ciprofloxacin

Research Excerpts

Overview

Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a fluoroquinolone used for empirical and targeted therapy of a wide range of infections. It is a pseudopersistent antibiotic detected in freshwater worldwide. CIP is a commonly used antibiotic for meningococcal chemoprophylaxis.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ciprofloxacin is a pharmaceutical component used for treating various tract infections. "	( Adsorption behavior of fluoroquinolone(ciprofloxacin) using zinc oxide impregnated activated carbon prepared from jack fruit peel: Kinetics and isotherm studies. Harirajan, N; Magesh, N; Renita, AA; Santhosh, A; Siva, R, 2022)	2.43
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic with a concentration-dependent antimicrobial effect. "	( [Ciprofloxacin: pharmacokinetics and a potential for therapeutic monitoring]. Kubíčková, V; Urbánek, K, 2021)	2.97
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone used for empirical and targeted therapy of a wide range of infections. "	( Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics After Oral and Intravenous Administration in (Morbidly) Obese and Non-obese Individuals: A Prospective Clinical Study. Brüggemann, RJM; Knibbe, CAJ; Krekels, EHJ; Smit, C; van der Linden, PD; Van Dongen, EPA; van Rhee, KP; Wasmann, RE; Wiezer, R, 2022)	3.61
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a pseudopersistent antibiotic detected in freshwater worldwide. "	( A Bioavailability Model to Predict the Impact of pH and Dissolved Organic Carbon on Ciprofloxacin Ecotoxicity to the Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. De Schamphelaere, KAC; Demeestere, K; Zhang, Q, 2022)	2.39
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a commonly used antibiotic for meningococcal chemoprophylaxis, and the mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of "	( Molecular detection of fluoroquinolone-resistant Okada, R; Ota, Y; Saito, R; Takahashi, H, 2022)	2.16
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a kind of widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, and the widespread presence of CIP in aquatic environment has become a serious issue. "	( Mechanochemical treatment for degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in solutions. Dong, C; Feng, X; Wang, J; Wang, X, 2022)	2.42
"Ciprofloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with significant antimicrobial activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics."	( Recent advancements and perspective of ciprofloxacin-based antimicrobial polymers. Gupta, S; Kanth, S; Malgar Puttaiahgowda, Y; T, S, 2023)	1.9
"Ciprofloxacin (CFX) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic shared between animals and humans that is useful in treatments besides infections."	( Changes in antibiotic residues and the gut microbiota during ciprofloxacin administration throughout Silkie chicken development. Chen, P; Cheng, J; Ji, J; Li, Y; Luo, C; Qu, H; Shu, D; Yan, X; Yuan, Y, 2023)	1.87
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone, widely used because of its broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties."	( Administration of ciprofloxacin through a nasogastric tube in pediatric oncology and stem cell transplantation patients. Bauters, T; Buyle, F; Dhooge, C; Schelstraete, P, 2023)	1.97
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is an antibiotic commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. "	( Experimentally exposed toxic effects of long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of CIP in males and females of the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Braga, TT; Carvalho, LÂSJ; Cestari, MM; Evans, AA; Moreira Brito, JC; Oliveira Guaita, G; Oya-Silva, LF; Perussolo, MC; Prodocimo, MM; Silva de Assis, HC, 2023)	2.35
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone that is used for bacterial infections involving different systems. "	( Three Cases of Myoclonus Secondary to Ciprofloxacin: "Ciproclonus". Ali, HT; Caprara, ALF; Javed, H; Rissardo, JP; Soliman, ZA, )	1.85
" Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic widely used in clinical practice to treat musculoskeletal infections. "	( Neurobehavioral impairments in ciprofloxacin- treated osteoarthritic adult rats. Büki, A; Ducza, E; Gálity, H; Horváth, G; Kékesi, G; Tóth, K; Tuboly, G, 2023)	1.82
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a commonly prescribed fluoroquinolone antibiotic that, even after uptake, remains unmetabolized to a significant extent-over 70%. "	( Degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in urine by electrochemical oxidation with a DSA anode. Brillas, E; Cavalcanti, EB; Felisardo, RJA; Garcia-Segura, S; Romanholo Ferreira, LF, 2023)	2.64
"Ciprofloxacin is a commonly used antibiotic for treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. "	( Formulation of Chitosan Polymeric Vesicles of Ciprofloxacin for Ocular Delivery: Box-Behnken Optimization, In Vitro Characterization, HET-CAM Irritation, and Antimicrobial Assessment. Afzal, M; Alenezi, SK; Alhakamy, NA; Alharbi, KS; Alotaibi, NH; Alruwaili, NK; Alshehri, S; Bukhari, SNA; Imam, SS, 2020)	2.26
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is an antibiotic commonly used to treat P."	( Transcriptomic determinants of the response of ST-111 Pseudomonas aeruginosa AG1 to ciprofloxacin identified by a top-down systems biology approach. Campos-Sánchez, R; Chavarría-Azofeifa, M; Chinchilla-Montero, D; García, F; Molina-Mora, JA; Mora-Rodríguez, R; Shi, L; Ulloa-Morales, AJ, 2020)	1.5
"Ciprofloxacin is an alternative to vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. "	( Preparation and optimization of ciprofloxacin encapsulated niosomes: A new approach for enhanced antibacterial activity, biofilm inhibition and reduced antibiotic resistance in ciprofloxacin-resistant methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus. Akbarzadeh, I; Bakhtiari, R; Heidari, F; Mirzaie, A; Mirzazadeh, S; Moghtaderi, M; Noorbazargan, H; Peirovi, N; Yeganeh, FE, 2020)	2.28
"Ciprofloxacin drugs are a second-generation fluoroquinolone highly prescribed medication against various bacterial infections in human and aquaculture practices. "	( Responses of Cirrhinus mrigala to second-generation fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) toxicity: Assessment of antioxidants, tissue morphology, and inorganic ions. Anila, PA; Poopal, RK; Ramesh, M; Ren, Z; Sujitha, M, 2021)	2.3
"Ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) is a fluroquinolone class antibiotic used commonly for the treatment of various acute and chronic bacterial infections. "	( Ciprofloxacin-induced cutaneous adverse drug events: a systematic review of descriptive studies. Chhabra, M; Kashyap, A; Rajan, AK; Rashid, M; Sreenivasan, S, 2021)	3.51
"ciprofloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone, which has been used as one of the top three antibacterial agents prescribed in Ethiopia. "	( Hospital-based ciprofloxacin use evaluation in Eastern Ethiopia: a retrospective assessment of clinical practice. Abebe, FA; Embiale, YB; Hailegiyorgis, TT; Shiferaw, MS; Tekalign, TG, 2021)	2.42
"Ciprofloxacin is an extensively used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which exists in aquatic environment, causing detrimental effects to the aquatic ecosystem and thus, indirectly to humans. "	( Functional role of mixed-culture microbe in photocatalysis coupled with biodegradation: Total organic carbon removal of ciprofloxacin. Chen, L; Ding, R; Li, Y; Lin, L; Tian, X; Yan, W; Zhao, F, 2021)	2.27
"Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used in osteoarticular infections owing to its very good bone penetration. "	( Ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics during long-term treatment of osteoarticular infections. Aubry, A; Bleibtreu, A; Chauvin, C; Comets, E; Fourniols, E; Funck-Brentano, C; Jaureguiberry, S; Llopis, B; Noe, G; Tissot, N; Urien, S; Zahr, N, 2021)	3.51
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a poorly soluble drug that also displays poor permeability. "	( Amorphous Polymeric Drug Salts as Ionic Solid Dispersion Forms of Ciprofloxacin. Mesallati, H; Paluch, KJ; Tajber, L; Umerska, A, 2017)	2.13
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is an antibacterial agent prescribed for the treatment of ocular infections. "	( Ocular disposition of ciprofloxacin from topical, PEGylated nanostructured lipid carriers: Effect of molecular weight and density of poly (ethylene) glycol. Adelli, GR; Balguri, SP; Bhagav, P; Janga, KY; Majumdar, S, 2017)	2.21
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is an antibiotic drug frequently detected in manure compost and is difficult to decompose at high temperatures, resulting in a potential threat to the environment. "	( Study of ciprofloxacin biodegradation by a Thermus sp. isolated from pharmaceutical sludge. Li, CX; Li, J; Pan, LJ; Tang, XD; Wang, Y; Yu, GW, 2018)	2.34
"Oral ciprofloxacin is an effective, safe and relatively inexpensive prophylaxis regimen."	( Antibiotic prophylaxis in transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Khalifa, MO; Mansour, MA, 2018)	0.94
"Ciprofloxacin (CFX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used as a first line treatment against infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumonia that are commonly acquired by cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. "	( Fabrication of inhaled hybrid silver/ciprofloxacin nanoparticles with synergetic effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Al-Obaidi, H; Kalgudi, R; Zariwala, MG, 2018)	2.2
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug to which most Gram-negative and many Gram-positive bacteria are highly susceptible. "	( Formulation and evaluation of controlled-release matrix systems of ciprofloxacin. Awasthi, R; Dua, K; Malipeddi, VR, )	1.81
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is an antibiotic that is widely used to treat bacterial infections and is poorly biodegraded during wastewater treatment. "	( Aerobic biotransformation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin by Bradyrhizobium sp. isolated from activated sludge. Nghiem, LD; Nguyen, LN; Oh, S, 2018)	2.18
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a potent antimicrobial agent with multiple effects on host cells and tissues. "	( Ciprofloxacin Enhances TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cells by Upregulating the Expression and Protein Stability of Death Receptors through CHOP Expression. Heo, J; Kim, YH; Lee, TH; Lim, EJ; Yoon, YJ, 2018)	3.37
"Ciprofloxacin is a commonly prescribed antibiotic for treatment of pulmonary infections. "	( Optimization of a dry powder inhaler of ciprofloxacin-loaded polymeric nanomicelles by spray drying process. Farhangi, M; Kobarfard, F; Mahboubi, A; Mortazavi, SA; Vatanara, A, 2019)	2.22
"Ciprofloxacin is a prescribed antibiotic for many diseases, but its efficiency was affected by antibacterial resistance."	( Enhanced antibacterial activity of Egyptian local insects' chitosan-based nanoparticles loaded with ciprofloxacin-HCl. El Sherif, Y; El-Samie, EA; Elwahy, AHM; Marei, N; Salah, TA, 2019)	1.45
"Ciprofloxacin is a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic. "	( Calculations of Breznica-Selmani, P; Koch, A; Mikhova, B; Mladenovska, K; Popovski, E; Stamboliyska, B, 2019)	1.96
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a common drug that is widely found in hospital and wastewater treatment plants effluents, as well as in rivers."	( Optimization of ciprofloxacin degradation in wastewater by homogeneous sono-Fenton process at high frequency. Alcorta Cuello, DR; Barthe, L; García Batle, M; González Labrada, K; Jáuregui-Haza, UJ; Manero, MH; Saborit Sánchez, I, 2018)	1.55
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectral and highly refractory antibiotic. "	( Co-metabolic degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin by the enriched bacterial consortium XG and its bacterial community composition. Cai, QY; Feng, NX; Li, QX; Li, YW; Mo, CH; Wong, MH; Xiang, L; Yu, J; Yu, LY; Zhao, HM, 2019)	2.22
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is recognized as one of the World Health Organization's Essential Medicines. "	( A Consolidated and Continuous Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin from a Vinylogous Cyclopropyl Amide. De Oliveira, E; Desai, BK; Gupton, BF; Tomlin, J; Tosso, NP; Wen, J, 2019)	2.22
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used against Gram - germs."	( [Torsade de pointe resulting from a drug interaction between sotalol and ciprofloxacin]. Devaux, F; Fillet, M; Krzesinski, F, 2019)	1.47
"Ciprofloxacin is a well-established broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that penetrates well into the lung tissues; still, the mechanisms of its transepithelial transport are unknown. "	( Ciprofloxacin is actively transported across bronchial lung epithelial cells using a Calu-3 air interface cell model. Bebawy, M; Ong, HX; Traini, D; Young, PM, 2013)	3.28
"Ciprofloxacin is a well-known inhibitor of cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and causes numerous drug interactions that are not found for levofloxacin and moxifloxacin."	( Pharmacokinetics of sunitinib in combination with fluoroquinolones in rabbit model. Grabowski, T; Grześkowiak, E; Karbownik, A; Sobańska, K; Szałek, E; Wolc, A, 2013)	1.11
"Ciprofloxacin (Cip) is a broad spectrum antibiotic frequently used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. "	( Tailoring of alginate-gelatin microspheres properties for oral Ciprofloxacin-controlled release against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Castro, GR; Islan, GA, 2014)	2.08
"As ciprofloxacin is a common antibiotic with good tissue penetration, low toxicity and a favorable risk profile it represents a clinically interesting method for future PDT trials in meningiomas."	( Enhancing the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy in human meningioma cells. Cornelius, JF; El Khatib, M; Giannakis, A; Senger, B; Slotty, PJ; Steiger, HJ, 2014)	0.92
"Ciprofloxacin is considered to be a safe and effective treatment for acute infectious colitis. "	( Acute pancreatitis secondary to ciprofloxacin therapy in patients with infectious colitis. Cheung, DY; Cho, HJ; Cho, SH; Kim, JI; Kim, JK; Kim, SS; Lee, HJ; Sung, HY, 2014)	2.13
"Ciprofloxacin is a commonly used antibiotic. "	( Ciprofloxacin-induced crystal nephropathy. Ben Hmida, M; Ben Mahmoud, L; Boudawara, T; Hachicha, J; Jarraya, F; Kammoun, K; Kharrat, M; Makni, S; Zeghal, K, 2014)	3.29
"Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has been used for systemic treatment of otitis media in adults. "	( Nano-transfersomal ciprofloxacin loaded vesicles for non-invasive trans-tympanic ototopical delivery: in-vitro optimization, ex-vivo permeation studies, and in-vivo assessment. Al-Mahallawi, AM; Khowessah, OM; Shoukri, RA, 2014)	2.17
"Ciprofloxacin (CPX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for treating respiratory, urinary tract, gastrointestinal and abdominal infections. "	( Ciprofloxacin-induced neurotoxicity: evaluation of possible underlying mechanisms. Atli, O; Can, OD; Guven, I; Ilgin, S; Sener, E; Ucel, UI, 2015)	3.3
"Ciprofloxacin (Cf) is a synthetic fourth generation fluoroquinolone class antibiotic used for the treatment of gram-positive, gram-negative and mycobacterium species infections. "	( Simple electro-assisted immobilization of ciprofloxacin on carbon nanotube modified electrodes: its selective hydrogen peroxide electrocatalysis. Kumar, AS; Sornambikai, S, 2014)	2.11
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum quinolone antibiotic commonly used in clinical practice. "	( Beneficial effects of quercetin on renal injury and oxidative stress caused by ciprofloxacin in rats: A histological and biochemical study. Cetin, A; Dogan, Z; Elbe, H; Taslidere, E; Turkoz, Y, 2016)	2.1
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a commonly used antibiotic and widely detected in wastewaters and farmlands nowadays. "	( Ciprofloxacin adsorption on graphene and granular activated carbon: kinetics, isotherms, and effects of solution chemistry. Chen, F; Li, S; Tsang, DC; Yang, X; Zhu, X, 2015)	3.3
"Ciprofloxacin is a drug active against a broad spectrum of aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, for the therapy of ocular infections. "	( Engineered microparticles based on drug-polymer coprecipitates for ocular-controlled delivery of Ciprofloxacin: influence of technological parameters. Bonferoni, MC; Gavini, E; Giunchedi, P; Porcu, EP; Rassu, G; Rossi, S; Salis, A; Sandri, G, 2016)	2.09
"Ciprofloxacin is a common, broad spectrum antibacterial agent; however, evidence is accumulating that ciprofloxacin may cause liver damage. "	( Quercetin protection against ciprofloxacin induced liver damage in rats. Cetin, A; Dogan, Z; Elbe, H; Taslidere, E; Turkoz, Y; Vardi, N, 2016)	2.17
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is an antibiotic that has been clinically trialed for the treatment of lung infections by aerosolization. "	( Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Inorganic-Organic Composite Microparticles To Treat Bacterial Lung Infection. Brillault, J; Couet, W; Healy, AM; Lamy, B; O'Connell, P; Olivier, JC; Tewes, F, 2016)	3.32
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic found within μg/L concentration range in the aquatic environment. "	( Initial hazard screening for genotoxicity of photo-transformation products of ciprofloxacin by applying a combination of experimental and in-silico testing. Haddad, T; Kümmerer, K; Leder, C; Toolaram, AP, 2016)	2.11
"Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is an antibiotic, widely used in form of ophthalmic drops (0.3%) for the treatment of eye infections. "	( Extended Ciprofloxacin Release Using Vitamin E Diffusion Barrier From Commercial Silicone-Based Soft Contact Lenses. Mohajeri, SA; Shayani Rad, M, 2017)	2.31
"Ciprofloxacin is a quinolone antibiotic used to treat Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in the clinic. "	( In vitro characterization and inhibition of the interaction between ciprofloxacin and berberine against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. He, LT; He, ZS; Wang, RL; Ye, XG; Zhang, SR; Zhou, J; Zhou, XY, 2016)	2.11
"Ciprofloxacin is a widely used antibiotic, in the class of quinolones, for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. "	( The phenotypic evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations changes in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin. Bjarnsholt, T; Ciofu, O; Høiby, N; Ivanyshyn, K; Jelsbak, L; Khademi, SMH; Meinike Jørgensen, K; Wassermann, T, 2016)	2.08
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with five pH dependent species in aqueous medium, which makes its degradation behavior difficult to predict. "	( Dependence of transformation product formation on pH during photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin. Salma, A; Schmidt, TC; Thoröe-Boveleth, S; Tuerk, J, 2016)	2.09
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic associated with gastric and intestinal side effects after extended oral administration. "	( Kefiran-alginate gel microspheres for oral delivery of ciprofloxacin. Blandón, LM; Castro, GR; Islan, GA; Noseda, MD; Soccol, CR; Thomaz-Soccol, V, 2016)	2.12
"Ciprofloxacin is a member of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics with a broad spectrum bactericidal activity and recommended for complicated respiratory infections, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, bacterial diarrhea etc."	( CE-C(4)D method development and validation for the assay of ciprofloxacin. Adams, E; Paul, P; Sänger-van de Griend, C; Van Laeken, C; Van Schepdael, A, 2016)	1.4
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent nowadays used for the treatment of diarrhea."	( Resistance Pattern and Molecular Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Strains Isolated in Bangladesh. Azmi, IJ; Begum, YA; Qadri, F; Shahnaij, M; Sharmin, S; Sheikh, A; Svennerholm, AM; Talukder, KA, 2016)	1.16
"Ciprofloxacin is a recommended treatment for Shigella infections."	( South Asia as a Reservoir for the Global Spread of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Shigella sonnei: A Cross-Sectional Study. Baker, S; Bodhidatta, L; Chung The, H; Cormican, M; De Lappe, N; Ha Thanh, T; Holt, KE; Howden, BP; Mason, CJ; Nguyen Thi Nguyen, T; Pham Thanh, D; Phu Huong Lan, N; Rabaa, MA; Sar, P; Thompson, CN; Thomson, NR; Thwaites, G; Turner, P; Valcanis, M; Voong Vinh, P; Vu Thuy, D; Wangchuk, S, 2016)	1.41
"Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent of fluoroquinolone family. "	( Melatonin can attenuate ciprofloxacin induced nephrotoxicity: Involvement of nitric oxide and TNF-α. Ahangar, N; Ashari, S; Shaki, F, 2016)	2.18
"Ciprofloxacin is an important antibacterial drug targeting Type II topoisomerases, highly active against Gram-negatives including Escherichia coli. "	( Mutation Supply and Relative Fitness Shape the Genotypes of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Escherichia coli. Brandis, G; Garoff, L; Hughes, D; Huseby, DL; Pietsch, F; Tegehall, A, 2017)	2.14
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections; however, its limited aqueous solubility inhibits its broader clinical uses. "	( Solubility and bioavailability enhancement of ciprofloxacin by induced oval-shaped mono-6-deoxy-6-aminoethylamino-β-cyclodextrin. Cho, E; Choi, JM; Choi, Y; Dindulkar, SD; Jeong, D; Jung, S; Lee, B; Park, K; Park, S; Yu, JH, 2017)	2.16
"Ciprofloxacin is an inexpensive antibacterial, whereas chloroquine is an inexpensive antimalarial. "	( Effect of chloroquine on the urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin. Agbakoba, N; Agbasi, PU; Brown, SA; Ezejiofor, NA; Ilo, CE; Maduagwuna, CA; Orisakwe, OE; Orisakweph, OE, )	1.83
"As ciprofloxacin is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4, it is very likely that other mechanisms involving the ATP-binding cassette drug efflux transporter family played a role in this drug interaction."	( Rhabdomyolysis due to an uncommon interaction of ciprofloxacin with simvastatin. Sawant, RD, 2009)	1.12
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum, synthetic antibacterial used for the treatment of various bacterial infections. "	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ciprofloxacin with diclofenac: a single-dose, two-period crossover study in healthy adult volunteers. Iqbal, Z; Khan, A; Khan, GS; Khan, JA; Naz, A, 2009)	2.08
"Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic that belongs to fluoroquinoles, characterized by broad spectrum of action against pathogens, especially Gram(-) aerobic bacilli. "	( Does ciprofloxacin have an obverse and a reverse? Drewa, T; Gurtowska, N; Kloskowski, T, 2010)	2.32
"Ciprofloxacin is a bactericidal drug which is being used widely throughout the world for the treatment of various bacterial infection. "	( Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of antibacterial drug, ciprofloxacin, on human lymphocytes in vitro. Ambulkar, PS; Ghosh, SK; Ingole, IV; Pal, AK, 2009)	2.04
"Ciprofloxacin is a commonly used antibiotic for gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract infections with a considerably good safety profile. "	( Bone marrow suppression: a side effect of ciprofloxacin therapy. Chaudhry, M; Gundale, A; Levey, R; Roa, D; Tarneja, N, )	1.84
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a famous synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic. "	( Photocatalytic oxidation of ciprofloxacin under simulated sunlight. Ali, ME; Badawy, MI; Gad-Allah, TA, 2011)	2.11
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has a relatively low rate of occurence of adverse side effects. "	( Unexpected severe hepatotoxicity of ciprofloxacine: two case reports. Alan, C; Ersay, AR; Ertung, Y; Koçoğlu, H; Kurt, HA, 2011)	2.09
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and has been extensively used over the past 20 years."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin on microbiological development in wetland mesocosms. Legge, RL; Mitzel, MR; Slawson, RM; Weber, KP, 2011)	1.49
"Ciprofloxacin is a well-known fluoroquinolone, active in vitro against most Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. "	( Comparative effects of the immediate and the extended release formulations of ciprofloxacin on normal human intestinal microflora. Nord, CE; Rashid, M; Weintraub, A, 2011)	2.04
"Ciprofloxacin (Cip) is a second generation fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotic of high use."	( A mechanistic study of ciprofloxacin removal by kaolinite. Ackley, CJ; Emard, SM; Hong, H; Li, Z; Liao, L; MacDonald, RA; Mihelich, AL; Schulz, LA, 2011)	1.4
"Oral ciprofloxacin is a potential alternative to the standard parenteral ampicillin/gentamicin combination, but its pharmacokinetics in malnourished children is unknown."	( Dosing regimens of oral ciprofloxacin for children with severe malnutrition: a population pharmacokinetic study with Monte Carlo simulation. Karisa, J; Kokwaro, G; Maitland, K; Muchohi, S; Muturi, A; Thomson, AH; Thuo, N; Ungphakorn, W, 2011)	1.13
"Ciprofloxacin is a substrate for human and rodent BCRP."	( Intestinal ciprofloxacin efflux: the role of breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). Coleman, T; Haslam, IS; O'Reilly, DA; Sherlock, DJ; Simmons, NL; Wright, JA, 2011)	1.48
"Ciprofloxacin is a GP-BAR1 ligand."	( The bile acid receptor GPBAR-1 (TGR5) modulates integrity of intestinal barrier and immune response to experimental colitis. Baldelli, F; Bifulco, G; Chini, MG; Cipriani, S; Distrutti, E; Donini, A; Fiorucci, S; Mencarelli, A; Renga, B, 2011)	1.09
"Ciprofloxacin is a gold standard for the treatment of anthrax."	( Differential effects of linezolid and ciprofloxacin on toxin production by Bacillus anthracis in an in vitro pharmacodynamic system. Abshire, T; Brown, DL; Drusano, GL; Heine, HS; Holman, K; Kulawy, R; Liu, W; Louie, A; Vanscoy, BD, 2012)	1.37
"Ciprofloxacin is an antibacterial agent used mainly in urinary tract infections and prostate inflammation."	( Ciprofloxacin as a prophylactic agent against prostate cancer: a "two hit" hypothesis. Bajek, A; Drewa, T; Gurtowska, N; Kloskowski, T, 2012)	2.54
"Ciprofloxacin is a chemotherapeutic agent mainly used in the treatment of the pulmonary and urinary tract infections but is also known for its anticancer properties. "	( The influence of ciprofloxacin on viability of A549, HepG2, A375.S2, B16 and C6 cell lines in vitro. Bajek, A; Drewa, T; Gurtowska, N; Joachimiak, R; Kloskowski, T; Nowak, M; Olkowska, J, )	1.91
"Ciprofloxacin tablet is a dominant option and much more cost-effective than either cefuroxime or gentamicin in the treatment of S. "	( Cost effectiveness of three drugs for the treatment of S. aureus infections in Nigeria. Bamiro, BS; Suleiman, IA; Tayo, F, 2012)	1.82
"Ciprofloxacin is an effective and convenient choice in epidemics of tularemia and early treatment is still the cornerstone of successful therapies."	( Tularemia in central Anatolia. Gulen, G; Kilic, S; Sencan, I; Sezen, F; Ulu-Kilic, A, 2013)	1.11
"Ciprofloxacin (CP) is a fluoroquinolone that is highly active against diverse microorganisms. "	( Medicinal potential of ciprofloxacin and its derivatives. Biot, C; Castro, W; Navarro, M, 2013)	2.14
"Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) is a potential alternative in patients with febrile neutropenia (FN) because of its activity against Gram-negative organisms. "	( Randomized controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin and cefepime in febrile neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies. Atsuta, Y; Emi, N; Inamoto, Y; Ishikawa, Y; Nagai, H; Naoe, T; Ozawa, Y; Ozeki, K; Suzuki, R; Terakura, S; Yanada, M; Yasuda, T, 2013)	2.1
"Ciprofloxacin (CFX) is an effective and relatively safe antimicrobial used in a variety of human infections. "	( Ciprofloxacin increases hepatic and renal lipid hydroperoxides levels in mice. García Ovando, H; Gorla, NB; Ugnia, LI; Weyers, AI, 2002)	3.2
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluorinated quinolone antibiotic with relatively low occurrence of adverse side effects. "	( Ciprofloxacin-induced acute liver injury: case report and review of literature. Mikuz, G; Propst, A; Stadlmann, S; Terracciano, L; Vogel, W; Zimpfer, A, 2004)	3.21
"Ciprofloxacin is a widely used fluoroquinolone with high bactericidal activity against uropathogens and well established clinical efficacy in the treatment of UTIs."	( Current issues in the management of urinary tract infections: extended-release ciprofloxacin as a novel treatment option. Blondeau, JM, 2004)	1.27
"Ciprofloxacin (CF) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a broad spectrum that is commonly used in treatment of a variety of infections."	( The effect of ciprofloxacin on cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetics in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Afsharian, P; Hassan, M; Hassan, Z; Kimby, E; Möllgård, L; Xie, H, 2005)	1.41
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that has been used as a radiolabelled antibiotic in both the diagnosis of infections in rabbits and in clinical trials on humans."	( Technetium-99m ciprofloxacin imaging in the diagnosis of postsurgical bony infection and evaluation of the response to antibiotic therapy: A case report. Aggarwal, A; Bhattacharya, A; Mittal, BR; Nagi, ON; Singh, AK; Singh, B, 2005)	1.4
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluorinated quinolone antibacterial agent extensively used against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. "	( Interactions between ciprofloxacin and antacids--dissolution and adsorption studies. Arayne, MS; Hussain, F; Sultana, N, 2005)	2.09
"Ciprofloxacin is an important and commonly used member of the fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics. "	( Involvement of reactive oxygen species in the action of ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli. Goswami, M; Jawali, N; Mangoli, SH, 2006)	2.02
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug, being used in a wide range of infections. "	( Reliable new high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ciprofloxacin in human serum. van der Meer, YG; van Geijlswijk, IM; van Zanten, AR, 2006)	2
"Ciprofloxacin is a second-generation quinolone used as a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent."	( Effect of chloroquine on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in humans. Agbasi, PU; Brown, SA; Elo-Ilo, JC; Ilo, CE; Ilondu, NA; Okwoli, N; Orisakwe, OE, )	1.11
"Ciprofloxacin is an extensively used antibiotic that has been reported to occur in surface water. "	( Partitioning and photodegradation of ciprofloxacin in aqueous systems in the presence of organic matter. Belden, JB; Lydy, MJ; Maul, JD, 2007)	2.06
"Ciprofloxacin is a safe therapeutic option for newborns with sepsis produced by multiply resistant organisms."	( Ciprofloxacin treatment in preterm neonates in Bangladesh: lack of effects on growth and development. Ahmed, AS; Bhattacharya, M; Chowdhury, MA; Darmstadt, GL; Islam, M; Khan, NZ; Law, P; Muslima, H; Saha, SK, 2006)	3.22
"Ciprofloxacin is a widely used fluoroquinolone for the treatment of patients with complicated and uncomplicated infections. "	( Ciprofloxacin crystal nephropathy. Bozzola, C; Canavese, C; Lazzarich, E; Monga, G; Stratta, P, 2007)	3.23
"Ciprofloxacin is a widely used fluoroquinolone drug with broad spectrum antibacterial activities. "	( Photosensitizing potential of ciprofloxacin at ambient level of UV radiation. Agrawal, N; Farooq, M; Hans, RK; Pant, AB; Ray, RS, )	1.86
"Ciprofloxacin would seem to be a promising antibacterial agent for the treatment of urinary tract infection."	( In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and nalidixic acid. Bauernfeind, A; Petermüller, C, 1983)	1.31
"Ciprofloxacin is a potent broad-spectrum new antimicrobial agent."	( In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867). Fass, RJ, 1983)	1.31
"Ciprofloxacin is a new antibacterial agent of the 4-quinolone group. "	( In-vitro studies with ciprofloxacin, a new 4-quinolone compound. Bywater, MJ; Holt, HA; Reeves, DS; White, LO, 1984)	2.02
"Ciprofloxacin (Bay 09867) is a new quinoline derivative. "	( [In vitro antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against uropathogenic organisms]. Allocati, N; Catamo, G; Cellini, L, 1984)	1.99
"Ciprofloxacin is a new orally administrable fluoroquinolones, with considerable efficacy against multiresistant organisms. "	( Ciprofloxacin in multi-resistant infections in childhood: an audit. Bhutta, ZA; Khan, DM, 1995)	3.18
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectum quinolone antibiotic. "	( Prolonged bleeding time during ciprofloxacin therapy. Pilmore, HL; Walker, RJ, 1995)	2.02
"Ciprofloxacin appears to be an effective treatment of chronic otitis media, and superior to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid."	( Controlled prospective study of oral ciprofloxacin versus amoxycillin/clavulanic acid in chronic suppurative otitis media in adults. Beauvillain, C; Berche, P; Bordure, P; Legent, F, 1994)	1.28
"Ciprofloxacin thus seems to be a particularly useful antibiotic for the treatment of malignant external otitis, both because of its clinical and bacteriological efficacy and because it is well tolerated."	( Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of malignant external otitis. Gehanno, P, 1994)	2.45
"Ciprofloxacin is an effective antibiotic in the prevention of infection in episodes of neutropenia after induction or consolidation chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. "	( [Prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin in postchemotherapy neutropenia in acute myeloid leukemia]. Bueno, J; Juliá, A; López, A; Novo, A; Soler, JA, 1994)	2.07
"Ciprofloxacin is an effective treatment for those infections most common in elderly patients, including infections of the urinary tract, lower respiratory tract, skin and soft-tissues, and bone and joints, and is an effective agent for prophylaxis in transurethral surgery."	( Ciprofloxacin. A review of its pharmacological profile and therapeutic use in the elderly. Balfour, JA; Wiseman, LR, 1994)	2.45
"Ciprofloxacin thus appears to be a useful and effective agent in the local therapy of otitis externa."	( Otitis externa: clinical comparison of local ciprofloxacin versus local oxytetracycline, polymyxin B, hydrocortisone combination treatment. Arnes, E; Dibb, WL, 1993)	1.27
"Ciprofloxacin is a useful alternative to conventional parenteral treatment with antibiotics in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis and infections of the airways."	( [Oral ciprofloxacin therapy in juvenile patients with cystic fibrosis--results of a prospective pilot study]. Brömme, S; Handrick, W; Kharari, H; Klöditz, E; Patsch, R; Rumler, W; Schuster, R; Sollich, V; Spencker, FB, 1993)	1.49
"Ciprofloxacin appears to be a safe and effective option for treating renal cyst infections. "	( High-dose ciprofloxacin in the treatment of a renal cyst infection. Deepe, G; Healy, DP; Rossi, SJ; Savani, DV, 1993)	2.13
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluorinated quinolone antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram positive and gram negative organisms. "	( Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Holmes, EW; Jay, WM; Marchese, AL; Slana, VS, 1993)	2.01
"Ciprofloxacin appears to be an effective single agent in the treatment of ulcerative keratitis."	( Comparison of topical ciprofloxacin to conventional antibiotic therapy in the treatment of ulcerative keratitis. Abrams, DA; Katz, HR; Parks, DJ; Sarfarazi, FA, 1993)	1.32
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase, with good in vitro and in vivo activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative ocular pathogens. "	( Clinical evaluation of ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution in the treatment of refractory bacterial keratitis. Chang, SW; Hu, FR; Tsai, AC; Tseng, MC, 1995)	2.04
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. "	( Ciprofloxacin. An updated review of its pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and tolerability. Balfour, JA; Davis, R; Markham, A, 1996)	3.18
"Ciprofloxacin is a highly potent antibacterial agent that is used extensively in bone and joint infections. "	( The effects of ciprofloxacin on human chondrocytes in cell culture. Frondoza, CG; Hungerford, DS; Mathur, SK; Mont, MA, )	1.93
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with broad spectrum bactericidal activity. "	( The effectiveness of two ciprofloxacin formulations for experimental Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus keratitis. Callegan, MC; Engel, LS; Folkens, AT; Hill, JM; O'Callaghan, RJ; Shimomura, Y, 1996)	2.04
"Ciprofloxacin is an effective drug for initial treatment of SBP/CNNA."	( Frequency, microbial spectrum and outcome of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in north India. Ayyagari, A; Ghoshal, UC; Naik, SR; Puri, AS; Puri, J; Saraswat, VA; Sharma, BC, 1996)	1.02
"Ciprofloxacin which is an active metabolite of enrofloxacin was observed in plasma samples from all treated pigs, but the concentration never exceeded 0.1 microgram/ml."	( Bioavailability of enrofloxacin after oral administration to fed and fasted pigs. Gyrd-Hansen, N; Nielsen, P, 1997)	1.02
"Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) is a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, inducing cutaneous adverse drug reactions in about 1 to 2% of the treated patients. "	( Cutaneous adverse reaction to ciprofloxacin: demonstration of specific lymphocyte proliferation and cross-reactivity to ofloxacin in vitro. Gleichmann, E; Hunzelmann, N; Rönnau, AC; Ruzicka, T; Sachs, B; Schuppe, HC; von Schmiedeberg, S, 1997)	2.03
"Ciprofloxacin thus appears to be a good choice in such cases."	( Present status of drug resistance in cases of enteric fever in Rajasthan. Agarwal, SK; Maheshwari, VD, 1996)	1.02
"Oral ciprofloxacin is a cost-effective prophylactic agent for high-risk ERCP."	( Antibiotic prophylaxis for ERCP: a comparison of oral ciprofloxacin with intravenous cephazolin in the prophylaxis of high-risk patients. Alveyn, CG; Davis, AJ; Kolios, G; Robertson, DA, 1998)	1.06
