast Disease A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.	0	2.88	1	0
Brittle Bone Disease [description not available]	0	6.27	14	1
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.	0	6.27	14	1
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	3.06	5	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	10	5	2
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	0	5.4	9	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	0	5.4	9	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	0	6.6	12	1
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	0	6.6	12	1
Deficiency, IgA [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas.	0	4.44	5	0
Dysgammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by selective deficiencies of one or more, but not all, classes of immunoglobulins.	0	2.88	1	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	0	2.88	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	3.3	2	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	0	3.35	1	1
Choked Disk [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	0	1.96	1	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Angel Dust Abuse [description not available]	0	3.75	2	1
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	0	2.35	2	0
Fractures, Closed Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.	0	1.96	1	0
Spherocytosis, Hereditary A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.	0	1.96	1	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	0	6.99	10	2
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	0	6.99	10	2
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	0	1.96	1	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	0	3.06	5	0
Epiphyses, Slipped A complete or partial separation of the EPIPHYSES from the DIAPHYSES.	0	2.64	3	0
Hospital-Addiction Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	6.12	7	1
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	6.12	7	1
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	0	9.34	21	3
Glandular Fever [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	0	2.35	2	0
Granulomatosis, Lymphomatoid [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	0	1.96	1	0
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.	0	2.65	3	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	0	1.96	1	0
Cot Death [description not available]	0	3.66	10	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	0	3.68	10	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	0	3.68	10	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	0	2.67	3	0
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)	0	2.66	3	0
Focal Infection An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.	0	1.96	1	0
Alactasia [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Lactose Intolerance The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.	0	2.87	1	0
Dermal Sinus [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	0	3.56	3	0
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	0	4.97	3	1
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	0	4.97	3	1
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	0	3.48	8	0
Glanders A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin.	0	1.96	1	0
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	0	3.57	3	0
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	0	1.96	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	5.41	8	2
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	0	2.64	3	0
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	0	2.36	2	0
Menopause, Premature The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.	0	2.37	2	0
Sulfhemoglobinemia A morbid condition due to the presence of sulfmethemoglobin in the blood. It is marked by persistent cyanosis, but the blood count does not reveal any special abnormality in the blood. It is thought to be caused by the action of hydrogen sulfide absorbed from the intestine. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.36	2	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	0	9.25	4	1
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	0	4.25	4	1
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	0	3.58	3	0
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	0	3.23	6	0
Acquired Meningomyelocele [description not available]	0	4.03	3	1
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Anemia Neonatorum [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Neonatal The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.	0	1.95	1	0
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	0	4.44	5	1
Epiphora [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	0	4.13	6	0
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	0	2.36	2	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	0	1.95	1	0
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	0	1.95	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	0	3.06	5	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	0	1.98	1	0
Facial Palsy [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Peroxisomal Disorders A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.	0	1.98	1	0
Luft Disease [description not available]	0	4.7	2	1
Fukuhara Disease [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Myopathy [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.	0	4.7	2	1
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	0	2.67	3	0
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	0	3.37	1	1
Cerebellar Dyssynergia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Epididymitis Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	0	2.36	2	0
Infections, Ureaplasma [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	0	1.98	1	0
Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome A complex systemic syndrome with inflammatory and autoimmune components that affect the skin, fascia, muscle, nerve, blood vessels, lung, and heart. Diagnostic features generally include EOSINOPHILIA, myalgia severe enough to limit usual activities of daily living, and the absence of coexisting infectious, autoimmune or other conditions that may induce eosinophilia. Biopsy of affected tissue reveals a microangiopathy associated with diffuse inflammation involving connective tissue. (From Spitzer et al., J Rheumatol Suppl 1996 Oct;46:73-9; Blackburn WD, Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997 Jun;26(6):788-93)	0	1.98	1	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	0	1.98	1	0
Dentin Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated [description not available]	0	4.84	4	2
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)	0	4.84	4	2
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)	0	1.98	1	0
Erosive Duodenitis [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.	0	2.39	2	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	0	3.37	1	1
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	0	4.91	6	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	0	4.91	6	0
Boils [description not available]	0	4.06	3	1
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	0	2.9	1	0
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	0	2.9	1	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	0	1.98	1	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	0	1.98	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	0	2.64	3	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	0	2.38	2	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	0	1.98	1	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	0	2.36	2	0
Mesothelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Chondrocalcinosis Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.	0	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	0	2.39	2	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	2.68	3	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	0	1.99	1	0
Hepatoerythropoietic Porphyria [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Hair Diseases Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.	0	1.99	1	0
