alpha-glutamyltryptophan profile

Alpha-glutamyltryptophan (α-Glu-Trp) is a dipeptide composed of the amino acids glutamic acid and tryptophan. It is found naturally in various food sources, including fermented foods like miso and soy sauce. Research on α-Glu-Trp has focused on its potential role in improving sleep quality, reducing stress, and enhancing cognitive function. Studies have suggested that α-Glu-Trp may act as a precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation and sleep. However, the exact mechanisms of its action are not fully understood, and further research is needed to determine its therapeutic potential. α-Glu-Trp is often studied as a potential alternative or complementary treatment for conditions such as insomnia and anxiety. Its potential benefits, along with its natural occurrence, make it an interesting subject for ongoing research.'

Trp-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-glutamic acid residues. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

alpha-glutamyltryptophan: RN refers to L-isomer; a naturally occurring thymic immunomodulator [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Glu-Trp : A dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and L-tryptophan joined by a peptide linkage. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	7009663
CHEMBL ID	39176
CHEBI ID	74869
SCHEMBL ID	3547828
MeSH ID	M0159912
PubMed CID	100094
CHEMBL ID	2111029
CHEBI ID	73512
SCHEMBL ID	1898073
MeSH ID	M0159912

Synonym
h-trp-glu-oh
2-[2-amino-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)-propionylamino]-pentanedioic acid
(s)-2-((s)-2-amino-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)propanamido)pentanedioic acid
l-tryptophan-l-glutamic acid
(s)-2-[(s)-2-amino-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)-propionylamino]-pentanedioic acid
bdbm50240464
CHEMBL39176 ,
chebi:74869 ,
trp-glu
36099-95-3
l-trp-l-glu
tryptophylglutamic acid
l-tryptophyl-l-glutamic acid
tryptophyl-glutamate
we
SCHEMBL3547828
DTXSID00394512
AKOS030525628
g3335
(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-amino-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid
l-tryptophanyl-l-glutamic acid
Q27144978
ppargamma antagonist iii, g3335 - cas 36099-95-3
tryptophanyl-glutamic acid
mfcd00037964
HY-128487
h-?trp-?glu-?oh
CS-0099144
AS-75750
122933-59-9
im 862
thymogen
oglufanide
(4s)-4-[n-((1s)-1-carboxy-2-indol-3-ylethyl)carbamoyl]-4-aminobutanoic acid
glu-trp
38101-59-6
nsc-334073
nsc334073
oglufanide [inn]
alpha-glutamyltryptophan
l-glutamyl-l-tryptophan
l-tryptophan, n-l-alpha-glutamyl-
glutamyltryptophan
l-glu-l-trp
im 862 dipeptide
glutamyl tryptophan
nsc 334073
timogen
l-tryptophan, l-alpha-glutamyl-
l-alpha-glutamyl-l-tryptophan
SCHEMBL1898073
ccris 8677
unii-4rhy598t5u
4rhy598t5u ,
oglufanide disodium
alpha-glu-trp
l-alpha-glu-l-trp
CHEBI:73512 ,
oglufanide [who-dd]
CHEMBL2111029
h-glu-trp-oh
thymogen(oglufanide)
AKOS026751470
HY-13718
CS-5654
mfcd00037953
e-w dipeptide
glutamate tryptophan dipeptide
ew dipeptide
glutamate-tryptophan dipeptide
DB05779
(s)-4-amino-5-((s)-1-carboxy-2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethylamino)-5-oxopentanoic acid
DTXSID10924324
glutamyl-tryptophan
Q4457491
FT-0771477
(s)-4-amino-5-(((s)-1-carboxy-2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid
AS-49440
BCP13098
4-amino-5-[[1-carboxy-2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
(4s)-4-amino-5-[[(1s)-1-carboxy-2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
l-tryptophan, l-a-glutamyl-;oglufanide
A904491
I10346
(4s)-4-amino-5-{[(1s)-1-carboxy-2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}-5-oxopentanoic acid

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" An initial in vivo experiment was then carried out in male Wistar rats to examine the effect of conjugation on the absorption rate and bioavailability."	( Oral absorption enhancement of dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp-OH by lipid and glycosyl conjugation. Bergeon, JA; Chan, YN; Charles, BG; Toth, I, 2008)	0.35