"Ciprofloxacin is an useful antimicrobial for the treatment of lower urinary tract infection in women."	( [Efficacy and tolerance of a five day course of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infection in women. Multicenter study]. Castrillón, M; Cumsille, F; Flaskamp, R; Haristoy, J; Martínez, J; Montaño, R; Prado, V; Sepúlveda, S; Zemelman, R, 1998)	2
"Ciprofloxacin is an alternative, and there is limited experience in its topical use."	( Investigation of topical ciprofloxacin ototoxicity in guinea pigs. Ceryan, K; Güneri, EA; Ikiz, AO; Serbetçioğlu, B; Sütay, S, 1998)	1.32
"Ciprofloxacin (CFLX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a broad antimicrobial spectrum. "	( Experimental intravitreal application of ciprofloxacin in rabbits. Duncker, GI; Grammer, JB; Hedderich, J; Johannsen, U; Pleyer, U; Wiechens, B, 1999)	2.01
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a fluoroquinolone-antibiotic with a high antimicrobial activity against all pathogens causing bacterial endophthalmitis. "	( [Clearance of liposome-incorporated ciprofloxacin after intravitreal injection in rabbit eyes]. Duncker, GI; Grammer, JB; Krausse, R; Neumann, D; Pleyer, U; Wiechens, B, 1998)	2.02
"The ciprofloxacin is an antibacterial agent."	( Biodegradable polylactic acid nanocapsules containing ciprofloxacin: preparation and characterization. Chang, TM; Wong, JP; Yu, WP, 1999)	1.03
"Ciprofloxacin is an effective single-dose treatment for chancroid, but current recommendations for empiric therapy of genital ulcers may result in high treatment failure due to HSV infection."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of single-dose ciprofloxacin versus erythromycin for the treatment of chancroid in Nairobi, Kenya. MacDonald, KS; Maclean, I; Malonza, IM; Moses, S; Ndinya-Achola, JO; Omar, S; Orle, K; Perriens, J; Plummer, FA; Ronald, AR; Tyndall, MW, 1999)	1.26
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). "	( Ciprofloxacin disposition in elderly patients with LRTI being treated with sequential therapy (200 mg intravenously twice daily followed by 500 mg per os twice daily): comparative pharmacokinetics and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Baraldo, M; Furlanut, M; Lugatti, E; Milaneschi, R; Pea, F; Talmassons, G, 2000)	3.19
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic used in the treatment of a wide range of mild to moderate gram-positive and gram-negative infections. "	( Retrospective analysis of the safety profile of oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin in a geriatric population. Haverstock, D; Heyd, A, 2000)	1.98
"Ciprofloxacin is a recommended treatment for gonococcal infection in the UK but if resistance continues to increase at the present rate it might not be suitable as a first-line treatment of gonorrhoea for much longer."	( Increased ciprofloxacin resistance in gonococci isolated in Scotland. Forsyth, A; Moyes, A; Young, H, 2000)	1.43
"Ciprofloxacin appears to be a good therapeutic choice for the treatment of severe nosocomial infections in NICU."	( [Nosocomial infections in neonatal and pediatric intensive care. The appeal of ciprofloxacin]. Benomar, S; Lahbabi, MS; Nejjari, N, 2000)	1.26
"Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) is a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity. "	( Microsomal metabolism of ciprofloxacin generates free radicals. Daveloose, D; Favier, A; Gonthier, B; Gürbay, A; Hincal, F, 2001)	2.06
"Ciprofloxacin is a relatively non-toxic antibiotic that can be easily administered orally with large volume of distribution and good tissue penetration."	( Ciprofloxacin inhibits cell growth and synergises the effect of etoposide in hormone resistant prostate cancer cells. Aranha, O; Aslam, N; El-Rayes, BF; Grignon, R; Sarkar, FH, 2002)	2.48
"Ciprofloxacin is a relatively new fluoroquinolone with excellent activity against Pseudomonas and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus."	( Ciprofloxacin. Use as a topical otic preparation. Brownlee, RE; Hulka, GF; Pillsbury, HC; Prazma, J, 1992)	2.45
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluorinate quinolone with a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms."	( [A review of clinical studies on the efficacy and tolerance of intravenous ciprofloxacin]. Memoli, M, 1992)	1.24
"Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against most aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. "	( Successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis with topical ciprofloxacin. Fish, LA; Hill, JM; Hobden, JA; Insler, MS; O'Callaghan, RJ; Silbernagel, J, 1991)	1.94
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a quinolone carboxylic acid derivative with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. "	( Ciprofloxacin enhances T cell function by modulating interleukin activities. Hewlett, G; Stünkel, KG; Zeiler, HJ, 1991)	3.17
"Ciprofloxacin is a potent fluoroquinolone antibiotic with in vitro activity against many significant gram-positive and gram-negative ocular pathogens. "	( Insights from experimental data on ciprofloxacin in the treatment of bacterial keratitis and ocular infections. Cokingtin, CD; Hyndiuk, RA, 1991)	2
"Ciprofloxacin is an essential enrichment of the antibacterial therapy. "	( [Effective microbiologic spectrum of gyrase inhibitors--indications and contraindications]. Tauchnitz, C, 1990)	1.72
"Ciprofloxacin is a quinolone that penetrates well intracellularly. "	( Failure of ciprofloxacin to eradicate brucellosis in experimental animals. al-Orainey, IO; Bashandi, AM; Saeed, EN, 1990)	2.11
"Ciprofloxacin appears to be an effective agent for the prevention of gram-negative infections in granulocytopenic patients with acute leukemia, but may contribute to a shift in the type of infections in these patients towards those caused by gram-positive microorganisms, intrinsically fairly sensitive or with acquired drug resistance."	( Ciprofloxacin for infection prophylaxis in granulocytopenic patients with acute leukemia. Annaloro, C; Bianchi, R; Cofrancesco, E; Cortellaro, M; Mascheroni, E; Pasargiklian, I; Polli, N; Pozzoli, E; Ranzi, ML, )	2.3
"Ciprofloxacin is a safe and effective therapy for uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis, including that caused by PPNG and CMRNG in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men."	( Oral ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of urethritis from resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Zambia. Brady, W; Bryan, JP; Hira, SK; Krieg, R; Luo, N; Mpoko, G; Mwale, C; Reichart, C; Siwiwaliondo, E; Waters, C, 1990)	1.51
"Thus ciprofloxacin seems to be an effective, and perhaps superior, alternative to ampicillin in treating patients with shigellosis."	( Therapy for shigellosis. II. Randomized, double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. Barza, M; Bennish, ML; Haider, R; Salam, MA, 1990)	0.97
"Ciprofloxacin seems to be an excellent therapeutic agent for A."	( Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of nosocomial multiply resistant Acinetobacter calcoaceticus bacteremia. Bourvin, A; Karpuch, J; Leonov, Y; Lewinson, G; Schlaeffer, F; Shemesh, Y, )	2.3
"Ciprofloxacin is an uncommon cause of pseudomembranous colitis. "	( Ciprofloxacin as a cause of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in an HIV antibody-positive patient. Harris, JR; Hillman, RJ; Rao, GG; Taylor-Robinson, D, 1990)	3.16
"Ciprofloxacin is a new, oral, broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic which has a long serum half-life, a low incidence of significant adverse reactions, and is administered twice daily. "	( Oral ciprofloxacin for osteomyelitis. Esterhai, JL; Graziani, AL; MacGregor, RR, 1990)	2.24
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial with activity against both gram-negative and -positive bacteria including pseudomonal and staphylococcal species. "	( Ciprofloxacin drug utilization review and prospective drug use evaluation. Goldman, MP, 1990)	3.16
"Oral ciprofloxacin is an effective, convenient, nontoxic, economically justified alternative to the combination intravenous therapy previously advocated."	( Successful treatment of malignant external otitis with oral ciprofloxacin: report of experience with 23 patients. Goshen, S; Kitzes-Cohen, R; Lang, R; Sadé, J, 1990)	0.98
"Ciprofloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone that is easily administered by parenteral and oral route."	( [Evaluation of ciprofloxacin for the treatment of severe bacterial infections]. Bouza, E; García de la Torre, M; López, JC; offcenado, E; Rodríguez-Créixems, M; Romero, J, 1989)	1.35
"Ciprofloxacin is an effective agent for the treatment of enteric fever."	( Open study of ciprofloxacin in enteric fever. Flegg, PJ; Geddes, AM; Mandal, BK; Stanley, PJ, 1989)	1.36
"Ciprofloxacin is a bacterial antibiotic but killing of staphylococci was poor when studied kinetically."	( Overview of Scandinavian in vitro studies with ciprofloxacin. Forsgren, A, 1989)	1.26
"Ciprofloxacin is a new fluorinated 4-quinolone with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity which includes both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. "	( Comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin and other unrelated antimicrobials against bacterial respiratory tract pathogens. Baskerville, AJ; Felmingham, D; Grüneberg, RN; Ridgway, GL; Robbins, MJ; Sanghrajka, MD, 1989)	2
"Ciprofloxacin appears to be a safe and effective treatment for infections in geriatric patients."	( Oral ciprofloxacin treatment of infections in geriatric patients. Bogel, JA; Chmel, H; Halkias, KD; Kenyon, VS; Toney, JF; Yangco, BG, )	1.37
"Ciprofloxacin is an effective and safe treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in general practice."	( Ciprofloxacin versus amoxycillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of urinary tract infections in general practice. Abbas, AM; Chandra, V; Dongaonkar, PP; Goel, PK; Kacker, P; Patel, NA; Shrivastava, OP; Thakkar, B; Tillotson, GS, 1989)	2.44
"Oral ciprofloxacin is a useful short-term treatment for patients with CF who are infected with Ps aeruginosa."	( Oral ciprofloxacin compared with conventional intravenous treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in adults with cystic fibrosis. Batten, JC; Butland, RJ; Hodson, ME; Roberts, CM; Smith, MJ, 1987)	1.24
"Ciprofloxacin is a promising alternative to standard parenteral drugs in the management of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in adults with cystic fibrosis."	( Role of fluoroquinolones in lower respiratory tract infections. Vellend, H, 1989)	1
"Ciprofloxacin is a useful, orally available, non-toxic broad-spectrum antibiotic. "	( Ciprofloxacin. Pallet, AP; Smyth, EG, 1989)	3.16
"Ciprofloxacin is an effective and safe therapeutic alternative in many tissue infections caused by susceptible microorganisms."	( Open, prospective study of the clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin. Bran, JL; Garcia, JF; Mejia, CR; Ramirez, CA, 1985)	1.24
"Ciprofloxacin would appear to be a very effective drug in the treatment of urethral gonorrhoea in males."	( Treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in men with two dosages of ciprofloxacin. Michel, MF; Mooi, L; Stolz, E; Tegelberg-Stassen, MJ; van der Hoek, JC; van Joost, T; Wagenvoort, JH, 1986)	1.22
"Ciprofloxacin is a new 4-quinolone antibacterial agent with an extended antibacterial spectrum, enhanced potency and the ability to produce therapeutic serum, tissue and urine concentrations after oral administration. "	( Overview of clinical experience with ciprofloxacin. Ball, AP, 1986)	1.99
"Ciprofloxacin results to be an effective antibacterial agent in a high risk population."	( Treatment of infections in non-neutropenic patients with cancer, AIDS, or renal transplant using ciprofloxacin. Bianchi, W; Maggiolo, F; Ohnmeiss, H, 1988)	1.21
"Ciprofloxacin appears to be an alternative treatment to the use of an aminoglycoside and a penicillin in cystic fibrosis patients."	( Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of Pseudomonas infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Rubio, TT; Shapiro, C, 1986)	2.44
"Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone antibiotic that is highly active in vitro against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. "	( Topical ciprofloxacin treatment of Pseudomonas keratitis in rabbits. Dick, JD; Gottsch, JD; O'Brien, TP; Sawusch, MR, 1988)	2.15
"Ciprofloxacin is an investigational quinolone agent possessing an impressive antibacterial spectrum. "	( The pharmacokinetics and serum and urine bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin. Brittain, DC; Labthavikul, P; McElrath, MJ; Neu, HC; Scully, BE; Steinman, R, 1985)	1.95
"Ciprofloxacin is a potentially useful agent for the treatment of acute pseudomonal pulmonary exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis."	( In-vitro activity of ciprofloxacin and other antibacterial agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia from cystic fibrosis patients. Aronoff, SC; Klinger, JD, 1985)	1.31
"Ciprofloxacin is a safe, effective alternative to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections."	( Randomized, double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for complicated urinary tract infections. Allais, JM; Bittner, MJ; Cuevas, TA; Mellencamp, MA; Preheim, LC; Roccaforte, JS, 1988)	1.27
"Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic orally active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. "	( Effects of orally administered activated charcoal on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Bianchi, W; Maggiolo, F; Quadrelli, C; Sampietro, C; Torre, D, 1988)	1.97
"Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone derivative which is particularly well adapted for the treatment of bacterial urinary tract infection. "	( Ciprofloxacin in management of urinary tract infection. Rubin, RH; Tolkoff-Rubin, NE, 1988)	3.16
"Ciprofloxacin is a highly effective drug and a breakthrough in several areas of medical interest."	( Worldwide clinical data on efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin. Arcieri, G; Branolte, J; Bruck, H; Chyský, V; Griffith, E; Gruenwaldt, G; Hullmann, R; Konopka, CA; O'Brien, B; Schacht, P, 1988)	1.25
"Ciprofloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone that is highly active against many diverse microorganisms. "	( Ciprofloxacin: in vitro activity, mechanism of action, and resistance. Sanders, CC, )	3.02
"Ciprofloxacin is a new 4-quinolone carboxylic acid derivative with a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, and related organisms. "	( Efficacy, safety, and potential economic benefits of oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of infections. Sanders, WE, )	1.82
"Ciprofloxacin is a new fluorinated quinolone antibiotic with high activity against a wide spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. "	( Ciprofloxacin. Rybak, MJ; Terp, DK, )	3.02
"Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone antimicrobial agent with activity against a broad spectrum of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci. "	( A survey of clinical experience with ciprofloxacin, a new quinolone antimicrobial. Arcieri, G; August, R; Becker, N; Griffith, E; Gruenwaldt, G; Heyd, A; O'Brien, B; Screen, P, 1988)	1.99
"Ciprofloxacin is a quinolone with antipseudomonal activity which can be taken orally, and it is a useful alternative to the current treatment."	( Necrotizing external otitis treated with ciprofloxacin. A case report. Carulla, M; Doménech, J; Loncá, M; Mensa, J; Sabater, F, 1988)	1.26
"Ciprofloxacin is a potentially useful antibiotic in eye infection. "	( Penetration of ciprofloxacin into aqueous humor. Doig, M; Fern, AI; Lindsay, G; Sweeney, G, 1986)	2.07
"Ciprofloxacin appears to be an effective and safe orally-administrable treatment even for complicated urinary tract infection."	( Ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole in urinary tract infection. Grüneberg, RN; Williams, AH, 1986)	2.44
"Ciprofloxacin appears to be a logical alternative to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the initial treatment of acute travelers' diarrhea."	( Ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as initial therapy for travelers' diarrhea. A placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Bitsura, JA; de la Cabada, FJ; Dupont, HL; Ericsson, CD; Johnson, PC; Morgan, DR, 1987)	2.44
"Ciprofloxacin is a valuable addition to the range of antimicrobial agents available for the treatment of Ps."	( Ciprofloxacin therapy in complicated urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other resistant bacteria. Emmanuel, FX; Leigh, DA; Petch, VJ, 1986)	2.44
"Ciprofloxacin appears to be a very effective and safe drug in the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in men."	( Oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in men. Angelucci, B; De Lalla, F; Rizzardini, G, 1987)	1.51
"Ciprofloxacin is a major advance in the treatment of bronchopulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis."	( Ciprofloxacin therapy in cystic fibrosis. Davidson, S; Nakatomi, M; Neu, HC; Ores, C; Scully, BE, 1987)	2.44
"Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone antimicrobial agent with excellent in vitro efficacy against H."	( Treatment of chancroid with ciprofloxacin. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. D'Costa, LJ; Greenblatt, RM; Naamara, W; Ndinya-Achola, JO; Plummer, FA; Ronald, AR, 1987)	1.29
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluorinated carboxyquinolone that inhibits Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, and Pseudomonas at low concentrations. "	( Effect of ciprofloxacin on fecal flora of patients with cystic fibrosis and other patients treated with oral ciprofloxacin. Chin, NX; Jules, K; Neu, HC; Scully, BE, 1987)	2.12
"Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone carboxylic acid with a broad spectrum of activity against common nosocomial pathogens. "	( An overview of the pharmacology of intravenously administered ciprofloxacin. Drusano, GL, 1987)	1.96
"Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone carboxylic acid derivative which exerts its antibacterial activity at very low concentrations against a wide spectrum of microorganisms. "	( Ciprofloxacin concentrations in human fluids and tissues following a single oral dose. Barba, D; D'Errico, G; Esposito, S; Galante, D; Mazzone, A; Montanaro, S, 1987)	3.16
"Ciprofloxacin is a new 6-fluoro-7-piperazino-4-quinolone that is highly active against a broad array of microbial pathogens. "	( Overview of preclinical studies with ciprofloxacin. Goering, RV; Sanders, CC; Sanders, WE, 1987)	1.99
"Ciprofloxacin (Bay o9867) is a new quinolone derivative. "	( Comparative "in vitro" activity of ciprofloxacin (Bay o9867) and other antimicrobial agents against urinary bacterial isolates. Piccolomini, R; Ravagnan, G, 1986)	1.99

Effects

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride has a short elimination half-life, a narrow absorption window and is mainly absorbed in proximal areas of GIT. It has a confirmed cytotoxic action on some cancerous cells, but in high, non-pharmacological concentrations.

Ciprofloxacin (CP) has a confirmed cytotoxic action on some cancerous cells, but in high, non-pharmacological concentrations. CIP has poor lung targeting after oral inhalation and has been shown to exhibit potent herbicidal activity through action against plant DNA gyrase.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ciprofloxacin (CP) has a confirmed cytotoxic action on some cancerous cells, but in high, non-pharmacological concentrations. "	( Anticancer and antimicrobial effects of novel ciprofloxacin fatty acids conjugates. Bielenica, A; Chrzanowska, A; Olejarz, W; Roszkowski, P; Stępień, K; Struga, M, 2020)	2.26
"Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride has a short elimination half-life, a narrow absorption window and is mainly absorbed in proximal areas of GIT. "	( Controlled-release effervescent floating matrix tablets of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride: development, optimization and in vitro-in vivo evaluation in healthy human volunteers. Tadros, MI, 2010)	2.05
"Ciprofloxacin, which has a similar structure to enoxacin, exhibited a pH-dependent interference with enoxacin absorption from rat jejunal loops. "	( The intestinal transport mechanism of fluoroquinolones: inhibitory effect of ciprofloxacin, an enoxacin derivative, on the membrane potential-dependent uptake of enoxacin. Hirano, T; Iseki, K; Kobayashi, M; Miyazaki, K; Miyazaki, S; Sato, I; Sugawara, M; Takada, M, 1995)	1.96
"Ciprofloxacin has a four-fold greater in-vitro activity than levofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but levofloxacin has a four-fold higher area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) for an equivalent dose. "	( The antibacterial efficacy of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed by combining antibiotic exposure and bacterial susceptibility. Holt, HA; MacGowan, AP; Wootton, M, 1999)	2
"Ciprofloxacin has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity and importantly demonstrates little cross resistance to non-quinolone drug classes (e.g."	( Focus on oral ciprofloxacin; clinical and economic considerations. Pastel, D, 1989)	1.36
"Ciprofloxacin has a pediatric indication only when a child is potentially exposed to inhaled anthrax."	( Anthrax: safe treatment for children. Benavides, S; Nahata, MC, 2002)	1.04
"Ciprofloxacin has a slightly higher extent of metabolism, while temafloxacin probably has a higher transintestinal elimination."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and temafloxacin in humans: a review. Kinzig, M; Mahr, G; Muth, P; Naber, KG; Sorgel, F, 1991)	1.29
"Ciprofloxacin has a greater than 100-fold in-vitro potency advantage over azithromycin against this organism, but azithromycin (5 mg/kg) produced a greater reduction in cfu than ciprofloxacin (100 mg/kg) at the primary site of infection (liver)."	( Correlation of the extravascular pharmacokinetics of azithromycin with in-vivo efficacy in models of localized infection. Girard, AE; Girard, D; Retsema, JA, 1990)	1
"Ciprofloxacin has a protein binding of approximately 30% and penetrates well into tissues."	( Extravascular penetration of ciprofloxacin. A review. Bergan, T, )	1.14
"Ciprofloxacin has a post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of approximately 2h against both Gram-negative rods and Gram-positive cocci."	( Overview of Scandinavian in vitro studies with ciprofloxacin. Forsgren, A, 1989)	1.26
"Ciprofloxacin has a bactericidal activity at concentrations obtained in urine and into lung tissue."	( [Bactericidal effect of cefotaxime-sulbactam and imipenem combined with gentamicin and/or ciprofloxacin against CTX-1 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae]. Archambaud, M; Clave, D; Labau, E; Suc, C, 1989)	1.22
"Ciprofloxacin has a reduced activity against anaerobic pathogens. "	( Ciprofloxacin in combination with metronidazole. Schneider, L; Werk, R, )	3.02
"Ciprofloxacin (CP) has a confirmed cytotoxic action on some cancerous cells, but in high, non-pharmacological concentrations. "	( Anticancer and antimicrobial effects of novel ciprofloxacin fatty acids conjugates. Bielenica, A; Chrzanowska, A; Olejarz, W; Roszkowski, P; Stępień, K; Struga, M, 2020)	2.26
"Ciprofloxacin hybrids have been recognized as advanced chemical entities to simultaneously modulate multiple drug targets in bacteria, so ciprofloxacin hybrids have the potential to overcome drug resistance."	( The Antibacterial Potential of Ciprofloxacin Hybrids against Bian, H; Gao, L; Gao, S; Hao, P; Li, D; Zang, W, 2022)	1.73
"Ciprofloxacin has been used as an antibiotic in the clinic for decades. "	( Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptotic Effect of 7-(4-(N-substituted carbamoylmethyl) piperazin-1-yl) Ciprofloxacin-derivative on HCT 116 and A549 Cancer Cells. Abdel-Aziz, M; Abuo-Rahma, GEA; Alaaeldin, R; Fathy, M; Nazmy, MH, 2020)	2.22
"The ciprofloxacin (CIP) abuse has caused many problems threatening to human health. "	( Quantitative ciprofloxacin on-site rapid detections using quantum dot microsphere based immunochromatographic test strips. Huang, H; Jian, D; Liu, F; Liu, J; Lu, Y; Shan, Y; Wang, B; Wang, S, 2021)	1.55
"Ciprofloxacin (CIP) has poor lung targeting after oral inhalation. "	( Development of Inhalable Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Ciprofloxacin for Noncystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis Treatment. Aldosari, BN; Alfagih, IM; Aljunaidel, HA; Almarshidy, SS; Almurshedi, AS; Alquadeib, B; Eltahir, EKD; Mohamoud, AZ, 2021)	2.31
"Ciprofloxacin has been shown to exhibit potent herbicidal activity through action against plant DNA gyrase, presenting a novel mode of action. "	( Developing ciprofloxacin analogues against plant DNA gyrase: a novel herbicide mode of action. Corral, MG; Debowski, AW; Maxwell, A; Mylne, JS; Stubbs, KA; Wallace, MD; Waraich, NF, 2018)	2.31
"ciprofloxacin) have been detected in surface water and groundwater for several decades."	( Assessment of ecotoxicological effects of ciprofloxacin in Daphnia magna: life-history traits, biochemical and genotoxic effects. Antunes, SC; Leal, C; Nunes, B; Rodrigues, S, 2018)	1.47
"Ciprofloxacin resistance has been reported in 4.5% of patients with otorrhea and is increasing in prevalence. "	( Treatment of Ciprofloxacin-resistant Ear Infections. Kim, SY; Martin, IW; Noonan, KY; Saunders, JE; Schwartzman, JD; Wong, LY, 2018)	2.29
"Ciprofloxacin has become the most prescribed drug within this class and remains as one of the top three antibacterial agents prescribed in Ethiopia."	( Resistance profile of clinically relevant bacterial isolates against fluoroquinolone in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ataro, Z; Marami, D; Mitiku, H; Motbaynor, B; Sisay, M; Teklemariam, Z; Tesfa, T; Weldegebreal, F, 2018)	1.2
"Ciprofloxacin has been the most widely prescribed one which exhibits good activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter."	( Development of a new liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous separation of ciprofloxacin degradation products with 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural, impurity of D-glucose, in an intravenous solution for perfusion. Louati, K; Mlouka, M; Safta, F, 2019)	1.46
"Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) has been reported to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in certain eukaryotic cells. "	( Role of mitochondria in ciprofloxacin-induced apoptosis in murine sperm cells. Peirouvi, T; Sadrkhanlou, R; Salami, S; Zobeiri, F, 2013)	2.14
"Ciprofloxacin resistance has risen fairly quickly in the last four years from 1% to 8%."	( Local audit: How tightly should we police antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infection and how should we modify national policy? Brair, A; Gray, J; Toozs-Hobson, P, 2015)	1.14
"Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride has also been incorporated into the OP-Gel matrix to produce OP-Gel-Cipro dressings."	( Drug loaded composite oxidized pectin and gelatin networks for accelerated wound healing. Alam, MS; Berthet, M; Deopura, BL; Gupta, B; Tummalapalli, M; Verrier, B, 2016)	1.16
"Ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone has been demonstrated as safe and effective with regard to clinical cures and microbiological eradication of pathogens in either disease with low treatment failure rates."	( Ciprofloxacin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1% sterile otic suspension for the topical treatment of ear infections: a review of the literature. Dohar, J; Roland, PS; Stroman, DW; Wall, GM, 2009)	2.52
"Ciprofloxacin has become the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of typhoid fever with the emergence and worldwide spread of Salmonella enterica typhi strains resistant to chloramphenicol. "	( Re-emerging chloramphenicol sensitivity and emerging low level ciprofloxacin resistance among Salmonella enterica serotype typhi isolates in North India. Gupta, V; Kaistha, N; Kaur, J, 2009)	2.04
"Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride has a short elimination half-life, a narrow absorption window and is mainly absorbed in proximal areas of GIT. "	( Controlled-release effervescent floating matrix tablets of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride: development, optimization and in vitro-in vivo evaluation in healthy human volunteers. Tadros, MI, 2010)	2.05
"ciprofloxacin has no marketing authorization for use in neonates worldwide but it is prescribed for the treatment of neonatal life-threatening infections, mainly in developing countries and in Europe. "	( Ciprofloxacin use in neonates: a systematic review of the literature. Choonara, I; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Kaguelidou, F; Turner, MA, 2011)	3.25
"Ciprofloxacin has induced evident concentration-dependent loss in melanocytes viability."	( Interaction between ciprofloxacin and melanin: the effect on proliferation and melanization in melanocytes. Beberok, A; Buszman, E; Otręba, M; Trzcionka, J; Wrześniok, D, 2011)	1.41
"Ciprofloxacin has the strongest and most rapid bactericidal activity against epithelial cell-associated bacteria, which may be explained by the combination of potent in-vitro bactericidal activity and high penetration ability into epithelial cells."	( Bactericidal effects of antimicrobial agents on epithelial cell-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arai, K; Hatta, M; Hirakata, Y; Kaku, M; Kitagawa, M; Kunishima, H; Yano, H, 2012)	1.1
"Ciprofloxacin has been associated with several side effects including interstitial nephritis and hemolytic anemia. "	( Ciprofloxacin-induced acute interstitial nephritis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Alam, MG; Lim, S, 2003)	3.2
"Ciprofloxacin resistance has emerged among Campylobacter since 1990 and has increased in prevalence since 1997."	( Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter strains, United States, 1997-2001. Angulo, FJ; Barrett, TJ; Beebe, JL; Benson, JA; Friedman, CR; Gupta, A; Hawkins, MA; Jones, TF; Joyce, KW; Nelson, JM; Rabatsky-Ehr, T; Root, TP; Rossiter, SP; Shiferaw, B; Smith, KE; Tauxe, RV; Vugia, DJ, 2004)	1.04
"Ciprofloxacin has been one of the most widely used fluoroquinolones and has a well-known safety profile, as well as excellent activity against most of the common uropathogens."	( The treatment of urinary tract infections and use of ciprofloxacin extended release. Carson, CC; Hickerson, AD, 2006)	1.3
"Ciprofloxacin has been the empirical therapy of choice, but the recent increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to ciprofloxacin in S."	( Predictive efficacy of nalidixic acid resistance as a marker of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica var Typhi. Garg, RK; Marak, RS; Ray, P; Sharma, J, 2006)	1.06
"Ciprofloxacin has played a major role in the treatment of UTIs because it has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity."	( Ciprofloxacin bioavailability is enhanced by oral co-administration with phenazopyridine: a pharmacokinetic study in a Mexican population. Angeles, AP; Fernández S, A; Marcelín-Jiménez, G; Martínez-Rossier, L, 2006)	2.5
"Ciprofloxacin has no intrinsic antifungal activity but may interact with antifungal agents, since it inhibits DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II), which is abundant in fungi."	( Isobolographic analysis of pharmacodynamic interactions between antifungal agents and ciprofloxacin against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Meletiadis, J; Papaioannidou, P; Roilides, E; Sein, T; Stergiopoulou, T; Tsiouris, I; Walsh, TJ, 2008)	1.29
"Ciprofloxacin has been reported to interact with cyclosporine during concomitant use through an interaction with the cytochrome P-450 system or by additive nephrotoxicity. "	( Does ciprofloxacin interact with cyclosporine? Hoey, LL; Lake, KD, 1994)	2.25
"Ciprofloxacin has been proposed for the systemic treatment of endophthalmitis. "	( The role of ciprofloxacin in endophthalmitis therapy. Eller, AW; Karenchak, LM; Kowalski, RP, 1993)	2.11
"Ciprofloxacin has the chemical properties and antimicrobial activity needed to treat these infections."	( High-dose ciprofloxacin in the treatment of a renal cyst infection. Deepe, G; Healy, DP; Rossi, SJ; Savani, DV, 1993)	1.41
"Ciprofloxacin, which has a similar structure to enoxacin, exhibited a pH-dependent interference with enoxacin absorption from rat jejunal loops. "	( The intestinal transport mechanism of fluoroquinolones: inhibitory effect of ciprofloxacin, an enoxacin derivative, on the membrane potential-dependent uptake of enoxacin. Hirano, T; Iseki, K; Kobayashi, M; Miyazaki, K; Miyazaki, S; Sato, I; Sugawara, M; Takada, M, 1995)	1.96
"Ciprofloxacin has the highest activity against Gram-positive is higher than other quinolones."	( In vitro antibacterial activity of FA103, a new quinolone derivative of C-7 position with 7-perhydrodiazepinone. Asaoka, T; Imamori, K; Maebashi, K; Matsuda, H; Matsumoto, M; Tahara, Y, 1995)	1.01
"Ciprofloxacin has limited usefulness against MR Staphylococcus aureus but can be still used to treat Staphylococcus epidermidis infections."	( Different susceptibility of coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci to ciprofloxacin. Andreana, A; Florio, A; Locatelli, A; Rambaldi, A; Rosario, P; Tripodi, MF; Utili, R, 1996)	1.24
"Ciprofloxacin has been a major advance in the treatment of chronic respiratory infections. "	( Long-term persistence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in patients with cystic fibrosis. Baquero, F; Campos, J; Cantón, R; Escobar, H; García, C; Georgiou, M; Gómez-Lus, R; Román, F, 1996)	2.04
"Ciprofloxacin has been shown to be safe and efficacious in children in developing countries. "	( Use of ciprofloxacin in developing countries. Green, S; Tillotson, G, 1997)	2.19
"Ciprofloxacin has been used to treat neonatal pneumonia, meningitis and septicaemia and was effective in all cases."	( Ciprofloxacin in preterm neonates: case report and review of the literature. Mouton, JW; Neijens, HJ; Thewessen, EA; van den Anker, JN; van den Oever, HL; Versteegh, FG, 1998)	2.46
"As ciprofloxacin has no effect on liver blood flow, hepatic ADH activity, or cytochrome CYP2E1 activity, these effects are probably caused by the reduction in intestinal flora."	( Ciprofloxacin decreases the rate of ethanol elimination in humans. Homann, N; Jousimies-Somer, H; Rautio, M; Salaspuro, M; Tillonen, J, 1999)	2.26
"Ciprofloxacin has a four-fold greater in-vitro activity than levofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but levofloxacin has a four-fold higher area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) for an equivalent dose. "	( The antibacterial efficacy of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed by combining antibiotic exposure and bacterial susceptibility. Holt, HA; MacGowan, AP; Wootton, M, 1999)	2
"Ciprofloxacin has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity and importantly demonstrates little cross resistance to non-quinolone drug classes (e.g."	( Focus on oral ciprofloxacin; clinical and economic considerations. Pastel, D, 1989)	1.36
"Ciprofloxacin has been found to be effective in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections in pediatric patients, including premature infants."	( Successful treatment of late-onset infection due to resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in an extremely low birth weight infant using ciprofloxacin. Khaneja, M; Kumar, A; Naprawa, J; Piecuch, S, 1999)	1.23
"Ciprofloxacin has potential in treating this condition when used in high doses."	( Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of high doses of intravenous ciprofloxacin in meningitis. Allworth, A; Lipman, J; Wallis, SC, 2000)	1.27
"Ciprofloxacin has been found to be effective in the treatment of multidrug-resistant gram negative infections in pediatric patients, including premature infants."	( Successful treatment of late onset infection due to multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter Lwoffii in a low birth weight neonate using ciprofloxacin. Chotigeat, U; Khorana, M; Waranawat, N, 2001)	1.24
"Ciprofloxacin resistance has increased, while Ceftazidime susceptibility is unchanged (> 90 %)."	( [Current therapeutical management, new antibiotics and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bacterial ENT-infections]. Elies, W, 2002)	1.04
"Ciprofloxacin has a pediatric indication only when a child is potentially exposed to inhaled anthrax."	( Anthrax: safe treatment for children. Benavides, S; Nahata, MC, 2002)	1.04
"Ciprofloxacin has been widely used for treating infections and has been found to have very low cardiovascular side effects. "	( Ciprofloxacin-induced QTc prolongation. Gupta, MS; Jain, S; Khetarpal, S; Kishore, K; Mangla, M; Singh, H, 2002)	3.2
"Ciprofloxacin has better activity against gram-negative bacilli, an advantage which may be negated by ofloxacin's longer half-life and higher serum levels."	( Ofloxacin vs ciprofloxacin: a comparison. Nicolau, D; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R, 1992)	1.37
"Ciprofloxacin has a slightly higher extent of metabolism, while temafloxacin probably has a higher transintestinal elimination."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and temafloxacin in humans: a review. Kinzig, M; Mahr, G; Muth, P; Naber, KG; Sorgel, F, 1991)	1.29
"Oral ciprofloxacin has the requisite pharmacokinetic and antibacterial properties to rival the potency of intravenous antibiotics. "	( Clinical and economic evaluation of oral ciprofloxacin after an abbreviated course of intravenous antibiotics. Backes, JM; Cumbo, TJ; Gelber, JA; Paladino, JA; Schentag, JJ; Serrianne, DJ; Sperry, HE, 1991)	1.06
"Ciprofloxacin has a greater than 100-fold in-vitro potency advantage over azithromycin against this organism, but azithromycin (5 mg/kg) produced a greater reduction in cfu than ciprofloxacin (100 mg/kg) at the primary site of infection (liver)."	( Correlation of the extravascular pharmacokinetics of azithromycin with in-vivo efficacy in models of localized infection. Girard, AE; Girard, D; Retsema, JA, 1990)	1
"Ciprofloxacin has a protein binding of approximately 30% and penetrates well into tissues."	( Extravascular penetration of ciprofloxacin. A review. Bergan, T, )	1.14