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	0	2.37	2	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	0	1.99	1	0
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	0	3.38	1	1
Cerebro-Oculo-Renal Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	4.06	3	1
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	4.06	3	1
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	1.99	1	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	0	2.91	1	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	0	1.99	1	0
Hyperthyroxinemia Abnormally elevated THYROXINE level in the BLOOD.	0	1.99	1	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	0	2.4	2	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Ozena [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Rhinitis, Atrophic A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).	0	1.99	1	0
Adenolymphoma A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.	0	2.39	2	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	0	2.66	3	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	2.68	3	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	0	4.35	2	2
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	0	4.35	2	2
Hereditary Optic Atrophy [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	1	3.99	1	0
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	0	3.28	2	0
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	0	3.28	2	0
Dysthymia [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Dysthymic Disorder Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)	0	3.38	1	1
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	0	2.89	4	0
Hemorrhage, Retrobulbar [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Ventral Hernia [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hernia, Ventral A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.	0	2	1	0
Coronary Vessel Anomalies Malformations of CORONARY VESSELS, either arteries or veins. Included are anomalous origins of coronary arteries; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; CORONARY ANEURYSM; MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING; and others.	0	2	1	0
Jaw, Edentulous The total absence of teeth from either the mandible or the maxilla, but not both. Total absence of teeth from both is MOUTH, EDENTULOUS. Partial absence of teeth in either is JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY.	0	2.39	2	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.6	3	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	0	2.65	3	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	0	8.39	1	1
Birnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.	0	2.41	2	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	0	2.92	1	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Bone Marrow Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.	0	3.39	1	1
Deficiency, Vitamin K [description not available]	0	4.59	6	0
Vitamin K Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)	0	4.59	6	0
Parakeratosis Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. This is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	0	2.41	2	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	0	3.08	5	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	0	5.18	4	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	0	2.39	2	0
Amyloid Neuropathies Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)	0	2	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	0	2.92	1	0
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	3.39	1	1
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	0	2	1	0
Inclusion Body Myopathy, Sporadic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Myositis, Inclusion Body Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)	0	2	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Rida [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Environmental Hypersensitivities [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Axon Reaction [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Pus [description not available]	0	3.45	8	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	0	2.37	2	0
Amyloidosis VI [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Prolymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic A chronic leukemia characterized by a large number of circulating prolymphocytes. It can arise spontaneously or as a consequence of transformation of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.	0	2.01	1	0
Drusen, Optic Disc [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Fibromuscular Dysplasia An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.	0	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.	0	2.39	2	0
48,XXYY Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Klinefelter Syndrome A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).	0	2.36	2	0
Xerophthalmia Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.	0	1.95	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	2.35	2	0
Endarteritis Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.	0	1.95	1	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	1.95	1	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	0	2.35	2	0
Dental Deposit [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Amino Acid Transport Disorder, Neutral [description not available]	0	3.75	2	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Meningitis, Viral Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)	0	1.95	1	0
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	0	1.95	1	0
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	0	3.79	4	0
Congenital Dysplasia Of The Hip [description not available]	0	3.28	2	0
Canine Hip Dysplasia [description not available]	0	4.04	3	0
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	0	2.35	2	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	0	2.35	2	0
Carcinoma, Krebs 2 A transplantable neoplasm of mice.	0	1.95	1	0
Sarcoma 37 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	2.36	2	0
Arboviral Encephalitis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.	0	3.27	2	0
Buphthalmos [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Hemoperitoneum Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.	0	6.95	1	0
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	0	3.96	5	0
ARSA Deficiency [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.	0	1.95	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	0	1.95	1	0
Aphakia Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.	0	1.95	1	0
Paranoia [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	0	2.64	3	0
Hyperplasia of Thymus Gland [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Flatus [description not available]	0	3.78	1	0
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	0	3.78	1	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	0	3.55	3	0
Cleft Spine [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Blastomycosis, North American [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Blastomycosis A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.	0	1.95	1	0
Brown Lung [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Hyperkyphosis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Splenic [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	0	4.26	4	1
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	4.26	4	1
Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.	0	2.64	3	0
Childhood Torsion Disease [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Familial Felty Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Angle's Classification [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Malocclusion Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)	0	2.35	2	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	0	3.55	3	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	0	3.55	3	0
Tooth Drift [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	0	1.95	1	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	4.25	4	1
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	0	4.25	4	1