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The dose-response curve was examined."	( [The anti-arrhythmia properties of thymogen]. Alabovskiĭ, VV; Reznikov, KM; Vinokurov, AA; Vinokurova, OV, )	0.13
" Patients were randomized to two dosing schedules given in repeated cycles until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity: 5 days of therapy followed by 5 days off (n = 18) and every other day dosing (n = 26)."	( Results of a randomized study of IM862 nasal solution in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Cabriales, S; Espina, BM; Gill, PS; Howard, W; Scadden, DT; Shea, K; Tulpule, A, 2000)	0.31

Role	Description
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
immunomodulator	Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.
angiogenesis modulating agent	An agent that modulates the physiologic angiogenesis process. This is accomplished by endogenous angiogenic proteins and a variety of other chemicals and pharmaceutical agents.
antineoplastic agent	A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
dipeptide	Any molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
dipeptide	Any molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	8.6700	0.0050	1.2051	10.0000	AID1153165; AID396057
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	83.4000	0.0006	1.6074	10.0000	AID1153163
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	120.0000	0.0010	0.4686	2.6000	AID1153164
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of gene expression	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cholesterol efflux	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid transport	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of signaling receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of MAP kinase activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of adiponectin secretion	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
placenta development	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrient	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood pressure	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cholesterol storage	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipid storage	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of angiogenesis	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
monocyte differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
BMP signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to insulin stimulus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipid	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasis	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
lipoprotein transport	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cell fate commitment	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cell maturation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
white fat cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasis	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cholesterol transporter activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitochondrial fission	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extracellular matrix assembly	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of adipose tissue development	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of signaling receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ATP biosynthetic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transformation of host cell by virus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
gluconeogenesis	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
heart development	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrient	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
epidermis development	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to starvation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cholesterol storage	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of appetite	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to insulin	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expression	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to nicotine	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
wound healing	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
lipoprotein metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressure	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glycolytic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
enamel mineralization	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to fructose stimulus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid transport	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription coregulator binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleic acid binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear retinoid X receptor binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding domain binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
LBD domain binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-actinin binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
R-SMAD binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
E-box binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
STAT family protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear steroid receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatase binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
NFAT protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complex	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (31)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1153153	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as reduction of intracellular cholesterol level at 500 uM after 24 hrs relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID56198	Percent inhibition of Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) at a concentration of 10 uM	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-16, Volume: 8, Issue:12	A potent dipeptide inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV.
AID1153151	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as reduction of intracellular cholesterol level after 24 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID228722	Bitter tasting threshold was expressed as log 1/T.	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-07, Volume: 38, Issue:14	Amino acid side chain descriptors for quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of peptide analogues.
AID1153165	Antagonist activity at PPARgamma (unknown origin)	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153159	Reduction of intracellular triglyceride level in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells expressing PPARgamma siRNA after 24 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153164	Binding affinity to PPARalpha LBD (unknown origin) by surface plasmon resonance assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153155	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as reduction of intracellular triglyceride level at 500 uM after 24 hrs relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153163	Agonist activity at PPARalpha LBD (unknown origin) assessed as induction of PGC1alpha co-activator activity by TR-FRET analysis	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153157	Reduction of intracellular triglyceride level in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells expressing PPARalpha siRNA at 10 to 500 uM after 24 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153166	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as induction of transcriptional activity at 100 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153172	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as increase of CPT1 gene expression at 500 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153169	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as increase of FATP4 gene expression at 500 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153168	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as increase of FATP4 gene expression at 100 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID396057	Antagonist activity at human PPARgamma receptor expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH109 co-transfected with mouse CBP assessed as inhibition of rosiglitazone-induced LBD-CBP interaction by alpha-galactosidase based yeast two hybrid assay	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 43, Issue:12	Tryptophan-containing dipeptide derivatives as potent PPARgamma antagonists: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling.
