Compounds > 4,7-phenanthroline

Page last updated: 2024-12-06

4,7-phenanthroline

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

4,7-Phenanthroline is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C12H8N2. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. 4,7-Phenanthroline is used as a chelating agent and is known to form stable complexes with metal ions. This compound is often used in coordination chemistry as a ligand for metal ions. It forms very stable complexes with many transition metals, especially the first-row transition metals, due to the strong coordination of the nitrogen atoms in the ring structure. These complexes are often brightly colored and have unique photophysical properties. The complexes are important in several areas of research, including analytical chemistry, catalysis, and materials science. The complexes of 4,7-phenanthroline with ruthenium are particularly well-studied. These complexes have applications in photochemistry and electrochemistry. They can be used as sensitizers in solar cells, catalysts in oxidation reactions, and light-emitting materials. 4,7-Phenanthroline and its metal complexes are also used in biological systems. For example, some ruthenium complexes of 4,7-phenanthroline have been shown to have anticancer activity. The synthesis of 4,7-phenanthroline involves a multi-step process starting with the reaction of 2-amino-4-methylpyridine with an aromatic aldehyde. The resulting Schiff base is then cyclized to form the phenanthroline ring. 4,7-phenanthroline is a versatile compound with many applications in different fields. Its importance stems from its ability to form strong and stable complexes with metal ions, which leads to its use in various fields, including analytical chemistry, catalysis, materials science, and even biology.'

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	67472
CHEMBL ID	81429
CHEBI ID	36419
SCHEMBL ID	217044
MeSH ID	M0151531

Synonyms (36)

Synonym
BIDD:GT0447
CHEBI:36419 ,
CHEMBL81429
4,7-phenanthroline
230-07-9
nsc-35680
mls000738107 ,
nsc35680
[4,7]phenanthroline
AC-907/25014296
4,7-phenanthroline, 98%
smr000393871
AKOS000267409
NCGC00246932-01
wqm4r8kex6 ,
nsc 35680
unii-wqm4r8kex6
HMS2749P03
F3099-7191
SCHEMBL217044
mfcd00004987
DTXSID30177552
J-514180
J-014937
FT-0718509
F17223
Q27116822
p-phenanthrolin
AS-56977
A878362
CS-0155686
1,8-diazaphenanthrene
p-phenanthroline
5,6,3',2'-pyridoquinoline
pseudophenanthroline
P2684

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

Class	Description
phenanthroline
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (4)

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
superpathway of Clostridium acetobutylicum acidogenic and solventogenic fermentation	18	55
superpathway of Clostridium acetobutylicum solventogenic fermentation	14	44
glycerol degradation to butanol	10	35
pyruvate fermentation to butanol I	11	25

Protein Targets (12)

Potency Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	17.7828	0.1778	14.3909	39.8107	AID2147
Luciferase	Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)	Potency	26.8545	0.0072	15.7588	89.3584	AID588342
glp-1 receptor, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.2202	0.0184	6.8060	14.1254	AID624417
ATAD5 protein, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.1577	0.0041	10.8903	31.5287	AID504467
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	20.5962	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686979
Microtubule-associated protein tau	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.9811	0.1800	13.5574	39.8107	AID1460
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	50.1187	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
chromobox protein homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	112.2020	0.0060	26.1688	89.1251	AID540317
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	44.6684	3.5481	19.5427	44.6684	AID743266
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.1254	0.1000	28.9256	213.3130	AID588591
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	89.1251	0.0501	27.0736	89.1251	AID588590
Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.8184	4.4668	8.3448	10.0000	AID624291
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (14)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathway	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of signaling receptor activity	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migration	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid gland development	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
luteinizing hormone secretion	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
organ growth	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of organ growth	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone secretion	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone generation	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (3)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
hormone activity	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone activity	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (5)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular region	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumen	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone complex	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
pituitary gonadotropin complex	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (26)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID293830	Antiviral activity against CVB2 in Vero 76 cells after 3 days by plaque reduction assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293827	Cytotoxicity against BHK1 cells after 48 to 120 hrs by MTT method	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293835	Antiviral activity against RSV	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293832	Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells after 96 hrs by MTT method	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293828	Antiviral activity against YFV in BHK1 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity after 2 to 3 days by MTT method	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293833	Antiviral activity against HIV1 in MT4 cells by plaque reduction assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID144355	In vitro inhibition of N8-Acetylspermidine deacetylase from rat liver cytosol(apparent Ki)	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 35, Issue:13	Inhibition of N8-acetylspermidine deacetylase by active-site-directed metal coordinating inhibitors.
AID293831	Antiviral activity against Poliovirus Sb1 in Vero 76 cells after 2 days by plaque reduction assay	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293836	Antiviral activity against VSV	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293825	Cytotoxicity against MDBK cells after 48 to 120 hrs by MTT method	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293826	Antiviral activity against BVDV in MDBK cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity after 2 to 3 days by MTT method	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293829	Cytotoxicity against Vero 76 cells after 48 to 120 hrs by MTT method	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293834	Antiviral activity against Reovirus	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5	Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (26)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	9 (34.62)	18.7374
1990's	6 (23.08)	18.2507
2000's	4 (15.38)	29.6817
2010's	6 (23.08)	24.3611
2020's	1 (3.85)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 34.84

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	34.84 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	3.53 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	4.32 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	43.35 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (34.84)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	33 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	1.98	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
5-aminovaleric acid 5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.	1.98	1	amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	human metabolite
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	1.97	1	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	1.93	1	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	1.98	1	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	1.93	1	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	3.24	6	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.38	2	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	2.05	1	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	1.93	1	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
iodoacetamide [no description available]	1.98	1
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	1.98	1	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	3.03	5	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	1.98	1	dialkyl phosphate
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	1.98	1	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phanquinone phanquinone: structure. phanquone : An orthoquinone that is the 5,6-diketo derivative of 4,7-phenanthroline.	1.93	1	orthoquinones
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	6.94	1	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	1.97	1	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.	1.97	1	bipyridine
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	1.99	1	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde [no description available]	6.94	1	C-nitro compound; furans
8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline 8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline: structure in first source	1.93	1	hydroxyquinoline
pseudouridine [no description available]	1.99	1	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	7.21	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	1.99	1	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
iodine [no description available]	2.07	1	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	4.27	19	phenanthroline
ferroin ferroin: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1
n-acetylputrescine N-acetylputrescine : An N-monoacetylalkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is the N-monoacetyl derivative of putrescine.	1.98	1	N-monoacetylalkane-alpha,omega-diamine; N-substituted putrescine	metabolite; mouse metabolite
n(8)-acetylspermidine N(8)-acetylspermidine : An acetylspermidine that is 1,8-diamino-4-azaoctane in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group attached to C-8 is replaced by an acetyl group.	1.98	1	acetylspermidine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	1.99	1	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
sodium butyrate [no description available]	1.98	1	organic sodium salt	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.05	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	1.97	1	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	1.93	1
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.05	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	1.93	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.05	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.05	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.21	1
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.21	1
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	2.62	3
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	3.03	5
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	2.62	3
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	1.93	1
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	1.93	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	1.93	1
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	2.34	2
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	1.94	1
Histomoniasis [description not available]	6.94	1

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