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	0	2.64	3	0
Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	1.95	1	0
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.	0	1.95	1	0
Endometrial Hyperplasia Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.	0	1.95	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	0	2.35	2	0
Placenta Praevia [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Uterine Rupture A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.	0	1.95	1	0
Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.	0	2.36	2	0
Fetal Distress A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.	0	6.98	1	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	0	3.36	1	1
Duncan Disease [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	0	2.38	2	0
Crush Syndrome Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.	0	2.36	2	0
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	0	1.98	1	0
Adenofibroma A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.38	2	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	0	1.98	1	0
Avian Sarcoma [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Chromosomal Fragility [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.	0	1.97	1	0
Burns, Inhalation Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.	0	2.89	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	0	4.04	3	1
Preleukemia Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.	0	2.89	1	0
Congenital Hypocupremia [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome An inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an X-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of HYPOTHERMIA, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, SEIZURES, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. Defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including PROTEIN-LYSINE 6-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. Pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p125)	0	3.58	3	0
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.	0	1.97	1	0
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.	0	1.97	1	0
Diffuse Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Synovitis, Pigmented Villonodular Diffuse outgrowth arising from the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE; SYNOVIAL BURSA; or TENDON sheath around the joint cavity, with extension to surrounding soft tissue. It is characterized by pigmented HEMOSIDERIN-containing MACROPHAGES; FOAM CELLS; and multinucleated GIANT CELLS. It usually occurs in the hands and feet, and around large joints, such as in the ankle and knee joints.	0	1.97	1	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	0	3.2	6	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	0	3.2	6	0
Humeral Fractures Fractures of the HUMERUS.	0	2.64	3	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	0	2.36	2	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	0	1.96	1	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	0	2.36	2	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Bovine Virus Diarrhea Mucosal Disease [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	0	1.96	1	0
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	0	1.96	1	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	0	1.96	1	0
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	0	1.96	1	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	0	1.97	1	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	0	2.64	3	0
Conjunctival Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	1.97	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	0	1.96	1	0
Stomatitis, Denture Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.	0	1.96	1	0
Abscess, Periodontal [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	0	7.36	2	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	0	1.96	1	0
CKD-MBD [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	0	1.96	1	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	0	6.96	1	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	0	1.96	1	0
Asthmatic Crisis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Status Asthmaticus A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.	0	1.96	1	0
Coenuri Infection [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cysticercosis Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.	0	1.96	1	0
Aphakia, Postcataract Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.	0	1.96	1	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.96	5	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	0	1.95	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	3.32	1	1
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	3.32	1	1
Adult Refsum Disease [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Anterior Urethral Stricture [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Urethral Stricture Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.	0	2.86	1	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	0	3.27	2	0
Exostoses Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.	0	2.86	1	0
Tricuspid Valve Stenosis The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the TRICUSPID VALVE. This hinders the emptying of RIGHT ATRIUM leading to elevated right atrial pressure and systemic venous congestion. Tricuspid valve stenosis is almost always due to RHEUMATIC FEVER.	0	1.95	1	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	0	1.94	1	0
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	3.04	5	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	0	3.04	5	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Prurigo A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.34	2	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	0	2.86	4	0
Injuries, Maxillofacial [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Endemic Goiter [description not available]	0	7.35	2	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Oral Manifestations Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury.	0	4.24	4	1
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	0	1.94	1	0
Synovioma [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Sarcoma, Synovial A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)	0	1.94	1	0
Diverticula [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Exomphalos [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hernia, Umbilical A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.	0	1.94	1	0
Tuberculosis, Miliary An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.	0	1.94	1	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.	0	1.94	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	0	1.94	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis [description not available]	0	2.85	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidoses Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.	0	2.85	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	0	1.95	1	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	0	1.95	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Vocal Cord Paralysis Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.	0	1.94	1	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	0	1.94	1	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	0	1.94	1	0
Charcot's Joint [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hypochondriacal Neuroses [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	0	1.94	1	0
Arthropathy, Neurogenic Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly TABES DORSALIS, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Glycogenosis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.	0	1.94	1	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	0	1.95	1	0
Tick Toxicoses Toxicoses caused by toxic substances secreted by the salivary glands of ticks; include tick paralysis (neurotropic toxin), sweating sickness (dermotropic toxin), and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus toxicosis (leukotropic toxin).	0	1.95	1	0