"Ciprofloxacin has excellent in-vitro activity against all the bacterial pathogens that commonly cause infective diarrhoea."	( Treatment of typhoid fever and infectious diarrhoea with ciprofloxacin. Pithie, AD; Wood, MJ, 1990)	1.25
"Ciprofloxacin has been reported to cause theophylline toxicity by inhibiting theophylline metabolism. "	( Seizure with ciprofloxacin and theophylline combined therapy. Bentley, DW; Karki, SD; Raghavan, M, 1990)	2.09
"Ciprofloxacin has demonstrated, in clinical studies, the ability to kill these organisms in skin, soft tissues, and bone while using an oral route of administration."	( Ciprofloxacin: a study of usage in pedal infections with case reports. Mittler, BE; Notari, MA, )	2.3
"Ciprofloxacin has been shown to be effective against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms."	( Ciprofloxacin for the treatment of chronic ear disease. Parnes, SM; Piccirillo, JF, 1989)	2.44
"Ciprofloxacin has a post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of approximately 2h against both Gram-negative rods and Gram-positive cocci."	( Overview of Scandinavian in vitro studies with ciprofloxacin. Forsgren, A, 1989)	1.26
"Ciprofloxacin has been found to be superior in clinical efficacy to cefaclor."	( Clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections. Pedersen, SS, 1989)	1.32
"Ciprofloxacin has a bactericidal activity at concentrations obtained in urine and into lung tissue."	( [Bactericidal effect of cefotaxime-sulbactam and imipenem combined with gentamicin and/or ciprofloxacin against CTX-1 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae]. Archambaud, M; Clave, D; Labau, E; Suc, C, 1989)	1.22
"Oral ciprofloxacin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of infections due to gram-positive cocci and gram-negative rods. "	( Intravenous ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime in serious infections. A prospective, controlled clinical trial with third-party blinding. Amieva, RI; Macías, A; Ramos, A; Ruiz-Palacios, GM; Sifuentes-Osornio, J, 1989)	1.17
"Oral ciprofloxacin has been in use since the fall of 1987."	( Oral antibiotics for treatment of patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Martin, ME, )	0.59
"Ciprofloxacin has great potential for the oral therapy of infections which have traditionally required parenteral chemotherapy."	( Overview of clinical experience with ciprofloxacin. Ball, AP, 1986)	1.27
"Ciprofloxacin has a reduced activity against anaerobic pathogens. "	( Ciprofloxacin in combination with metronidazole. Schneider, L; Werk, R, )	3.02
"Ciprofloxacin has proved to be superior to cefalexin in the treatment of lower UTI."	( Bacterial infections of the lower urinary tract treated with ciprofloxacin or cefalexin--a comparative study. Jórasz, J; Ktos, K; Polubiec, A; Stepka, K; Strazynska, R; Weuta, H, 1988)	1.24
"Ciprofloxacin has been most extensively studied following oral administration."	( Ciprofloxacin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Benfield, P; Campoli-Richards, DM; Monk, JP; Price, A; Todd, PA; Ward, A, 1988)	2.44
"Ciprofloxacin has good activity against Staphylcoccus spp., including methicillin-resistant Staph."	( Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, two fluoroquinolone antimicrobials. DeVito, JM; Nix, DE, 1987)	2.44
"Ciprofloxacin has good activity against gram-positive organisms and excellent activity against gram-negative organisms."	( Treatment of cutaneous infections. Worldwide experience with ciprofloxacin. Asper, RF; Jungkind, DL; Parish, LC; Witkowski, JA, 1988)	1.24
"Ciprofloxacin has been extensively investigated in various animal models of infection. "	( Animal models: the in-vivo evaluation of ciprofloxacin. Peterson, LR, 1986)	1.98
"Ciprofloxacin has potent in vitro activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. "	( Ciprofloxacin monotherapy for acute pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis. Blumer, JL; Goldfarb, J; Myers, CM; Reed, MD; Stern, RC; Yamashita, TS, 1987)	3.16
"Ciprofloxacin has been studied extensively in discriminative animal models of infection, and its efficacy in the treatment of these infections has been compared with that of standard therapy."	( Efficacy of ciprofloxacin in animal models of infection: endocarditis, meningitis, and pneumonia. Brooks-Fournier, RA; Gerberding, JL; Sande, MA, 1987)	1.37

Actions

Ciprofloxacin may cause significant drug interactions in children with cystic fibrosis. The drug displays largely concentration-dependent kill characteristics, but also exerts some time-dependent effects. CiproFlxacin did not generate significant stimuli of O2 - in neutrophils.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ciprofloxacin was able to inhibit growth in all isolates tested at MIC levels less than or equal to 256 mcg/ml; however, CMBC's up to 1500 mcg/ml were observed within that same group."	( Characterization of Ciprofloxacin Resistance Levels: Implications for Ototopical Therapy. Martin, IW; O'Toole, GA; Ponukumati, AS; Rees, CA; Ruoff, KL; Saunders, JE; Trinh, KV, 2021)	1.67
"Ciprofloxacin did not increase with the double enrofloxacin dose in maternal plasma, but allantoic fluid showed a 10-fold increase relative to fetal trough plasma concentrations."	( Diffusion of enrofloxacin to pregnancy fluids and effects on fetal cartilage after intravenous administration to late pregnant mares. Canisso, IF; Dirikolu, L; Ellerbrock, RE; Honoroto, J; Lima, FS; Roady, PJ; Rothrock, LT; Wilkins, P; Zhong, L, 2019)	1.24
"Ciprofloxacin may increase the adverse effects of concomitantly administered quinine, which can have serious consequences on the patient."	( Alteration of the Disposition of Quinine in Healthy Volunteers After Concurrent Ciprofloxacin Administration. Adeagbo, BA; Adegbola, AJ; Igbinoba, SI; Nathaniel, TI; Soyinka, JO, )	1.08
"Ciprofloxacin can inhibit the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of theophylline, but the clinical relevance of this drug interaction is uncertain. "	( Ciprofloxacin-induced theophylline toxicity: a population-based study. Antoniou, T; Gomes, T; Juurlink, DN; Mamdani, MM, 2011)	3.25
"Ciprofloxacin did not generate significant stimuli of O2 - in neutrophils, while pyoverdin duplicated the production of O2 -."	( Comparison of oxidative stress induced by ciprofloxacin and pyoverdin in bacteria and in leukocytes to evaluate toxicity. Albesa, I; Becerra, MC; Eraso, AJ, )	1.12
"Ciprofloxacin may cause QTc prolongation and rarely torsades de pointes."	( Ciprofloxacin-induced acquired long QT syndrome. Krahn, AD; Prabhakar, M, 2004)	2.49
"Ciprofloxacin may increase the systemic toxicity of lidocaine."	( Effect of ciprofloxin on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous lidocaine. Ahonen, J; Isohanni, MH; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT, 2005)	1.05
"Both ciprofloxacin and to a lower extent hydrocortisone were adsorbed from the reservoir, but with large interindividual variability. "	( Interindividual variability in the absorption of ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone from continent ileal reservoir for urine. Corbu, C; Garbero, C; Gosmar, M; Manfredi, V; Martelli, A; Mattioli, F; Tognoni, P, 2006)	1.1
"Ciprofloxacin displays largely concentration-dependent kill characteristics, but also exerts some time-dependent effects."	( Antibacterial dosing in intensive care: pharmacokinetics, degree of disease and pharmacodynamics of sepsis. Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2006)	1.06
"Ciprofloxacin may cause significant drug interactions in children with cystic fibrosis."	( Inhibition of caffeine metabolism by ciprofloxacin in children with cystic fibrosis as measured by the caffeine breath test. Choonara, I; Heaf, D; Kitteringham, NR; Parker, AC; Preston, T, 1994)	1.28
"Ciprofloxacin is known to cause acute interstitial nephritis. "	( Ciprofloxacin-induced granulomatous interstitial nephritis and localized elastolysis. Bangert, J; Hansen, R; Kern, WF; Ko, M; Lien, YH; Nagle, RB; Siskind, MS, 1993)	3.17
"Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin inhibit proliferation and DNA synthesis of these 3 human TCC lines in vitro. "	( Inhibition of human transitional cell carcinoma in vitro proliferation by fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Dixon, PS; Peretsman, SJ; Seay, TM, 1996)	1.74
"Ciprofloxacin use can cause an acute reversible arthropathy, but in this study there is no evidence that its use can cause a delayed arthropathy or any permanent joint damage."	( Ciprofloxacin use: acute arthropathy and long-term follow up. Karande, S; Kshirsagar, NA, 1996)	3.18
"Ciprofloxacin did not inhibit collagen induced arthritis in adrenalectomized rats but rather caused an exacerbation of the disease."	( Protective effects of ciprofloxacin against type II collagen induced arthritis in rats. Breban, M; Fournier, C; Gougerot-Pocidalo, MA; Muffat-Joly, M; Pocidalo, JJ, 1992)	1.32
"Ciprofloxacin displays in vitro activity against most Gram-negative and many Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, many of which are resistant to a wide range of antibiotics."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Guay, DR; Rotschafer, JC; Vance-Bryan, K, 1990)	1.29
"Ciprofloxacin displays excellent in vitro activity against gram-negative bacilli and offers the potential for outpatient therapy."	( Oral ciprofloxacin therapy for gram-negative bacillary osteomyelitis. Francis, JB; Freer, C; Lesse, AJ; Salata, RA; Scheld, WM, 1987)	1.51

Treatment

Ciprofloxacin is used for treatment of California sea lions suffering from a variety of bacterial infections at doses extrapolated from other mammalian species. The drug reorganized microbiota populations; however, the original structure was largely restored at one and three month follow-up visits.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ciprofloxacin treatment leads to differential expression of many genes with enhanced mRNA expression of its target, DNA gyrase gene."	( Transcriptomic study of ciprofloxacin resistance in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Mehra, S; Patkari, M, 2013)	1.42
"Ciprofloxacin treatment exhibited an independent protective effect (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.23; 95% CI, 0.13-0.40; p<0.001), whereas chronic renal impairment predicted failure (aHR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.14-5.77; p 0.0232)."	( Gram-negative prosthetic joint infection: outcome of a debridement, antibiotics and implant retention approach. A large multicentre study. Ariza, J; Bahamonde, A; Baraia-Etxaburu, JM; Benito, N; Cobo, J; Corona, PS; del Toro, MD; Euba, G; Fernández-Sampedro, M; Flores-Sánchez, X; Guio, L; Iribarren, JA; Lora-Tamayo, J; Palomino, J; Pigrau, C; Ramos, A; Riera, M; Rodríguez-Pardo, D; Sánchez-Somolinos, M; Soriano, A; Sorli, L, 2014)	1.12
"Ciprofloxacin is used for treatment of California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ) suffering from a variety of bacterial infections at doses extrapolated from other mammalian species."	( PHARMACOKINETICS OF SINGLE-DOSE ORALLY ADMINISTERED CIPROFLOXACIN IN CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS). Barbosa, L; Gulland, F; Johnson, SP; Papich, MG, 2015)	1.39
"Ciprofloxacin treatment reorganized microbiota populations; however, the original structure was largely restored at one and three month follow-up visits."	( Individual-specific changes in the human gut microbiota after challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and subsequent ciprofloxacin treatment. Astrovskaya, I; Bravo, HC; Chakraborty, S; Harro, C; Li, S; Lindsay, BR; Parkhill, J; Paulson, JN; Pop, M; Sack, DA; Stine, OC; Walker, AW; Walker, RI, 2016)	1.36
"Ciprofloxacin is used as a treatment for urinary and respiratory tract infections in clinical practice. "	( Inhibitory Effects of Multiple-Dose Treatment with Baicalein on the Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin in Rats. Hwang, YH; Kim, DG; Ma, JY; Yang, HJ, 2017)	2.12
"The ciprofloxacin treatments (CON-CIP and 1/4CIP-CIP) showed significant reduction in the number of K."	( Assessment of antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae exposed to sequential in vitro antibiotic treatments. Ahn, J; Chukeatirote, E; Jo, A; Kim, J, 2016)	0.92
"Ciprofloxacin treatment influenced the abundance of about a third of the bacterial taxa in the gut, decreasing the taxonomic richness, diversity, and evenness of the community."	( The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. Dethlefsen, L; Huse, S; Relman, DA; Sogin, ML, 2008)	1.07
"Ciprofloxacin treatment reduced bacterial loads in the spleens of challenged mice when administered prior to or at the same time as the bacterial challenge."	( Efficacy of ciprofloxacin versus doxycycline as prophylaxis against experimental murine Brucella melitensis infection. Atkins, HS; Brew, SD; Eley, SM; Jenner, DC; MacMillan, AP; Russell, P; Simpson, AJ; Spencer, S, 2009)	1.45
"Ciprofloxacin treatment was discontinued and supportive care with ceftriaxone 1 g/d IV was provided, and the patient recovered after 1 week of hospitalization."	( Anaphylactoid reaction considered ciprofloxacin related: a case report and literature review. Fleisher, J; Kelesidis, T; Tsiodras, S, 2010)	1.36
"Ciprofloxacin-treated cells exhibited profound cytotoxic effects at concentrations of 50-100 μg/ml, which is far below the intravesical concentration reached by standard oral application."	( Ciprofloxacin and epirubicin synergistically induce apoptosis in human urothelial cancer cell lines. Engeler, DS; Ludewig, B; Scandella, E; Schmid, HP, 2012)	2.54
"Ciprofloxacin treatment reduced the viral load and improved the clinical findings."	( BK virus nephropathy developing after renal transplantation and its treatment with ciprofloxacin: a case report. Bakirdoven, S; Cekmen, MB; Sayan, M; Yilmaz, A, 2012)	1.33
"Ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone treatment is also superior to improvement in clinical response by visit, absence of otorrhea by visit, and reduction of otorrhea volume by visit."	( Topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension is superior to ofloxacin otic solution in the treatment of children with acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes. Anon, JB; Conroy, PJ; Dupre, SJ; Hogg, G; Kreisler, LS; Lanier, B; McLean, C; Potts, S; Reese, B; Roland, PS; Stroman, DW; Wall, GM, 2004)	1.48
"Ciprofloxacin treatment failed in one case."	( Fluoroquinolone resistance linked to GyrA, GyrB, and ParC mutations in Salmonella enterica typhimurium isolates in humans. Breuil, J; Casin, I; Collatz, E; Darchis, JP; Guelpa, C, 2003)	1.04
"Ciprofloxacin treatment is effective in life-threatening multi-drug-resistant P. "	( Ciprofloxacin treatment in newborns with multi-drug-resistant nosocomial Pseudomonas infections. Belet, N; Haciömeroğlu, P; Küçüködük, S, 2004)	3.21
"Both ciprofloxacin treated groups improved radiographically from week 4 to week 10."	( Prevention and treatment of experimental osteomyelitis in dogs with ciprofloxacin-loaded crosslinked high amylose starch implants. Chouinard, L; Désévaux, C; Dubreuil, P; Huneault, LM; Lussier, B, 2004)	1.01
"Then ciprofloxacin-treated and untreated constructs were implanted subcutaneously on the dorsum of rats and inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus."	( In vivo testing of an infection-resistant annuloplasty ring. Andersen, ND; Bide, MJ; Contreras, MA; Dempsey, DJ; Hamdan, AD; LoGerfo, FW; Mitchell, RN; Monahan, TS; Phaneuf, MD; Popescu-Vladimir, A, 2006)	0.79
"Ciprofloxacin-treated sewing rings had greater gross tissue incorporation than untreated rings in the presence of a bacterial challenge (P=0.005). "	( In vivo testing of an infection-resistant annuloplasty ring. Andersen, ND; Bide, MJ; Contreras, MA; Dempsey, DJ; Hamdan, AD; LoGerfo, FW; Mitchell, RN; Monahan, TS; Phaneuf, MD; Popescu-Vladimir, A, 2006)	1.78
"Ciprofloxacin treated polyester can be incorporated into an annuloplasty ring construct that demonstrates excellent tissue incorporation and infection resistance. "	( In vivo testing of an infection-resistant annuloplasty ring. Andersen, ND; Bide, MJ; Contreras, MA; Dempsey, DJ; Hamdan, AD; LoGerfo, FW; Mitchell, RN; Monahan, TS; Phaneuf, MD; Popescu-Vladimir, A, 2006)	1.78
"Ciprofloxacin-treated animals had higher survival compared with clindamycin-treated animals in two experiments, and less survival in a third experiment, although differences were not statistically significant."	( Clindamycin and quinolone therapy for Bacillus anthracis Sterne infection in 60Co-gamma-photon-irradiated and sham-irradiated mice. Bolduc, DL; Brook, I; Camp-Hyde, TD; Elliott, TB; Foriska, MA; Germana, A; Giraldo, DE; Jackson, WE; Ledney, GD; Shoemaker, MO; Thakar, JH, 2005)	1.05
"Ciprofloxacin treatment resulted in enhanced recA transcription, indicating involvement of the SOS response in phage mobilization."	( Ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim cause phage induction and virulence modulation in Staphylococcus aureus. Goerke, C; Köller, J; Wolz, C, 2006)	2.5
"Ciprofloxacin-untreated rats exhibited a predominantly gram-negative polymicrobial sepsis."	( Plasma thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor changes following sepsis. Fareed, J; Florian-Kujawski, M; Goto, M; Hammadeh, R; Hoppensteadt, D; Iqbal, O; Ravindranath, TM; Sayeed, MM, 2007)	1.06
"Ciprofloxacin was used in treatment of 5 patients with infectious endocarditis and bacterial vegetations on the values by the findings of the echocardiography. "	( [Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis]. Demin, AA; Drobysheva, VP, )	2.48
"Ciprofloxacin was used in treatment of 13 children aged 6 to 18 years with mucoviscidosis and exacerbation of the bronchopulmonary process. "	( [Use ciprofloxacin in children with mucoviscidosis]. Kapranov, NI; Postnikov, SS; Sakhnin, VI; Shabalova, LA; Simonova, OI; Smirnova, EIu; Stukalova, AA; Tatarinov, PA; Uglitskikh, AK; Voronkova, AIu, )	2.09
"Ciprofloxacin treatment (15 mg/kg per dose three times daily for 5 days) enhanced myeloid progenitor (colony-forming cell [CFU-C]) number in the bone marrow and the survival of mice transplanted with suboptimal doses (1 x 10(5) of s[Ngeneic bone marrow cells (BMC)."	( Ciprofloxacin enhances hematopoiesis and the peritoneal neutrophil function in lethally irradiated, bone marrow-transplanted mice. Fabian, I; Kletter, Y; Nagler, A; Singer, A; Slavin, S, 1994)	2.45
"Ciprofloxacin-treated patients had a higher bacteriological eradication rate than did imipenem-treated patients (69 versus 59%; 95% confidence interval of -0.6%, 26.2%; P = 0.069) and also a significantly higher clinical response rate (69 versus 56%; 95% confidence interval of 3.5%, 28.5%; P = 0.021)."	( Treatment of severe pneumonia in hospitalized patients: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial comparing intravenous ciprofloxacin with imipenem-cilastatin. The Severe Pneumonia Study Group. Caldwell, JW; Fink, MP; Heard, SO; Johnson, RH; Leeper, KV; Niederman, MS; Schentag, JJ; Siami, GA; Snydman, DR; Wunderink, RG, 1994)	1.21
"Ciprofloxacin pretreatment significantly reduced diazepam CL (without ciprofloxacin: 19.5 ml.h-1 kg-1; with ciprofloxacin: 12.3 ml.h-1 kg-1)."	( The influence of steady-state ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of diazepam in healthy volunteers. Edwards, C; Kamali, F; Thomas, SH, 1993)	1.3
"Ciprofloxacin-treated animals showed significantly more intraocular destruction and were indistinguishable from controls."	( Experimental posttraumatic Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis in a swine model. Efficacy of intravitreal ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and imipenem. Alfaro, DV; Bevin, AA; Hudson, SJ; Laughlin, RM; Mines, M; offele, JJ; Schoderbek, RJ, 1996)	1.23
"Ciprofloxacin treatment resulted in partial involution of the lesion."	( Cutaneous malakoplakia on the forehead. Breier, F; Duschet, P; Feldmann, R; Gschnait, F; Löw-Weiser, H, 1997)	1.02
"Ciprofloxacin treatment decreased ethanol elimination rate from 310+/-9 to 282+/-13 mg/kg/h (mean+/-SE; p<0.02), markedly reduced faecal aerobic flora, and also lowered faecal ADH activity from 63+/-17 to 17+/-7 nmol/min/mg faeces (p<0.05)."	( Inhibition of bacteriocolonic pathway for ethanol oxidation by ciprofloxacin in rats. Heine, R; Jokelainen, K; Jousimies-Somer, H; Koivisto, T; Nosova, T; Salaspuro, M; Väkeväinen, S, 1997)	1.26
"Ciprofloxacin is the treatment of choice; however, it has to be in accordance to culture and sensitivity results."	( Otitis externa malignant. A case report and review of literature. al Ammar, A; al Dousary, S; al Rabah, A; Attallh, M; Gaafar, M, 1998)	1.02
"Ciprofloxacin treatment failure rate was 1.7% (8/461) which was lower than the percentage of ciprofloxacin-resistant strains isolated in the laboratory."	( Gonorrhoea treatment failure and ciprofloxacin resistance. Chan, RK; Ling, AE; Ng, PP, 1998)	1.3
"Ten ciprofloxacin-treated and 10 control rats received equal volumes of physiological saline intraperitoneally."	( Inhibition of intracolonic acetaldehyde production and alcoholic fermentation in rats by ciprofloxacin. Jokelainen, K; Nosova, T; Salaspuro, M; Visapää, JP, 1998)	1
"Six ciprofloxacin-treated (3%) and 19 placebo-treated (8%) patients had bacteriuria (more than 10(4) CFU/mL) after the procedure (P = 0.009)."	( Single-dose oral ciprofloxacin versus placebo for prophylaxis during transrectal prostate biopsy. Cox, CE; Echols, RM; Graham, E; Kapoor, DA; Klimberg, IW; Kowalsky, SF; Malek, GH; Patterson, AL; Wegenke, JD; Whalen, E, 1998)	1.12
"Ciprofloxacin treatment of preterm or low birth weight infants may be effective and without severe side effects in infections with bacteria resistant to other antibiotics"	( Ciprofloxacin in preterm neonates: case report and review of the literature. Mouton, JW; Neijens, HJ; Thewessen, EA; van den Anker, JN; van den Oever, HL; Versteegh, FG, 1998)	3.19
"Ciprofloxacin treatment decreased the ethanol elimination rate by 9.4%, with a concomitant decrease in intestinal aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria, faecal ADH activity, and acetaldehyde production. "	( Ciprofloxacin decreases the rate of ethanol elimination in humans. Homann, N; Jousimies-Somer, H; Rautio, M; Salaspuro, M; Tillonen, J, 1999)	3.19
"Two ciprofloxacin-treated cats developed stent blockage at 21 and 42 days, respectively, whereas the other 3 cats had patent stents for the entire study period."	( Is prophylactic ciprofloxacin effective in delaying biliary stent blockage? Lam, K; Leung, JW; Libby, ED; Liu, Yl; McKay, SG; Morck, DW; Olson, ME, 2000)	1.13
"Ciprofloxacin treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the resorption rate as compared to the effect of the control antibiotic ceftazidime or PBS only, while not affecting the number of implantation sites/mouse. "	( Ciprofloxacin affects pregnancy loss in CBA/JxDBA/2J mice possibly via elevation of interleukin-3 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor production. Blank, M; Fishman, P; Savion, S; Shepshelovich, J; Shoenfeld, Y; Toder, V, 2000)	3.19
"Ciprofloxacin-treated chondrosarcoma cultures and tissue samples showed changes in cartilage matrix composition."	( Fluoroquinolone's effect on growth of human chondrocytes and chondrosarcomas. In vitro and in vivo correlation. Alvarez, JC; Lackman, RD; Multhaupt, HA; Rafferty, PA; Warhol, MJ, 2001)	1.03
"Ciprofloxacin-treated patients defervesced in a mean of 3.21 d (+/- 0.56), with stabilization of temperature in 4.0 +/- 0.73 d."	( Short-course treatment of typhoid fever with ciprofloxacin in south India. Jacob, MS; Keystone, JS; Kozarsky, PE; Macaden, R; Meskin, S; Metchock, B; Ramachadran, AN, )	1.11
"Ciprofloxacin treatment was effective on both occasions."	( Successful treatment of Bacillus cereus infection with ciprofloxacin. Gascoigne, AD; Gibson, GJ; Gould, K; Richards, J, 1991)	1.25
"Ciprofloxacin-treated patients had a mean of 29 stools during the study, compared with 46 for ampicillin-treated patients (P = .004)."	( Therapy for shigellosis. II. Randomized, double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. Barza, M; Bennish, ML; Haider, R; Salam, MA, 1990)	1.24
"In ciprofloxacin-treated patients the flora were almost completely ciprofloxacin-resistant, whereas in the control groups resistant flora were detected only occasionally."	( Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcal skin flora in immunocompromised patients receiving ciprofloxacin. Huovinen, P; Kotilainen, P; Nikoskelainen, J, 1990)	1.16
"Ciprofloxacin treatment lowered total theophylline clearance by 27%, owing to a decreased clearance via 1-, 3-demethylation and 8-hydroxylation."	( Comparative effects of ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin on the oxidative metabolism of theophylline. Atkinson, HC; Begg, EJ; Frampton, CM; Robson, RA; Saunders, DA, 1990)	1.31
"For ciprofloxacin/ceftazidime treatments, respectively, the evaluated infections were: pyelonephritis (16 patients/nine patients), pneumonia (three/five), soft-tissue infections (four/zero), spontaneous peritonitis (five/two), primary bacteremia (three/eight), and other (two/two)."	( Intravenous ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime in serious infections. A prospective, controlled clinical trial with third-party blinding. Amieva, RI; Macías, A; Ramos, A; Ruiz-Palacios, GM; Sifuentes-Osornio, J, 1989)	1.14
"Ciprofloxacin treatment was discontinued due to side effects in 146 patients (1.5 percent), mostly due to gastrointestinal reactions (80 patients)."	( Safety of oral ciprofloxacin. An update based on clinical trial results. Arcieri, G; Hullmann, R; Schacht, P, 1989)	1.35
"Ciprofloxacin treatment was successful in all nine patients with chlamydial or gonococcal PID and in six of seven with nonchlamydial nongonococcal PID."	( A comparison of ciprofloxacin with doxycycline plus metronidazole in the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Aine, R; Grönroos, P; Heinonen, PK; Miettinen, A; Punnonen, R; Teisala, K, 1989)	1.34
"All ciprofloxacin-treated volunteers became colonized with yeasts in their faecal samples, even during treatment with the lowest dose."	( Influence of quinolones on throat- and faecal flora of healthy volunteers. de Vries-Hospers, HG; van der Waaij, D; Welling, GW, 1987)	0.75
"Ciprofloxacin treatment produced intrapulmonary killing of H."	( Comparative efficacies of ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and chloramphenicol in treatment of experimental Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia. Borner, K; Kemmerich, B; Pennington, JE, 1987)	1.29
"Ciprofloxacin treatment failed in three men, and therapy was discontinued in one patient because of side effects."	( Treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis with ciprofloxacin. Results of a one-year follow-up study. Dalhoff, A; Schiefer, HG; Weidner, W, 1987)	1.25
"Ciprofloxacin treatment of urinary tract infections in 23 patients (16 with and seven without urorenal abnormalities) was compared with beta-lactam antibiotic therapy given orally to 10 comparable patients. "	( Comparison of ciprofloxacin and beta-lactam antibiotics in the treatment of urinary tract infections and alteration of fecal flora. Daikos, GL; Jackson, GG; Kathpalia, SB; Lolans, VT; Sharifi, R, 1987)	2.08
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin suggests interplay between selection and transmission."	( Quantifying rapid bacterial evolution and transmission within the mouse intestine. Aranda-Díaz, A; Cira, NJ; Good, BH; Higginbottom, SK; Huang, KC; Neff, N; Ng, KM; Pedro, MF; Quake, SR; Rajendram, M; Sherlock, G; Sonnenburg, JL; Vasquez, KS; Willis, L; Xavier, KB; Yu, FB, 2021)	0.96
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was initiated from 0 to up to 30 hours after fever onset."	( Effect of Delaying Treatment on Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin in the African Green Monkey Model of Pneumonic Plague. Campbell, JL; Fay, MP; Hewitt, JA; Lanning, LL, 2020)	1.16
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin for the diagnosis of H."	( Haemophilus ducreyi cutaneous ulcer contracted at Seram Island, Indonesia, presented in the Netherlands. Bruisten, SM; de Bree, GJ; de Vries, HJC; Grobusch, MP; Kolader, M; Langeveld, TJC; van Hattem, JM, 2018)	0.82
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin decreased the viability of PAO1 and ΔkatA biofilms but not of gyrA biofilms."	( Formation of hydroxyl radicals contributes to the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Bjarnsholt, T; Briales, A; Brochmann, RP; Ciofu, O; Hempel, C; Høiby, N; Jensen, PØ; Kolpen, M; Kragh, KN; Wang, H, 2014)	0.97
"The treatment of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ibuprofen (IBU) in test solutions by ferrate(VI) was investigated in this study. "	( Reaction kinetics and oxidation products formation in the degradation of ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen by ferrate(VI). Jiang, JQ; Zhou, Z, 2015)	0.99
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin was initiated."	( Ciprofloxacin strongly inhibits clozapine metabolism: two case reports. Beijnen, JH; Brouwers, EE; Huitema, AD; Koks, CH; Kuipers, S; Schellens, JH; Söhne, M; van Gorp, EC, 2009)	2.14
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin, a substrate of AcrAB in E."	( Emergence of AcrAB-mediated tigecycline resistance in a clinical isolate of Enterobacter cloacae during ciprofloxacin treatment. Doumith, M; Ellington, MJ; Hornsey, M; Livermore, DM; Scott, G; Woodford, N, 2010)	0.91
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or pivmecillinam resulted in a cure rate of >99% while assessing clinical failure, bacteriological failure and bacteriological relapse."	( Antibiotics for the treatment of dysentery in children. Black, RE; Munos, M; Traa, BS; Walker, CL, 2010)	0.7
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin is associated with a significant increase in the risk of theophylline toxicity. "	( Ciprofloxacin-induced theophylline toxicity: a population-based study. Antoniou, T; Gomes, T; Juurlink, DN; Mamdani, MM, 2011)	2.16
"Oral treatment with ciprofloxacine healed the phlebitis and the neuroretinitis, with a residual optic disk pallor."	( [Severe retinal phlebitis in ocular bartonellosis]. Arteaga Sánchez, A; Díaz-Valle, D; Miguélez Sánchez, R; Pascual Allen, D; Toledano Fernández, N, 2003)	0.63
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin was given."	( [Arizonae subspecies Salmonella enterica urinary infection with confusional syndrome]. Becq-Giraudon, B; Grignon, B; Landron, C; Le Moal, G; Roblot, F, 2003)	0.66
"Eyes treated with ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and balanced salt solution developed infectious infiltrates in five of seven eyes per group."	( Fluoroquinolone therapy in multiple-drug resistant staphylococcal keratitis after lamellar keratectomy in a rabbit model. Carpenter, TR; Kaufman, MB; McDonnell, PJ; Sarayba, MA; Sweet, PM; Taban, M; Tungsiripat, T, 2003)	0.64
"Oral treatment with ciprofloxacin (500 mg BID) was begun."	( Carrion's disease (Bartonellosis bacilliformis) confirmed by histopathology in the High Forest of Peru. Maco, V; Maguiña, C; Tirado, A; Vidal, JE, )	0.45
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin and gamma-globulin dramatically improved the patient's clinical features."	( [Pseudomonas sepsis with ecthyma gangrenosum in an acute myeloid leukemia patient]. Komatsu, N; Mori, M; Nagai, T; Obara, Y; Ohmine, K; Ozawa, K; Toshima, M, 2004)	0.66
"Treatment with ciprofloxacine and clarithromycine led to the regression of the lesions."	( [Mycobacterium chelonae myositis]. Cattier, B; Hajjaji, N; Lanotte, P; Legras, A; Perrotin, D, 2004)	0.66
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin and amikacin resolved the ulcer."	( Mycobacterium chelonae keratitis: elucidation of diagnosis through evaluation of smears of fluid from patient's contact lens care system. Bottone, EJ; Cho, KW, 2005)	0.67
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin and doxycycline lead to rapid cure in 2 of the patients, while the third patient, who was not treated, had a prolonged convalescence."	( Scrub typhus imported to Scandinavia. Berild, D; Jensenius, M; Montelius, R; Vene, S, 2006)	0.67
"Mice treated with ciprofloxacin (7.5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg) had significant reductions in clinical signs, body weight loss, splenic and colonic weight increase compared with saline-treated and ceftazidime-treated mice. "	( Immunomodulatory effects of ciprofloxacin in TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Barazovsky, E; Fabian, I; Halperin, D; Klausner, J; Lahat, G; Rabau, M; Shalit, I, 2007)	0.97
"The treatment with ciprofloxacin was maintained for 4-6 weeks."	( [Successes and failures of ozena's medical treatment]. Held-Ziółkowska, M; Januszek, G; Krzeska-Malinowska, I, 2006)	0.65
"The treatment of ciprofloxacin decreased the bacteria in feces but increased the Stx production."	( Production of shiga toxin by a luxS mutant of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vivo and in vitro. Itoh, K; Jeon, B, 2007)	0.67
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin and linezolid was started on the basis of the antibiogram findings."	( Successful recovery after disseminated infection due to mycobacterium abscessus in a lung transplant patient: subcutaneous nodule as first manifestation--a case report. Blanes, M; Morales, P; Pérez-Enguix, D; Ros, JA; Saiz, V; Santos, M, 2007)	0.68
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin resulted in faster eradication of pathogens."	( Ciprofloxacin and furagin in acute cystitis: comparison of early immune and microbiological results. Borkowski, A; Dybowski, B; Gromadzka-Ostrowska, J; Jabłońska, O; Radziszewski, P, 2008)	2.13
"Pretreatment with ciprofloxacin was shown to have no significant effect on ethanol AUC (736 mg.l-1 h placebo; 734 mg.l-1 h ciprofloxacin), Cmax (466 mg.l-1 placebo; 483 mg.l-1 ciprofloxacin) tmax (0.6 h placebo; 0.5 h ciprofloxacin) or the elimination rate (134 mg.l-1 h-1 placebo; 133 mg.l-1 h-1 ciprofloxacin)."	( No influence of ciprofloxacin on ethanol disposition. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interaction study. Kamali, F, 1994)	0.96
"Treatment by ciprofloxacin (15 mg./kg., twice a day for 5 days) alone or in combination with prednisolone (2 mg./kg., once a day for 4 days) was initiated 6 or 72 hours after bacterial inoculation."	( Suppression of renal scarring by prednisolone combined with ciprofloxacin in ascending pyelonephritis in rats. Haraoka, M; Kubo, S; Kumazawa, J; Matsumoto, T; Takahashi, K; Tanaka, M, 1994)	0.88
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin was successful."	( Plesiomonas shigelloides septicemia: case report and literature review. Chiu, DC; Ha, SY; Lau, YL; Lee, AC; Yuen, KY, )	0.47
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin did not prolong carriage."	( Empirical treatment of severe acute community-acquired gastroenteritis with ciprofloxacin. Dryden, MS; Gabb, RJ; Wright, SK, 1996)	0.86
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin (80 mg/kg twice a day) demonstrated a histology comparable to that of treatment with levofloxacin (40 mg/kg once a day)."	( In vivo efficacies of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in acute murine hematogenous pyelonephritis induced by methicillin-susceptible and-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Barrett, JF; Frosco, MB; Kulwich, BA; Licata, L; Melton, JL; Stewart, FP, 1996)	0.9
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin ear drops seemed to be as effective as treatment with tobramycin."	( Chronic otitis media treated topically with ciprofloxacin or tobramycin. Ben-David, J; Brodsky, A; Fradis, M; Larboni, J; Podoshin, L; Srugo, I, 1997)	0.9
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin tended to accelerate the resolution of all AECBs compared to usual care (relative risk=1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91 to 1.58; p=0.19)."	( A 1-year community-based health economic study of ciprofloxacin vs usual antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: the Canadian Ciprofloxacin Health Economic Study Group. Cook, R; Eastwood, C; Grossman, R; LaForge, J; Lampron, N; Mukherjee, J; Vaughan, D, 1998)	0.89
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin tended to accelerate the resolution of all AECBs compared to usual care; however, the difference was not statistically significant. "	( A 1-year community-based health economic study of ciprofloxacin vs usual antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: the Canadian Ciprofloxacin Health Economic Study Group. Cook, R; Eastwood, C; Grossman, R; LaForge, J; Lampron, N; Mukherjee, J; Vaughan, D, 1998)	0.91
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin eardrops seemed to be at least as efficient as treatment with tobramycin."	( [Local treatment of purulent chronic otitis media with ciprofloxacin]. Ben-David, J; Brodzki, A; Fradis, M; Larboni, J; Podoshin, L; Srugo, I, 1998)	0.89
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin was ineffective."	( Y-688, a new quinolone active against quinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: lack of in vivo efficacy in experimental endocarditis. Entenza, JM; Glauser, MP; Marchetti, O; Moreillon, P, 1998)	0.64
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin significantly increased the half-life and also significantly decreased the maximum peak concentration of rifampicin."	( Rifampicin pharmacokinetics with and without ciprofloxacin. Afonne, OJ; Agbasi, PU; Obi, E; Ofoefule, SI; Orisakwe, OE; Orish, CN, )	0.73
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin resulted in considerable symptomatic improvement: a total of 12 months of treatment is planned."	( Salmonella osteomyelitis in aplastic anaemia after antilymphocytic globulin and steroid treatment. Allard, S; Laurie, A; O'Driscoll, J, 1992)	0.62
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin appeared to accelerate recovery from severe or persistent diarrhoea due to this organism."	( Treatment of symptomatic enteric aeromonas hydrophila infection with ciprofloxacin. Harvey, G; Laing, RB; Nathwani, D; Smith, CC, 1991)	0.86
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin yielded a 91.9% success rate."	( Clinical evaluation of ciprofloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution for treatment of bacterial keratitis. Leibowitz, HM, 1991)	0.93
