Page last updated: 2024-11-13

AKB48

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide: a synthetic cannabinoid; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID57404063
CHEMBL ID4575047
CHEBI ID186311
SCHEMBL ID16755272

Synonyms (36)

Synonym
FT-0661445
akb48
1345973-53-6
n-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide
CHEBI:186311
BCP9000254
1-pentyl-n-tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-yl-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide
BCP0726000136
akb-48
dea no. 7048
apinaca
n-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide
mhr0400y84 ,
unii-mhr0400y84
akb 48
SCHEMBL16755272
UCTCCIPCJZKWEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
AKOS025149432
1-pentyl-n-tricyclo(3.3.1.13,7)dec-1-yl-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide
1h-indazole-3-carboxamide, 1-pentyl-n-tricyclo(3.3.1.13,7)dec-1-yl-
j3.410.295c ,
AKOS025212738
akb-48 (apinaca; n-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide) 1.0 mg/ml in acetonitrile
akb-48; apinaca; n-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide; 1-pentyl-n-tricyclo[3.3.1.1(3),?]dec-1-yl-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide
akb-48 (apinaca; n-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide) 0.1 mg/ml in acetonitrile
akb-48 (apinaca; n-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide)
apinaca (akb-48), 100 mug/ml in methanol, certified reference material
n-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-indazole-3-carboxamide
BCP22886
Q4391382
DTXSID90928683
CHEMBL4575047
akb48-d9
akb-48 (apinaca), 1mg/ml in methanol
akb-48 (apinaca), 0.1mg/ml in methanol
akb-48 (apinaca)

Research Excerpts

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"AKB48 (Apinaca) has been classified as a third-generation synthetic cannabinoid for the first time in 2014."( Inflammation and oxidative stress are key mediators in AKB48-induced neurotoxicity in vitro.
Abudayyak, M; Celiksoz, M; Özhan, G; Oztas, E, 2019
)
1.48

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Abuse of SCs is dangerous because users may mistake them for natural cannabis, which is generally considered to be unlikely to elicit adverse effects."( Metabolism, CB1 cannabinoid receptor binding and in vivo activity of synthetic cannabinoid 5F-AKB48: Implications for toxicity.
Bush, JM; Cabanlong, CV; Fantegrossi, WE; Fujiwara, R; Fukuda, S; Gogoi, J; Jackson, BK; McCain, K; Pinson, A; Prather, PL; Radominska-Pandya, A; Shoeib, A; Yarbrough, AL, 2020
)
0.78
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
indazoles
aromatic amideAn amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (2)

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Cannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.03800.00010.12752.2400AID1576615
Cannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.09200.00030.15173.2800AID1576617
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (39)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulusCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
spermatogenesisCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
axonal fasciculationCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
memoryCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron projection developmentCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of serotonin secretionCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fever generationCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mast cell activationCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine secretionCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cannabinoid signaling pathwayCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of action potentialCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressureCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretionCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
maternal process involved in female pregnancyCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of feeding behaviorCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of penile erectionCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoidCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrationCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid, modulating synaptic transmissionCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of metabolic processCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
leukocyte chemotaxisCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mast cell activationCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
cannabinoid signaling pathwayCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of action potentialCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of metabolic processCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (4)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cannabinoid receptor activityCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
cannabinoid receptor activityCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (13)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
mitochondrial outer membraneCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeletonCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
growth coneCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membraneCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryonCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (10)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1576628Agonist activity at human CB2-receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells coexpressing G-alpha16 at 10 uM by Fluo-4-AM dye based calcium mobilization assay2019MedChemComm, Dec-01, Volume: 10, Issue:12
Introducing nitrogen atoms to amidoalkylindoles: potent and selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1576629Antagonist activity at human CB2-receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells coexpressing G-alpha16 at 10 uM pre-incubated for 10 mins and later treated with 100 nM CB-receptor agonist, CP55940 by Fluo-4-AM dye based calcium mobilization assay2019MedChemComm, Dec-01, Volume: 10, Issue:12
Introducing nitrogen atoms to amidoalkylindoles: potent and selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1576618Agonist activity at human CB2-receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells coexpressing G-alpha16 assessed as maximum efficacy by Fluo-4-AM dye based calcium mobilization assay relative to CP559402019MedChemComm, Dec-01, Volume: 10, Issue:12
Introducing nitrogen atoms to amidoalkylindoles: potent and selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1576616Agonist activity at human CB1-receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells coexpressing G-alpha16 assessed as maximum efficacy by Fluo-4-AM dye based calcium mobilization assay relative to CP559402019MedChemComm, Dec-01, Volume: 10, Issue:12
Introducing nitrogen atoms to amidoalkylindoles: potent and selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1576627Agonist activity at human CB1-receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells coexpressing G-alpha16 at 10 uM by Fluo-4-AM dye based calcium mobilization assay2019MedChemComm, Dec-01, Volume: 10, Issue:12
Introducing nitrogen atoms to amidoalkylindoles: potent and selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1576619Antagonist activity at human CB1-receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells coexpressing G-alpha16 pre-incubated for 10 mins and later treated with 100 nM CB-receptor agonist, CP55940 by Fluo-4-AM dye based calcium mobilization assay2019MedChemComm, Dec-01, Volume: 10, Issue:12
Introducing nitrogen atoms to amidoalkylindoles: potent and selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1576630Antagonist activity at human CB1-receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells coexpressing G-alpha16 at 10 uM pre-incubated for 10 mins and later treated with 100 nM CB-receptor agonist, CP55940 by Fluo-4-AM dye based calcium mobilization assay2019MedChemComm, Dec-01, Volume: 10, Issue:12
Introducing nitrogen atoms to amidoalkylindoles: potent and selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1576620Antagonist activity at human CB2-receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells coexpressing G-alpha16 pre-incubated for 10 mins and later treated with 100 nM CB-receptor agonist, CP55940 by Fluo-4-AM dye based calcium mobilization assay2019MedChemComm, Dec-01, Volume: 10, Issue:12
Introducing nitrogen atoms to amidoalkylindoles: potent and selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1576615Agonist activity at human CB1-receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells coexpressing G-alpha16 by Fluo-4-AM dye based calcium mobilization assay2019MedChemComm, Dec-01, Volume: 10, Issue:12
Introducing nitrogen atoms to amidoalkylindoles: potent and selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1576617Agonist activity at human CB2-receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells coexpressing G-alpha16 by Fluo-4-AM dye based calcium mobilization assay2019MedChemComm, Dec-01, Volume: 10, Issue:12
Introducing nitrogen atoms to amidoalkylindoles: potent and selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (14)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's10 (71.43)24.3611
2020's4 (28.57)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 118.31

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index118.31 (24.57)
Research Supply Index2.71 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.56 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index212.14 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (118.31)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews1 (7.14%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other13 (92.86%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]