Cardiac Murmurs [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Incompetence, Pulmonary Valve [description not available]	0	2.86	4	0
Tuberculosis, Female Genital MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	1.95	1	0
Pulmonary Stenoses [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	0	1.94	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	0	2.86	1	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	0	2.86	1	0
Pappataci Fever [description not available]	0	3.33	1	1
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	0	1.94	1	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	0	2.35	2	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	0	1.94	1	0
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Achondroplasia An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)	0	1.94	1	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	1.94	1	0
Childhood Schizophrenia [description not available]	0	4.65	2	1
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	0	2.35	2	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	0	2.35	2	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	0	7.86	4	0
Digitate Dermatosis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Parapsoriasis The term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment. Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other recognized dermatoses. Proposed nomenclature divides parapsoriasis into two distinct subgroups, PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES and parapsoriasis en plaques (small- and large-plaque parapsoriasis).	0	1.95	1	0
Pityriasis A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Silicotuberculosis Pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or nontuberculous mycobacteria in a patient with silicosis.	0	1.95	1	0
Scleroma, Nasal [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Rhinoscleroma A granulomatous disease caused by KLEBSIELLA RHINOSCLEROMATIS infection. Despite its name, this disease is not limited to the nose and NASOPHARYNX but may affect any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, sometimes with extension to the lip and the skin.	0	1.95	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	0	1.95	1	0
Infections, Rickettsia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	0	1.95	1	0
Orchitis Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	0	1.95	1	0
Crisis, Thyrotoxic [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Pyloric Stenosis Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.	0	1.95	1	0
Esophageal Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.	0	1.95	1	0
Aminoaciduria, Renal [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	2.35	2	0
Pleural Diseases Diseases involving the PLEURA.	0	1.94	1	0
Abetalipoproteinemia An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.	0	2.86	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	0	3.33	7	0
Johne Disease [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cardiac Aneurysm [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Ureterocele A cystic dilatation of the end of a URETER as it enters into the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by the ballooning of the ureteral orifice into the lumen of the bladder and may obstruct urine flow.	0	2.86	1	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	0	2.86	1	0
Anemia, Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	0	1.94	1	0
Hemisensory Neglect [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Perceptual Disorders Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.	0	1.94	1	0
Cancer of the Ureter [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Ureteral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.	0	1.94	1	0
Kerion Celsi An inflammatory manifestation of tinea capitis with a pronounced swelling that develops into suppurative central and indurated peripheral area called kerion.	0	1.94	1	0
Tinea Capitis Ringworm of the scalp and associated hair mainly caused by species of MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON, which may occasionally involve the eyebrows and eyelashes.	0	1.94	1	0
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	0	2.35	2	0
Decalcification, Pathologic The loss of calcium salts from bones and teeth. Bacteria may be responsible for this occurrence in teeth. Old age may be a factor contributing to calcium loss, as is the presence of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.	0	1.94	1	0
Hydrarthrosis Accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Afibrinogenemia A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.	0	1.94	1	0
Measles, German [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Glycosuria, Renal An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene.	0	1.94	1	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	0	1.94	1	0
Ebstein Anomaly A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.	0	1.94	1	0
Forestier-Certonciny Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Polymyalgia Rheumatica A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.	0	1.94	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	2.35	2	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	0	1.94	1	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	0	1.94	1	0
Tuberculosis, Avian A variety of TUBERCULOSIS affecting various birds, including chickens and ducks. It is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM and characterized by tubercles consisting principally of epithelioid cells.	0	2.35	2	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	0	2.34	2	0
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	0	2.35	2	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	0	2.34	2	0
Buschke's Scleredema [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Scleredema Adultorum A diffuse, non-pitting induration of the skin of unknown etiology that occurs most commonly in association with diabetes mellitus, predominantly in females. It typically begins on the face or head and spreads to other areas of the body, sometimes involving noncutaneous tissues. Often it is preceded by any of various infections, notably staphylococcal infections. The condition resolves spontaneously, usually within two years of onset. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Angiomatosis A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.	0	1.94	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	1.94	1	0
Uterine Atony [description not available]	0	2.63	3	0
Uterine Inertia Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.	0	2.63	3	0
Adenoma, Chromophobe A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.	0	1.94	1	0
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.	0	6.94	1	0
Splenic Rupture Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.	0	1.94	1	0
Argyria A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Absence of Brain, Congenital [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce A transplantable EPITHELIAL CELL neoplasm of rabbits.	0	1.94	1	0
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	0	1.94	1	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	0	1.94	1	0
Bang Disease [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Fetomaternal Transfusion Transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.94	1	0
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	0	1.94	1	0
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	0	1.94	1	0
Edema, Laryngeal [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Laryngeal Edema Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.	0	1.94	1	0
Calcium Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	0	1.94	1	0
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica A fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.	0	1.94	1	0
Emaciation Clinical manifestation of excessive LEANNESS usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition (MALNUTRITION).	0	1.94	1	0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Dietary Supplement/Vitamins	1
Placebo for Vitamin C and Vitamin E	1