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin lasted for 5-10 days (mean 6.7)."	( Oral ciprofloxacin for treatment of acute bacterial pharyngotonsillitis. D'Errico, G; Esposito, S; Montanaro, C, 1990)	1.13
"Oral treatment with ciprofloxacin is an alternative to parenteral antibiotics in SCL-patients with urinary tract infection caused by resistant bacteria."	( Peroral treatment with ciprofloxacin of patients with spinal cord lesion and bacteriuria caused by multiply resistant bacteria. Biering-Sørensen, F; Høiby, N; Hørbov, S; Pedersen, SS, 1990)	0.9
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin was appropriate (organisms isolated sensitive to ciprofloxacin) and successful (clinical and bacteriological cure of peritonitis) in 62 (83%) of the 75 episodes."	( Intraperitoneal ciprofloxacin for the treatment of peritonitis in patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Barton, I; King, A; Ludlam, HA; McMullin, C; Phillips, I; White, L, 1990)	0.96
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin resulted in a remarkable and rapid effect."	( Ciprofloxacin treatment of murine typhus. Strand, O; Strömberg, A, 1990)	2.06
"The treatment with ciprofloxacin was well tolerated with no significant side effects, whereas serious side effects were noted in 45.9 percent of the previous intravenously treated group."	( Ciprofloxacin treatment of malignant external otitis. Goshen, S; Kitzes-Cohen, R; Lang, R; Sadé, J, 1989)	2.04
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin was very well tolerated."	( [Ciprofloxacin treatment in bacterial skin infections]. Küchmeister, B; Mohr, CP; Reinel, D; Ulrich, R, 1989)	1.53
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin for two weeks was less effective than treatment for four weeks but was more effective than either treatment with tobramycin or no therapy."	( Ciprofloxacin as therapy for experimental osteomyelitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Norden, CW; Shinners, E, 1985)	2.05
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin at 0.2 to 20 mg/kg or rifampicin at 20 mg/kg prevented all mice from death, as compared to the 60% mortality rate observed in the vehicle-treated controls."	( Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties of ciprofloxacin in intra-abdominal abscesses caused by Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli. Bloom, R; Fu, KP; Gregory, FJ; Hung, PP; Vince, T, 1987)	0.86
"Treatment with ciprofloxacin led to a prolongation of T1/2el by 15%, to a decrease of aVd by 25% and to a 33% decrease of Cltot."	( Decrease of caffeine elimination in man during co-administration of 4-quinolones. Beer, C; Frech, K; Harder, S; Mieke, S; Shah, PM; Staib, AH; Stille, W, 1987)	0.61

Toxicity

Ciprofloxacin is commonly used and considered to be relatively safe in patients with cirrhosis, especially in the treatment of enteric and urinary tract infections. The study could be a primary platform for further toxicity studies to understand the potential molecular impacts and adverse effects on aquatic organisms.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Two lomefloxacin-treated patients (3%) and four patients treated with ciprofloxacin (5%) withdrew from treatment because of adverse events."	( A comparison of the safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of complicated or recurrent urinary tract infections. Cox, CE, 1992)	0.76
" We conclude that intravitreally injected ciprofloxacin may be a safe and useful antibiotic in the treatment of aminoglycoside-resistant bacterial endophthalmitis."	( Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of intravitreally injected ciprofloxacin in rabbit eyes. Basu, PK; Chisholm, L; Hasany, SM; Rootman, DS; Savage, P, 1992)	0.79
" Because of the arthropathogenic potential of quinolones in juvenile animals special emphasis was placed on the evaluation of musculoskeletal adverse events."	( Safety of ciprofloxacin in children: worldwide clinical experience based on compassionate use. Emphasis on joint evaluation. Arcieri, G; Chyský, V; Echols, R; Hullmann, R; Kapila, K; Schacht, P, )	0.53
" She was monitored and treated conservatively with serial doses of activated charcoal, which resulted in a reduction of her serum theophylline level to a therapeutic concentration in 15 hours without adverse sequelae."	( Theophylline toxicity secondary to ciprofloxacin administration. Goss, TF; Laughlin, PH; Nix, DE; Spivey, JM, 1991)	0.56
" The response to therapy and adverse reaction rate did not differ between groups."	( Prospective randomized study comparing the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin with cefaclor in the treatment of patients with purulent bronchitis. Davis, RL; Neidhart, MM; Quenzer, RW, )	0.37
" Initially, eight very ill children were treated on a named-patient basis, with an encouraging clinical response and few adverse effects."	( Tolerance and safety of ciprofloxacin in paediatric patients. Black, A; Oborska, IT; Redmond, AO; Steen, HJ, 1990)	0.59
" Seizure activity has been reported to occur with the quinolone antibiotics and, with the increasing use of these agents, dose reductions should be kept in mind to avoid potentially serious adverse reactions."	( Potential neurologic toxicity related to ciprofloxacin. Calvert, JF; Schwartz, MT, 1990)	0.54
" Clinically significant adverse reactions, including pruritus and transaminase elevations, occurred only at doses of 1,200 mg/day or above."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of oral amifloxacin in healthy volunteers. Brown, RR; Cook, JA; Nix, DE; Schelling, DJ; Schentag, JJ; Silverman, MH; Stroshane, RM, 1990)	0.28
" Adverse events related to ciprofloxacin occurred in six patients and were primarily mild."	( Safety and efficacy of intravenous ciprofloxacin in the treatment of selected infections. Abadie-Kemmerly, S; Pankey, GA, 1989)	0.85
" Adverse effects occurred in 12 patients: transient elevation of liver enzymes (seven patients), temporary increase in serum creatinine levels (two), convulsions (two), and exanthem (one)."	( Efficacy and safety of higher-dose intravenous ciprofloxacin in severe hospital-acquired infections. Beermann, D; Heimesaat, M; Kljucar, S; Scholl, H; Timm, J; von Pritzbuer, E, 1989)	0.53
" Adverse events considered possibly or probably related to the study drugs were reported in 16 of 43 patients (37."	( Comparison of the safety and efficacy of intravenous ciprofloxacin and intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of selected infections. Brennan, RO; Drew, RH; Gallis, HA; Goodwin, SD; Rumbaugh, MM; Swinney, V, 1989)	0.53
" Adverse events considered probably or possibly related to intravenous ciprofloxacin were reported in 15."	( Safety of intravenous ciprofloxacin. A review. Arcieri, GM; Becker, N; Esposito, B; Griffith, E; Heyd, A; Neumann, C; O'Brien, B; Schacht, P, 1989)	0.82
" The vast majority of adverse reactions were mild or moderate (94 percent)."	( Safety of oral ciprofloxacin. An update based on clinical trial results. Arcieri, G; Hullmann, R; Schacht, P, 1989)	0.63
" Adverse reactions were spontaneously reported by four of the 28 patients (14%) and by 11 (39%) after detailed inquiry."	( Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin (Bay 0 9867) in the treatment of patients with complicated urinary tract infections. Boerema, J; Boll, B; Branolte, J; Muytjens, H, 1985)	0.58
" It is relatively safe and side-effects are usually mild or moderate in intensity and transient."	( Worldwide clinical data on efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin. Arcieri, G; Branolte, J; Bruck, H; Chyský, V; Griffith, E; Gruenwaldt, G; Hullmann, R; Konopka, CA; O'Brien, B; Schacht, P, 1988)	0.53
" Adverse reactions were infrequent and generally mild."	( Efficacy, safety, and potential economic benefits of oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of infections. Sanders, WE, )	0.38
" The incidence of the adverse reactions was not related to the duration of the infusion (30 or 60 min), but was less (frequency and extent) when the anticubital vein was used for infusion rather than when smaller more peripheral veins were employed."	( Tolerance of ciprofloxacin at injection site, systemic safety and effect on electroencephalogram. Bergan, T; Johannesson, G; Rohwedder, R; Thorsteinsson, HS; Thorsteinsson, SB, 1987)	0.64
" Adverse reactions were seen in nine of 24 patients who received ciprofloxacin and in six of 23 who received ofloxacin."	( The efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. Høiby, N; Jensen, T; Koch, C; Nielsen, CH; Pedersen, SS, 1987)	0.81
" No side effect was observed except for oral candidiasis, which occurred in two patients."	( Efficacy and safety of oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of respiratory tract infections associated with chronic hepatitis. Bianchi, W; Esposito, S; Gagliardi, R; Galante, D, 1987)	0.57
" Ciprofloxacin probably caused nausea with or without vomiting in 7 of the 83 patients, headache in 3 patients, and mild elevation of hepatic enzymes in 2 patients; other adverse reactions were observed but were probably not drug related."	( Efficacy and safety of oral ciprofloxacin for treatment of serious urinary tract infections. Fass, RJ, 1987)	1.48
" Both regimens were safe and produced little, if any, adverse effect (one possible episode in each treatment group)."	( Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin in patients with respiratory infections in comparison with amoxycillin. Ferguson, WP; Gleadhill, IC; Lowry, RC, 1986)	0.58
" These cases plus similar reports in the literature suggest that isoniazid or rifampin, or both, may potentiate the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen, perhaps by induction of cytochrome P450 isozymes that oxidize acetaminophen to its toxic metabolites."	( Hepatotoxicity associated with acetaminophen usage in patients receiving multiple drug therapy for tuberculosis. Nelson, SD; Nolan, CM; Sandblom, RE; Slattery, JT; Thummel, KE, 1994)	0.29
"It is suggested that ciprofloxacin can cause severe hepatic injury and that healthcare providers should be aware of this possible adverse drug reaction."	( Suspected ciprofloxacin-induced hepatotoxicity. Côté, J; Davies, C; Villeneuve, JP, 1995)	1.01
" However, there is a need for further studies to evaluate the tissue accumulation of fluoride and its potential to cause toxic effects."	( Safety of ciprofloxacin therapy in children: magnetic resonance images, body fluid levels of fluoride and linear growth. Arora, NK; Bhan, MK; Jena, A; Pradhan, KM; Susheela, AK, 1995)	0.69
"This study was designed to determine the maximal safe drug concentration of intravitreal ciprofloxacin in phakic rabbit eyes."	( Safety of intravitreally injected ciprofloxacin in phakic rabbit eyes. Cho, KS; Kim, JH; Kim, SH; Kwak, JS, 1995)	0.79
" Despite differences in patient characteristics, underlying disease, and concurrent medications, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were associated with a similar spectrum and incidence of adverse reactions."	( Long-term safety of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Berning, SE; Iseman, MD; Madsen, L; Peloquin, CA, 1995)	0.78
" Ten adverse events were observed in seven patients and in four (7%) of these treatment had to be withdrawn."	( Study of the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Barrault, S; Dobler, S; Ebbo, D; Fombeur, JP; Koubbi, G; Laurier, JN; Lecomte, F; Sorrel, N, 1994)	0.56
" Eight adverse effects were observed in five patients and treatment had to be discontinued in one case."	( Study of the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic otitis. Barrault, S; Dobler, S; Ebbo, D; Fombeur, JP; Koubbi, G; Laurier, JN; Lecomte, F; Sorrel, N, 1994)	0.56
" Adverse events were noted in 5-15%, with gastrointestinal, skin and central nervous system reactions being the most common."	( Safety and efficacy of ciprofloxacin in paediatric patients--review. Kubin, R, )	0.44
"To report a case of neurologic adverse effects that developed during concomitant treatment with ciprofloxacin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and chloroquine."	( Neurologic adverse effects during concomitant treatment with ciprofloxacin, NSAIDS, and chloroquine: possible drug interaction. Rollof, J; Vinge, E, 1993)	0.75
"Enhanced neurologic adverse effects of ciprofloxacin when taken together with NSAIDs or chloroquine may result from reduced effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid."	( Neurologic adverse effects during concomitant treatment with ciprofloxacin, NSAIDS, and chloroquine: possible drug interaction. Rollof, J; Vinge, E, 1993)	0.8
" No serious treatment-related adverse events were reported and both ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin were well tolerated."	( Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin ophthalmic solutions. Adenis, JP; Brasseur, G; Colin, J; Demailly, P; Malet, F; Ollé, P; Retout, A; Saint-Blancat, P; Verin, P, )	0.62
"The adverse event pattern in children receiving ciprofloxacin in this analysis was similar to that observed in adults."	( Ciprofloxacin in pediatrics: worldwide clinical experience based on compassionate use--safety report. Hampel, B; Hullmann, R; Schmidt, H, 1997)	2
"Surveillance of ciprofloxacin usage in a pediatric population failed to demonstrate serious or unusually high rates of any adverse events, including joint toxicity."	( Ciprofloxacin safety in a pediatric population. Jick, S, 1997)	2.09
"To elucidate the mechanism of phototoxicity induced as a side effect by some of the new quinolone antibiotics, we studied sparfloxacin (SPFX), lomefloxacin, enoxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin."	( Participation of reactive oxygen species in phototoxicity induced by quinolone antibacterial agents. Arakane, K; Hirobe, M; Mashiko, S; Nagano, T; Ryu, A; Umezawa, N, 1997)	0.49
" Musculoskeletal adverse events were reported with similar frequency in the two groups of patients (7% in the group receiving ciprofloxacin therapy and 11% in the IV CAZ/TM group)."	( Oral ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime plus tobramycin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients: comparison of antipseudomonas efficacy and assessment of safety with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Cystic Fibrosis Study Group. Hampel, BJ; Nousia-Arvanitakis, S; Richard, DA; Schaad, UB; Sollich, V; Sommerauer, B, 1997)	1.02
"Ciprofloxacin thus appears to be safe and effective for use in young patients with bronchopulmonary exacerbation of cystic fibrosis."	( Oral ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime plus tobramycin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients: comparison of antipseudomonas efficacy and assessment of safety with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Cystic Fibrosis Study Group. Hampel, BJ; Nousia-Arvanitakis, S; Richard, DA; Schaad, UB; Sollich, V; Sommerauer, B, 1997)	2.25
" In 4 patients, treatment was discontinued prematurely after an adverse event."	( Multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media in adults. The French Study Group. Gehanno, P, 1997)	0.55
" All treatments were well tolerated, with the most frequently reported drug-related adverse events being nausea, taste perversion, and headache."	( Efficacy and safety of a 10-day course of 400 or 600 milligrams of grepafloxacin once daily for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: comparison with a 10-day course of 500 milligrams of ciprofloxacin twice daily. Breisch, S; Chodosh, S; Lakshminarayan, S; Swarz, H, 1998)	0.49
" Mild or moderate adverse events (AE) occurred in 13/153 (8."	( Efficacy and safety of high dose intravenous ciprofloxacin in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia. Italian Ciprofloxacin Study Group. Curti, ME; Mazzei, T; Periti, P, 1998)	0.56
" Adverse events, premature discontinuation of therapy, and deaths occurred at a similar frequency in both treatment arms."	( Safety of long-term therapy with ciprofloxacin: data analysis of controlled clinical trials and review. Haverstock, D; Reinhart, H; Segev, S; Yaniv, I, 1999)	0.58
" The results obtained showed that irloxacin was well tolerated after single administration in mice and rats, with LD50 values above 2000 and 5000 mg/kg for intraperitoneal and oral administration, respectively."	( Acute and subchronic toxicity studies of the new quinolone antibacterial agent irloxacin in rodents. Demestre, I; García, C; Guzmán, A, 1999)	0.3
" Three patients reported adverse events during the trial, none of which were considered to be related to the study treatment."	( Oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of pseudomonas exacerbations of paediatric cystic fibrosis: clinical efficacy and safety evaluation using magnetic resonance image scanning. Daggett, S; Kubin, R; MacFarland, M; Mitchell, M; Redmond, A; Sweeney, L, 1998)	0.81
" The adverse event profile was comparable between treatment groups."	( The efficacy and safety of a new ciprofloxacin suspension compared with co-amoxiclav tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Berrisoul, F; Kearsley, N; Kubin, R; Kuss, A; Read, RC; Torres, A, 1999)	0.58
" Adverse events were recorded in only two patients and involved a slight elevation in liver function tests and eosinophilia."	( The efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Hiraga, Y; Ohmichi, M, 1999)	0.55
" The incidence of treatment-emergent and drug-related adverse events was assessed."	( Retrospective analysis of the safety profile of oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin in a geriatric population. Haverstock, D; Heyd, A, 2000)	0.54
" Among ciprofloxacin-treated patients, drug-related adverse events were reported more often in those aged <65 years (24."	( Retrospective analysis of the safety profile of oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin in a geriatric population. Haverstock, D; Heyd, A, 2000)	1
" Ciprofloxacin is well tolerated; the incidence of adverse events is low and serious adverse events are rare."	( Safety of the new fluoroquinolones compared with ciprofloxacin. Ball, P, 2000)	1.47
" Therefore, ciprofloxacin is considered to be safe for therapeutic use."	( Ciprofloxacin: in vivo genotoxicity studies. Ahr, HJ; Brendler-Schwaab, SY; Herbold, BA, 2001)	2.13
" This report updates the investigation of these cases and describes adverse events associated with antimicrobial prophylaxis."	( Update: Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and adverse events from antimicrobial prophylaxis. , 2001)	0.31
" During October 26-November 6, 2001, an epidemiologic evaluation to detect adverse events associated with antimicrobial prophylaxis was conducted among 8,424 postal employees who had been offered antimicrobial prophylaxis for 60 days in New Jersey (NJ), New York City (NYC), and one postal facility in the District of Columbia (DC)."	( Update: adverse events associated with anthrax prophylaxis among postal employees--New Jersey, New York City, and the District of Columbia metropolitan area, 2001. , 2001)	0.31
" Safety was assessed in the intent-to-treat population and the incidence of drug-related adverse events were significantly lower following CIP (17%) than following TMP/SMX (27%) (P= ."	( Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin oral suspension versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole oral suspension for treatment of older women with acute urinary tract infection. Gomolin, IH; Haverstock, DC; Heyd, A; Reuning-Scherer, J; Siami, PF, 2001)	0.62
" Furthermore, CIP suspension was associated with significantly lower rates of adverse events and premature discontinuations compared with TMP/SMX suspension."	( Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin oral suspension versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole oral suspension for treatment of older women with acute urinary tract infection. Gomolin, IH; Haverstock, DC; Heyd, A; Reuning-Scherer, J; Siami, PF, 2001)	0.62
" Doxycycline, however, may have less adverse effect on teeth than its precursors."	( Anthrax: safe treatment for children. Benavides, S; Nahata, MC, 2002)	0.31
" Adverse events associated with antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent anthrax were commonly reported, but hospitalizations and serious adverse events as defined by Food and Drug Administration criteria were rare."	( Antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis for anthrax: adverse events and adherence. Factor, S; Goldstein, S; Hayslett, J; Jones, J; Lukacs, S; Ridzon, R; Rosenstein, N; Shepard, CW; Soriano-Gabarro, M; Williams, I; Zell, ER, 2002)	0.31
"To investigate the adverse effects of ciprofloxacin administered to neonates with sepsis on the hematologic indices, the hepatic and renal function and the joints and growth at 1 year follow-up."	( Use of ciprofloxacin in neonatal sepsis: lack of adverse effects up to one year. Agakidis, C; Drossou-Agakidou, V; Kremenopoulos, G; Nikolaides, N; Papakyriakidou-Koliouska, P; Roilides, E; Sarafidis, K, 2004)	1.05
"Treatment of neonatal sepsis with ciprofloxacin resulted in no short term hematologic, renal or hepatic adverse effects and did not appear to be associated with clinical arthropathy or growth impairment at 1 year follow-up evaluation."	( Use of ciprofloxacin in neonatal sepsis: lack of adverse effects up to one year. Agakidis, C; Drossou-Agakidou, V; Kremenopoulos, G; Nikolaides, N; Papakyriakidou-Koliouska, P; Roilides, E; Sarafidis, K, 2004)	1.06
"Signs and symptoms of AOE, including ear inflammation, tenderness, edema and discharge (assessed on Days 3, 8 [End-of-Therapy] and 18 [Test-of-Cure]); microbiologic eradication (presumed or documented); and frequency of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone versus neomycin/polymyxin B/hydrocortisone for otitis externa. Conroy, PJ; Dupre, SJ; Garadi, R; Henry, DC; Hogg, LG; Pien, FD; Potts, SL; Roland, PS; Schultz, CC; Stroman, DW; Wall, GM, 2004)	0.61
"Although it is well known that a variety of antibacterials may incidentally cause malignant arrhythmia, the list of drugs causing arrhythmia and the impact of these adverse effects are still uncertain."	( Generating signals of drug-adverse effects from prescription databases and application to the risk of arrhythmia associated with antibacterials. Bagnardi, V; Botteri, E; Carobbio, A; Corrao, G; Falcone, C; Leoni, O; Zambon, A, 2005)	0.33
"We conducted a case matched control study to observe the adverse effects of ciprofloxacin used in neonatal septicemia We enrolled 30 neonates with multidrug-resistant septicemia who were treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin for 14 days."	( Safety profile of ciprofloxacin used for neonatal septicemia. Ambardekar, S; Chaudhari, S; Chinchwadkar, M; Kinare, A; Suryawanshi, P, 2004)	0.89
"Participants were monitored for adverse events (AEs)."	( An overview of adverse events reported by participants in CDC's anthrax vaccine and antimicrobial availability program. Apicella, L; Aranas, A; Franzke, LH; Marano, N; Martin, SW; McNeil, MM; Rosenstein, NE; Tierney, BC, 2005)	0.33
"To evaluate QOL in women treated for acute cystitis, and describe the relationship between QOL, clinical outcome and adverse events of each of the interventions used in the study."	( Women's quality of life is decreased by acute cystitis and antibiotic adverse effects associated with treatment. Bergus, GR; Ernst, EJ; Ernst, ME; Hoehns, JD, 2005)	0.33
"To evaluate QOL in women treated for acute cystitis, and describe the relationship between QOL, clinical outcome and adverse events of each of the interventions used in the study."	( Women's quality of life is decreased by acute cystitis and antibiotic adverse effects associated with treatment. Bergus, GR; Ernst, EJ; Ernst, ME; Hoehns, JD, 2005)	0.33
" Clinical outcome was assessed by telephone interview on days 3, 7, 14 and 28 using a standardized questionnaire to assess resolution of symptoms, compliance with the prescribed regimen, and occurrence of adverse events."	( Women's quality of life is decreased by acute cystitis and antibiotic adverse effects associated with treatment. Bergus, GR; Ernst, EJ; Ernst, ME; Hoehns, JD, 2005)	0.33
" While there was no difference in QOL by treatment assignment, patients experiencing an adverse event had lower QOL throughout the study period."	( Women's quality of life is decreased by acute cystitis and antibiotic adverse effects associated with treatment. Bergus, GR; Ernst, EJ; Ernst, ME; Hoehns, JD, 2005)	0.33
" While QOL is improved by treatment, those reporting adverse events have lower overall QOL compared to those who do not experience adverse events."	( Women's quality of life is decreased by acute cystitis and antibiotic adverse effects associated with treatment. Bergus, GR; Ernst, EJ; Ernst, ME; Hoehns, JD, 2005)	0.33
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
"In vitro cell cultures are useful for evaluating cell response to potentially toxic insults, although cell cultures may lack tissue components that may prevent or ameliorate damage in vivo."	( Intrinsic cytotoxic effects of fluoroquinolones on human corneal keratocytes and endothelial cells. Bezwada, P; Clark, LA; Schneider, S, 2008)	0.35
" The most common adverse events and pharmacodynamic effects are related to plasma concentrations."	( A clinically relevant review of tizanidine hydrochloride dose relationships to pharmacokinetics, drug safety and effectiveness in healthy subjects and patients. Henney, HR; Runyan, JD, 2008)	0.35
" It is not possible to determine severe adverse drug event (ADE) risks from the few people thus far exposed to anthrax prophylaxis."	( Adverse events associated with prolonged antibiotic use. Chan, KA; Chen, Z; Finkelstein, JA; Hennessy, S; Lautenbach, E; Meropol, SB; Metlay, JP; Platt, R; Schech, SD; Shatin, D, 2008)	0.35
" Most adverse events were mild and unrelated to study medication in both treatment groups."	( Comparison of efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin otic solution 0.2% versus polymyxin B-neomycin-hydrocortisone in the treatment of acute diffuse otitis externa*. Drehobl, M; Goldstein, G; Guerrero, JL; Lacarte, PR; Luber, S; Mata, FS, 2008)	0.62
" Daily assessments were made of all patients and all adverse events were recorded."	( A prospective, controlled, randomized, non-blind, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of a once daily high dose of ceftriaxone plus ciprofloxacin versus thrice daily ceftazidime plus amikacin in empirical therapy for febrile neutropenic patients. Giannakakis, T; Hatzitolios, A; Kollaras, P; Kordosis, T; Metallidis, S; Nikolaidis, J; Nikolaidis, P; Seitanidis, B, 2008)	0.55
" There was a low incidence of adverse events in both groups."	( A prospective, controlled, randomized, non-blind, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of a once daily high dose of ceftriaxone plus ciprofloxacin versus thrice daily ceftazidime plus amikacin in empirical therapy for febrile neutropenic patients. Giannakakis, T; Hatzitolios, A; Kollaras, P; Kordosis, T; Metallidis, S; Nikolaidis, J; Nikolaidis, P; Seitanidis, B, 2008)	0.55
"The combination of a single, high dose of ceftriaxone plus ciprofloxacin daily was more effective than the standard combination of thrice daily ceftazidime plus amikacin with no significant adverse events in either group."	( A prospective, controlled, randomized, non-blind, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of a once daily high dose of ceftriaxone plus ciprofloxacin versus thrice daily ceftazidime plus amikacin in empirical therapy for febrile neutropenic patients. Giannakakis, T; Hatzitolios, A; Kollaras, P; Kordosis, T; Metallidis, S; Nikolaidis, J; Nikolaidis, P; Seitanidis, B, 2008)	0.79
"In most of the patients studied, ambulatory conservative management was safe and effective in the treatment of uncomplicated acute diverticulitis."	( [Safety and efficiency of ambulatory treatment of acute diverticulitis]. García Marín, A; Martín Gil, J; Pérez Díaz, MD; Rey Valcárcel, C; Sanz Sánchez, M; Serralta De Colsa, D; Turégano Fuentes, F; Vaquero Rodríguez, A, 2009)	0.35
"Ciprofloxacin is commonly used and considered to be relatively safe in patients with cirrhosis, especially in the treatment of enteric and urinary tract infections."	( A case of hemiballism as a rare side effect of ciprofloxacin in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Jeong, SH; Kim, JM; Kim, JW; Kim, SH; Lee, SH, 2009)	2.05
"Careful dosing and a high index of suspicion of the neurological adverse effects of ciprofloxacin including movement disorders are warranted especially in cirrhotic patients."	( A case of hemiballism as a rare side effect of ciprofloxacin in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Jeong, SH; Kim, JM; Kim, JW; Kim, SH; Lee, SH, 2009)	0.83
" In contrast, ecotoxicity of the solutions to the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata increased 3- to 10-fold after 20 min of treatment, suggesting the formation of toxic degradation products."	( Influence of pH on the sonolysis of ciprofloxacin: Biodegradability, ecotoxicity and antibiotic activity of its degradation products. De Bel, E; Dewulf, J; Janssen, C; Van Langenhove, H; Witte, BD, 2009)	0.63
"The aim of this study was to assess the adverse effects of enrofloxacin (EF) on Tra catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, in relation with density stress."	( Adverse effects of enrofloxacin when associated with environmental stress in Tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Danyi, S; Douny, C; Hien, NN; Huong, DT; Huynh, TT; Kestemont, P; Nkejabega, N; Phuong, NT; Scippo, ML; Silvestre, F; Wang, N; Widart, J, 2009)	0.35
" Safety was measured by recording adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin XR 1000 mg once daily versus ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Di Vito, C; Fusco, F; Imbimbo, C; Lotti, T; Mirone, V; Taglialatela, D; Verze, P, 2009)	0.66
"We determined whether Besivance (Bausch & Lomb), AzaSite (Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc; both with DuraSite bioadhesive [InSite Vision, Inc]) and ciprofloxacin are toxic inside the anterior chamber."	( An anterior chamber toxicity study evaluating Besivance, AzaSite, and Ciprofloxacin. Davis, DK; Donnenfeld, ED; Maddula, S; Mamalis, N; Ness, PJ; Olson, RJ; Werner, L, 2010)	0.79
" Vital staining and histopathologic evaluation revealed glaucomatous and toxic damage in eyes given DuraSite-based medications, whereas non-DuraSite groups showed minimal changes."	( An anterior chamber toxicity study evaluating Besivance, AzaSite, and Ciprofloxacin. Davis, DK; Donnenfeld, ED; Maddula, S; Mamalis, N; Ness, PJ; Olson, RJ; Werner, L, 2010)	0.59
"DuraSite blocks the trabecular meshwork and may be additionally toxic when introduced as a large bolus."	( An anterior chamber toxicity study evaluating Besivance, AzaSite, and Ciprofloxacin. Davis, DK; Donnenfeld, ED; Maddula, S; Mamalis, N; Ness, PJ; Olson, RJ; Werner, L, 2010)	0.59
"Foam-based ciprofloxacin is a safe and an effective new treatment for AOE."	( Comparison of safety and efficacy of foam-based versus solution-based ciprofloxacin for acute otitis externa. Eilat, E; Goldfarb, A; Marom, T; Rakover, Y; Roth, Y; Shlizerman, L; Yelin, R, 2010)	0.98
" Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis appears safe and effective in reducing the incidence of severe BKHC after allogeneic HSCT."	( Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis of polyomavirus BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. Costa, LJ; Glode, A; Hogan, KR; Kramer, C; Miller, AN; Schaub, C; Stuart, RK, 2011)	1.59
"Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has a relatively low rate of occurence of adverse side effects."	( Unexpected severe hepatotoxicity of ciprofloxacine: two case reports. Alan, C; Ersay, AR; Ertung, Y; Koçoğlu, H; Kurt, HA, 2011)	2.09
"In this case report, we describe a man who developed recurrent depression and suicidal ideation with a serious plan to commit suicide as definite adverse effect of ciprofloxacin, which had been prescribed for recurrent prostatitis."	( A man who wanted to commit suicide by hanging himself: an adverse effect of ciprofloxacin. Ahmed, AI; Kramers, K; van den Berkmortel, H; van der Heijden, FM, )	0.56
" The authors assessed the ability of PRP to prevent in vitro adverse effects of 2 drugs commonly linked to tendon rupture and tendinopathy, glucocorticoids and fluoroquinolone antibiotics."	( Platelet-rich plasma protects tenocytes from adverse side effects of dexamethasone and ciprofloxacin. Franklin, SL; Hulley, PA; Poulsen, RC; Thompson, MS; Zargar Baboldashti, N, 2011)	0.59
"This study demonstrates that ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone have differing adverse effects on human tenocytes, with ciprofloxacin inducing cell death while dexamethasone primarily induces senescence."	( Platelet-rich plasma protects tenocytes from adverse side effects of dexamethasone and ciprofloxacin. Franklin, SL; Hulley, PA; Poulsen, RC; Thompson, MS; Zargar Baboldashti, N, 2011)	0.88
"Both ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone are highly effective in treatment of inflammatory and infectious conditions, therefore new strategies to minimize their adverse effects are of strong interest."	( Platelet-rich plasma protects tenocytes from adverse side effects of dexamethasone and ciprofloxacin. Franklin, SL; Hulley, PA; Poulsen, RC; Thompson, MS; Zargar Baboldashti, N, 2011)	1.11
"To determine the safety of ciprofloxacin in paediatric patients in relation to arthropathy, any other adverse events (AEs) and drug interactions."	( Ciprofloxacin safety in paediatrics: a systematic review. Adefurin, A; Choonara, I; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Sammons, H, 2011)	2.11
" The cytotoxic effects against mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) in vitro were evaluated for 5c and 5d, which displayed no toxic effects (IC(50) > 1000 μM) against the mouse fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3."	( Synthesis of 3-heteroarylthioquinoline derivatives and their in vitro antituberculosis and cytotoxicity studies. Chitra, S; Manisankar, P; Muthusubramanian, S; Paul, N; Sriram, D; Yogeeswari, P, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events were similar across groups."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of 4 randomized regimens to treat early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in children with cystic fibrosis. Burns, JL; Chatfield, BA; Froh, DK; Gibson, RL; Hiatt, P; Khan, U; Kronmal, R; Kulich, M; Mayer-Hamblett, N; Orenstein, D; Ramsey, BW; Retsch-Bogart, G; Rosenfeld, M; Spencer, T; Treggiari, MM; Williams, J, 2011)	0.37
" While enrofloxacin was more toxic to green algae, ciprofloxacin was more toxic to cyanobacteria."	( Toxicity of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin to photoautotrophic aquatic organisms. Bachmann, J; Ebert, I; Kühnen, U; Kussatz, C; Küster, A; Maletzki, D; Schlüter, C, 2011)	0.86
" There was no significant difference between CIP IV and MEM IV in terms of clinical efficacy, bacteriological efficacy, incidence of adverse drug reactions, duration of antimicrobial treatment, or relapse/reactivation."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of intravenous ciprofloxacin versus meropenem in the treatment of postoperative infection. Kato, K; Kobayashi, S; Kusachi, S; Mashita, K; Oda, S; Sumiyama, Y; Takahashi, Y; Takeyama, H, 2012)	0.63
"PVP-CD was proved safe and demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, healing and degradation properties."	( Safety, healing, and efficacy of vascular prostheses coated with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin polymer: experimental in vitro and animal studies. Blanchemain, N; Haulon, S; Hildebrand, HF; Jean-Baptiste, E; Martel, B; Neut, C, 2012)	0.38
" CIP is scarcely biodegradable, has toxic effects on microorganisms and is photosensitive."	( Genotoxic effect of ciprofloxacin during photolytic decomposition monitored by the in vitro micronucleus test (MNvit) in HepG2 cells. Bergheim, M; Garcia-Käufer, M; Gminski, R; Gupta, P; Haddad, T; Kümmerer, K; Mathur, N; Mersch-Sundermann, V, 2012)	0.7
"This study aims to investigate whether cefazolin-sodium has any adverse effect on fracture healing in an experimental rabbit model."	( Cefazolin-sodium has no adverse effect on fracture healing in an experimental rabbit model. Akkaya, S; Bir, F; Kılıç, A; Nazalı, M, 2012)	0.38
" Our system employs a sequential, propensity score-matched framework and signalling rules for prospective drug safety monitoring and identified signals for all three adverse drug reactions evaluated."	( Early steps in the development of a claims-based targeted healthcare safety monitoring system and application to three empirical examples. Avorn, J; Bohn, RL; Daniel, GW; Eisenberg, DF; Gagne, JJ; Patrick, AR; Rassen, JA; Rodgers, JK; Schneeweiss, S; Wahl, PM; Wasser, TE; Wilson, M, 2012)	0.38
" Vesicle formation observed from 48 hr after irradiation was considered similar to bullous eruptions, a known side effect of fluoroquinolones in humans."	( A dermal phototoxicity study following intravenous infusion administration of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in the novel microminipigs. Izumi, H; Kawaguchi, H; Miura, N; Miyoshi, N; Takahashi, Y; Tanimoto, A; Utsunomiya, S; Yoshikawa, T, 2013)	0.62
" Population growth rates were assessed via epifluorescent microscopic cell counts, from which the half-max inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) were calculated and used as part of a toxic unit (TU) method for assessing mixture interactions."	( Toxic effect of the combined antibiotics ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, and tylosin on two species of marine diatoms. Hagenbuch, IM; Pinckney, JL, 2012)	0.64
" Bacterial clearance rate, clinical symptoms/signs, adverse reactions and disease recurrence were assessed."	( Safety and efficacy of levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis in Chinese patients. Guo, YL; Jin, FS; Liu, DM; Shen, ZJ; Sun, YH; Zhang, ZC, 2012)	0.64
" The results indicate that the oxidative treatment (O3 or UV/H2O2) of Bisphenol A, Metoprolol, Sulfamethoxazole or Ciprofloxacin in waste water did not result in toxic oxidation by-products, whereas the UV/H2O2 treatment of Bisphenol A and Ciprofloxacin in pure water resulted in by-products with cytotoxic but no estrogenic effects after 60min."	( Toxicity of the micropollutants Bisphenol A, Ciprofloxacin, Metoprolol and Sulfamethoxazole in water samples before and after the oxidative treatment. Bester, K; Boergers, A; Richard, J; Tuerk, J; Vom Eyser, C, )	0.6
