Page last updated: 2024-12-06

4,7-phenanthroline

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

4,7-Phenanthroline is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C12H8N2. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. 4,7-Phenanthroline is used as a chelating agent and is known to form stable complexes with metal ions. This compound is often used in coordination chemistry as a ligand for metal ions. It forms very stable complexes with many transition metals, especially the first-row transition metals, due to the strong coordination of the nitrogen atoms in the ring structure. These complexes are often brightly colored and have unique photophysical properties. The complexes are important in several areas of research, including analytical chemistry, catalysis, and materials science. The complexes of 4,7-phenanthroline with ruthenium are particularly well-studied. These complexes have applications in photochemistry and electrochemistry. They can be used as sensitizers in solar cells, catalysts in oxidation reactions, and light-emitting materials. 4,7-Phenanthroline and its metal complexes are also used in biological systems. For example, some ruthenium complexes of 4,7-phenanthroline have been shown to have anticancer activity. The synthesis of 4,7-phenanthroline involves a multi-step process starting with the reaction of 2-amino-4-methylpyridine with an aromatic aldehyde. The resulting Schiff base is then cyclized to form the phenanthroline ring. 4,7-phenanthroline is a versatile compound with many applications in different fields. Its importance stems from its ability to form strong and stable complexes with metal ions, which leads to its use in various fields, including analytical chemistry, catalysis, materials science, and even biology.'

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID67472
CHEMBL ID81429
CHEBI ID36419
SCHEMBL ID217044
MeSH IDM0151531

Synonyms (36)

Synonym
BIDD:GT0447
CHEBI:36419 ,
CHEMBL81429
4,7-phenanthroline
230-07-9
nsc-35680
mls000738107 ,
nsc35680
[4,7]phenanthroline
AC-907/25014296
4,7-phenanthroline, 98%
smr000393871
AKOS000267409
NCGC00246932-01
wqm4r8kex6 ,
nsc 35680
unii-wqm4r8kex6
HMS2749P03
F3099-7191
SCHEMBL217044
mfcd00004987
DTXSID30177552
J-514180
J-014937
FT-0718509
F17223
Q27116822
p-phenanthrolin
AS-56977
A878362
CS-0155686
1,8-diazaphenanthrene
p-phenanthroline
5,6,3',2'-pyridoquinoline
pseudophenanthroline
P2684
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
phenanthroline
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (4)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
superpathway of Clostridium acetobutylicum acidogenic and solventogenic fermentation1855
superpathway of Clostridium acetobutylicum solventogenic fermentation1444
glycerol degradation to butanol1035
pyruvate fermentation to butanol I1125

Protein Targets (12)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate OxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency17.78280.177814.390939.8107AID2147
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency26.85450.007215.758889.3584AID588342
glp-1 receptor, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency11.22020.01846.806014.1254AID624417
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.15770.004110.890331.5287AID504467
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.59620.000811.382244.6684AID686979
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.98110.180013.557439.8107AID1460
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency50.11870.035520.977089.1251AID504332
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency112.20200.006026.168889.1251AID540317
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency44.66843.548119.542744.6684AID743266
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency14.12540.100028.9256213.3130AID588591
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)Homo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.050127.073689.1251AID588590
Glycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.81844.46688.344810.0000AID624291
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (14)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathwayGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of signaling receptor activityGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic processGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
thyroid gland developmentGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
luteinizing hormone secretionGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
organ growthGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathwayGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of organ growthGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone secretionGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone generationGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (3)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
hormone activityGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone activityGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (5)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular regionGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumenGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone complexGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
pituitary gonadotropin complexGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (26)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID293830Antiviral activity against CVB2 in Vero 76 cells after 3 days by plaque reduction assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293827Cytotoxicity against BHK1 cells after 48 to 120 hrs by MTT method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293835Antiviral activity against RSV2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293832Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells after 96 hrs by MTT method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293828Antiviral activity against YFV in BHK1 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity after 2 to 3 days by MTT method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293833Antiviral activity against HIV1 in MT4 cells by plaque reduction assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID144355In vitro inhibition of N8-Acetylspermidine deacetylase from rat liver cytosol(apparent Ki)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 35, Issue:13
Inhibition of N8-acetylspermidine deacetylase by active-site-directed metal coordinating inhibitors.
AID293831Antiviral activity against Poliovirus Sb1 in Vero 76 cells after 2 days by plaque reduction assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293836Antiviral activity against VSV2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293825Cytotoxicity against MDBK cells after 48 to 120 hrs by MTT method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293826Antiviral activity against BVDV in MDBK cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity after 2 to 3 days by MTT method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293829Cytotoxicity against Vero 76 cells after 48 to 120 hrs by MTT method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
AID293834Antiviral activity against Reovirus2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
Design, synthesis, and preliminary in vitro and in silico antiviral activity of [4,7]phenantrolines and 1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[4,7]phenantrolines against single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome viruses.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (26)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19909 (34.62)18.7374
1990's6 (23.08)18.2507
2000's4 (15.38)29.6817
2010's6 (23.08)24.3611
2020's1 (3.85)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 34.84

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index34.84 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.53 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.32 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index43.35 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (34.84)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other33 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]