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	<37 weeks' gestation	<32 weeks' gestation
Placebo	526	173
Vitamins	513	149

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Total Preeclampsia	Mild Preeclampsia	Severe Preeclampsia	HELLP Syndrome	Eclampsia
Placebo	332	191	129	8	4
Vitamins	358	212	134	2	10

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	All Fetal or Neonatal Deaths	Fetal loss at < 20 weeks	Fetal death at ≥20 weeks	Neonatal death
Placebo	122	59	36	27
Vitamins	113	55	38	20

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Anorexia	Alanine aminotransferase increased	Conjunctivitis infective	Differentiation syndrome	Electrocardiogram QT corrected interval prolonged	Neuropathy: sensory	Sepsis
Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) Plus Ascorbic Acid	1	1	2	1	1	1	4

Intervention	participants (Number)
	CR	CRi	Treatment Failure	Not Evaluable
Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) Plus Ascorbic Acid	1	5	4	1

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	BH2	B	Calculated BH4 (from Total Biopterin)
(Sapropterin Dihydrochloride+Vitamin C)/(Sapropterin Dihydrochloride)	0.998	1.04	1.03

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Baseline < 30 mg/g	Baseline >=30 mg/g	Day 14 < 30 mg/g	Day 14 >=30 mg/g	Day 28 < 30 mg/g	Day 28 >=30 mg/g
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride 10mg/kg	13	1	10	2	12	1
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride 10mg/kg and Vitamin C	16	2	13	1	10	2

Intervention	mg/g (Mean)
	Baseline	Change from Baseline to Day 14	Change from Day 14 to Day 28
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride 10mg/kg	13.3	-1.2	-2.2
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride 10mg/kg and Vitamin C	12.3	2.7	4.9