"Antibiotic prophylaxis with FMT (2 doses of 3g) in prostate biopsy is an alternative as effective and safe as ciprofloxacin (10 doses of 500 mg), which carries lower rate of resistance."	( Efficacy and safety of fosfomycin-trometamol in the prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy. Prospective randomized comparison with ciprofloxacin. Angulo, JC; García-Tello, A; Lista, F; Meilán, E; Ramón de Fata, F; Redondo, C, )	0.55
" The expression of lgaqnr in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to quinolones, producing an adverse effect."	( Lactococcus garvieae carries a chromosomally encoded pentapeptide repeat protein that confers reduced susceptibility to quinolones in Escherichia coli producing a cytotoxic effect. Blanco, MM; Cutuli, MT; Díaz de Alba, P; Gibello, A; Machuca, J; Rodríguez-Martínez, JM, 2014)	0.4
"5 mg or 65 mg was well tolerated with similar incidences of adverse events across all groups."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation in cystic fibrosis: a phase I, randomized, single-dose, dose-escalation study. Delesen, H; Nagelschmitz, J; Staab, D; Stass, H, 2015)	0.7
"Topical ciprofloxacin is a safe and uncomplicated ototoxic drug that is an effective antibiotic used in the treatment of refractory chronic otitis those dregs such as pseudomonas aerogenusa and staphylococci resistant to methicillin are responsible for it, which in the usual doses has not harmful effects on hearing hairy cells."	( Comparison of local and systemic ciprofloxacin ototoxicity in the treatment of chronic media otitis. Samarei, R, 2014)	1.12
" There are only a limited number of studies related to neurological adverse effects of this drug in therapeutic doses."	( Ciprofloxacin-induced neurotoxicity: evaluation of possible underlying mechanisms. Atli, O; Can, OD; Guven, I; Ilgin, S; Sener, E; Ucel, UI, 2015)	1.86
" Primary outcomes were bacteriological eradication, clinical cure, bacterial resistance, and adverse event rates."	( [Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin treatment in urinary tract infections (UTIs) in adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis]. Cuevas-Alpuche, J; de Colsa-Ranero, A; Díaz-García, L; Gutiérrez-Castrellón, P; Jiménez-Escobar, I, )	0.44
" The percentage of bacterial resistance was similar in both groups, while the percentage of related adverse events was significantly lower in the groups treated with ciprofloxacin."	( [Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin treatment in urinary tract infections (UTIs) in adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis]. Cuevas-Alpuche, J; de Colsa-Ranero, A; Díaz-García, L; Gutiérrez-Castrellón, P; Jiménez-Escobar, I, )	0.63
"We conclude that ciprofloxacin is a safe and effective therapeutic alternative for the treatment of acute or complicated urinary tract infections in adults."	( [Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin treatment in urinary tract infections (UTIs) in adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis]. Cuevas-Alpuche, J; de Colsa-Ranero, A; Díaz-García, L; Gutiérrez-Castrellón, P; Jiménez-Escobar, I, )	0.78
" As part of the TINN project, the present preclinical study was designed to assess the potential adverse effects of Ciprofloxacin on neurodevelopment, liver and joints in mice."	( Safety study of Ciprofloxacin in newborn mice. Adle-Biassette, H; Bourgeois, T; Delezoide, AL; Durand, E; Gallego, J; Guimiot, F; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Kassaï, B; Le Guellec, C; Matrot, B; Ringot, M; Storme, T; Turner, MA; Zhao, W, 2016)	0.99
" Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database on the adverse events of ciprofloxacin."	( Association Patterns in Open Data to Explore Ciprofloxacin Adverse Events. Yildirim, P, 2015)	0.89
"The aim of this study was to explore unknown associations among the adverse events of ciprofloxacin, patient demographics and adverse event outcomes."	( Association Patterns in Open Data to Explore Ciprofloxacin Adverse Events. Yildirim, P, 2015)	0.9
" The most frequent adverse events and event outcomes of ciprofloxacin were listed, age and gender specific distribution of adverse events are reported, then the apriori algorithm was applied to the dataset to obtain some association rules and objective measures were used to select interesting ones."	( Association Patterns in Open Data to Explore Ciprofloxacin Adverse Events. Yildirim, P, 2015)	0.92
" Preschool child, middle aged and aged groups have most adverse events reports in all groups."	( Association Patterns in Open Data to Explore Ciprofloxacin Adverse Events. Yildirim, P, 2015)	0.68
"The FDA AERS offers an important data resource to identify new or unknown adverse events of drugs in the biomedical domain."	( Association Patterns in Open Data to Explore Ciprofloxacin Adverse Events. Yildirim, P, 2015)	0.68
" Safety was assessed for serious adverse events and treatment-emergent adverse events using audiometry, otoscopy, and tympanometry."	( Safety and Efficacy of Intratympanic Ciprofloxacin Otic Suspension in Children With Middle Ear Effusion Undergoing Tympanostomy Tube Placement: Two Randomized Clinical Trials. Bear, M; Don, D; Koempel, J; LeBel, C; Mair, EA; Park, AH, 2016)	0.71
" No drug-related serious adverse events were seen, and most adverse events were mild or moderate."	( Safety and Efficacy of Intratympanic Ciprofloxacin Otic Suspension in Children With Middle Ear Effusion Undergoing Tympanostomy Tube Placement: Two Randomized Clinical Trials. Bear, M; Don, D; Koempel, J; LeBel, C; Mair, EA; Park, AH, 2016)	0.71
" Binary mixture tests were conducted using proportions of the respective IC50s in terms of toxic unit (TU)."	( Single and mixture toxicity of pharmaceuticals and chlorophenols to freshwater algae Chlorella vulgaris. Geiger, E; Hornek-Gausterer, R; Saçan, MT, 2016)	0.43
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."	( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships. Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse reactions of the kidneys to ciprofloxacin are rare, but sometimes severe."	( Is ciprofloxacin safe in patients with solitary kidney and upper urinary tract infection? Bob, F; Bozdog, G; Gadalean, F; Gluhovschi, C; Gluhovschi, G; Kaycsa, A; Petrica, L; Velciov, S, 2016)	1.33
" Among the 29 that discontinued the antimicrobial component of PEP, most (38%) individuals discontinued PEP because of their low perceived risk of infection; 9 (31%) individuals discontinued prophylaxis due to PEP-related minor adverse events, and 10% cited both low risk and adverse events as their reason for discontinuation."	( Postexposure Prophylaxis After Possible Anthrax Exposure: Adherence and Adverse Events. Bower, WA; Hendricks, KA; Kache, PA; Katharios-Lanwermeyer, S; Kharod, GA; Meaney-Delman, D; Nolen, LD; Shadomy, SV; Traxler, RM; Walke, HT, )	0.13
"7%) of the patients receiving fluocinolone presented with adverse events related to study medication."	( Efficacy and Safety of Ciprofloxacin Plus Fluocinolone in Otitis Media With Tympanostomy Tubes in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ansley, J; Butehorn, HF; Byers, J; Douglis, F; Esterhuizen, K; Hernández, FJ; Hussain, I; Ismail, K; Lanier, B; Lansford, B; Pumarola, F; Spektor, Z, 2017)	0.77
"The combination of ciprofloxacin plus fluocinolone is more effective than treatment with ciprofloxacin or fluocinolone alone for AOMT, and it is safe and well tolerated in children."	( Efficacy and Safety of Ciprofloxacin Plus Fluocinolone in Otitis Media With Tympanostomy Tubes in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ansley, J; Butehorn, HF; Byers, J; Douglis, F; Esterhuizen, K; Hernández, FJ; Hussain, I; Ismail, K; Lanier, B; Lansford, B; Pumarola, F; Spektor, Z, 2017)	1.09
" Finafloxacin was safe and well tolerated."	( Explorative Randomized Phase II Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Finafloxacin versus Ciprofloxacin for Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections. Bentley, C; Dalhoff, A; Fischer, C; Lückermann, M; Naber, K; Nowicki, M; Vente, A; Wagenlehner, F; Wohlert, S, 2018)	0.7
" We aimed to examine fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin) associated aortic aneurysm or dissection through data mining of the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)."	( Assessing fluoroquinolone-associated aortic aneurysm and dissection: Data mining of the public version of the FDA adverse event reporting system. Huang, H; Huang, J; Jia, Y; Meng, L; Qiu, F; Sun, S, 2019)	0.78
" Pharmacovigilance tools were used for quantitative detection of signals that is, drug-associated adverse events, including reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, information component given by a Bayesian confidence propagation neural network and empirical Bayes geometric mean."	( Assessing fluoroquinolone-associated aortic aneurysm and dissection: Data mining of the public version of the FDA adverse event reporting system. Huang, H; Huang, J; Jia, Y; Meng, L; Qiu, F; Sun, S, 2019)	0.51
"Based on 3721 adverse event reports, all three fluoroquinolones are associated with aortic aneurysm, and levofloxacin is associated with aortic dissection."	( Assessing fluoroquinolone-associated aortic aneurysm and dissection: Data mining of the public version of the FDA adverse event reporting system. Huang, H; Huang, J; Jia, Y; Meng, L; Qiu, F; Sun, S, 2019)	0.51
" CMC was found toxic for APC at 5 and 7 days, whereas mCMC did not affect the cell viability."	( Cytotoxicity of intracanal dressings on apical papilla cells differ upon activation with E. faecalis LTA. Caldeira, CL; Oliveira, AP; Sipert, CR, 2019)	0.51
" Further studies utilizing other specific tests, such as corneal lineage are required before safe and efficient ophthalmologic use."	( Toxicity of therapeutic contact lenses based on bacterial cellulose with coatings to provide transparency. Cavicchioli, M; Coelho, F; do Vale Braido, GV; Franchi, LP; Lima Ribeiro, SJ; Mendes, LS; Messaddeq, Y; O Capote, TS; Scarel-Caminaga, RM; Specian, SS, 2019)	0.51
" Therefore, we firstly explored the toxic effects and possible mechanism of cardiovascular toxicity induced by gatifloxacin (GTFX) and ciprofloxacin (CPFX) using zebrafish model."	( The cardiovascular toxicity induced by high doses of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin in zebrafish. Lan, R; Shen, R; Xia, Z; Yu, R; Yu, Y; Yuan, Z, 2019)	0.95
" Specific classes of pharmaceutical drugs, such as fluoroquinolone antibiotics, can exert toxic effects to non-target species with ecological significance, since these compounds are environmentally stable and persistent, and may interact with some of the key physiologic processes of organisms."	( Multi-parametric analysis of ciprofloxacin toxicity at ecologically relevant levels: Short- and long-term effects on Daphnia magna. Alkimin, GD; Daniel, D; Dionísio, R; Nunes, B, 2020)	0.85
" Vitamin C, probably due to its strong antioxidant properties, could improve and partially counteract the toxic effect of UV-A on oxidative stress parameters and prevent the damage in rat's brain tissues."	( The possible neurobehavioral protective effects of natural antioxidant against phototoxicity attenuation of antimicrobial quinolone group in rats. Mansour, HA; Masoud, MA; Sheded, MS; Yahia, R, 2020)	0.56
" This study could be a primary platform for further toxicity studies to understand the potential molecular impacts and adverse effects of ciprofloxacin on aquatic organisms."	( Responses of Cirrhinus mrigala to second-generation fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) toxicity: Assessment of antioxidants, tissue morphology, and inorganic ions. Anila, PA; Poopal, RK; Ramesh, M; Ren, Z; Sujitha, M, 2021)	1.06
" Particle size-dependent toxic effects of NPs/MPs were observed."	( Unraveling individual and combined toxicity of nano/microplastics and ciprofloxacin to Synechocystis sp. at the cellular and molecular levels. Cao, X; Guo, J; Sun, W; You, X; Zhang, X, 2021)	0.86
" We report patterns of antibiotic use, adverse events, and resistant infections in patients with pouchitis with long-term antibiotic treatment."	( Long-term Antibiotic Treatment in Pouchitis-Patterns of Use and Safety. Avraham, Y; Banon, L; Bar, N; Cohen, NA; Dotan, I; Dubinsky, V; Gophna, U; Maharshak, N; Tulchinsky, H; Weiss, GA, 2022)	0.72
" Patterns of antibiotic use, adverse events, and resistant infections were analyzed."	( Long-term Antibiotic Treatment in Pouchitis-Patterns of Use and Safety. Avraham, Y; Banon, L; Bar, N; Cohen, NA; Dotan, I; Dubinsky, V; Gophna, U; Maharshak, N; Tulchinsky, H; Weiss, GA, 2022)	0.72
"4%) patients reported mild and severe (transient) adverse events, respectively, without mortalities, tendinopathies or arrhythmias."	( Long-term Antibiotic Treatment in Pouchitis-Patterns of Use and Safety. Avraham, Y; Banon, L; Bar, N; Cohen, NA; Dotan, I; Dubinsky, V; Gophna, U; Maharshak, N; Tulchinsky, H; Weiss, GA, 2022)	0.72
" Few adverse events and resistant infections were observed with long-term antibiotics use."	( Long-term Antibiotic Treatment in Pouchitis-Patterns of Use and Safety. Avraham, Y; Banon, L; Bar, N; Cohen, NA; Dotan, I; Dubinsky, V; Gophna, U; Maharshak, N; Tulchinsky, H; Weiss, GA, 2022)	0.72
" The results obtained revealed that ICIS 9 and ICIS 53 have safe properties and have the potential to be developed as probiotics."	( Probiotic Potential, Safety Properties, and Antifungal Activities of Corynebacterium amycolatum ICIS 9 and Corynebacterium amycolatum ICIS 53 Strains. Cherkasov, SV; Chertkov, KL; Gladysheva, IV; Kataev, VY; Khlopko, YA; Valyshev, AV, 2023)	0.91
" The management of this emergency sanitary situation could not take care of the possible indirect adverse effects on the environment, such as the release of a large amount of pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment plants."	( Suspect screening of wastewaters to trace anti-COVID-19 drugs: Potential adverse effects on aquatic environment. Bettinetti, R; Cappelli, F; Fochi, I; Longoni, O; Palumbo, MT; Polesello, S; Rigato, J; Roscioli, C; Rusconi, M; Sala, A; Salerno, F; Stefani, F; Valsecchi, S, 2022)	0.72
" However, concomitant use of tizanidine with ciprofloxacin, a strong inhibitor of the P450-CYP1A2 cytochrome metabolic pathway of tizanidine, can result in increased tizanidine plasma levels and associated adverse outcomes, particularly hypotension."	( Risk of tizanidine-induced adverse events after concomitant exposure to ciprofloxacin: A cohort study in the U.S. Giannouchos, TV; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Malone, DC, 2022)	1.21
" The prevalence of co-administration of drugs with a documented interaction highlights the need for continuous education across providers to avoid the incidence of DDI related adverse events and further complications and to improve patient outcomes."	( Risk of tizanidine-induced adverse events after concomitant exposure to ciprofloxacin: A cohort study in the U.S. Giannouchos, TV; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Malone, DC, 2022)	0.95
"1 μm MP significantly increased the toxic effects of CIP to wheat."	( Joint effects of microplastics and ciprofloxacin on their toxicity and fates in wheat: A hydroponic study. Chen, F; Li, X; Ma, J; Sun, Y; Yu, H; Zhu, Y, 2022)	1
"Tizanidine is primarily metabolized via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and therefore medications that inhibit the enzyme will affect the clearance of tizanidine, leading to increased plasma concentrations of tizanidine and potentially serious adverse events."	( A Disproportionality Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions of Tizanidine and CYP1A2 Inhibitors from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Boyce, RD; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Horn, J; Malone, DC; Tan, MS; Villa-Zapata, L, 2022)	0.72
"Our aim was to study the occurrence of adverse events reported in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) involving the combination of tizanidine and drugs that inhibit the metabolic activity of CYP1A2."	( A Disproportionality Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions of Tizanidine and CYP1A2 Inhibitors from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Boyce, RD; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Horn, J; Malone, DC; Tan, MS; Villa-Zapata, L, 2022)	0.72
"A disproportionality analysis of FAERS reports from 2004 quarter 1 through 2020 quarter 3 was conducted to calculate the reporting odds ratio (ROR) of reports mentioning tizanidine in a suspect or interacting role or having any role, a CYP1A2 inhibitor, and the following adverse events: hypotension, bradycardia, syncope, shock, cardiorespiratory arrest, and fall or fracture."	( A Disproportionality Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions of Tizanidine and CYP1A2 Inhibitors from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Boyce, RD; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Horn, J; Malone, DC; Tan, MS; Villa-Zapata, L, 2022)	0.72
"A total of 89 reports were identified mentioning tizanidine, at least one CYP1A2 inhibitor, and one of the adverse events of interest."	( A Disproportionality Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions of Tizanidine and CYP1A2 Inhibitors from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Boyce, RD; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Horn, J; Malone, DC; Tan, MS; Villa-Zapata, L, 2022)	0.72
" Fifteen adverse events related to study medications were registered, all of which were mild or moderate."	( Efficacy and Safety of Ciprofloxacin Plus Fluocinolone Acetonide Among Patients With Acute Otitis Externa: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Aazami, H; Acosta, AM; Ansley, JF; Chu, L; De Valle, O; Dennis, P; Ehmer, D; Hedrick, JA, 2022)	1.03
"Population-based data are needed to inform the safe prescribing of fluoroquinolone antibiotics to patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD)."	( Association of Higher-Dose Fluoroquinolone Therapy With Serious Adverse Events in Older Adults With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Ahmadi, F; Garg, AX; Kim, RB; Knoll, GA; Muanda, FT; Silverman, MS; Sontrop, JM; Sood, MM; Weir, MA; Yoo, E, 2022)	0.72
" This study was conducted to identify signals of fluoroquinolones reported in the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) using tree-based machine learning (ML) methods."	( Application of tree-based machine learning classification methods to detect signals of fluoroquinolones using the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) database. Cha, S; Jang, MG; Kim, S; Lee, KE; Lee, S; Shin, KH, )	0.13
"All adverse events (AEs) associated with the target drugs reported in the KAERS from 2013 to 2017 were matched with drug label information."	( Application of tree-based machine learning classification methods to detect signals of fluoroquinolones using the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) database. Cha, S; Jang, MG; Kim, S; Lee, KE; Lee, S; Shin, KH, )	0.13
" Cell culture studies have shown quinolones to be highly toxic to TM fibroblasts."	( Cytotoxicity of Tetracyclines in Human Tympanic Membrane Fibroblasts. Antonelli, PJ; Dirain, CO, 2023)	0.91
"Tetracyclines are less toxic to cultured TM fibroblasts than ciprofloxacin."	( Cytotoxicity of Tetracyclines in Human Tympanic Membrane Fibroblasts. Antonelli, PJ; Dirain, CO, 2023)	1.15
" As more attention has been paid to the effect of toxic metals on the migration of antibiotic resistance genes, the critical role of the gut microbiota in CIP-modifying Cd toxicity in earthworms remains unclear."	( Ciprofloxacin enhances cadmium toxicity to earthworm Eisenia fetida by altering the gut microorganism composition. Ke, L; Qian, L; Shao, X; Shi, Y; Xu, Q; Zhou, X, 2023)	2.35
" Enrofloxacin and levofloxacin caused significant growth inhibition, ultrastructural alterations, photosynthetic suppression, and stimulation of the antioxidant system, with levofloxacin exhibiting the strongest toxic effects."	( Comparative study of the toxicity mechanisms of quinolone antibiotics on soybean seedlings: Insights from molecular docking and transcriptomic analysis. Chen, J; Li, Z; Liu, H; Shen, L; Wen, Y; Zhang, P; Zhao, W, 2023)	0.91
"25% NAC with ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone is safe in guinea pigs and support its potential use in the treatment of chronically discharging ears."	( Otologic safety of intratympanic N-acetylcysteine in an animal model. Chan, CY; Conley, SF; Daniel, SJ; Grenier, K; Linn, DT; Partain, MP; Salameh, S; Sayegh, J; Wurzba, SDS, 2023)	1.28

Pharmacokinetics

The aim of this study was to perform pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of ciprofloxacin in elderly Chinese patients with severe LRTIs caused by Gram-negative bacteria. The effect of simulated clinical regimens on the vegetative and spore populations was examined.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"h) and terminal-phase half-life (9."	( Effects of temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Fuhr, U; Granneman, GR; Kinzig, M; Mahr, G; Muth, P; Nickel, P; Patterson, K; Sörgel, F; Stephan, U, 1992)	0.58
"To determine appropriate doses of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin for septic patients with acute renal failure (ARF) treated by continuous arteriovenous and venovenous haemodialysis, (CAVHD/CVVHD), we performed pharmacokinetic studies in patients receiving these antibiotics."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin in patients with acute renal failure treated by continuous haemodialysis. Azadian, BS; Brown, EA; Davies, SP; Kox, WJ, 1992)	0.89
" By each dosing route, the pharmacokinetic profiles were dose proportional."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of ciprofloxacin after single intravenous and oral doses. Echols, RM; Heller, AH; Kaiser, L; Lettieri, JT; Rogge, MC, 1992)	0.58
"Theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters after each treatment were determined by model independent pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Effect of the addition of ciprofloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in subjects inhibited by cimetidine. Davis, RL; Kelly, HW; Powell, JR; Quenzer, RW, 1992)	0.58
"When administered alone, ciprofloxacin and cimetidine caused a significant increase in theophylline elimination half-life and a decrease in clearance."	( Effect of the addition of ciprofloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in subjects inhibited by cimetidine. Davis, RL; Kelly, HW; Powell, JR; Quenzer, RW, 1992)	0.89
"Serum ciprofloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC after each dose and the results were used to derive pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Dose-ranging pharmacokinetic study of ciprofloxacin after 200-, 300-, and 400-mg intravenous doses. Nix, DE; Norman, A; Schentag, JJ; Spivey, JM, 1992)	1.04
" No statistical differences were observed in total body clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, or elimination half-life with respect to dose administered."	( Dose-ranging pharmacokinetic study of ciprofloxacin after 200-, 300-, and 400-mg intravenous doses. Nix, DE; Norman, A; Schentag, JJ; Spivey, JM, 1992)	0.55
" The longer half-life of temafloxacin enables a once-daily dose regimen, whereas the usual recommended dosage of ciprofloxacin is twice daily."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and temafloxacin in humans: a review. Kinzig, M; Mahr, G; Muth, P; Naber, KG; Sorgel, F, 1991)	0.78
"We studied the pharmacokinetic parameters of four fluoroquinolones--ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, temafloxacin and sparfloxacin--in a mouse model of Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected lung."	( Pharmacokinetics of four fluoroquinolones in an animal model of infected lung. Azoulay-Dupuis, E; Bergogne-Bérézin, E; Pocidalo, JJ; Vallée, E, 1991)	0.51
" The large uptake of ciprofloxacin by PMNs combined with a prolonged intracellular half-life described under the conditions of human therapy should provide the basis for the use of ciprofloxacin in infections caused by susceptible intracellular bacteria."	( In vitro and in vivo ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in human neutrophils. Chichmanian, RM; Garraffo, R; Jambou, D; Lapalus, P; Ravoire, S, 1991)	0.92
" Mean peak ciprofloxacin concentrations and other pharmacokinetic parameters were not altered significantly by coadministration of either rifampin or clindamycin."	( Crossover assessment of serum bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination in healthy elderly volunteers. Deeter, RG; Gross, JS; Swanson, KA; Weinstein, MP, 1991)	0.9
" A pharmacokinetic study of ciprofloxacin concentrations in serum and urine was performed with selected patients."	( Use of ciprofloxacin versus use of aminoglycosides for therapy of complicated urinary tract infection: prospective, randomized clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Brennen, C; DeVine, J; Fang, GD; Hilf, M; Swanson, D; Wagener, M; Yu, VL; Zadecky, L, 1991)	1.03
" Coadministered fenbufen significantly prolonged the plasma elimination half-life of ciprofloxacin from 40."	( A possible reduction in the renal clearance of ciprofloxacin by fenbufen in rats. Hayashibara, M; Ichikawa, N; Iwamoto, K; Katagiri, Y; Naora, K, 1990)	0.76
" The pharmacokinetic profile of the drug was then superimposed on the bacterial MIC, and we then derived the patients individual peak to MIC ratio, area above MIC, and time above MIC."	( Correlation of pharmacokinetic parameters to efficacy of antibiotics: relationships between serum concentrations, MIC values, and bacterial eradication in patients with gram-negative pneumonia. Schentag, JJ, 1990)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic behavior of ciprofloxacin was investigated in native and porcine valvular tissues and compared with plasma levels during a 90- to 120-min period of surgery."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of ciprofloxacin both in native cardiac and porcine valves treated in glutaraldehyde. Goecke, N; Kalmár, P; Kraas, E; Menzel, T, )	0.71
"6 mg/L, time to Cmax (tmax) was about 3h, elimination half-life (t1/2) was 16 +/- 1h and the percentage of unchanged fleroxacin excreted in urine was 39 +/- 3% of the dose."	( Disposition of fleroxacin, a new trifluoroquinolone, and its metabolites. Pharmacokinetics in elderly patients. Devillers, A; Fillastre, JP; Singlas, E; Taburet, AM; Thomare, P; Veyssier, P, 1990)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetic properties of the new fluoroquinolones are characterized by a high volume of distribution, long biological half-life, low serum protein binding, elimination by renal and extrarenal mechanisms with high total and renal clearances, limited biotransformation and moderate to excellent bioavailability after oral administration."	( Quinolone pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Boeckk, M; Borner, K; Deppermann, N; Höffken, G; Koeppe, P; Lode, H, 1990)	0.28
" For the other new quinolones, a decrease in glomerular filtration rate below 20-30 ml/min induces an increase in terminal half-life and a decrease in plasma and renal clearance, related to the degree of renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of quinolones in renal insufficiency. Borsa-Lebas, F; Dhib, M; Fillastre, JP; Humbert, G; Leroy, A; Moulin, B, 1990)	0.28
" The extent to which Ro 23-9424 acts in vivo as a true dual-action cephalosporin, or acts as a combination of active metabolites, is therefore a function of its pharmacokinetic properties."	( Pharmacokinetics of Ro 23-9424, a dual-action cephalosporin, in animals. Chan, KK; Christenson, JG; Cleeland, R; Dix-Holzknecht, B; Farrish, HH; Patel, IH; Specian, A, 1990)	0.28
"The principal pharmacokinetic values of pefloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were obtained from a review of the literature."	( [Serum pharmacokinetics and in vitro antibacterial activity of pefloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin]. Jarlier, V; Nordmann, P, )	0.59
"Quinolone is reported to interact with caffeine, often resulting in an increase both in the plasma half-life and AUC, a decrease in total plasma clearance, and little change in the absorption rate constant and maximum plasma level."	( Pharmacokinetic determination of relative potency of quinolone inhibition of caffeine disposition. Barnett, G; Carbó, M; de la Torre, R; Segura, J, 1990)	0.28
"The purpose of this clinical study was to investigate the influence of concomitant drug therapy with ciprofloxacin and rifampin on the individual pharmacokinetic profile of each agent in elderly patients."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of concurrent oral ciprofloxacin and rifampin therapy in elderly patients. Chandler, MH; Korvick, JA; Muder, RR; Rapp, RP; Toler, SM, 1990)	0.75
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetic and ECG parameters of quinidine in seven healthy men."	( The effect of ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetic and ECG parameters of quinidine. Annesley, TM; Bleske, BE; Bleske, JR; Carver, PL; Morady, F, 1990)	0.88
" The pharmacokinetics of AT-4140 may be characterized by its good tissue penetration and its long half-life in plasma and tissues."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel quinolone, AT-4140, in animals. Hashimoto, M; Kurobe, N; Nakamura, S; Ohue, T; Shimizu, M, 1990)	0.28
" The present work uses an open, two-compartment pharmacokinetic model reversibly linked with the compartment representing the peritoneal cavity and an analog-hybrid computer to simulate drug levels in sampled and unsampled compartments under conditions of various routes of administration (IV, IP and sequential IV, IP and PO) and different clinical status (presence and absence of peritonitis)."	( Computer simulation of ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in patients on CAPD. Bren, AF; Drinovec, J; Karba, R; Mrhar, A; Primozic, S; Varl, J; Zozjek, F, 1990)	0.59
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods."	( Alteration in the pharmacokinetic disposition of ciprofloxacin by simultaneous administration of azlocillin. Barriere, SL; Catlin, DH; Frost, RW; Noe, A; Orlando, PL, 1990)	0.53
" The volume of distribution, systemic availability, and peak concentration after the administration of oral fleroxacin were independent of the glomerular filtration rate."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of intravenous and oral fleroxacin in subjects with normal and impaired renal function and in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Brandt, R; Frey, FJ; Heizmann, P; Stuck, AE; Weidekamm, E, 1989)	0.28
" The physiological aging of the kidneys resulted in a reduced renal clearance, while no significant changes in non-renal clearance, total clearance and terminal half-life were found in the elderly."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in the elderly: increased oral bioavailability and reduced renal clearance. Ljungberg, B; Nilsson-Ehle, I, 1989)	0.6
" Because the transintestinal route of elimination compensates for loss of renal elimination, the serum half-life of ciprofloxacvin is raised only to 5-10 hours even in total renal failure."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin with reference to other fluorinated quinolones. Bergan, T, 1989)	0.6
"The effects of ciprofloxacin administration on the pharmacokinetic parameters and biologic tolerance of cyclosporine (cyclosporin A) were determined in primary renal transplant patients."	( Cyclosporine (cyclosporin A) pharmacokinetics in renal transplant patients receiving ciprofloxacin. Finaz de Villaine, J; Garraffo, R; Lang, J; Touraine, JL, 1989)	0.85
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to those reported for fasting healthy volunteers by other workers except for bioavailability which was reduced in the non-fasting patients."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic aspects of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of pseudomonas infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Black, AE; Collier, PS; Redmond, AO; Scott, EM; Steen, HJ; Stevenson, MI, 1989)	0.54
" With respect to pharmacokinetic parameters, there are no substantial differences between parenteral and oral preparations of the quinolones."	( Pharmacokinetics and clinical results of parenterally administered new quinolones in humans. Lode, H, )	0.13
" Ofloxacin's more favorable pharmacokinetic profile seems to compensate at least in part for the greater activity of ciprofloxacin against gram-negative bacilli in vitro."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Hooper, DC; Wolfson, JS, 1989)	0.74
" Class C patients showed on the other hand a Cmax 15-25% higher than in other groups (2."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in impaired liver function. Barba, D; Esposito, S; Miniero, M; Sagnelli, E, 1989)	0.6
" The pharmacokinetic parameters for ciprofloxacin were not significantly altered in cirrhotic patients."	( The effect of cirrhosis on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin. Frost, RW; Krol, G; Lasseter, KC; Lettieri, JT; Shamblen, EC, 1989)	0.79
" In 11 patients the plasma concentrations were assayed and the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in elderly patients. Grobecker, H; Kees, F; Meyer, GP; Naber, KG, 1989)	0.6
" The elimination half-life (T 1/2), total body clearance (CL) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) of theophylline were calculated using model-independent methods."	( Effect of quinolone antimicrobials on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Adair, CG; Casabar, E; Kasik, JE; Lettieri, J; Prince, RA; Wexler, DB, 1989)	0.28
"05) in the pharmacokinetic parameters estimated for cyclosporin without and during ciprofloxacin administration."	( Co-administration of ciprofloxacin and cyclosporin: lack of evidence for a pharmacokinetic interaction. Shawket, S; Tan, KK; Trull, AK, 1989)	0.82
"We examined the use of optimal sampling theory to determine a sparse sampling design to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin in patients who had sustained trauma."	( Prospective use of optimal sampling theory: steady-state ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill trauma patients. Caplan, ES; Drusano, GL; Forrest, A; Plaisance, K; Yuen, GJ, 1989)	0.73
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by model independent methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of three oral formulations of ciprofloxacin. Davis, RL; Koup, JR; Smith, AL; Weber, A; Williams-Warren, J, 1985)	0.53
" Time to peak concentration was approximately two hours."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Diaz, M; Gandhi, R; Goldfarb, J; Goltzman, C; Guideri, G; Inchiosa, MA; Mascia, AV; Wormser, GP, 1986)	0.54
" A twofold increase in the ciprofloxacin half-life may be partly explained by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, as shown by slower ciprofloxacin renal clearance (152."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in elderly subjects. Barbeau, G; Bergeron, MG; LeBel, M; Roy, D; Vallée, F, )	0.75
" The rise in peak serum concentrations and the values of the total area under the serum concentration curve were proportional to the increase in the oral doses."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after intravenous and increasing oral doses. Bergan, T; Johnsen, S; Kolstad, IM; Thorsteinsson, SB, 1986)	0.59
" There were no significant differences in serum Tmax (1."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin, 100 mg single dose, in volunteers and elderly patients. Ball, AP; Ball, ME; Brown, IR; Fox, C; Willis, JV, 1986)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic data showed that ciprofloxacin was eliminated more slowly than cefotaxime."	( [Ciprofloxacin and cefotaxim: pharmacokinetic and therapeutic effectiveness in E. coli pyelonephritis in rats]. Boness, J; Marre, R; Schulz, E; Tietgen, K, 1986)	1.46
" The mean terminal serum half-life was 16."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral ciprofloxacin in patients undergoing chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Frederick, DL; Greenwood, RB; Marks, MI; Pederson, JA; Shalit, I, 1986)	0.54
" After a single dose, the elimination half-life of ciprofloxacin was decreased by a third in the CF patients as compared with the controls (2."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin in cystic fibrosis patients. Bergeron, MG; Bigonesse, P; Chassé, G; Fiset, C; LeBel, M; Rivard, G; Vallée, F, 1986)	0.79
" The elimination half-life in serum was 11."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of Ro 23-6240, a new trifluoroquinolone. Ashby, J; Griggs, DJ; Kirkpatrick, B; Wise, R, 1987)	0.27
" Fleroxacin is characterized pharmacokinetically by a long elimination half-life (9 to 10 h) and high concentrations in plasma (e."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of fleroxacin, a trifluorinated quinolone, in humans. Dell, D; Lücker, PW; Partos, C; Portmann, R; Suter, K; Weidekamm, E, 1987)	0.27
" There were no significant differences in Tmax (0."	( Comparative oral pharmacokinetics of fleroxacin and pefloxacin. De Lepeleire, I; De Schepper, PJ; Tjandra-Maga, TB; Van Hecken, A; Verbesselt, R, 1988)	0.27
" Increased elimination half-life occurred after multiple dosing of 800 mg, from 13."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of fleroxacin after single and multiple 400- and 800-mg-dosage regimens. Bergeron, MG; LeBel, M; Panneton, AC, 1988)	0.27
"An in-vitro pharmacokinetic model was used to simulate ciprofloxacin concentrations in serum observed in vivo following oral doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg, in a culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the sputum of a cystic fibrosis patient."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin in an in-vitro pharmacokinetic model against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated during cystic fibrosis lung infection. Collier, PS; Scott, EM; Stevenson, MI, 1988)	0.92
" The apparent serum elimination half-life was about 10 h, independent of the dose."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and tolerance of fleroxacin in healthy male volunteers. Itaya, T; Kanamaru, M; Kawahara, F; Mizuno, A; Nakashima, M; Ooie, T; Saito, S; Takiguchi, A; Uchida, H; Uematsu, T, 1988)	0.27