AID1153161	Agonist activity at PPARalpha (unknown origin) expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as induction of transactivation activity at 500 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID500816	Inhibition of nitrogen-starved wild type sigma1278b yeast Gap1-mediated amino acid uptake at 5 mM after 60 secs relative to L-citrulline	2009	Nature chemical biology, Jan, Volume: 5, Issue:1	Transport and signaling via the amino acid binding site of the yeast Gap1 amino acid transceptor.
AID1153158	Reduction of intracellular cholesterol level in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells expressing PPARgamma siRNA after 24 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID233318	Bitter threshold value	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10	Quantitative structure-activity relationships of the bitter thresholds of amino acids, peptides, and their derivatives.
AID396056	Antagonist activity at human PPARgamma receptor expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH109 co-transfected with mouse CBP assessed as inhibition of rosiglitazone-induced LBD-CBP interaction at 10 uM by alpha-galactosidase based yeast two hybrid assay	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 43, Issue:12	Tryptophan-containing dipeptide derivatives as potent PPARgamma antagonists: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling.
AID1153154	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as reduction of intracellular triglyceride level at 100 uM after 24 hrs relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153174	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as induction of fatty acid uptake at 100 to 500 uM after 24 hrs by flow cytometry analysis relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID26797	Partition coefficient (logP)	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10	Quantitative structure-activity relationships of the bitter thresholds of amino acids, peptides, and their derivatives.
AID1153173	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as increase of ACOX gene expression at 500 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153167	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as induction of transcriptional activity at 500 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153156	Reduction of intracellular cholesterol level in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells expressing PPARalpha siRNA at 10 to 500 uM after 24 hrs	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153171	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as increase of acyl-CoA synthetase gene expression at 500 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153160	Agonist activity at PPARalpha (unknown origin) expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as induction of transactivation activity at 100 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153152	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as reduction of intracellular cholesterol level at 100 uM after 24 hrs relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1153170	Agonist activity at PPARalpha in lipid loaded rat HII4E cells assessed as increase of acyl-CoA synthetase gene expression at 100 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis relative to control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 24, Issue:13	The dipeptide H-Trp-Glu-OH (WE) shows agonistic activity to peroxisome proliferator-activated protein-α and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded H4IIE cells.
AID1347411	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	3 (4.23)	18.7374
1990's	37 (52.11)	18.2507
2000's	17 (23.94)	29.6817
2010's	11 (15.49)	24.3611
2020's	3 (4.23)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Trials	9 (10.23%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Reviews	2 (2.27%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Case Studies	1 (1.14%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	6 (100.00%)	84.16%
Other	76 (86.36%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	1.97	1	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
alanylalanine alanylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	1.97	1	dipeptide
alanine [no description available]	1.97	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion	fundamental metabolite
glycine [no description available]	1.97	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	2.05	1	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
taurine [no description available]	2.05	1	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-acetylphenylalanine N-acetylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-acetylphenylalanine : The N-acetyl derivative of phenylalanine.	1.97	1	N-acetyl-amino acid; phenylalanine derivative	antidepressant; metabolite
2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane 2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane: structure	2.04	1	diarylmethane
cysteine [no description available]	1.97	1	cysteine zwitterion; cysteine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.4	2	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.4	2	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	1.97	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.4	2	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.4	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	1.97	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	1.97	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.4	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	1.97	1	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	1.97	1	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.4	2	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	1.97	1	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.4	2	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.4	2	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	1.97	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.05	1	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycyl-glycyl-glycine glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.	2.4	2	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide
glycylglycine [no description available]	2.68	3	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	1.97	1	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.4	2	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
halofenate Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.	2.04	1
mifobate mifobate: has antiatherosclerotic properties	2.04	1	trialkyl phosphate
norvaline norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration.	1.97	1	2-aminopentanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
ethyl tyrosine ester ethyl tyrosine ester: RN given refers to L-isomer. ethyl L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosyl ester that is L-tyrosine in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group has been replaced by an ethyl group.	1.97	1	ethyl ester; L-tyrosyl ester
leucyltyrosine leucyltyrosine: RN given refers to L-Tyr,L-Leu-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 4/93	2.68	3	dipeptide	metabolite
tyrosine methyl ester tyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosyl ester that is the methyl ester of L-tyrosine.	1.97	1	L-tyrosyl ester; methyl ester
leucyl-glycyl-glycine leucyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to (L-Leu)-isomer. Leu-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-leucine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.	2.4	2	tripeptide	metabolite
acetylleucine [no description available]	1.97	1	L-leucine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	metabolite
leucylleucine Leu-Leu : A dipeptide formed from two L-leucine residues.	2.68	3	dipeptide; L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phenylalanylleucine phenylalanylleucine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.38	2	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	plant metabolite
methyl tryptophan, (l-trp)-isomer [no description available]	1.97	1
leucyl-alanine Leu-Ala : A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-alanine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.68	3	dipeptide	metabolite
tryptophan ethyl ester tryptophan ethyl ester: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	1.97	1