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
	Baseline	Change from Baseline to Day 13	Change from Day 13 to Day 27
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride 10mg/kg and Vitamin C	131.29	-0.10	3.31
Sapropterin dihydrochloride10mg/kg	125.14	-3.24	-1.67

Intervention	Ratio (Mean)
	Baseline	Day 13	Change from Baseline to Day 13	Day 27	Change from Day 13 to Day 27
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride 10mg/kg	1.5113	1.8509	0.3467	1.9047	0.1293
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride 10mg/kg and Vitamin C	1.4859	1.7754	0.2902	1.6482	-0.1641

Intervention	nM*hr (Mean)
	BH2	B
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride	875	231
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride+Vitamin C	772	185

Intervention	nM*hr (Mean)
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride 10 mg/kg	633
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride+Vitamin C 10 mg/kg	993

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Subjects with any Adverse Event	Subjects with any Serious Adverse Event	Subjects with any treatment-related Adverse Event	Any treatment-related Serious Adverse Event	Death	Any AEs Leading to Study Discontinuation
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride	19	0	16	0	0	1
Sapropterin Dihydrochloride+Vitamin C	16	0	13	0	0	0

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Complete Response	Overall Response (Complete + Partial Response)
Arsenic Trioxide + Vitamin C + Melphalan	11	36

Intervention	percentage of change in length (Mean)
	Baseline	Vitamin C	Post Exercise Training
Circumferential Strain - Control	-24	-23	-22
Circumferential Strain - Type 2 Diabetes	-20	-21	-22

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Amiodarone - Yes	1
Amiodarone - No	1
Ascorbic Acid - Yes	2
Ascorbic Acid - No	0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Beta Blockers, Ascorbic Acid and Amiodarone	1
Beta Blockers and Ascorbic Acid	1
Beta Blockers and Amiodarone	1
Beta Blockers Alone	0

Intervention	gm/dL (Mean)
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Once-daily	2.6
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Twice-daily	2.8
Ferrous Ascorbate 100 mg 1 Once-daily	2.6

Intervention	gm/dL (Mean)
	Week 2	Week 4	Week 6	Week 8
Ferrous Ascorbate 100 mg 1 Once-daily	0.7	1.4	1.9	2.6
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Once-daily	0.6	1.2	1.8	2.6
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Twice-daily	0.6	1.3	1.9	2.8

ascorbic acid

Description

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (343)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (8)

Drug Classes (2)

Pathways (29)

Protein Targets (36)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (72)

Molecular Functions (40)

Ceullar Components (27)

Bioassays (1029)

Research

Studies (41,924)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (344)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

10-year Prostate Cancer Mortality

10-Year Restricted Mean Survival Time for Overall Survival

Number of Participants With Acute Adverse Events

Number of Participants With Late Adverse Events, Any Grade and Attribution

10-year Biochemical Recurrence (PSA Failure)

Creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dl (133 μmol/Liter)

Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With an Eclamptic Seizure

Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With a Fetus That Was Small for Gestational Age (Below the 3rd Percentile) Adjusted for Sex and Race or Ethnic Group

Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With a Fetal Death After 20 Weeks of Gestation or Neonatal Death

Severe Hypertension

Sepsis

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Birth Weight <2500 Grams

Birth Weight

Aspartate Aminotransferase ≥100 U/Liter

Apgar Score <=3 at 5 Minutes

Antepartum Bleeding

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Premature Rupture of Membranes

Pregnancy Associated Hypertension

Postpartum Pulmonary Edema

Neonatal Hospital Stay

Analysis of Primary Composite Outcome in Participants Randomized on or After the 13th Week of Pregnancy

Placental Abruption

Admission to NICU

Analysis of Primary Composite Outcome in Participants Randomized Before the 13th Week of Pregnancy

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Maternal Hospital Stay

Maternal Death

Intraventricular Hemorrhage, Grade III or IV

Hematocrit ≤24% With Transfusion

Gestational Age at Delivery

Composite of Pregnancy-associated Hypertension and Serious Adverse Outcomes in the Mother or Fetus or Neonate