" The characteristics of this new trifluorinated quinolone are the long elimination half-life of approximately 10 h and the high plasma concentrations, which exceed 2 mg/l after an oral dose of 200 mg."	( Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of fleroxacin. Dell, D; Partos, C; Portmann, R; Weidekamm, E, 1988)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was done by non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics and body fluid penetration of fleroxacin in healthy volunteers. Metz, R; Muth, P; Naber, K; Seelmann, R; Sorgel, F, 1988)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from high-pressure liquid chromatography data from samples taken after the first and seventh doses and were analyzed in addition for differences caused by food intake."	( Effect of standard breakfast on drug absorption and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Bettex, JD; Flepp, M; Joos, B; Ledergerber, B; Lüthy, R, 1985)	0.49
" A dosing schedule for the quinolones was proposed on the basis of pharmacokinetic parameters and microbiologic activity."	( Pharmacokinetics of the quinolones in volunteers: a proposed dosing schedule. Andrews, JM; Griggs, D; Wise, R, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated on the basis of an open three-compartment model, which resulted in a high volume of distribution for both substances (166-246 1 for ofloxacin, 178-2611 for ciprofloxacin)."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Borner, K; Höffken, G; Kirch, A; Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Olschewski, P; Sievers, B, 1988)	0.71
" No statistically significant differences in these ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were observed between CF and control subjects."	( Lack of unique ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic characteristics in patients with cystic fibrosis. Blumer, JL; Myers, CM; Reed, MD; Stern, RC; Yamashita, TS, 1988)	0.88
" The coadministration of the latter drug did not influence any of the considered pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effects of orally administered activated charcoal on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Bianchi, W; Maggiolo, F; Quadrelli, C; Sampietro, C; Torre, D, 1988)	0.52
" The results of clinical trials with orally and intravenously administered ciprofloxacin have confirmed the potential for its use in a wide range of infections, which was suggested by its in vitro antibacterial and pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Ciprofloxacin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Benfield, P; Campoli-Richards, DM; Monk, JP; Price, A; Todd, PA; Ward, A, 1988)	1.95
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed, assuming an open two-compartment model with first-order input and elimination."	( Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Ebert, SC; Gasser, TC; Graversen, PH; Madsen, PO, 1987)	1.72
"In a prospective pharmacokinetic study the serum and tissue concentrations of ciprofloxacin (Bay O9867), a new carboxyquinolone antimicrobial agent were studied."	( Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in gynecological tissues. Dalhoff, A; Gerstner, GJ; Weuta, H, 1988)	0.76
" Pharmacokinetic data were obtained from five patients while receiving iv ciprofloxacin and after conversion to the oral form of the drug."	( A clinical, microbiological and pharmacokinetic study of ciprofloxacin plus vancomycin as initial therapy of febrile episodes in neutropenic patients. Farrell, ID; Geddes, AM; Leyland, MJ; Smith, GM, 1988)	0.75
" The data on concentrations in serum were best described by a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Effect of dose on serum pharmacokinetics of intravenous ciprofloxacin with identification and characterization of extravascular compartments using noncompartmental and compartmental pharmacokinetic models. Dudley, MN; Ericson, J; Zinner, SH, 1987)	0.52
"The steady state pharmacokinetic properties of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were compared in cystic fibrosis patients."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in cystic fibrosis patients. Hvidberg, EF; Jensen, T; Pedersen, SS, 1987)	0.81
"In many ways, the elderly are a more heterogeneous group than the young, yet most pharmacokinetic studies of a new drug are carried out in healthy young volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics in the elderly. Studies on ciprofloxacin. Bergeron, MG; Lebel, M, 1987)	0.53
" Pharmacokinetic data were collected on Days 1, 7, and 14."	( Pharmacokinetics of two dosage regimens of ciprofloxacin during a two-week therapeutic trial in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chartrand, SA; Greenwood, R; Hilman, BC; Marks, MI; Shalit, I; Stutman, HR, 1987)	0.54
" Pharmacokinetic properties of ciprofloxacin were evaluated in 12 patients, and the data were analyzed using both compartmental and non-compartmental analyses."	( Oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of serious soft tissue and bone infections. Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics. Cumbo, TJ; DeVito, JM; Kuritzky, P; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ, 1987)	1.07
" No significant changes in ICG clearance or half-life were noted."	( Effect of multiple dose oral ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and indocyanine green. DeVito, JM; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ; Whitbread, MA, 1987)	0.56
" An oral dose of 500 mg every 12 h was administered and both the clinical response and the pharmacokinetic profile were investigated."	( Ciprofloxacin: multiple-dose pharmacokinetic and clinical results in patients with hypercrinic bronchopulmonary diseases. Braga, PC; Cortelazzi, R; Cosentina, R; Fraschini, F; Odero, A; Salvini, P; Scaglione, F; Scarpazza, G; Trazzi, R, 1987)	1.72
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by model independent methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in cystic fibrosis. Davis, RL; Heggen, L; Koup, JR; Smith, AL; Stempel, D; Weber, A; Williams-Warren, J, 1987)	0.6
"The pharmacokinetic disposition of vancomycin and ciprofloxacin was assessed in rabbits before the efficacy of these compounds in experimental staphylococcal endocarditis was compared."	( Altered pharmacokinetic disposition of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin after single and multiple doses in rabbits. Barriere, SL; Fekety, R; Kaatz, GW; Schaberg, DR, 1987)	0.8
"8 h; the mean half-life for all subjects was 25."	( Difloxacin metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans after single oral doses. Granneman, GR; Shu, VS; Snyder, KM, 1986)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated on a two compartment open model."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers and patients with impaired kidney function. Asscher, AW; Roberts, DE; Webb, DB; Williams, JD, 1986)	0.59
" The methods were employed in a pharmacokinetic analysis of amifloxacin after intravenous administration to rhesus monkeys."	( Analysis of amifloxacin in plasma and urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography and intravenous pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys. Benziger, DP; Crawmer, BP; McCoy, LF, 1985)	0.27
" Although ciprofloxacin concentrations were measured in serum, plasma and urine by HPLC with fluorimetric detection and by microbiological assay, all pharmacokinetic calculations are based on the highly sensitive HPLC method only."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after oral and intravenous administration in healthy volunteers. Beermann, D; Förster, D; Gau, W; Graefe, KH; Schacht, P; Wingender, W, 1984)	0.99
" Advances in population pharmacokinetic modeling hold the promise of allowing proper estimation of drug penetration into the vitreous (or other specialized compartment) with only a single vitreous sample, in conjunction with plasma sampling."	( Determination of robust ocular pharmacokinetic parameters in serum and vitreous humor of albino rabbits following systemic administration of ciprofloxacin from sparse data sets by using IT2S, a population pharmacokinetic modeling program. Drusano, GL; Liu, W; Madu, A; Madu, C; Mayers, M; Miller, MH; Perkins, R, 1995)	0.49
" None of the pharmacokinetic parameters differed significantly after prior treatment with omeprazole compared with placebo."	( Interaction study of lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin with omeprazole and comparative pharmacokinetics. Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Rost, KL; Schaberg, T; Stuht, H, 1995)	0.56
" The aims of this study were to examine and compare the pharmacokinetic properties of the quinolones oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin after intravascular and oral administration to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by using identical experimental designs."	( Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of four quinolones, oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin, in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held in seawater at 10 degrees C. Horsberg, TE; Martinsen, B, 1995)	0.29
"The pharmacodynamic properties of levofloxacin (an optically active isomer of ofloxacin), ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin, were evaluated over 24 to 48 h against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA 1199 and MRSA 494, respectively) in an in vitro infection model."	( Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin, against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro infection model. Kaatz, GW; Kang, SL; McGrath, BJ; Rybak, MJ; Seo, SM, 1994)	0.76
" In addition, time to maximal activity and half-life differed in PMNs and in plasma (4."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of neutrophil-associated ciprofloxacin in humans. Blardi, P; Capecchi, PL; Ceccatelli, L; De Lalla, A; Di Perri, T; Pasini, L; Volpi, L, 1995)	0.53
" Plasma ciprofloxacin concentrations were higher in the elderly than in the young, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly different between the genders."	( Pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ciprofloxacin in young and elderly and in male and female subjects. Heller, AH; Lettieri, J; Nix, D; Shah, A; Wilton, J, 1995)	0.99
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by assuming an open two-compartment model."	( [The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with renal function of various degrees]. Sun, ZM; Wang, HY; Yu, H, 1994)	0.59
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to determine if there were differences between the area under the concentration time curve (AUC), maximum serum concentration, Cmax, and time of maximum serum concentration, Tmax, of phenytoin before and during co-administration of ciprofloxacin."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of multiple-dose phenytoin serum concentrations. Arn, SK; D'Souza, MJ; Jacobs, NF; Job, ML; Strom, JG, 1994)	0.87
"l-1 h ciprofloxacin), Cmax (466 mg."	( No influence of ciprofloxacin on ethanol disposition. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interaction study. Kamali, F, 1994)	1.12
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of both substances were calculated by use of statistical moments and were compared to those of enrofloxacin described in the veterinary literature."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in dogs. Küng, K; Riond, JL; Wanner, M, 1993)	0.54
"An in vitro pharmacodynamic system has been successfully adapted to simulate in vivo antimicrobial pharmacokinetics under anaerobic conditions."	( Evaluation of activity of temafloxacin against Bacteroides fragilis by an in vitro pharmacodynamic system. Krinke, AJ; Moody, JA; Rotschafer, JC; Vance-Bryan, K; Walker, KJ; Zabinski, RA, 1993)	0.29
" Overall, results indicated (1) no marked differences in pharmacokinetic parameters in pregnant versus nonpregnant females, (2) fleroxacin levels in embryonic tissues were similar to maternal plasma levels, and (3) there was a correlation between exposure and embryolethal doses for all fluoroquinolones which resulted in embryolethality except norfloxacin."	( Developmental toxicity of fleroxacin and comparative pharmacokinetics of four fluoroquinolones in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Hendrickx, AG; Hummler, H; Richter, WF, 1993)	0.29
" These data and patient covariates were modelled by iterative two-stage analysis, an approach which generates pharmacokinetic parameter values for both the population and each individual patient."	( Development of a population pharmacokinetic model and optimal sampling strategies for intravenous ciprofloxacin. Ballow, CH; Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ, 1993)	0.5
" The pharmacokinetic data were fitted by iterative two-stage analysis, assuming a linear two-compartment model."	( Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients. Ballow, CH; Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Goss, TF; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ, 1993)	0.57
"We studied the pharmacokinetic and clearance of a 200 mg ciprofloxacin and a 500 mg amikacin intravenous dose during 5 continuous hemodialysis procedures in 5 patients with acute oliguric renal failure."	( [Pharmacokinetics and clearance of ciprofloxacin and amikacin in continuous hemodialysis]. Aguila, R; Cotera, A; Gaete, L; Lorca, E; Saffie, A; Thambo, S, 1995)	0.81
"The results of pharmacokinetic study of intravenous infusion ciprofloxacin in normal male volunteers were presented."	( [Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin injection in healthy volunteers]. Hong, Z; Liang, D; Wang, Y; Xu, N; Zhang, H, 1995)	0.85
"This paper reports the variation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin (CIP) following oral administration of three single doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight (b."	( Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in dogs following oral administration. Abadia, AR; Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Muñoz, MJ; Pla Delfina, JM, 1995)	1.97
" The time course of ENR and CIP was fitted by nonlinear least squares regression analysis, and the pharmacokinetic variables were compared."	( Penetration of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin into breast milk, and pharmacokinetics of the drugs in lactating rabbits and neonatal offspring. Abadía, AR; Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Fraile, LJ; García, MA; Mora, J, 1996)	0.58
"The greater potency of ciprofloxacin in vitro to that of ofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be potentially offset by the more favorable pharmacokinetic profile of the latter drug."	( A pharmacodynamic evaluation of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin against two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Larsson, AJ; Madaras-Kelly, KJ; Rotschafer, JC, 1996)	0.89
"Many drugs exhibit altered pharmacokinetic parameters in burn patients."	( Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in burn patients. Garrelts, JC; Jost, G; Kowalsky, SF; Krol, GJ; Lettieri, JT, 1996)	1.74
"To discuss a potential pharmacokinetic interaction between quinidine, ciprofloxacin, and metronidazole."	( Possible pharmacokinetic interaction with quinidine: ciprofloxacin or metronidazole? Cooke, CE; Nappi, JM; Sklar, GE, 1996)	0.78
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ciprofloxacin were studied in 10 children with cystic fibrosis, aged from 6 to 16 years, who had completed the standard regimen of intravenous ceftazidime and amikacin."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients. Fischer, C; Hampel, B; Kuhlmann, J; Schaad, UB; Schaefer, HG; Stass, H; Wedgwood, J, 1996)	0.89
" The intravenous plasma concentration curve was best described pharmacokinetically by a two-compartment open model, while the intramuscular administration data fitted better to a one-compartment open model."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in sheep after single intravenous or intramuscular administration. Abadía, AR; Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Llovería, P; Munoz, MJ; Santos, MP, 1996)	0.62
" The peak concentration of clarithromycin (181 +/- 94."	( Single-dose intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime in volunteer subjects. Conte, JE; Duncan, S; Golden, J; Lin, E; McKenna, E; Zurlinden, E, 1996)	0.52
" Using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model, 29 duplicate concentration time-kill curve experiments simulated AUC/MIC24s ranging from 52 to 508 SIT-1."	( Twenty-four-hour area under the concentration-time curve/MIC ratio as a generic predictor of fluoroquinolone antimicrobial effect by using three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Hovde, LB; Madaras-Kelly, KJ; Ostergaard, BE; Rotschafer, JC, 1996)	0.29
"After enrollment in a Food and Drug Administration approved protocol, the pharmacokinetic profiles of ciprofloxacin (CIP) administered to 18 children with cystic fibrosis (ages 5 to 17 years) were studied at steady state after sequentially administered intravenous (10 mg/kg every 8 h) and oral (20 mg/kg every 12 h) doses."	( Pharmacokinetic disposition of sequential intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients with acute pulmonary exacerbation. Church, DA; Echols, RM; Kuhn, RJ; Lettieri, JT; Miles, MV; Rubio, TT, 1997)	0.76
" The plasma and urine data were subjected to noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."	( A multiple-dose pharmacokinetic interaction study between didanosine (Videx) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro) in male subjects seropositive for HIV but asymptomatic. Barbhaiya, RH; Knupp, CA, 1997)	0.52
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental methods."	( Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with AIDS. Banevicius, MA; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Owens, RC; Patel, KB; Quintiliani, R, 1997)	0.56
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of enrofloxacin was compared in four one-day-old and four one-week-old calves in order to find out if there were any age-related differences."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in newborn and one-week-old calves. Kaartinen, L; Moilanen, M; Pyörälä, S; Räisänen, S, 1997)	0.3
" A one-compartment in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate bacteremic infection."	( Once versus thrice daily tobramycin alone and in combination with ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and imipenem in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Hoban, DJ; Kabani, A; Karlowsky, JA; Zelenitsky, SA; Zhanel, GG, )	0.36
" Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters were elucidated."	( Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of a new oral suspension of ciprofloxacin in children. Peltola, H; Saxén, H; Stass, H; Ukkonen, P, 1998)	0.53
" Enoxacin (250 mg/l) demonstrated the highest peak concentration (median) in the urine (0-6 h), followed by ciprofloxacin (237 mg/l) and norfloxacin (157 mg/l) as determined by the HPLC assay."	( Urinary bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of enoxacin versus norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers after a single oral dose. Kinzig-Schippers, M; Naber, KG; Sörgel, F; Well, M, 1998)	0.74
"We looked for associations between pharmacokinetic (Pk) and pharmacodynamic (Pd) parameters of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and sparfloxacin (SPFX) and the in vivo efficacy of these antimicrobials in an immunocompetent mouse model of severe Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia."	( Pharmacodynamic activities of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin in a murine pneumococcal pneumonia model: relevance for drug efficacy. Azoulay-Dupuis, E; Bédos, JP; Moine, P; Muffat-Joly, M; Pocidalo, JJ; Vallée, E; Veber, B, 1998)	0.81
"In order to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for ciprofloxacin after single oral dosing in patients with liver impairments, a retrospective population analysis of already published data was undertaken."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with liver impairments analyzed by NPEM2 algorithm--a retrospective study. Atanasova, I; Dimitrova, V; Terziivanov, D, 1998)	0.83
" Sixteen evaluable patients (three pharmacokinetic profiles) without renal dysfunction and with severe sepsis were studied."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of high-dose intravenous ciprofloxacin in severe sepsis. The Baragwanath Ciprofloxacin Study Group. Gous, AG; Hon, H; Lipman, J; Scribante, J; Tshukutsoane, S, 1998)	0.55
" Appropriate mathematical models were applied with the aid of a microcomputer software program for the estimation of the basic pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin in healthy adult Nigerian volunteers. Chukwuani, CM; Coker, HA; Ifudu, ND; Oduola, AM; Sowunmi, A, )	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic properties of difloxacin have been studied in pig and chicken after intravenous and oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetic properties and oral bioavailabilities of difloxacin in pig and chicken. Endo, T; Inui, T; Matsushita, T; Taira, T, 1998)	0.3
"Mathematical modeling methods were used to study pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of the antimicrobial combinations piperacillin plus ciprofloxacin and piperacillin plus tazobactam."	( Pharmacodynamic interactions of ciprofloxacin, piperacillin, and piperacillin/tazobactam in healthy volunteers. Forrest, A; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ; Strenkoski-Nix, LC, 1998)	0.78
" The analog computer and the Simulink software package were used to identify the pharmacokinetic model and Penoclin software package to obtain the secondary parameters."	( Influence of fever on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Belic, A; Beovic, B; Grabnar, I; Karba, R; Marolt-Gomiscek, M; Mrhar, A; Zupancic, T, 1999)	0.56
"An in vitro pharmacokinetic model was used to simulate the pharmacokinetics of trovafloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in human serum and to compare their pharmacodynamics against eight Streptococcus pneumoniae strains."	( Pharmacodynamics of trovafloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Lister, PD; Sanders, CC, 1999)	0.77
" Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed significant decrease in steady state maximum concentration (Cmax), through concentration (Cmin), elimination half life (t 1/2 e) and the area under plasma time concentration curve (AUC0-24) of phenytoin when co-administered with ciprofloxacin."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin on steady state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in rabbits. Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Islam, AF, 1999)	0.88
" The drug disposition curve after Tmax was fitted to a two-compartment open model."	( Pharmacokinetic and depletion studies of sarafloxacin after oral administration to eel (Anguilla anguilla). Cheng, CF; Ho, SP; Wang, WS, 1999)	0.3
"An in-vitro pharmacokinetic model was used to compare the pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against four penicillin-susceptible and four penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae."	( Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Lister, PD; Sanders, CC, 1999)	0.79
"To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefpirome, a new so-called fourth-generation cephalosporin, in previously healthy trauma patients with posttraumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and to compare them to parameters obtained in matched, healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefpirome during the posttraumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Edouard, AR; Incagnoli, P; Jacolot, A; Mimoz, O; Petitjean, O; Samii, K; Tod, M, 1999)	0.3
"Antibiotic concentrations in plasma were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography; their pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated at 12 time points after the first drug administration using a noncompartmental model."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefpirome during the posttraumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Edouard, AR; Incagnoli, P; Jacolot, A; Mimoz, O; Petitjean, O; Samii, K; Tod, M, 1999)	0.3
"No major pharmacokinetic modification was noted when cefpirome was given to trauma patients with posttraumatic SIRS without significant organ failure, indicating that no dosage adjustment seems required in this population."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefpirome during the posttraumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Edouard, AR; Incagnoli, P; Jacolot, A; Mimoz, O; Petitjean, O; Samii, K; Tod, M, 1999)	0.3
" time were analysed by a compartmental independent pharmacokinetic model that provided the most important kinetic parameters."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in chickens. Errecalde, C; García Ovando, H; Gorla, N; Luders, C; Poloni, G; Prieto, G; Puelles, I, 1999)	0.56
" Three pharmacodynamic parameters, T > MIC, C(max)/MIC and AUC/MIC (T = time, C(max) = peak serum concentration, AUC = area under the curve), were compared with area under the bacterial-kill curve (AUBKC) (after transformation of the AUBKC) using a simple E(max) or sigmoidal E(max) model."	( Comparison of in-vitro pharmacodynamics of once and twice daily ciprofloxacin. Bowker, KE; Holt, HA; Lewis, R; MacGowan, AP; Rogers, CA; Wootton, M, 1999)	0.54
" Factors considered included length of stay prior to initial P aeruginosa culture, isolation site, initial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antibiotic area under the 24-hour concentration curve (AUC24), total area under the 24-hour inhibitory concentration curve ([AUIC24] AUC24/MIC summed for all active drugs), antibiotic(s) used as dichotomous variables (yes/no), and use of monotherapy or combination therapy."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hyatt, JM; Schentag, JJ, 2000)	0.57
"Application of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles to dosing of ciprofloxacin may reduce the risk of ciprofloxacin resistance to the level seen in isolates exposed to other agents."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hyatt, JM; Schentag, JJ, 2000)	0.8
" However, in patients who received ciprofloxacin therapy, when exposure was at an area under the 24-hour inhibitory concentration curve (AUIC24)>110 (microg x h/mL)/microg/mL, resistance was decreased to 11%, a rate similar to that seen in respiratory isolates not exposed to ciprofloxacin (7%)."	( Potential role of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and computerized databases in controlling bacterial resistance. Hyatt, JM; Schentag, JJ, 2000)	0.58
" With each organism, a series of monoexponential pharmacokinetic profiles of GA (half-life [t(1/2)], 7 h) and CI (t(1/2) = 4 h) were simulated to mimic different single doses of GA and two 12-h doses of CI."	( Comparative pharmacodynamics of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin in an in vitro dynamic model: prediction of equiefficient doses and the breakpoints of the area under the curve/MIC ratio. Firsov, AA; Kononenko, OV; Lubenko, IY; Vostrov, SN; Zinner, SH, 2000)	0.56
" Our data were combined with those of others, and a population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in the human eye: a clinical study and population pharmacokinetic analysis. Gatus, B; Goldberg, I; Graham, GG; Lam, CM; McLachlan, AJ; Morlet, N; Naidoo, D; Salonikas, C, 2000)	0.63
" in healthy and infected rabbits after oral administration, with absorption half-life (t0."	( Antibacterial efficacy and pharmacokinetic studies of ciprofloxacin on Pasteurella multocida infected rabbits. el-Khouly, NA; Hanan, MS; Riad, EM, 2000)	0.56
"06 ml/kg/h, half-life (t1/2beta) was 17."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered intravenously and orally to foals. Bermingham, EC; Papich, MG; Vivrette, SL, 2000)	0.31
"For simple pharmacokinetic compartmental models, analytical solution to the governing differential equations along with common graphical methods provide a mean to evaluate the associated rate constants."	( Application of direct search optimization for pharmacokinetic parameter estimation. Ahmadi, AM; Gerayeli, A; Khorasheh, F; Sattari, S, )	0.13
"The methodology is demonstrated with reference to experimental literature data for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin whose pharmacokinetic behavior has been reported in terms of a two-compartment model."	( Application of direct search optimization for pharmacokinetic parameter estimation. Ahmadi, AM; Gerayeli, A; Khorasheh, F; Sattari, S, )	0.36
" Multiple regression tested association of pharmacodynamic variables with antimicrobial effect, and logistic regression with resistance post TKC."	( In vitro characterization of fluoroquinolone concentration/MIC antimicrobial activity and resistance while simulating clinical pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Demasters, TA; Madaras-Kelly, KJ, 2000)	0.5
" This approach is based on (i) the in vivo measurement of interstitial drug pharmacokinetics (PK) at the target site and (ii) a subsequent pharmacodynamic (PD) simulation of the time versus drug concentration profile in an in vitro setting."	( A combined in vivo pharmacokinetic-in vitro pharmacodynamic approach to simulate target site pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in humans. Brunner, M; Delacher, S; Derendorf, H; Eichler, HG; Georgopoulos, A; Hofmann, S; Hollenstein, U; Joukhadar, C; Müller, M, 2000)	0.31
" Time of maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was similar for MAR and DIF; Tmax occurred earlier for ENR and later for CIP."	( Comparison of fluoroquinolone pharmacokinetic parameters after treatment with marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and difloxacin in dogs. Evans, EI; Frazier, DL; Thompson, L; Trettien, A, 2000)	0.31
"An in vitro pharmacodynamic model using a disposable dialyser unit and computer-controlled devices was developed."	( New approach for accurate simulation of human pharmacokinetics in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model: application to ciprofloxacin. Ba, BB; Bernard, A; Ducint, D; Etienne, R; Fourtillan, M; Iliadis, A; Maachi-Guillot, I; Quentin, C; Saux, MC, 2001)	0.52
" The non-linear mixed effect model approach was used to estimate the mean and variance of the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Mixed pharmacokinetic population study and diffusion model to describe ciprofloxacin lung concentrations. Breilh, D; Jelliffe, RW; Maire, P; Saux, MC; Vergnaud, JM, 2001)	0.54
"An in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to compare bacterial killing and the development of resistant mutants in the presence of respiratory fluoroquinolones and ciprofloxacin."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic modelling simulating free serum concentrations of fluoroquinolones against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Hoban, DJ; Laing, N; Walters, M; Zhanel, GG, 2001)	0.51
" Treatment with ciprofloxacin significantly increased the half-life and also significantly decreased the maximum peak concentration of rifampicin."	( Rifampicin pharmacokinetics with and without ciprofloxacin. Afonne, OJ; Agbasi, PU; Obi, E; Ofoefule, SI; Orisakwe, OE; Orish, CN, )	0.74
"Ten pharmacokinetic profiles were measured."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in ICU patients on continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration. Daley, PJ; Lipman, J; Mullany, DV; Rickard, CM; Wallis, SC, 2001)	0.63
"The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin were simulated in vitro and the effects of pharmacodynamic parameters on bactericidal activity and the emergence of quinolone resistance were examined for Streptococcus pneumoniae."	( The effect of pharmacokinetics on the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae and the emergence of resistance. Edwards, DI; Thorburn, CE, 2001)	0.86
"The effects of ciprofloxacin (CP), a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, on the extent of absorption of isoniazid (INH) and on some of its pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated in six healthy female volunteers between the ages of 23 and 32 years."	( Some plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid in the presence of a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. Afonne, OJ; Agbasi, PU; Anusiem, CA; Ilondu, NA; Maduka, SO; Obodo, CE; Ofoefule, SI; Orisakwe, OE, )	0.48
" Plasma concentration profiles were analysed by a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic method."	( Pharmacokinetics of sarafloxacin in pigs and broilers following intravenous, intramuscular, and oral single-dose applications. Chen, ZL; Ding, HZ; Fung, KF; Qiao, GL; Zeng, ZL, 2001)	0.31
" The purpose of this prospective study was to (i) develop a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to be utilized for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of ciprofloxacin and (ii) evaluate current ciprofloxacin dosing regimens for pneumonias in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics and use of Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate currently recommended dosing regimens of ciprofloxacin in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Aminimanizani, A; Beringer, PM; Gill, MA; Jelliffe, R; Louie, SG; Montgomery, MJ; Shapiro, BJ, 2001)	0.72
" The plasma concentration-time data for both enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were best described by a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in goats given enrofloxacin alone and in combination with probenecid. Ahmad, AH; Malik, JK; Ramesh, S; Rao, GS; Sharma, LD; Tripathi, HC, 2002)	0.81
"The contribution of non-linear orthogonal regression for estimation of individual pharmacokinetic parameters when drug concentrations and sampling times are subject to error was studied."	( Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters by orthogonal regression: comparison of four algorithms. Aouimer, A; Petitjean, O; Tod, M, 2002)	0.31
"Until recently, only compassionate use of ciprofloxacin in children with cystic fibrosis was possible despite limited pharmacokinetic data."	( Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in young cystic fibrosis patients after repeated oral doses. Autret-Leca, E; de Gialluly, C; Giraut, C; Le Guellec, C; Marchand, S; Odoul, F; Paintaud, G; Rolland, JC; Saux, MC, )	1.84
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods."	( Comparative serum pharmacokinetics of the fluoroquinolones enrofloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin, and orbifloxacin in dogs after single oral administration. Heinen, E, 2002)	0.31
"The impact of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) infection in swine on the pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin were determined."	( Influence of porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection and dexamethasone on the pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin. Baker, JD; Cope, CV; Farrell, DE; Myers, MJ; Post, LO, 2002)	0.31
"To determine the pharmacokinetic profile of ciprofloxacin 20 mg/kg per day (10 mg/kg administered intravenously 12 hourly) in paediatric patients with severe sepsis."	( Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic profiles in paediatric sepsis: how much ciprofloxacin is enough? Gous, AG; Hon, H; Lipman, J; Mathivha, LR; Pinder, M; Riera-Fanego, JF; Scribante, J; Stass, H; Tshukutsoane, S; Verhoef, L, 2002)	2.02
" Standard pharmacokinetic variables were calculated by non-compartmental methods."	( Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic profiles in paediatric sepsis: how much ciprofloxacin is enough? Gous, AG; Hon, H; Lipman, J; Mathivha, LR; Pinder, M; Riera-Fanego, JF; Scribante, J; Stass, H; Tshukutsoane, S; Verhoef, L, 2002)	1.76
" Our C(max) and AUC were lower than that achieved in a similar adult pharmacokinetic study."	( Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic profiles in paediatric sepsis: how much ciprofloxacin is enough? Gous, AG; Hon, H; Lipman, J; Mathivha, LR; Pinder, M; Riera-Fanego, JF; Scribante, J; Stass, H; Tshukutsoane, S; Verhoef, L, 2002)	1.76
" Various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with liver cirrhosis. Bhargava, VK; Chawla, YK; Dhiman, RK; Dixit, RK; Garg, SK; Kumar, R; Satapathy, SK; Taneja, S, )	0.45
"9] h), elimination half-life (3."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with liver cirrhosis. Bhargava, VK; Chawla, YK; Dhiman, RK; Dixit, RK; Garg, SK; Kumar, R; Satapathy, SK; Taneja, S, )	0.45
"The susceptibility and pharmacodynamic activity of ciprofloxacin and new fluoroquinolones were studied against low-level (MIC 4 mg/L) and high-level (MIC 16 mg/L) ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of fluoroquinolones against ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bellyou, T; Hoban, DJ; Laing, N; Nichol, K; Noreddin, A; Roberts, D; Smith, H; Waltky, A; Zhanel, GG, 2002)	0.82
" Pharmacokinetic parameters reported for healthy young and old individuals were used for the simulation of drug levels in urine, at different mean urine flow rates (1-2."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of ciprofloxacin 250 mg/12 h versus 500 mg/24 h for urinary infections. Sánchez Navarro, A; Sánchez Navarro, MD; Sayalero Marinero, ML, 2002)	0.57
"Harmonic mean half-life for oral administration was 14."	( Pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in sheep. Bermingham, EC; Papich, MG, 2002)	0.31
"Enrofloxacin administered orally to sheep has a prolonged half-life and high oral bioavailability."	( Pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in sheep. Bermingham, EC; Papich, MG, 2002)	0.31
" This study suggests that both bacterial strain-independent AUC/MIC- and the respective strain-specific dose-response relationships of the AME are important for comprehensive pharmacodynamic evaluation of antimicrobial agents."	( Bacterial strain-independent AUC/MIC and strain-specific dose-response relationships reflecting comparative fluoroquinolone anti-pseudomonal pharmacodynamics in an in vitro dynamic model. Firsov, AA; Lubenko, IY; Portnoy, YA; Vostrov, SN; Zinner, SH, 2002)	0.31
