Compounds > pridopidine

Page last updated: 2024-12-11

pridopidine

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

pridopidine: a dopamine stabilizer; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	9795739
CHEMBL ID	596802
SCHEMBL ID	166748
MeSH ID	M0464604

Synonyms (37)

Synonym
acr-16
acr16
CHEMBL596802 ,
pridopidine
4-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-1-propylpiperidine
4-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine
bdbm50308028
346688-38-8
D09953
pridopidine (usan/inn)
acr16 compound
pridopidine [usan:inn]
4-(3-methanesulfonylphenyl)-1-propylpiperidine
unii-hd4tw8s2vk
acr 16
piperidine, 4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propyl-
4-(3-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-1-propyl-piperidine
4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylpiperidine
hd4tw8s2vk ,
FT-0672149
AKOS015891431
SCHEMBL166748
pridopidine [inn]
pridopidine [usan]
pridopidine [who-dd]
pridopidine [mi]
DTXSID90188225
NCGC00386586-01
DB11947
4-3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl-1-propylpiperidine
mfcd09835586
AS-50146
Q7242858
HY-10684
CS-0002733
asp2314
O11067

Research Excerpts

Overview

Pridopidine is an oral drug in clinical development for treatment of Huntington's disease. Pridopidine was found to be a metabolism dependent inhibitor of CYP2D6, the main enzyme catalysing its own metabolism.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pridopidine is a highly selective and potent S1R agonist in clinical development."	( Neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells by the sigma-1 receptor agonist pridopidine in models of experimental glaucoma. Gershoni-Emek, N; Geva, M; Hayden, MR; Levin, LA; Ly, P; Mota, S; Naia, L; Rego, AC, 2021)	1.57
"Pridopidine is a selective and potent sigma-1 receptor (S1R) agonist currently in clinical development for HD."	( Pridopidine rescues BDNF/TrkB trafficking dynamics and synapse homeostasis in a Huntington disease brain-on-a-chip model. Capellano, L; Genoux, A; Gershoni-Emek, N; Geva, M; Hayden, MR; Lahaye, RA; Lenoir, S; Saudou, F; Scaramuzzino, C; Virlogeux, A; Vitet, H, 2022)	2.89
"Pridopidine is a sigma-1-receptor agonist shown to have beneficial effects in preclinical models of HD."	( Effects of Pridopidine on Functional Capacity in Early-Stage Participants from the PRIDE-HD Study. Geva, M; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; Leinonen, M; McGarry, A; Olanow, CW, 2020)	1.67
"Pridopidine is an oral drug in clinical development for treatment of patients with Huntington's disease. "	( Metoprolol-pridopidine drug-drug interaction and food effect assessments of pridopidine, a new drug for treatment of Huntington's disease. Hallak, H; Muglia, P; Pastino, G; Rabinovich-Guilatt, L; Spiegelstein, O; Steiner, L, 2017)	2.29
"Pridopidine was found to be a metabolism dependent inhibitor of CYP2D6, the main enzyme catalysing its own metabolism. "	( Metoprolol-pridopidine drug-drug interaction and food effect assessments of pridopidine, a new drug for treatment of Huntington's disease. Hallak, H; Muglia, P; Pastino, G; Rabinovich-Guilatt, L; Spiegelstein, O; Steiner, L, 2017)	2.29
"As pridopidine is a metabolism-dependent inhibitor of CYP2D6, systemic levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 may increase with chronic coadministration of pridopidine. "	( Metoprolol-pridopidine drug-drug interaction and food effect assessments of pridopidine, a new drug for treatment of Huntington's disease. Hallak, H; Muglia, P; Pastino, G; Rabinovich-Guilatt, L; Spiegelstein, O; Steiner, L, 2017)	1.47
"Pridopidine is a small molecule in clinical development for the treatment of Huntington's disease. "	( Pridopidine Induces Functional Neurorestoration Via the Sigma-1 Receptor in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Bez, F; Cenci, MA; Denis, Q; Francardo, V; Geva, M; Hayden, MR; Steiner, L, 2019)	3.4
"Pridopidine is a small molecule that has been clinically developed for Huntington disease."	( Targeting the Sigma-1 Receptor via Pridopidine Ameliorates Central Features of ALS Pathology in a SOD1 Altman, T; Geva, M; Gradus, T; Hayden, M; Ionescu, A; Maimon, R; Perlson, E; Saraf Avraham, N, 2019)	1.51
"Pridopidine is a small molecule showing therapeutic potential in HD preclinical and clinical studies."	( Pridopidine protects neurons from mutant-huntingtin toxicity via the sigma-1 receptor. Akimov, S; Arbez, N; Eddings, CR; Geva, M; Hayden, MR; Ross, CA, 2019)	2.68
"Pridopidine is a new dopaminergic stabilizer, recently developed for the treatment of motor symptoms associated with HD."	( Pridopidine, a dopamine stabilizer, improves motor performance and shows neuroprotective effects in Huntington disease R6/2 mouse model. Amico, E; Di Pardo, A; Favellato, M; Frati, L; Maglione, V; Squitieri, F, 2015)	2.58
"Pridopidine is a novel agent in the dopidine class believed to have 'state dependent' effects at dopamine receptors, thus show promise in the treatment of these disorders of voluntary movement."	( Pridopidine for the treatment of Huntington's disease. Shannon, KM, 2016)	2.6