Cesarean Delivery

Medically Indicated Delivery Because of Hypertension

Preterm Birth

Preeclampsia (Mild, Severe, HELLP Syndrome, Eclampsia)

Fetal or Neonatal Death

Small for Gestational Age

Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With Thrombocytopenia

Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With Elevated Liver Enzyme Levels

Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With an Indicated Preterm Birth Before 32 Weeks of Gestation Owing to Hypertension-related Disorders

Severe or Mild Pregnancy-associated Hypertension With an Elevated Serum Creatinine Level

Number of Participants With Severe (Grades 3-5) Adverse Events

Number of Participants With a Response (Complete Remissions (CR) and Complete Remission With Incomplete Blood Count Recovery (CRi)

Maximum Tolerated Dose of Samarium-153

Number of Patients Reaching Complete Response (CR)

Percentage Change in FMD in All Participants With and Without a CVD Event (Not by Treatment Group)

Change in FMD

Ratio of BH2, B and BH4 Calculated From Total Biopterin Area Under the Curve (0-12hours) for Subjects Administered Sapropterin Dihydrochloride With Vitamin C to Subjects Administered Sapropterin Alone.

Number of Participants With Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio <30 mg/g

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Once-daily	34.2
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Twice-daily	36.1
Ferrous Ascorbate 100 mg 1 Once-daily	33.3

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
	Onset Time of Disintegration	Completion Time of Disintegration
Standard Paracetamol Tablets	42.50	62.88

Intervention	percentage of hemoglobin (Number)
	Enrollment A1c	3 Month A1c
AmeriGel® Wound Care Dressing Alone	12.1	NA
Bacitracin With Vit C	5.2	6.1

Intervention	cm (Number)
	Week 0 Width of Wound	Week 0 Depth of Wound	Week 0 Length of Wound	Week 2 Width of Wound	Week 2 Depth of Wound	Week 2 Length of Wound	Week 4 Width of Wound	Week 4 Depth of Wound	Week 4 Length of Wound	Week 6 Width of Wound	Week 6 Depth of Wound	Week 6 Length of Wound	Week 8 Width of Wound	Week 8 Depth of Wound	Week 8 Length of Wound	Week 10 Width of Wound	Week 10 Depth of Wound	Week 10 Length of Wound	Week 12 Width of Wound	Week 12 Depth of Wound	Week 12 Length of Wound	Week 14 Width of Wound	Week 14 Depth of Wound	Week 14 Length of Wound	Week 16 Width of Wound	Week 16 Depth of Wound	Week 16 Length of Wound	Week 18 Width of Wound	Week 18 Depth of Wound	Week 18 Length of Wound	Week 20 Width of Wound	Week 20 Depth of Wound	Week 20 Length of Wound
AmeriGel® Wound Care Dressing Alone	0.3	0.2	2	0.5	0.2	0.5	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Bacitracin With Vit C	0.9	0.2	1.0	0.4	0.1	0.5	0.4	0.1	0.5	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0

Intervention	percentage of Iron absorbed (Mean)
Fortified Oat Drink With Vitamin C	7.14
Fortified Oat Drink Without Vitamin C	5.65

Intervention	failure events (Number)
Radiation + 24mo Luteinizing Hormone-releasing Hormone (LHRH)	0
Radiation + Chemo + 6mo Luteinizing Hormone-releasing Hormone	0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo Tablet+Prenatal Vitamin	63
Vitamin C +Prenatal Vitamin	51

Intervention	ml/s (Mean)
Placebo Tablet+Prenatal Vitamin	188.7
Vitamin C +Prenatal Vitamin	200.7

Intervention	mL/s (Mean)
Placebo Tablet+Prenatal Vitamin	324
Vitamin C +Prenatal Vitamin	351.6

Intervention	protocol deviations (Number)
Vitamin C and E Participants -	1
0.9% Saline and Sugar Pill Participants - Protocol Violations	0