leucyl-leucyl-leucine leucyl-leucyl-leucine: RN given refers to (L-Leu-L-Leu-L-Leu)-isomer. Leu-Leu-Leu : A tripeptide formed from three L-leucine residues.	2.4	2	tripeptide	metabolite
tyrosylleucine [no description available]	2.38	2	dipeptide	metabolite
Trp-Trp tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent. Trp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.	2.67	3	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
glycyltryptophan glycyltryptophan: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Trp : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-tryptophan residues.	2.68	3	dipeptide	metabolite
glycyltyrosine Gly-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.38	2	dipeptide	metabolite
glycylleucine Gly-Leu : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-leucine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.68	3	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
histidine methyl ester histidine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. histidine methyl ester : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of histidine.	1.97	1	histidine derivative
alanyltyrosine alanyltyrosine: tyrosine source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Ala-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of L-alanine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
glycyl-l-phenylalanine glycylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Gly-Phe : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-phenylalanine residues.	2.68	3	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite; metabolite
aspartyl-phenylalanine aspartyl-phenylalanine: metabolite of aspartame; may inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	2.05	1	dipeptide	human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.05	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
n-acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester N-acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.97	1
leucylleucine leucylleucine: RN given refers to (DL-Leu-DL-Leu)-isomer	2.05	1	peptide
alanylphenylalanine alanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L-Ala-L-PheAla)-isomer	2.38	2	dipeptide	metabolite
glycyl-leucyl-tyrosine glycyl-leucyl-tyrosine: structure given in first source	2.4	2	oligopeptide
glycyl-glycyl-proline Gly-Gly-Pro : A tripeptide composed of glycine, glycine and L-proline amino acids joined in sequence by peptide linkages.	2.05	1	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide
tryptophylglycine Trp-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and glycine residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
glycylaspartic acid glycylaspartic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.41	2	dipeptide	metabolite
glycyl-histidyl-glycine [no description available]	2.05	1	oligopeptide
n-glycylglutamic acid N-glycylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Glu : A dipeptide formed from glycyl and L-glutamic acid residues.	2.41	2	dipeptide	metabolite
histidylglycine histidylglycine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. His-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and glycine residues.	2.41	2	dipeptide	metabolite
valylvaline valylvaline: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Val-Val : A dipeptide formed from two L-valine residues.	2.68	3	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
alpha-methylphenylalanine alpha-methylphenylalanine: induces chronic hyperphenylalaninemia in suckling rats; models for the study of inborn errors of metabolism; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
prolinamide prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.	2.05	1	amino acid amide; L-proline derivative; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to L-isomer; this may not be the same as IMREG-1. Tyr-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-tyrosine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.	2.05	1	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide	metabolite
proctolin proctolin: neurotransmitter in arthropods or invertebrates	1.98	1
glycylglutamine glycylglutamine: inhibitory neuropeptide derived from beta-endorphin; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.98	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite; protective agent
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.4	2	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylalanylarginine phenylalanylarginine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Phe-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-phenylalanine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
phenylalanylglutamate phenylalanylglutamate: RN given refers to all L-isomer. Phe-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-glutamic acid residues.	2.04	1	dipeptide	metabolite
aspartylglycine Asp-Gly : A dipeptide composed of L-aspartic acid and glycine joined by a peptide linkage.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
arginylarginine 2-naphthylamide arginylarginine 2-naphthylamide: substrate for dipeptidyl peptidase III	2.05	1
histidylphenylalanine His-Phe : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-histidine with the amino group of L-phenylalanine.	2.05	1	dipeptide
prolyl-tyrosine prolyl-tyrosine: structure given in first source. Pro-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-tyrosine residues.	2.38	2	dipeptide	metabolite
n-valyltryptophan N-valyltryptophan: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.98	1	peptide
histidylleucine His-Leu : A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-leucine residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
glycyl-glycyl-valine [no description available]	2.05	1	oligopeptide
glycyl-glycyl-sarcosine glycyl-glycyl-sarcosine: structure given in first source	2.05	1
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	2.05	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glutamyl-glutamic acid glutamyl-glutamic acid: RN given for (L,L)-isomer. Glu-Glu : A dipeptide composed of two L-glutamic acid units joined by a peptide linkage.	2.05	1	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
isoleucylvaline isoleucylvaline: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Ile-Val : A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-valine residues.	2.38	2	dipeptide	metabolite
Phe-Tyr Phe-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine residues.	2.38	2	dipeptide	metabolite
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.04	1	benzamides
n-acetyltryptophan N-acetyl-L-tryptophan : A N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-tryptophan.	2.4	2	L-tryptophan derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	metabolite
n-benzoylalanine N-benzoylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd (L-Ala)-isomer. N-benzoylalanine : An N-acylamino acid that is the N-benzoyl derivative of alanine.. N-benzoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of L-alanine with the carboxy group of benzoic acid.	1.97	1	N-acyl-L-alanine; N-benzoylalanine	metabolite
phenylalanine methyl ester phenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-phenylalaninate : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of L-phenylalanine.	1.97	1	alpha-amino acid ester; L-phenylalanine derivative
n-glycylalanine Gly-Ala : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-alanine residues.	2.41	2	dipeptide	metabolite
glycylvaline glycylvaline: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	2.68	3	dipeptide	human metabolite
epsilon-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-lysine epsilon-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-lysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.05	1
t 0070907 T 0070907: a PPARgamma antagonist; structure in first source	2.04	1	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
glycylproline Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.	2.68	3	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
glycyllysine glycyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Lys : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-lysine residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
gw 7647 GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.	2.1	1	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; ureas	PPARalpha agonist
alanylalanine L-alanyl-L-alanine : A dipeptide consisting of two L-alanine units joined by a peptide linkage.	1.98	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