Effects

Pridopidine (90 mg/day) has an acceptable safety profile and is well-tolerated for 1 year. Pridopidine has an additive effect on IKAP levels when used in combination with kinetin or TSA, but not with PS.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pridopidine has an additive effect on IKAP levels when used in combination with kinetin or TSA, but not with PS; suggesting that PS and pridopidine influence IKBKAP levels through the same mechanism."	( Combinatorial treatment increases IKAP levels in human cells generated from Familial Dysautonomia patients. Ast, G; Donyo, M; Yannai, S; Zonszain, J, 2019)	1.24
"Pridopidine (≤90 mg/day) has an acceptable safety profile and is well-tolerated for 1 year."	( One-year safety and tolerability profile of pridopidine in patients with Huntington disease. Bright, J; de Yebenes, JG; Ivkovic, J; Landwehrmeyer, B; Prang, A; Reilmann, R; Rembratt, A; Rosser, A; Squitieri, F, 2013)	2.09
"Pridopidine has been shown to display both functional dopamine D2 receptor antagonist properties and increase in biomarkers associated with NMDA-mediated glutamate transmission in the frontal cortex."	( The dopaminergic stabilizer pridopidine increases neuronal activity of pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Gronier, B; Ponten, H; Waters, S, 2013)	1.41

Treatment

Pridopidine treatment suppressed supranormal ER Ca. SOD1 G93A mice showed genotype-specific effects with the prevention of cachexia.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pridopidine-treated SOD1 G93A mice showed genotype-specific effects with the prevention of cachexia."	( Pridopidine modifies disease phenotype in a SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Estévez-Silva, HM; Giacobbo, BL; Liu, X; Marcellino, DJ; Mediavilla, T; Sultan, FR, 2022)	2.89
"Pridopidine treatment suppressed supranormal ER Ca"	( The sigma-1 receptor mediates the beneficial effects of pridopidine in a mouse model of Huntington disease. Bezprozvanny, I; Geva, M; Grossman, I; Hayden, M; Kusko, R; Ryskamp, D; Wu, J, 2017)	1.42