"The pharmacokinetic properties of difloxacin following intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in goats. Abd El-Aty, AM; Atef, M; el-Banna, HA; Goudah, A, 2002)	0.31
" In all critically ill patients ciprofloxacin elimination was significantly slowed; the mean half-life was similarly prolonged to about 14 h in patients on haemofiltration and those with approximately normal renal function."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with acute renal failure undergoing continuous venovenous haemofiltration: influence of concomitant liver cirrhosis. Bellmann, R; Bellmann-Weiler, R; Dunzendorfer, S; Egger, P; Gritsch, W; Joannidis, M; Wiedermann, ChJ, 2002)	0.92
"An in vitro pharmacokinetic model (IVPM) was used to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of the 750 mg and 500 mg doses of levofloxacin against 4 ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae."	( Pharmacodynamics of 750 mg and 500 mg doses of levofloxacin against ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Lister, PD, 2002)	0.75
" Plasma concentration curves were simulated from literature values of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug and the age and weight of the patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin as a tool to optimise dosage schedules in community patients. Coloma Milano, C; Sánchez Navarro, MD; Sánchez-Navarro, A; Sayalero Marinero, ML; Zarzuelo Castañeda, A, 2002)	0.64
" This may not be relevant for urinary infections, since ciprofloxacin concentrates in the urine, leading to high Cmax /MIC ratios in all patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin as a tool to optimise dosage schedules in community patients. Coloma Milano, C; Sánchez Navarro, MD; Sánchez-Navarro, A; Sayalero Marinero, ML; Zarzuelo Castañeda, A, 2002)	0.88
"The standard regimen of ciprofloxacin 250mg every 12 hours prescribed for urinary infections may not be the best choice, since a more convenient regimen of 500mg once daily leads to a higher Cmax /MIC ratio, which is associated with a more significant postantibiotic effect and higher efficacy of fluoroquinolones."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin as a tool to optimise dosage schedules in community patients. Coloma Milano, C; Sánchez Navarro, MD; Sánchez-Navarro, A; Sayalero Marinero, ML; Zarzuelo Castañeda, A, 2002)	0.95
"Some in vitro pharmacodynamic properties of a new aqueous soluble ciprofloxacin (CIPX) derivative, the hydrochloride of its aluminum complex: (HCl."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of a fluoroquinolone pharmaceutical derivative: hydrochloride of ciprofloxacin-aluminium complex. Alovero, FL; Manzo, RH; Olivera, ME, 2003)	0.77
" Population pharmacokinetic analyses were performed with NONMEN software."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric patients. Gastonguay, MR; Rajagopalan, P, 2003)	0.6
"Previous pharmacokinetic studies have shown that a number of the quinolones inhibit the metabolism of caffeine."	( Influence of sex on the pharmacokinetic interaction of fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin with caffeine. Kim, MK; Nicolau, D; Nightingale, C, 2003)	0.55
" Plasma and urine concentrations were determined by validated high-performance liquid chromatography procedures and the data were analysed by noncompartmental linear pharmacokinetic methods."	( Influence of sex on the pharmacokinetic interaction of fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin with caffeine. Kim, MK; Nicolau, D; Nightingale, C, 2003)	0.55
"During the last decade some studies have shown that the area under the curve (AUC)/MIC ratio is the pharmacodynamic index that best predicts the efficacies of quinolones, while other studies suggest that the predictive value of the peak concentration/MIC (peak/MIC) ratio is superior to the AUC/MIC ratio in explaining clinical and microbiological outcomes."	( Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in a murine pneumonia model: peak concentration/MIC versus area under the curve/MIC ratios. Fraschini, F; Mattina, R; Mouton, JW; Scaglione, F, 2003)	0.59
"The aim of the present study was to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with and without cystic fibrosis ranging in age from 1 day to 24 years and to propose a limited sampling strategy to estimate individual pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric and adolescent patients with acute infections. Aigrain, Y; Aujard, Y; Bressolle, F; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Munck, A; Payen, S; Serreau, R, 2003)	0.83
"To estimate the efficacy of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of pelvic peritonitis, a pharmacokinetic study was conducted in four Japanese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intravenous ciprofloxacin in blood and ascites of patients with pelvic peritonitis. Mikamo, H; Ninomiya, M; Tamaya, T, 2003)	0.87
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to reported values, including a previous study on Mexican healthy volunteers with the microbiological assay."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in healthy Mexican volunteers. Escobar, Y; Hoyo-Vadillo, C, 2003)	0.64
" The only significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters between the two formulations was seen in the rate constant of absorption, which was approximately 50% greater with the IR formulation."	( Novel pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for prediction of outcomes with an extended-release formulation of ciprofloxacin. Dalhoff, A; Forrest, A; Meagher, AK; Schentag, JJ; Stass, H, 2004)	0.54
"The purpose of this study was to examine the allometric analysis of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin using pharmacokinetic data from the literature."	( Allometric analysis of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics across species. Bartges, J; Cottrell, MB; Cox, SK; Frazier, DL; Papich, MG; Smith, L, 2004)	0.87
" The potent antiinflammatory, antifungal, and anti-HIV-1 activity for a number of previously reported manzamines is also presented in addition to the pharmacokinetic studies of manzamine A (5)."	( New manzamine alkaloids from an Indo-Pacific sponge. Pharmacokinetics, oral availability, and the significant activity of several manzamines against HIV-I, AIDS opportunistic infections, and inflammatory diseases. Charman, WN; Hamann, MT; Hammond, NL; Mayer, AM; McIntosh, KA; Peng, J; Wahyuono, S; Yousaf, M, 2004)	0.32
"Fluoroquinolones present various pharmacokinetic properties."	( [Pharmacokinetics and dose adaptation of ofloxacine, pefloxacine and ciprofloxacine during haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis]. Christmann, D; Daniel, JP; Moulin, B, 2004)	0.56
"The purpose of this study was to construct a population pharmacokinetic (PK) metabolism (MB) model to describe ciprofloxacin (C) concentrations in plasma and vitreous and aqueous humors in 26 patients."	( A population pharmacokinetic-metabolism model for individualizing ciprofloxacin therapy in ophthalmology. Chen, J; Di Marco, MP; Ducharme, MP; Wainer, IW, 2004)	0.77
" The pharmacokinetic profiles also reflected the effectiveness of GFLX."	( Pharmacodynamics and bactericidal activity of gatifloxacin in experimental pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Fukuda, Y; Hirakata, Y; Kadota, J; Kohno, S; Miyazaki, Y; Murata, I; Tashiro, T; Tomono, K; Tsukamoto, K; Yanagihara, K, 2004)	0.32
" The first application of [(18)F]ciprofloxacin in humans has demonstrated the safety and utility of the newly developed radiotracer for pharmacokinetic PET imaging of the tissue ciprofloxacin distribution."	( [18F]Ciprofloxacin, a new positron emission tomography tracer for noninvasive assessment of the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in humans. Brunner, M; Dobrozemsky, G; Dudczak, R; Kletter, K; Langer, O; Mitterhauser, M; Müller, M; Müller, U; Wadsak, W; Zeitlinger, M, 2004)	1.12
" However, ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic data in patients on continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) are lacking."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Awdishu, L; Tailor, SA; Tobe, S; Walker, SE; Yassa, T; Yeung, SM, )	0.84
" Pharmacokinetic calculations were completed assuming a one-compartment model."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Awdishu, L; Tailor, SA; Tobe, S; Walker, SE; Yassa, T; Yeung, SM, )	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic parameters determined for ciprofloxacin were (mean +/- SEM) serum half-life 10."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Awdishu, L; Tailor, SA; Tobe, S; Walker, SE; Yassa, T; Yeung, SM, )	0.69
"Three pharmacodynamic models of increasing complexity, designed for two subpopulations of bacteria with different susceptibilities, were developed to describe and predict the evolution of resistance to ciprofloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus by using pharmacokinetic, viable count, subpopulation, and resistance mechanism data obtained from in vitro system experiments."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of ciprofloxacin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Campion, JJ; Evans, ME; McNamara, PJ, 2005)	0.81
" Monte Carlo simulation was used to construct pharmacodynamic models for imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and ciprofloxacin."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones against bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Burgess, DS; Frei, CR; Moczygemba, LR, 2004)	0.53
" In the pharmacodynamic models, imipenem and meropenem had an equal likelihood of achieving a free T>MIC > or =40% against bacteria that produced ESBLs (> or =97%) and bacteria that did not produce ESBLs (> or =98%)."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones against bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Burgess, DS; Frei, CR; Moczygemba, LR, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacodynamic modeling based on local ESBL-producing isolates and pharmacokinetic data from healthy humans indicated that imipenem and meropenem may have a greater likelihood of achieving pharmacodynamic targets against bacteria that produce ESBLs than ertapenem or fluoroquinolones."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones against bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Burgess, DS; Frei, CR; Moczygemba, LR, 2004)	0.32
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of enrofloxacin (ENR) and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) were determined in six greater rheas following a single intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin following intravenous administration to greater rheas: a preliminary study. de Lucas, JJ; Lábaque, MC; Martella, MB; Navarro, JL; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MI, 2005)	0.56
"Human pharmacokinetic parameters are often predicted prior to clinical study from in vivo preclinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure. Jolivette, LJ; Ward, KW, 2005)	0.33
" Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients do not change over time, and intra-abdominal sepsis does not alter ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters to a greater degree than sepsis from other causes in critically ill patients."	( Fluid shifts have no influence on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in intensive care patients with intra-abdominal sepsis. Gous, A; Hon, H; Lipman, J; Mathivha, R; Pinder, M; Scribante, J; Stass, H; Tshukutsoane, S; Verhoef, L, 2005)	1.52
" No statistically significant differences were determined between the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated after the first and seventh doses for either CIP or NOR."	( Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin pharmacokinetics and prostatic fluid penetration in dogs after multiple oral dosing. Albarellos, GA; Ambros, LA; Hallu, R; Kreil, V; Montoya, L; Rebuelto, M; Waxman, S, 2006)	1.78
" We examined the relationship between ciprofloxacin bactericidal activity and the emergence of resistance in an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model in which we exposed Mycobacterium tuberculosis to simulated free-drug ciprofloxacin serum concentration-time profiles that mimic those encountered in humans treated with ciprofloxacin orally for 2 weeks."	( Pharmacodynamic evidence that ciprofloxacin failure against tuberculosis is not due to poor microbial kill but to rapid emergence of resistance. Deziel, MR; Drusano, GL; Gumbo, T; Louie, A, 2005)	0.89
" The ISF and plasma-unbound concentrations were similar during the steady-state period despite differences in lipophilicity and pharmacokinetic parameters of the drugs."	( Plasma and interstitial fluid pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin, its metabolite ciprofloxacin, and marbofloxacin after oral administration and a constant rate intravenous infusion in dogs. Bidgood, TL; Papich, MG, 2005)	0.56
" No change in the elimination half-life was observed."	( The effect of ciprofloxacin on cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetics in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Afsharian, P; Hassan, M; Hassan, Z; Kimby, E; Möllgård, L; Xie, H, 2005)	0.69
"Ciprofloxacin increased the mean peak concentration and area under plasma concentration-time curve of lidocaine by 12% (range [-6] to+46%; P<0."	( Effect of ciprofloxin on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous lidocaine. Ahonen, J; Isohanni, MH; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT, 2005)	1.77
"To compare the probability of achieving specific pharmacodynamic exposures of commonly used intravenous antibiotics for the empirical treatment of nosocomial pneumonia against those pathogens most commonly implicated in the disease."	( Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials for the empirical treatment of nosocomial pneumonia: a report from the OPTAMA Program. Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Sun, HK, 2005)	0.33
" The probabilities of each drug and dosing regimen in achieving pharmacodynamic targets were calculated."	( Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials for the empirical treatment of nosocomial pneumonia: a report from the OPTAMA Program. Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Sun, HK, 2005)	0.33
" A 3-compartment pharmacokinetic model was fitted to the tissue concentration-time profiles of ciprofloxacin measured by PET to estimate the rate constants of ciprofloxacin uptake and transport."	( Combined PET and microdialysis for in vivo assessment of intracellular drug pharmacokinetics in humans. Abrahim, A; Brunner, M; Dobrozemsky, G; Dudczak, R; Joukhadar, C; Karch, R; Kletter, K; Lackner, E; Langer, O; Müller, M; Müller, U; Zeitlinger, M, 2005)	0.55
" The aim of this study was to compare concentrations in plasma, urinary excretion (UE) and pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin XR (1000 mg) versus those of levofloxacin (500 mg) in healthy volunteers receiving a single oral dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin XR (1000 mg) versus levofloxacin (500 mg) in plasma and urine of male and female healthy volunteers receiving a single oral dose. Dalhoff, A; Kinzig-Schippers, M; Naber, KG; Sörgel, F; Tischmeyer, U; Wagenlehner, C; Wagenlehner, FM, 2006)	0.87
" The purpose of this study was to determine whether three widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and norfloxacin) are substrates of Bcrp1/BCRP and to investigate the possible role of this transporter in the in vivo pharmacokinetic profile of these compounds and their secretion into the milk."	( Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) transports fluoroquinolone antibiotics and affects their oral availability, pharmacokinetics, and milk secretion. Alvarez, AI; Merino, G; Molina, AJ; Prieto, JG; Pulido, MM; Schinkel, AH, 2006)	0.55
" The mean values of EFL pharmacokinetic parameters showed differences only between values of V(d,ss) (3."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in male and female turkeys following intravenous and oral administration. Dimitrova, DJ; Lashev, LD; Pandova, VT; Yanev, SG, 2006)	0.58
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental and compartmental data analysis."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) evaluation of a once-daily treatment using ciprofloxacin in an extended-release dosage form. Dalhoff, A; Derendorf, H; Schuck, EL; Stass, H, 2005)	0.55
"Fitting the data using an appropriate PK/PD model resulted in a set of mean pharmacodynamic parameters (bacterial growth rate constant, k0, maximum kill rate constant, Kmax, and EC50)."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) evaluation of a once-daily treatment using ciprofloxacin in an extended-release dosage form. Dalhoff, A; Derendorf, H; Schuck, EL; Stass, H, 2005)	0.55
" Therefore, the attempt was made to introduce immunocompetence into an in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( Contribution of immunocompetence to the antibacterial activities of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Dalhoff, A, 2005)	0.56
" These experimental data, which had not been changed by any mathematical operation, were collected and used to determine the effect of sex on the pharmacokinetic profile using parametric and non-parametric tests as well as multivariate classification tools like cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA)."	( Influence of sex on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Chmielewska, A; Konieczna, L; Lamparczyk, H, 2006)	0.59
"The pharmacodynamic parameter that best correlates with bacteriological eradication for fluoroquinolones is the free (f) area under the 24 h serum concentration curve (AUC24) to MIC (fAUC24/MIC) ratio."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of garenoxacin against ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Derkatch, S; Hoban, DJ; James, J; Laing, N; Noreddin, AM; Zhanel, GG, 2006)	0.59
" The in vitro pharmacodynamic model was inoculated with 1 x 10(6) cfu/mL and garenoxacin was dosed once daily at 0 and 24 h to simulate fAUC24 and t1/2 obtained after standard oral doses in healthy volunteers (400 mg once daily, free AUC24 20 mg."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of garenoxacin against ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Derkatch, S; Hoban, DJ; James, J; Laing, N; Noreddin, AM; Zhanel, GG, 2006)	0.59
" Plasmatic pharmacokinetic profiles after daily 1-h perfusion of 400 mg for 48 h were accurately simulated."	( Activity of gatifloxacin in an in vitro pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model against Staphylococcus aureus strains either susceptible to ciprofloxacin or exhibiting various levels and mechanisms of ciprofloxacin resistance. Arpin, C; Ba, BB; Chausse, A; Quentin, C; Saux, MC; Vidaillac, C, 2006)	0.54
"To define in critically ill patients receiving intravenous (iv) ciprofloxacin (200 mg or 400 mg twice daily) and undergoing routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) the interindividual pharmacokinetic variability and the reliable pharmacodynamic breakpoint enabled by these fixed dosing regimens according to the PK/PD principles and to the pattern of susceptibility to this antibiotic."	( Which reliable pharmacodynamic breakpoint should be advised for ciprofloxacin monotherapy in the hospital setting? A TDM-based retrospective perspective. Furlanut, M; Pavan, F; Pea, F; Poz, D; Viale, P, 2006)	0.81
" Optimal pharmacodynamic exposure was assessed by estimating the theoretical pharmacodynamic breakpoints (PD BP) for either Cmax or AUC."	( Which reliable pharmacodynamic breakpoint should be advised for ciprofloxacin monotherapy in the hospital setting? A TDM-based retrospective perspective. Furlanut, M; Pavan, F; Pea, F; Poz, D; Viale, P, 2006)	0.57
"The final database included 177 sets of Cmin and Cmax performed in 89 patients (200 mg twice daily group, n=68; 400 mg twice daily group, n=21)."	( Which reliable pharmacodynamic breakpoint should be advised for ciprofloxacin monotherapy in the hospital setting? A TDM-based retrospective perspective. Furlanut, M; Pavan, F; Pea, F; Poz, D; Viale, P, 2006)	0.57
" Optimal pharmacodynamic exposure with fixed 200 or 400 mg twice daily regimens of ciprofloxacin may be ensured only against fully susceptible microorganisms with an MIC<0."	( Which reliable pharmacodynamic breakpoint should be advised for ciprofloxacin monotherapy in the hospital setting? A TDM-based retrospective perspective. Furlanut, M; Pavan, F; Pea, F; Poz, D; Viale, P, 2006)	0.8
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of difloxacin were analyzed."	( Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular, and intragastric administration to horses. Ayala, I; Cárceles, CM; Escudero, E; Fernández-Varón, E; Marín, P; Martos, N, 2006)	0.33
" To optimise antibacterial therapy, the clinician must possess knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of commonly used antibacterials and how these parameters may be affected by the constellation of pathophysiological changes occurring during sepsis."	( Antibacterial dosing in intensive care: pharmacokinetics, degree of disease and pharmacodynamics of sepsis. Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2006)	0.33
" 49:2189-2199, 2005) pharmacokinetic profiles in an in vitro system indicated that the subpopulation-specific estimated maximal killing rate constants were similar for both agents, suggesting a common mechanism of action."	( Mechanism-based pharmacodynamic models of fluoroquinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Campion, JJ; Chung, P; Evans, ME; McNamara, PJ, 2006)	0.33
" A repeated measures study has been designed to compare their pharmacokinetic parameters, to investigate their bioavailability and to estimate their absorbed fraction and first-pass effect by using plasma, urinary and metabolite data collected from five healthy mares."	( Enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin in horses: comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters, use of urinary and metabolite data to estimate first-pass effect and absorbed fraction. Bousquet-Melou, A; Doucet, MY; Laroute, V; Peyrou, M; Vrins, A, 2006)	0.33
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in Korean catfish after intravenous and oral administrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in Korean catfish (Silurus asotus). Hwang, YH; Kim, MS; Lim, JH; Park, BK; Yun, HI, 2006)	0.54
" The data were analyzed with Practical Pharmacokinetic Program 3P97."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in the Chinese mitten-handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Huang, C; Meng, Y; Wu, G; Zhu, X, 2006)	0.56
" The suitability of the method for pharmacokinetic studies was evaluated by determining the concentrations of enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) also in pig plasma, after administration of 200mg of enrofloxacin per kilogram of fodder during 5 consecutive days."	( Determination of a series of quinolones in pig plasma using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection Application to pharmacokinetic studies. Barbosa, J; Barrón, D; Garcés, A; Kucera, R; Zerzanová, A, 2006)	0.54
"Owing to increasing resistance rates in Europe, pharmacodynamic analyses were proposed to determine optimal empirical antibiotic therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in Hungary."	( Optimising antibiotic dosing regimens based on pharmacodynamic target attainment against Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected in Hungarian hospitals. Konkoly-Thege, M; Kuti, JL; Ludwig, E; Nicolau, DP, 2006)	0.33
"Members of the fluoroquinolone class are being actively evaluated for inclusion in tuberculosis chemotherapy regimens, and we sought to determine the best in vitro and pharmacodynamic predictors of in vivo efficacy in mice."	( Moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: evaluation of in vitro and pharmacodynamic indices that best predict in vivo efficacy. Balasubramanian, V; Bharath, S; Gaonkar, S; Jayaram, R; Jayashree, R; Kaur, P; Mahesh, BN; Nandi, V; Shandil, RK; Suresh, BL, 2007)	0.6
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were measured in salivary samples using a colorimetric method."	( Oral ciprofloxacin affects the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in saliva. El-Abadla, NS; Issa, MM; Nejem, RM, 2006)	0.85
"05) and paracetamol half-life was prolonged (1."	( Oral ciprofloxacin affects the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in saliva. El-Abadla, NS; Issa, MM; Nejem, RM, 2006)	0.85
" Thus, the present study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic behaviour of ciprofloxacin administered alone versus ciprofloxacin combined with phenazopyridine."	( Ciprofloxacin bioavailability is enhanced by oral co-administration with phenazopyridine: a pharmacokinetic study in a Mexican population. Angeles, AP; Fernández S, A; Marcelín-Jiménez, G; Martínez-Rossier, L, 2006)	2
" The area under the concentration-time curve to last measurable concentration (AUC(t)), area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC(infinity)), peak plasma concentration (C(max)), time to reach C(max) (t(max)), mean residence time (MRT), elimination constant (k(e)) and elimination half-life (t(1/2)) were determined from plasma concentrations of both treatments and considered as primary variables for statistical analysis."	( Ciprofloxacin bioavailability is enhanced by oral co-administration with phenazopyridine: a pharmacokinetic study in a Mexican population. Angeles, AP; Fernández S, A; Marcelín-Jiménez, G; Martínez-Rossier, L, 2006)	1.78
" In this study, we aimed to develop a novel pharmacokinetic model to describe NQs-metal cation interactions in order to estimate the optimal dosing interval."	( Antacid interaction with new quinolones: dose regimen recommendations based on pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical data for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin and metal cations. Miyata, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2007)	0.55
"Plasma concentration-time profiles of NQs after administration without or with metal cations at various dosing intervals were collected from the literature and analyzed with a pharmacokinetic model incorporating the formation ofNQs-metal cations complex."	( Antacid interaction with new quinolones: dose regimen recommendations based on pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical data for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin and metal cations. Miyata, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2007)	0.55
"In clinical development stages, an a priori assessment of the sensitivity of the pharmacokinetic behavior with respect to physiological and anthropometric properties of human (sub-) populations is desirable."	( Development of a physiology-based whole-body population model for assessing the influence of individual variability on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Edginton, A; Höhn, K; Lippert, J; Schmitt, W; Sevestre, M; Solodenko, J; Weiss, W; Willmann, S, 2007)	0.34
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic efficacy of intrapulmonary administration of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) for the treatment of respiratory infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms resisting sterilization systems of alveolar macrophages (AMs) was evaluated by comparison with an oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic efficacy of intrapulmonary administration of ciprofloxacin for the treatment of respiratory infections. Chono, S; Morimoto, K; Seki, T; Tanino, T, 2007)	0.79
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline and ciprofloxacin were altered significantly in the cadmium-exposed animals."	( The effect of chronic cadmium exposure on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and ciprofloxacin in rats. Aly, ZH; Radwan, MA; Zaghloul, IY, 2007)	0.82
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were measured in plasma samples using a microbiological assay."	( Effects of paracetamol on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in plasma using a microbiological assay. El-Abadla, NS; El-Naby, MK; Issa, MM; Kheiralla, ZA; Nejem, RM; Roshdy, AA, 2007)	0.59
"No significant differences were found as a result of concomitant administration of paracetamol in the ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters oral clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F)."	( Effects of paracetamol on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in plasma using a microbiological assay. El-Abadla, NS; El-Naby, MK; Issa, MM; Kheiralla, ZA; Nejem, RM; Roshdy, AA, 2007)	0.81
" We believe that a pharmacokinetic interaction may have occurred."	( Effects of paracetamol on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in plasma using a microbiological assay. El-Abadla, NS; El-Naby, MK; Issa, MM; Kheiralla, ZA; Nejem, RM; Roshdy, AA, 2007)	0.59
" aureus from different european countries was performed in order to compute the main pharmacodynamic surrogate markers."	( Disposition kinetics and pharmacokinetics--pharmacodynamic integration of difloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from rabbits. Cárceles, CM; Fernández-varón, E; García-Martínez, JD; Marín, P; Montes, A; Sotillo, J; Vancraeynest, D, 2008)	0.35
"Using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model, a multidrug-resistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii was exposed to colistin methanesulfonate alone and in combination with ceftazidime."	( Colistin methanesulfonate against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Hovde, LB; Kroeger, LA; Mitropoulos, IF; Rotschafer, JC; Schafer, J, 2007)	0.34
" There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters among treatments."	( Ciprofloxacin prolonged-release tablets do not affect warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Berner, B; Campanella, C; Hou, SY; Hughes, NC; Washington, C, 2007)	1.78
" This method was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic studies in rats."	( Determination of caderofloxacin lactate in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application in rat pharmacokinetic studies. Liang, Y; Liu, H; Liu, L; Liu, X; Pang, X; Xie, L; Xu, X; Zhang, D, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of this study was to examine the allometric analyses of marbofloxacin, moxifloxacin, danofloxacin and difloxacin using pharmacokinetic data from the literature."	( Allometric scaling of marbofloxacin, moxifloxacin, danofloxacin and difloxacin pharmacokinetics: a retrospective analysis. Cox, SK, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic studies of each agent were identified by separate MEDLINE searches combining the MeSH heading pharmacokinetics with the generic name of the antimicrobial."	( Simulated comparison of the pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using pharmacokinetic data from healthy volunteers and 2002 minimum inhibitory concentration data. Burgess, DS; Hall, RG, 2007)	0.6
" This study suggests that an important pharmacokinetic interaction between CIP and KTC or ITC is likely to occur when either of the two antifungal drugs is administered concomitantly with CIP."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ketoconazole and itraconazole with ciprofloxacin. Abou-Auda, HS; Al-Humayyd, MS; Mustafa, AA, 2008)	0.58
"Tigecycline and ciprofloxacin were employed as the model compounds to study the effect of the anticoagulant ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), which is used during plasma sample preparations, on the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effect of the anticoagulant ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) on the estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters: A case study with tigecycline and ciprofloxacin. Chen, Q; Ciccotto, SL; Ortiga, R; Ramsay, KA; Strauss, JR; Tang, W; Tung, EC, 2008)	0.89
"Open-label, single-dose, pharmacokinetic studies, administering four drops of CIP/DEX instilled into each middle ear through the tympanostomy tubes immediately following tube placement."	( Pharmacokinetics of CIPRODEX otic in pediatric and adolescent patients. Dahlin, DC; Faulkner, R; Jasek, MC; Jasheway, D; Kay, DJ; Mitchell, R; Spektor, Z; Wall, GM, 2008)	0.35
" Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) assay of orbifloxacin against 30 strains of Staphylococcus aureus from several European countries was performed in order to compute pharmacodynamic surrogate markers."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration of orbifloxacin in rabbits after intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration. Cárceles, CM; Escudero, E; Fernández-Varón, E; Marín, P; Vancraeynest, D, 2008)	0.35
" The most common adverse events and pharmacodynamic effects are related to plasma concentrations."	( A clinically relevant review of tizanidine hydrochloride dose relationships to pharmacokinetics, drug safety and effectiveness in healthy subjects and patients. Henney, HR; Runyan, JD, 2008)	0.35
"This study compared pharmacokinetic profiles in cattle dosed subcutaneously with two different formulations of enrofloxacin (5% and 10%) at a dose of 5 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetic behaviour of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin after subcutaneous administration in cattle. de Lucas, JJ; Froyman, R; González, F; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MI, 2008)	0.59
" Assessment of pharmacodynamic interactions between antifungal and antibacterial agents is complicated by the absence of a common antifungal end point for both agents."	( Isobolographic analysis of pharmacodynamic interactions between antifungal agents and ciprofloxacin against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Meletiadis, J; Papaioannidou, P; Roilides, E; Sein, T; Stergiopoulou, T; Tsiouris, I; Walsh, TJ, 2008)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic data in intended target species (rhesus) help to determine the proper dose regimen."	( A pharmacokinetic study of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin after oral and intramuscular dosing of enrofloxacin in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Handt, L; Hasselschwert, D; Kastello, M; Klein, H, 2008)	0.58
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
"Simulating the average non-protein-bound (free) human serum drug concentration-time profiles for linezolid in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model, we characterized the pharmacodynamic parameter(s) of linezolid predictive of kill and for prevention of resistance in Bacillus anthracis."	( Use of an in vitro pharmacodynamic model to derive a linezolid regimen that optimizes bacterial kill and prevents emergence of resistance in Bacillus anthracis. Brown, DL; Drusano, GL; Heine, HS; Kim, K; Kinzig-Schippers, M; Liu, W; Louie, A; Sörgel, F; VanScoy, B, 2008)	0.35
" Plasma concentration profiles were analyzed by a compartmental pharmacokinetic method."	( Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in pigs and broilers following intravenous, intramuscular, and oral single-dose applications. Chen, ZL; Ding, HZ; Huang, XH; Yang, GX; Zeng, ZL, 2008)	0.35
" Drug concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detector, analyzed by population pharmacokinetic (PPK) modeling with NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in ill cows. Ding, HZ; Fu, LX; Jiang, ZG; Liu, YH, 2008)	0.58
" A population pharmacokinetic modelling approach was then carried out."	( Ciprofloxacin use in critically ill patients: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches. Conil, JM; Cougot, P; de Lussy, A; Fourcade, O; Georges, B; Houin, G; Khachman, D; Ruiz, S; Saivin, S; Seguin, T, 2008)	1.79
"In a previous study, levofloxacin 750 mg eradicated 4 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from an in vitro pharmacodynamic model (IVPM)."	( Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin against characterized ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Lister, PD, 2008)	0.84
" Ciprofloxacin, a carboxyfluoroquinolone, was previously observed to demonstrate the pharmacodynamic interactions with antifungal agents by altering their growth inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus."	( Comparative pharmacodynamic interaction analysis between ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin and antifungal agents against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Meletiadis, J; Papaioannidou, P; Roilides, E; Sein, T; Stergiopoulou, T; Tsiouris, I; Walsh, TJ, 2009)	1.51
"The knowledge of the pharmacodynamic interactions between fluoroquinolones and antifungal agents may guide selection and potentially improve the outcome of immunosuppressed patients with concurrent bacterial and fungal infections."	( Comparative pharmacodynamic interaction analysis between ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin and antifungal agents against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Meletiadis, J; Papaioannidou, P; Roilides, E; Sein, T; Stergiopoulou, T; Tsiouris, I; Walsh, TJ, 2009)	0.6
" A randomized, placebo controlled, 3-way crossover design oral pharmacokinetic study was done in healthy human male volunteers and in vitro metabolism studies were done in human liver microsomes to study the effect of CFX and IBF on RGZ metabolism."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen on the in vitro metabolism of rosiglitazone and oral pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy human volunteers. Devi, P; Kumar, JN; Mullangi, R; Narasu, L, )	0.53
" This bio-analytical method was finally applied to the analysis of samples which have been obtained from patients, participating in a pharmacokinetic study on moxifloxacin."	( Pharmacokinetics of fluoroquinolones in critical care patients: A bio-analytical HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin in human plasma. Boussery, K; Colpaert, K; De Paepe, P; De Smet, J; De Sutter, P; Decruyenaere, J; Van Bocxlaer, J, 2009)	0.55
"African green monkeys (vervets) have been proposed as an alternate species that might allow improved access and provide high-quality pharmacokinetic results comparable with other primates."	( Exploration of the African green monkey as a preclinical pharmacokinetic model: oral pharmacokinetic parameters and drug-drug interactions. Bhadresa, S; Coon, DJ; Lawrence, MS; Magiera, D; Struharik, M; Ward, KW, 2009)	0.35