alpha-aspartylalanine alpha-aspartylalanine: found in pig brain. Asp-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-valine residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
alanyltyrosine Tyr-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-alanine residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
prolylglycine prolylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. L-prolylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-prolyl group attached to its alpha-amino nitrogen.	2.38	2	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
tryptophanol tryptophanol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1
phenylalanylglycine phenylalanylglycine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Phe-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and glycine residues.	2.68	3	dipeptide	metabolite
leucyl-phenylalanine Leu-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-phenylalanine residues.	2.38	2	dipeptide	metabolite
glycyl-alanyl-phenylalanine [no description available]	2.05	1	oligopeptide
glutamylalanine Glu-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-glutamyl and L-alanine residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
glycyl-alanyl-leucine glycyl-alanyl-leucine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/91	1.97	1	peptide
glutaminyl-glycine Gln-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-glutamine and glycine residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
methionylglycine methionylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Met-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and glycine residues.	2.41	2	dipeptide	metabolite
phenylalanylphenylalanine Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.	2.38	2	dipeptide; L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion	human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
histidylhistidine histidylhistidine: RN given for L-,L-isomer	2.05	1	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
valylleucine valylleucine: RN given refers to all L-isomer. Val-Leu : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-leucine residues.	2.68	3	dipeptide	metabolite
phenylalanyl-valine Val-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-phenylalanine residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
alanylglycine [no description available]	2.68	3	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
valyltyrosine valyltyrosine: from sardine muscle hydrolyzate. Val-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-tyrosine residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
methionylglutamic acid Met-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and L-glutamic acid residues.	2.05	1	dipeptide	metabolite
phenylalanylproline Phe-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-proline residues.	1.97	1	dipeptide	metabolite
lysylglycine lysylglycine: structure in first source. Lys-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and glycine residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
glycylhistidine glycylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.	1.98	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
prolylisoleucine prolylisoleucine: RN refers to (L)-isomer. Pro-Ile : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-isoleucine residues.	1.97	1	dipeptide	metabolite
phenylalanyl-valine phenylalanyl-valine: structure in first source. Phe-Val : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-valine residues.	2.05	1	dipeptide	metabolite
isoleucyl-tyrosine isoleucyl-tyrosine: a dipeptide with antihypertensive effect. Ile-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-tyrosine residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
prolylvaline Val-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-proline residues.	1.98	1	dipeptide	metabolite
homocarnosine homocarnosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. homocarnosine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-amino group has been replaced by a 4-aminobutanoyl group.	2.05	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; homocarnosine; L-histidine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.05	1
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.07	1	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
benzene [no description available]	2.4	2	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	1.98	1	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.07	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.13	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	1.99	1	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	1.98	1
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	3.1	1	phthalimides; piperidones
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.6	1	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2	1	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	2	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2	1	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,5-dioxopiperazine piperazine-2,5-dione : A cyclic peptide that is piperazine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by oxo groups.	2.25	1	2,5-diketopiperazines; cyclic peptide
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.07	1	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
isovaleric acid isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.11	1	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methylbutyric acid; short-chain fatty acid	mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	1.99	1
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	7.1	1	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2	1	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.1	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanone 10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	acridines
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	1.98	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	7.1	1	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
n-nitrososarcosine ethyl ester [no description available]	1.97	1
glycyltyrosine Gly-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.13	1	dipeptide	metabolite
tryptophylglycine Trp-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and glycine residues.	2.13	1	dipeptide	metabolite
emoxypine succinate emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects	2.49	2
myelopeptide 1 myelopeptides: RN refers to myelopeptide 1; immune system peptides from bone marrow; act as analgesics and immunoregulators; MP-1 to MP-4 have been sequenced	1.98	1
aspartylglutamate aspartylglutamate: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	2	1	dipeptide	metabolite
gamma-glu-asp gamma-glutamylaspartic acid: found in pig brain	2	1	dipeptide
alanyl-glutamyl-aspartyl-glycine epithalamin: epiphysial polypeptoid extract	3.16	1
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	2.13	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.07	1	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
thymic factor, circulating thymalin: see also thymarin	4.7	9
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	1.99	1
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.13	1
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	1.98	1
aspartyllysine aspartyllysine: from feces of axenic mice. Asp-Lys : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-lysine residues.	1.99	1	dipeptide	metabolite
thymodepressin thymodepressin: a synthetic peptide, promoted take of transplanted hemopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow of irradiated mice	2.25	1
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	1.99	1	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
candicidin Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.. candicidin D : A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.. candicidin : A mixture of the antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. It is composed of candicidins A, B, C and D, with candicidin D being the major component. Candicidin is active against some fungi of the genus Candida, and has been used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.	1.99	1	macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antifungal drug; bacterial metabolite
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.11	1
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	1.97	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	1.99	1
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	1.97	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.4	2