Toxicity

Pridopidine 45 mg BID was generally safe and tolerable in HD subjects over 36 months. Pridopidine remained safe and well tolerated over the 60-month interval.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Any adverse events (AEs) were recorded."	( One-year safety and tolerability profile of pridopidine in patients with Huntington disease. Bright, J; de Yebenes, JG; Ivkovic, J; Landwehrmeyer, B; Prang, A; Reilmann, R; Rembratt, A; Rosser, A; Squitieri, F, 2013)	0.65
"This study provides Class IV evidence that pridopidine (≤90 mg/day) is generally safe and well-tolerated in patients with Huntington disease for up to 1 year."	( One-year safety and tolerability profile of pridopidine in patients with Huntington disease. Bright, J; de Yebenes, JG; Ivkovic, J; Landwehrmeyer, B; Prang, A; Reilmann, R; Rembratt, A; Rosser, A; Squitieri, F, 2013)	0.91
" Adverse events (AEs), laboratory values, and electrocardiography were monitored throughout."	( Safety and Exploratory Efficacy at 36 Months in Open-HART, an Open-Label Extension Study of Pridopidine in Huntington's Disease. Abler, V; Auinger, P; Gandhi, S; Grachev, ID; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; McGarry, A; Papapetropoulos, S, 2017)	0.68
"Pridopidine 45 mg BID was generally safe and tolerable in HD subjects over 36 months."	( Safety and Exploratory Efficacy at 36 Months in Open-HART, an Open-Label Extension Study of Pridopidine in Huntington's Disease. Abler, V; Auinger, P; Gandhi, S; Grachev, ID; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; McGarry, A; Papapetropoulos, S, 2017)	2.12
" The most frequent adverse events across all groups were diarrhoea, vomiting, nasopharyngitis, falls, headache, insomnia, and anxiety."	( Safety and efficacy of pridopidine in patients with Huntington's disease (PRIDE-HD): a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre, dose-ranging study. Borowsky, B; Eyal, E; Grachev, ID; Gross, N; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; Landwehrmeyer, GB; Langbehn, D; McGarry, A; Papapetropoulos, S; Reilmann, R; Savola, JM; Schubert, R; Squitieri, F; Wickenberg, AT, 2019)	0.82
" Adverse events, concomitant medications, vital signs, laboratory values, and ECG data were monitored."	( Additional Safety and Exploratory Efficacy Data at 48 and 60 Months from Open-HART, an Open-Label Extension Study of Pridopidine in Huntington Disease. Abler, V; Auinger, P; Gandhi, S; Geva, M; Gordon, MF; Grachev, ID; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; McGarry, A; Mehra, M; Papapetropoulos, S; Savola, JM, 2020)	0.77
" Pridopidine remained safe and well tolerated over the 60-month interval."	( Additional Safety and Exploratory Efficacy Data at 48 and 60 Months from Open-HART, an Open-Label Extension Study of Pridopidine in Huntington Disease. Abler, V; Auinger, P; Gandhi, S; Geva, M; Gordon, MF; Grachev, ID; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; McGarry, A; Mehra, M; Papapetropoulos, S; Savola, JM, 2020)	1.68
"The 45 mg BID pridopidine dosage remained safe and tolerable over 60 months."	( Additional Safety and Exploratory Efficacy Data at 48 and 60 Months from Open-HART, an Open-Label Extension Study of Pridopidine in Huntington Disease. Abler, V; Auinger, P; Gandhi, S; Geva, M; Gordon, MF; Grachev, ID; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; McGarry, A; Mehra, M; Papapetropoulos, S; Savola, JM, 2020)	1.13

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In vitro studies have shown that pridopidine is a substrate for the P450 cytochrome 2D6 enzyme (CYP2D6), and clinical data show that the half-life of pridopidine is different following single dosing versus at steady state."	( Pharmacokinetic and tolerability profile of pridopidine in healthy-volunteer poor and extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers, following single and multiple dosing. Gundorf Drewes, P; Lindskov Krog, P; Osterberg, O; Rembratt, Å; Schultz, A; Timmer, W, 2013)	0.93

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

Pridopidine is a substrate for the P450 cytochrome 2D6 enzyme (CYP2D6) In vitro studies have shown that the half-life of pridopidine is different following single dosing versus at steady state. The 45 mg BID pridobidine dosage remained safe and tolerable over 60 months.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Results of studies examining the effects of multiple repeat dosing suggest that the CYP2D6 enzyme is at least partly inactivated by pridopidine."	( The dopaminergic stabilizer pridopidine is to a major extent N-depropylated by CYP2D6 in humans. Bertilsson, L; Helldén, A; Johansson, P; Panagiotidis, G; Tedroff, J; Waters, N; Waters, S, 2012)	0.88
" In vitro studies have shown that pridopidine is a substrate for the P450 cytochrome 2D6 enzyme (CYP2D6), and clinical data show that the half-life of pridopidine is different following single dosing versus at steady state."	( Pharmacokinetic and tolerability profile of pridopidine in healthy-volunteer poor and extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers, following single and multiple dosing. Gundorf Drewes, P; Lindskov Krog, P; Osterberg, O; Rembratt, Å; Schultz, A; Timmer, W, 2013)	0.93
" The 90 mg/day dosage appears worthy of further study."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pridopidine in Huntington's disease. , 2013)	0.64
"Drug-interaction experiments, supplemented by dose-response data, examined the effects of these compounds on locomotor activity, on striatal levels of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and on levels of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) gene expression in the striatum and frontal cortex of male Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Co-administration of the Dopaminergic Stabilizer Pridopidine and Tetrabenazine in Rats. Klamer, D; Ponten, H; Waters, N; Waters, S, 2014)	0.66
"The 45 mg BID pridopidine dosage remained safe and tolerable over 60 months."	( Additional Safety and Exploratory Efficacy Data at 48 and 60 Months from Open-HART, an Open-Label Extension Study of Pridopidine in Huntington Disease. Abler, V; Auinger, P; Gandhi, S; Geva, M; Gordon, MF; Grachev, ID; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; McGarry, A; Mehra, M; Papapetropoulos, S; Savola, JM, 2020)	1.13

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (3)

Potency Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.4866	0.0010	8.3798	61.1304	AID1645840
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	12.5177	0.0000	0.6518	10.0000	AID1718169; AID1718170; AID458632; AID458633
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0817	0.0000	0.4901	10.0000	AID1718135
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (102)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasis	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transport	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalization	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor internalization	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron-neuron synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axonogenesis	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse assembly	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smell	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
long-term memory	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
grooming behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adult walking behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
associative learning	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
visual learning	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to light stimulus	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substance	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to iron ion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inactivity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
Wnt signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
striatum development	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
orbitofrontal cortex development	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenohypophysis development	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migration	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
peristalsis	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
auditory behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesis	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expression	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to histamine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of urine volume	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of renal sodium excretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growth	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic process	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
drinking behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transport	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to morphine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
pigmentation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressure	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of innate immune response	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
acid secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanol	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to axon injury	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
branching morphogenesis of a nerve	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell proliferation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse structural plasticity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibition	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular response to hypoxia	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor production	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
hyaloid vascular plexus regression	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron migration	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretion	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid transport	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homotrimerization	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (10)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound binding	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activity	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (34)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
Golgi membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
acrosomal vesicle	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cilium	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sperm flagellum	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryon	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminus	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
ciliary membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
non-motile cilium	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapse	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor complex	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	D(2) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membrane	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear outer membrane	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid droplet	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
growth cone	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
anchoring junction	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (22)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID458641	Reduction in spontaneous locomotor activity in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum at 100 umol/kg, sc relative to control	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6	Synthesis and evaluation of a set of 4-phenylpiperidines and 4-phenylpiperazines as D2 receptor ligands and the discovery of the dopaminergic stabilizer 4-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine (huntexil, pridopidine, ACR16).
AID458632	Displacement of [3H]spiperone from human dopamine D2 receptor at low affinity state expressed in HEK293 cells	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6	Synthesis and evaluation of a set of 4-phenylpiperidines and 4-phenylpiperazines as D2 receptor ligands and the discovery of the dopaminergic stabilizer 4-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine (huntexil, pridopidine, ACR16).
AID714095	Reduction in spontaneous locomotor activity in Sprague-Dawley rat at 300 umol/kg, sc measured after 15 to 60 mins relative to saline-treated control	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22	Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID714104	Increase in DOPAC level in sc dosed Sprague-Dawley rat striatum by HPLC analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22	Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID458633	Displacement of [3H]spiperone from human dopamine D2 receptor at high affinity state expressed in HEK293 cells	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6	Synthesis and evaluation of a set of 4-phenylpiperidines and 4-phenylpiperazines as D2 receptor ligands and the discovery of the dopaminergic stabilizer 4-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine (huntexil, pridopidine, ACR16).
AID714098	Decrease in 5-HIAA level in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum at 300 umol/kg, sc by HPLC analysis relative to saline-treated control	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22	Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID736003	Displacement of [3H]Ro 41-1049 from rat MAO-A receptor expressed in HEK293 cells	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 62	Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and QSAR modeling of mono-substituted 4-phenylpiperidines and 4-phenylpiperazines.
AID458634	Selectivity ratio of Ki for human dopamine D2 receptor at low affinity state to Ki for human dopamine D2 receptor at high affinity state	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6	Synthesis and evaluation of a set of 4-phenylpiperidines and 4-phenylpiperazines as D2 receptor ligands and the discovery of the dopaminergic stabilizer 4-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine (huntexil, pridopidine, ACR16).
AID1718135	Inhibition of [3H](+)-pentazocine binding to human sigma1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation spectrometry	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-24, Volume: 63, Issue:24	Small Molecules Selectively Targeting Sigma-1 Receptor for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases.
AID1718170	Binding affinity to dopamine D2 (high) receptor (unknown origin)	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-24, Volume: 63, Issue:24	Small Molecules Selectively Targeting Sigma-1 Receptor for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases.
AID1718169	Binding affinity to dopamine D2 (low) receptor (unknown origin)	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-24, Volume: 63, Issue:24	Small Molecules Selectively Targeting Sigma-1 Receptor for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases.
AID458635	Activity at dopamine D2L receptor expressed in HEK293 cells coexpressing Galphaqi5 assessed as maximal efficacy relative to control	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6	Synthesis and evaluation of a set of 4-phenylpiperidines and 4-phenylpiperazines as D2 receptor ligands and the discovery of the dopaminergic stabilizer 4-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine (huntexil, pridopidine, ACR16).
AID714099	Increase in DOPAC level in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum at 300 umol/kg, sc by HPLC analysis relative to saline-treated control	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22	Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID714105	Displacement of [3H]Ro 41-1049 from MAO-A in rat cerebral cortex by competition binding assay	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22	Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID714107	Displacement of [3H]imipramine from human SERT expressed in CHO cells by competition binding assay	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22	Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID458636	Reduction in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid level in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum at 100 umol/kg, sc relative to saline treated control	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6	Synthesis and evaluation of a set of 4-phenylpiperidines and 4-phenylpiperazines as D2 receptor ligands and the discovery of the dopaminergic stabilizer 4-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine (huntexil, pridopidine, ACR16).
AID458654	Reduction in amphetamine-induced locomotor activity in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum at 150 umol/kg, sc relative to control	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6	Synthesis and evaluation of a set of 4-phenylpiperidines and 4-phenylpiperazines as D2 receptor ligands and the discovery of the dopaminergic stabilizer 4-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine (huntexil, pridopidine, ACR16).
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (67)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	6 (8.96)	29.6817
2010's	46 (68.66)	24.3611
2020's	15 (22.39)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 49.07