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.6	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.17	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	2.05	1	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	2.05	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	5.24	4	1
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	3.45	1	1
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	3.45	1	1
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.41	2	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.07	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.81	2	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.01	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	6.14	4	3
Bone Cancer [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	3.4	1	1
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	3.4	1	1
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	3.4	1	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.4	1	1
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	6.7	4	2
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	5.28	2	2
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	4.09	3	1
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	6.7	4	2
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.42	1	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	3.42	1	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.04	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	1.98	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Pus [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	3.37	1	1
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	3.37	1	1
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	1.98	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	1.98	1	0
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	3.77	2	1
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	3.77	2	1
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.09	5	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	1.98	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	1.98	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	1.98	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	1.99	1	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	1.99	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.99	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	4.62	6	1
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	1.99	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	4.62	6	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	1.99	1	0
Adenitis, Salivary Gland [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	1.99	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	2.4	2	0
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	1.99	1	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	1.99	1	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	1.99	1	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	1.99	1	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	3.79	2	1
Lassitude [description not available]	4.3	1	1
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	4.3	1	1
Dysesthesia [description not available]	4.3	1	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	4.3	1	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	4.3	1	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	4.3	1	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	4.3	1	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	4.3	1	1
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2	1	0
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	3.39	1	1
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	3.39	1	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.38	2	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.38	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	3.36	1	1
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	3.36	1	1
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	3.36	1	1
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	3.36	1	1
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.38	2	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	1.97	1	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	1.97	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	1.97	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	1.97	1	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.1	1	0

alpha-glutamyltryptophan

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (85)

Research Excerpts

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (107)

Molecular Functions (40)

Ceullar Components (7)

Bioassays (31)

Research

Studies (71)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 11.34

Study Types

alpha-glutamyltryptophan

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (85)

Research Excerpts

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (107)

Molecular Functions (40)

Ceullar Components (7)

Bioassays (31)

Research

Studies (71)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 11.34

Study Types

Related Drugs (169)

Related Conditions (127)