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	49.07 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	4.41 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	5.09 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	74.20 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	1.97 (0.95)

This Compound (49.07)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	12 (17.39%)	5.53%
Reviews	8 (11.59%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	49 (71.01%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.48	2	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.44	2	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0
carbetapentane carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.35	1	0	benzenes
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	3.63	2	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.08	1	0	primary amine
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	3.35	1	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	3.35	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	4.54	7	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	3.35	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.21	1	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	7.15	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	2.07	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	3.35	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.53	2	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.45	2	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.05	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	9.44	3	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.54	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	3.27	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	7.17	1	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.05	1	0
piperidine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.07	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.41	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.52	2	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	3.83	3	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	2.07	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	3.35	1	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
4-phenylpiperidine [no description available]	7.05	1	0
a 68930 A 68930: D-1 dopamine receptor agonist	2.08	1	0	2-benzopyran
ferric ferricyanide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
bifeprunox bifeprunox: an antipsychotic agent	2.05	1	0	biphenyls
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.23	1	0
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	3.35	1	0	benzazocine
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	2.11	1	0	salicylamides
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.05	1	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	4.07	4	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	3.35	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.15	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.42	2	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
osu 6162 OSU 6162: reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesias without inducing akinesia	4.85	10	0
sa 4503 [no description available]	3.35	1	0
1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride SA 4503: a sigma(1) receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
n-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide N-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide: structure in first source	3.23	1	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.05	1	0
valbenazine valbenazine: inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2); used to treat tardive dyskinesia; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	19.1	60	10
2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone 2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone: structure in first source. 2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone : A phylloquinone that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing a phytyl group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	phylloquinones
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.05	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.02	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Psychoses [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	2.07	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	3.17	1	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	5.63	15	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.25	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	7.31	1	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	4.69	5	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	3.04	3	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	1	10.04	3	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	2.41	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	0	2.41	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	4.69	5	0
DDPAC [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	0	2.6	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	2.69	2	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	2.41	1	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	12.07	29	8
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	1	14.07	29	8
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	2.31	1	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	0	3.09	1	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	0	3.09	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	2.15	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	3.9	2	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	2.21	1	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	0	2.21	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	0	3.47	1	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	3.51	1	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	2.15	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	0	2.05	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Leigh Disease A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).	0	2.05	1	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	0	2.06	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	3.34	2	0
Autism [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	0	2.02	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	0	2.03	1	0

chemdatabank.com