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of ciprofloxacin tablets with concurrent administration of diclofenac tablets in healthy adult human volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ciprofloxacin with diclofenac: a single-dose, two-period crossover study in healthy adult volunteers. Iqbal, Z; Khan, A; Khan, GS; Khan, JA; Naz, A, 2009)	0.87
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental model and a two-compartment model."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ciprofloxacin with diclofenac: a single-dose, two-period crossover study in healthy adult volunteers. Iqbal, Z; Khan, A; Khan, GS; Khan, JA; Naz, A, 2009)	0.64
"The purpose of the current investigation is to elucidate the pharmacokinetic profiles of orbifloxacin (OBFX) in lactating ewes (n = 6) following intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics and milk distribution characteristics of orbifloxacin following intravenous and intramuscular injection in lactating ewes. Abd El-Aty, AM; Cho, HJ; Goudah, A; Regmi, NL; Shim, JH; Shimoda, M; Shin, HC, 2009)	0.35
"We evaluated cefepime exposures in patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa to identify the pharmacodynamic relationship predictive of microbiological response."	( Clinical pharmacodynamics of cefepime in patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bulik, CC; Crandon, JL; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2010)	0.36
" The plasma elimination half-life of either enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin was shorter in cows than in steers."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in lactating dairy cows and beef steers following intravenous administration of enrofloxacin. Bredow, Jv; Cullison, R; Idowu, OR; Peggins, JO, 2010)	0.86
" The sigmoid maximum-threshold-of-efficacy (E(max)) model fit the survival data, in which the free-drug area under the concentration-time curve (fAUC)/MIC ratio, the maximum concentration of free drug in plasma (fC(max))/MIC ratio, and the cumulative percentage of a 24-h period that the free-drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions (f %T(MIC)) were each evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessment of faropenem in a lethal murine Bacillus anthracis inhalation postexposure prophylaxis model. Ambrose, PG; Bassett, J; Beaudry, A; Bhavnani, SM; Critchley, I; Gill, SC; Heine, HS; Janjic, N; Li, J; Miller, L; Rubino, CM; Stone, KC, 2010)	0.36
"A population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model for enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in chicken based on retrospective data was developed."	( Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in chicken based on retrospective data, incorporating first-pass metabolism. Chen, DM; Dai, MH; Fang, K; Guo, QJ; Huang, LL; Liu, ZL; Peng, DP; Tao, YF; Wang, YL; Yuan, ZH, 2010)	0.83
" Minimum inhibitory concentrations of difloxacin against 14 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic goats' milk in Spain were determined to compute pharmacodynamic surrogate markers."	( Pharmacokinetics and milk penetration of difloxacin after a long-acting formulation for subcutaneous administration to lactating goats. Cárceles, CM; Escudero, E; Fernández-Varón, E; Marín, P; Ramírez, MJ, 2010)	0.36
" Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic studies were carried out after the start of both regimens."	( Comparative study of pharmacokinetics/ pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin between 400 mg intravenously every 8 h and 400 mg intravenously every 12 h in patients with gram negative bacilli bacteremia. Aeinlang, N; Jaruratanasirikul, S; Jullangkoon, M; Saengsuwan, P, 2010)	1.51
" Orbifloxacin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against 22 microbial isolates from various bird species were performed to calculate pharmacodynamic surrogate markers."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration of orbifloxacin in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) following oral and intravenous administration. Armstrong, RD; Byrne, BA; Hawkins, MG; Taylor, IT; Tell, LA, 2011)	0.37
"Clinical pharmacokinetic studies of ciprofloxacin require accurate and precise measurement of plasma drug concentrations."	( Determination of ciprofloxacin in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection: application to a population pharmacokinetics study in children with severe malnutrition. Karisa, J; Kokwaro, GO; Maitland, K; Muchohi, SN; Muturi, A; Thuo, N, 2011)	0.98
" Change in pharmacokinetic parameters was due to slow metabolism or elimination of CBZ when given concurrently with ciprofloxacin to the adult volunteers."	( Therapeutic effects of ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in healthy adult male volunteers. Ashraf, MY; Asi, MR; Aslam, B; Javed, I; Muhammad, F; Shahzadi, A, 2011)	0.89
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using two compartment open model."	( Pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of ciprofloxacin following single intramuscular administration in Teddy goats. Basit, A; Iqbal, Z; Jan, I; Javed, I; Khan, AA, 2011)	0.64
" We computed pharmacokinetic parameters by using noncompartmental analysis of the pooled concentrations (naive pooled samples)."	( The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in adult African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Bond, ES; Felt, SA; Green, SL; Howard, AM; Long, CT; Luong, RH; McKeon, GP; Papich, MG; Torreilles, SL, 2010)	0.36
"Our objective was to evaluate a possible pharmacokinetic interaction between zolpidem and ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between zolpidem and ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Leucuţa, SE; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Vlase, L, 2011)	0.84
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between ciprofloxacin and itraconazole in healthy male volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between ciprofloxacin and itraconazole in healthy male volunteers. Mahatthanatrakul, W; Ridtitid, W; Samaeng, M; Sriwiriyajan, S; Wongnawa, M, 2011)	0.89
"Ten healthy male volunteers were assigned into a 2-sequence, 3-period pharmacokinetic interaction study."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between ciprofloxacin and itraconazole in healthy male volunteers. Mahatthanatrakul, W; Ridtitid, W; Samaeng, M; Sriwiriyajan, S; Wongnawa, M, 2011)	0.64
" The half-life and CL of itraconazole were not changed significantly."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between ciprofloxacin and itraconazole in healthy male volunteers. Mahatthanatrakul, W; Ridtitid, W; Samaeng, M; Sriwiriyajan, S; Wongnawa, M, 2011)	0.64
" Pharmacokinetic parameters indicate that the developed GT formulation extended the pharmacokinetic profile achieved with CT."	( Development of a prolonged-release gastroretentive tablet formulation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride: pharmacokinetic characterization in healthy human volunteers. Davies, NM; Emami, J; Mostafavi, A; Rezazadeh, M; Varshosaz, J, 2011)	0.6
"A population pharmacokinetic model was first developed on ciprofloxacin serum concentrations obtained in 102 ICU patients."	( Optimizing ciprofloxacin dosing in intensive care unit patients through the use of population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis and Monte Carlo simulations. Conil, JM; Georges, B; Houin, G; Khachman, D; Laffont, CM; Saivin, S; Toutain, PL, 2011)	1
"We evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of ciprofloxacin and its penetration into bronchial secretions of critically ill patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and its penetration into bronchial secretions of mechanically ventilated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Argyropoulou-Pataka, P; Chatzika, K; Kioumis, I; Kontou, P; Pitsiou, G; Stanopoulos, I, 2011)	0.95
" Blood and ultrafiltrate samples were collected and assayed for ciprofloxacin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to calculate the model independent pharmacokinetic parameters; total body clearance (TBC), half-life (t1/2) and volume of distribution (Vd)."	( An evaluation of ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients undergoing continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration. Corrigan, OI; D'Arcy, DM; Deegan, C; Donnelly, MB; Gowing, CM; Spooner, AM, 2011)	0.95
"Our objectives were to assess the pharmacokinetic interaction and body fluid penetration of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin."	( Population pharmacokinetics and penetration into prostatic, seminal, and vaginal fluid for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and their combination. Bulitta, JB; Kinzig, M; Landersdorfer, CB; Naber, CK; Naber, KG; Sauber, C; Sörgel, F; Wagenlehner, FM, 2011)	0.81
" Serum, urine, and body fluid concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed via population pharmacokinetic modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetics and penetration into prostatic, seminal, and vaginal fluid for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and their combination. Bulitta, JB; Kinzig, M; Landersdorfer, CB; Naber, CK; Naber, KG; Sauber, C; Sörgel, F; Wagenlehner, FM, 2011)	0.59
" This pharmacokinetic interaction was not clinically relevant."	( Population pharmacokinetics and penetration into prostatic, seminal, and vaginal fluid for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and their combination. Bulitta, JB; Kinzig, M; Landersdorfer, CB; Naber, CK; Naber, KG; Sauber, C; Sörgel, F; Wagenlehner, FM, 2011)	0.59
"The pharmacokinetic aspects of orbifloxacin were studied in both healthy and naturally diseased ducks after a single intravenous and intramuscular dose of 5 mg kg⁻¹ body weight."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin in healthy and Pasteurella multocida infected ducks. Tohamy, MA, 2011)	0.37
" The mean ± SE values of pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by HPLC method, for total area under the curve (AUC 0-oo) were 13."	( Comparison of high-pressure liquid chromatography and microbiological assay for determination of ciprofloxacin tablets in human plasma employed in bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics study. Khan, MF; Khan, MK; Mustafa, G; Sualah, M, 2012)	0.6
"To compare the antipseudomonal efficacy of doripenem and imipenem as well as their abilities to restrict the enrichment of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multiple-dosing regimens of each drug were simulated at comparable values of the cumulative percentages of a 24-h period that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions (T(>MIC)) and ratios of the 24-hour area under the curve (AUC(24)) to the MIC."	( Comparative pharmacodynamics and antimutant potentials of doripenem and imipenem with ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro model. Firsov, AA; Gilbert, D; Greer, K; Portnoy, YA; Zinner, SH, 2012)	0.6
" With respect to pentoxifylline and ciprofloxacin, which are less hydrophilic, the effect of pharmacokinetic interference was either weaker or absent."	( [Influence of perftoran on pharmacokinetics of hydrophilic drugs]. Pshenkina, NN, 2011)	0.64
"Prospective, observational, multicenter, pharmacokinetic study."	( Variability of antibiotic concentrations in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: a multicentre pharmacokinetic study. Bellomo, R; Cole, L; Lipman, J; Liu, X; Nair, P; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS, 2012)	0.38
"In the absence of clinical studies, the ability to project the direction and the magnitude of changes in bioavailability of drug therapy, using evidence-based mechanistic pharmacokinetic in silico models would be of significant value in guiding prescribers to make the necessary adjustments to dosage regimens for an increasing population of patients who are undergoing bariatric surgery."	( A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model to assess modified oral drug bioavailability post bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients: interplay between CYP3A gut wall metabolism, permeability and dissolution. Ammori, BJ; Ashcroft, DM; Darwich, AS; Jamei, M; Pade, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by means of compartmental modeling."	( Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics and oral absorption of generic ciprofloxacin tablets in dogs. Papich, MG, 2012)	1.82
" For pharmacokinetic analysis, serial blood samples were collected over 24 h on day 7 of treatment."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of the use of ciprofloxacin on an isoniazid-rifampicin regimen in rabbits. Baldan, HM; Brunetti, IL; Campos, ML; Davanço, MG; de Pontes Machado, DV; Filho, MA; Padilha, EC; Peccinini, RG; Pires, RV, 2012)	0.63
" The pharmacokinetic parameters, including peak plasma concentrations and time needed to reach the peak were obtained directly from plasma concentration-time profiles."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of ciprofloxacin 500 mg tablets in Iranian healthy volunteers. Ghanbarzadeh, S; Hamishehkar, H; Valizadeh, H; Zabihian, N; Zakeri-Milani, P, 2012)	0.62
" Plasma concentrations of the drugs were determined by a spectrophotometric method and the pharmacokinetic parameters determined using noncompartmental method as implemented in the winNonlin program."	( Effects of Zingiber officinale on the plasma pharmacokinetics and lung penetrations of ciprofloxacin and isoniazid. Esimone, CO; Nduka, SO; Okonta, MJ, )	0.35
" Co-administration of grapefruit juice with riluzole did not cause any significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of riluzole."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin and grapefruit juice on oral pharmacokinetics of riluzole in Wistar rats. Kora, UR; Ravi, PR; Vats, R, 2013)	0.79
"Co-administration of ciprofloxacin with riluzole increases the systemic levels of riluzole and thereby the oral pharmacokinetic properties of riluzole while co-administration of grapefruit juice with riluzole has no significant effect."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin and grapefruit juice on oral pharmacokinetics of riluzole in Wistar rats. Kora, UR; Ravi, PR; Vats, R, 2013)	1.11
" The optimized method demonstrated good performance in terms of specificity, LLOQ, linearity, recovery, precision and accuracy, and was successfully applied to quantify WM-5 in mouse plasma to support the pharmacokinetic study."	( Optimization of on-line solid phase extraction and HPLC conditions using response surface methodology for determination of WM-5 in mouse plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Han, GF; Liu, KN; Liu, L; Lu, YX; Sun, L; Wang, QM; Wen, YB; Wu, M; Yin, Z, 2013)	0.39
" The objective of the study was to evaluate the comparative pharmacokinetic behaviour of enrofloxacin in adult ostriches after single and multiple intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after multiple subcutaneous and intramuscular administrations in adult ostriches. Ballesteros, C; De Lucas, JJ; González, F; Martín Von Kauffmann, C; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MI; Solano, J, 2013)	0.39
"Drug administration to debilitated elderly patients on enteral feeding through a nasogastric tube (NGT) can modify the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug and influence its therapeutic blood concentration."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in hospitalized geriatric patients: comparison between nasogastric tube and oral administration. Berkovitch, M; Britzi, M; Bukasov, Y; Leibovitz, A; Lubart, E; Segal, R; Soback, S, 2013)	0.71
"Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters are not significantly different between patients receiving the drug through NGT compared with those who received it orally, and therefore, in frail elderly patients, this route of administration can be considered."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in hospitalized geriatric patients: comparison between nasogastric tube and oral administration. Berkovitch, M; Britzi, M; Bukasov, Y; Leibovitz, A; Lubart, E; Segal, R; Soback, S, 2013)	2.16
"This study investigated the tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties of multiple-dose once-daily and twice-daily ciprofloxacin DPI in adults with CF."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties of ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation in patients with cystic fibrosis: a phase I, randomized, dose-escalation study. Nagelschmitz, J; Rolinck-Werninghaus, C; Staab, D; Stass, H; Weimann, B, 2013)	0.86
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed in S-ADAPT."	( Evaluation of enrofloxacin use in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) via population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo simulation. Black, LA; Bulitta, JB; Govendir, M; Griffith, JE; Landersdorfer, CB, 2014)	0.4
" Its extralabel use in nontraditional species has been related to its excellent pharmacokinetic and antimicrobial characteristics."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in urutu pit vipers (Bothrops alternatus) after intramuscular administration. de Lucas, JJ; de Oliveira, VC; de Roodt, A; Prados, AP; Regner, P; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MI; Waxman, S, 2014)	0.64
" Within-drug and metabolite analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters included fixed effects of drug administration date, sex and breed of sire."	( The effect of breed and sex on sulfamethazine, enrofloxacin, fenbendazole and flunixin meglumine pharmacokinetic parameters in swine. Ashwell, MS; Baynes, RE; Bellis, B; Brooks, JD; Howard, JT; Maltecca, C; O'Nan, AT; Routh, P; Yeatts, JL, 2014)	0.4
"Since antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens against current first line agents has affected the management of severe urinary tract infection, we determined the likelihood that antibiotic regimens achieve bactericidal pharmacodynamic exposures using Monte Carlo simulation for five antimicrobials (ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, piperacillin/tazobactam, ertapenem, and meropenem) commonly prescribed as initial empirical treatment of inpatients with severe community acquired urinary tract infections."	( Pharmacodynamic profiling of commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs against Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract. Cuba, GT; Kiffer, CR; Luchesi, LJ; Patekoski, KS; Pignatari, AC, )	0.31
"The aims of the study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of ciprofloxacin (CPX) in the elderly patients and to examine the impact of patient-dependent variables on pharmacokinetic parameter values of this drug."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of ciprofloxacin in the elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Cios, A; Grodzicki, T; Szymura-Oleksiak, J; Wyska, E, 2014)	0.9
"To evaluate the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between MMX mesalamine and amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin extended release (XR), metronidazole, or sulfamethoxazole in four open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover studies."	( Effect of MMX® mesalamine coadministration on the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin XR, metronidazole, and sulfamethoxazole: results from four randomized clinical trials. Barrett, K; Corcoran, M; Inglis, S; Martin, P; Pierce, D; Preston, P; Thompson, TN; Willsie, SK, 2014)	0.84
" Sulfamethoxazole exposure increased by a statistically significant amount when coadministered with MMX mesalamine; however, increased exposure (by 12% in Cmax at steady state; by 15% in AUC at steady state) was not considered clinically significant, as the 90% CIs for each point estimate fell entirely within the predefined equivalence range."	( Effect of MMX® mesalamine coadministration on the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin XR, metronidazole, and sulfamethoxazole: results from four randomized clinical trials. Barrett, K; Corcoran, M; Inglis, S; Martin, P; Pierce, D; Preston, P; Thompson, TN; Willsie, SK, 2014)	0.63
" Pharmacokinetic modeling using compartmental and noncompartmental analysis was done to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin after single-dose oral administration."	( In vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability of six brands of ciprofloxacin tablets administered in rabbits and their pharmacokinetic modeling. Abu-Gharbieh, E; Fahmy, S, 2014)	0.84
" Currently, its use is off-label partly because of lack of pharmacokinetic studies."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in neonates and young infants less than three months of age. Castellan, C; Hill, H; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Kassai, B; Kearns, GL; Le Guellec, C; Mahoney, S; Neal, T; Paulus, S; Turner, MA; van den Anker, JN; Zhao, W, 2014)	0.69
" Because of favourable pharmacokinetic properties, marbofloxacin should be preferred for oral administration in Japanese quails and pheasants for treatment of infections caused by equally susceptible pathogens."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin in Japanese quails and common pheasants. Dimitrova, DJ; Lashev, LD; Milanova, A; Moutafchieva, RG, 2015)	0.42
"[Correction added on 23 March 2015, after first online publication: Terminal half-life values of enrofloxacin is corrected in the fourth sentence of the abstract] Clinically healthy common ringtail possums (n = 5) received single doses of 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin orally and then 2 weeks later subcutaneously."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin following oral and subcutaneous administration in the common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus). Devi, JL; Scheelings, TF; Whittem, T; Woodward, AP, 2015)	0.42
" A pharmacokinetic study was performed to assess plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin in California sea lions after a single oral dose."	( PHARMACOKINETICS OF SINGLE-DOSE ORALLY ADMINISTERED CIPROFLOXACIN IN CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS). Barbosa, L; Gulland, F; Johnson, SP; Papich, MG, 2015)	0.9
"The use of an opportunistic (also called scavenged) sampling strategy in a prospective pharmacokinetic study combined with population pharmacokinetic modelling has been proposed as an alternative strategy to conventional methods for accomplishing pharmacokinetic studies in neonates."	( Pharmacokinetic Studies in Neonates: The Utility of an Opportunistic Sampling Design. Guellec, CB; Hill, H; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Kearns, GL; Leroux, S; Turner, MA; van den Anker, JN; Zhao, W, 2015)	0.42
"Three population pharmacokinetic models were derived for ciprofloxacin from opportunistic blood samples (SC model), predetermined (i."	( Pharmacokinetic Studies in Neonates: The Utility of an Opportunistic Sampling Design. Guellec, CB; Hill, H; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Kearns, GL; Leroux, S; Turner, MA; van den Anker, JN; Zhao, W, 2015)	0.66
" The SC model could identify the most significant covariates and provided reasonable estimates of population pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance and steady-state volume of distribution) compared with the TR and full models."	( Pharmacokinetic Studies in Neonates: The Utility of an Opportunistic Sampling Design. Guellec, CB; Hill, H; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Kearns, GL; Leroux, S; Turner, MA; van den Anker, JN; Zhao, W, 2015)	0.42
"Blood samples scavenged in the course of caring for neonates can be used to estimate ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters and therapeutic dose requirements."	( Pharmacokinetic Studies in Neonates: The Utility of an Opportunistic Sampling Design. Guellec, CB; Hill, H; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Kearns, GL; Leroux, S; Turner, MA; van den Anker, JN; Zhao, W, 2015)	0.64
"37 μg/mL; Tmax = 8 h; T1/2Ke  = 19."	( Pharmacokinetic study of enrofloxacin in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after a single oral administration in medicated feed. Castello Branco, LC; Del Bianchi, M; Pilarski, F; Reyes, FG; Teles, JA, 2016)	0.43
"To analyse population pharmacokinetic (PPK) parameter values of ciprofloxacin in Chinese elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infection."	( [Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in Chinese elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infection]. Bo, S; Gai, X; He, B; Li, X; Lu, W; Shen, N; Yin, A; Zhai, S; Zhou, Q, 2015)	0.94
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis for data obtained following PO administration and noncompartmental and compartmental analyses for data obtained following IV administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of orbifloxacin oral suspension in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Bui, CT; Gustafson, DL; Jarosz, KA; Johnston, MS; Watson, MK; Wittenburg, LA, 2015)	0.42
"The pharmacokinetic properties of sarafloxacin were investigated after single intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics of sarafloxacin in allogynogenetic silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. Fang, X; Liu, X; Zhou, J, 2016)	0.43
" ADRs occur because of interhuman pharmacokinetic variability and interactions with coprescribed medicines."	( Application of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Study Theophylline Metabolism and Its Interactions With Ciprofloxacin and Caffeine. Lightstone, FC; Navid, A; Ng, DM; Wong, SE, 2016)	0.64
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis and Monte Carlo simulation was undertaken using Pmetrics."	( Comparison of equal doses of continuous venovenous haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration on ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients. Lefrant, JY; Lipman, J; Louart, B; Muller, L; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Wallis, SC, 2016)	0.65
"The present study indicates a high pharmacokinetic variability of ciprofloxacin during CVVHF and CVVHDF with no significant differences in clearance apparent."	( Comparison of equal doses of continuous venovenous haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration on ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients. Lefrant, JY; Lipman, J; Louart, B; Muller, L; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Wallis, SC, 2016)	0.89
" Aquarium collection sea urchins are also subject to bacterial infections and could benefit from antimicrobial treatment, but pharmacokinetic studies have been lacking for this invertebrate group until recently."	( POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN AND ITS METABOLITE CIPROFLOXACIN IN THE GREEN SEA URCHIN (STRONGYLOCENTROTUS DROEBACHIENSIS) FOLLOWING INTRACOELOMIC AND IMMERSION ADMINISTRATION. Harms, CA; Haulena, M; Lahner, LL; Lewbart, GA; Papich, MG; Phillips, BE; Rosenberg, JF, 2016)	0.67
"Microdialysis is a suitable method to assess in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles in the anterior chamber and in the vitreous."	( An Exploratory Microdialysis Study to Assess the Ocular Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin Eye Drops in Rabbits. Garhöfer, G; Jäger, W; Jin, C; Klaus, R; Knopf, C; Maier-Salamon, A; Richter-Müksch, S; Schmetterer, L; Schmidl, D; Zeitlinger, M, )	0.36
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of E gave similar pharmacokinetic parameters irrespective of the collection time schedule."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations of a 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin intramuscular administration in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps): a preliminary assessment. Bergagna, S; De Vito, V; Dezzutto, D; Giorgi, M; Re, G; Salvadori, M; Vercelli, C, 2017)	0.46
"The purpose of this study was to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) model for ciprofloxacin for ICU patients, based on only plasma concentration data."	( A whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) model of ciprofloxacin: a step towards predicting bacterial killing at sites of infection. Conil, JM; Friberg, LE; Georges, B; Houin, G; Karlsson, MO; Khachman, D; Laffont, CM; Nielsen, EI; Sadiq, MW, 2017)	0.9
" Pharmacodynamic models describing the relationship between the concentration of antimicrobials and the minimum growth rate of the bacteria provide more detailed information than the MIC only."	( Time-kill curve analysis and pharmacodynamic modelling for in vitro evaluation of antimicrobials against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Althaus, CL; Foerster, S; Hathaway, LJ; Low, N; Unemo, M, 2016)	0.43
" The experimental time-kill curves were analysed and quantified with a previously established pharmacodynamic model."	( Time-kill curve analysis and pharmacodynamic modelling for in vitro evaluation of antimicrobials against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Althaus, CL; Foerster, S; Hathaway, LJ; Low, N; Unemo, M, 2016)	0.43
" gonorrhoeae time-kill curve experiments analysed with a pharmacodynamic model have potential for in vitro evaluation of new and existing antimicrobials."	( Time-kill curve analysis and pharmacodynamic modelling for in vitro evaluation of antimicrobials against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Althaus, CL; Foerster, S; Hathaway, LJ; Low, N; Unemo, M, 2016)	0.43
" However, in separate experiments, pharmacokinetic parameters estimated with IMD showed higher variability than with CMD."	( Pharmacokinetic applications of cutaneous microdialysis: Continuous+intermittent vs continuous-only sampling. Joshi, A; Patel, H; Stagni, G, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were not statistically different."	( Pharmacokinetic applications of cutaneous microdialysis: Continuous+intermittent vs continuous-only sampling. Joshi, A; Patel, H; Stagni, G, )	0.13
"The results of this study show that skin pharmacokinetic parameters measured via a combination of CMD and IMD were not statistically different from those estimated via traditional CMD sampling alone."	( Pharmacokinetic applications of cutaneous microdialysis: Continuous+intermittent vs continuous-only sampling. Joshi, A; Patel, H; Stagni, G, )	0.13
" Methods An open-label, prospective pharmacokinetic study was performed."	( Individual pharmacokinetic variation leads to underdosing of ciprofloxacin in some cystic fibrosis patients. Buchard, A; Dalbøge, CS; Dalhoff, K; Duno, M; Høiby, N; Johansen, HK; Nielsen, XC; Pressler, T; Schultz, AN; Wang, H, 2017)	0.7
" Sparse blood sampling was used to obtain population pharmacokinetic results with nonlinear mixed-effects modeling."	( Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Clinical Canine Patients. Papich, MG, 2017)	1.9
"The values for volume of distribution, peak concentration, and half-life were 10."	( Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Clinical Canine Patients. Papich, MG, 2017)	1.9
"In recent years, physiologically based PharmacoKinetic (PBPK) modeling has received growing interest as a useful tool for the assessment of drug pharmacokinetics."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models of CYP450 modulators included in Simcyp software. Daali, Y; Desmeules, JA; Marsousi, N; Rudaz, S, 2018)	0.48
" Following injection, the elimination half-life (T½), peak concentration, area under the curve (AUC), and volume of distribution (VD) for enrofloxacin were 27."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in Atlantic horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) after single injection. Hancock-Ronemus, A; Kirby, A; Lewbart, GA; Papich, MG, 2018)	0.75
"To predict the orbifloxacin concentrations in rabbits after multiple routes of administration, a flow-limited multiroute physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed."	( Development of a multiroute physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for orbifloxacin in rabbits. Kong, T; Shi, W; Si, H; Wang, G; Yang, F; Zhang, J, 2018)	0.48
"Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has received growing interest as a useful tool for the assessment of drug pharmacokinetics by continuous knowledge integration."	( A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Describe Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics Over the Entire Span of Life. Coboeken, K; Eissing, T; Jaehde, U; Schlender, JF; Schnizler, K; Stass, H; Teutonico, D; Willmann, S, 2018)	0.73
" Plasma enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations were quantified with ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin following single-dose subcutaneous injection in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Eshar, D; Kukanich, B; McCullough, CE; Wright, LT, 2018)	1.04
" Ciprofloxacin dosed in identical fashion displayed rapid clearance with a half-life of approximately 30 min."	( Macrophage-targeted drugamers with enzyme-cleavable linkers deliver high intracellular drug dosing and sustained drug pharmacokinetics against alveolar pulmonary infections. Chen, J; Convertine, AJ; Lee, B; Ratner, DM; Skerrett, SJ; Srinivasan, S; Stayton, PS; Su, FY; West, TE, 2018)	1.39
" The pharmacokinetic population analysis was performed using NONMEM v7."	( Variability of ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in children: impact on dose range in sickle cell patients. Bui, S; Facchin, A; Fayon, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Koehl, B; Leroux, S; Maksoud, E; Nacka, F, 2018)	0.83
"This study represents simple inexpensive chromatographic determination of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and tinidazole (TIN) simultaneously in human plasma using HPLC-DAD followed by a pharmacokinetic application."	( Sensitive inexpensive chromatographic determination of an antimicrobial combination in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Abdel Moneim, MM; Belal, SF; El-Kimary, EI; Khamis, EF, 2018)	0.71
" Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic studies developed after the single intravaginal administration of W/S emulsion shows a good absorption and distribution of CPX on the uterus and ovarian tissue."	( Vaginal residence and pharmacokinetic preclinical study of topical vaginal mucoadhesive W/S emulsions containing ciprofloxacin. Aguiar, P; Campaña-Seoane, M; Conde, N; Fernández-Ferreiro, A; García Varela, L; González, P; Herranz, M; Laguna, R; Martinez, A; Martínez, X; Otero-Espinar, FJ; Pérez-Gago, A; Vázquez, G, 2019)	1.63
"In a recent multicenter population pharmacokinetic study of ciprofloxacin administered to children suffering from complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), the apparent volume of distribution (V) and total plasma clearance (CL) were decreased by 83."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic model for Ciprofloxacin in children with complicated Urinary Tract Infection. Balbas-Martinez, V; Edginton, AN; Meesters, K; Michelet, R; Trocóniz, IF; Vermeulen, A, 2019)	1.01
" The aim of this study was to perform pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of ciprofloxacin in elderly Chinese patients with severe LRTIs caused by Gram-negative bacteria."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of ciprofloxacin in elderly Chinese patients with lower respiratory tract infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Bo, SN; Gai, XY; Lu, W; Shen, N; Yin, AY; Zhou, QT, 2019)	1
" The baseline data and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between clinical success group and clinical failure group, bacteriologic success group and bacteriologic failure group."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of ciprofloxacin in elderly Chinese patients with lower respiratory tract infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Bo, SN; Gai, XY; Lu, W; Shen, N; Yin, AY; Zhou, QT, 2019)	0.78
" We aim to compare the culture conversion between new-generation (levofloxacin and moxifloxacin) and old-generation (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) fluoroquinolones, develop pharmacokinetic models, and calculate target attainment for levofloxacin and moxifloxacin."	( Fluoroquinolones in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Culture Conversion and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment To Guide Dose Selection. Ahmed, S; Al-Shaer, MH; Alghamdi, WA; Alkabab, Y; Alsultan, A; An, G; Banu, S; Barbakadze, K; Cegielski, JP; Heysell, SK; Houpt, E; Kempker, RR; Kipiani, M; Mikiashvili, L; Peloquin, CA, 2019)	0.72
"To the best of the authors' knowledge, pharmacokinetic information to establish suitable therapeutic plans for freshwater crocodiles is limited."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intravenous and intramuscular administration. Chaiyabutr, N; Chokejaroenrat, C; Giorgi, M; Klangkaew, N; Phaochoosak, N; Poapolathep, A; Poapolathep, S; Wongwaipairote, T, 2020)	0.81
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed."	( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ciprofloxacin Prophylaxis in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients. Bierings, MB; de Haas, V; Kaspers, GJL; Mathôt, RAA; Pieters, R; Sassen, SDT; Te Loo, DMWW; Tissing, WJE; van den Bos, C; van der Sluis, IM; van Westreenen, M; Zwaan, CM, 2020)	0.81
" However, sufficient pharmacokinetic data to guide dosing are lacking."	( Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in clinically diseased or injured Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), and river cooters (Pseudemys concinna). Griffioen, JA; Lewbart, GA; Papich, MG, 2020)	0.8
" Plasma concentration against time curves were constructed, and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with those reported for other populations."	( Oral Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Mexican Volunteers and Other Populations: Is There Interethnic Variability? Cabrera-Fuentes, HA; Castañeda-Hernández, G; Cruz-Antonio, L; Pérez-Urizar, J; Tolentino-Hernández, SJ, 2020)	1.07
"CIP displayed linear PK with dose proportional increase in Cmax and AUCinf in plasma."	( Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of Ciprofloxacin in the Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (cUTI) Model in Diabetic Mice. Hiremath, S; Jayaraman, R; Nanjundappa, M; Pawar, A; Puttarangappa, P; Puttaswamy, R; Reniguntla, MK; Yedle, R, 2020)	0.82
" The data was used for the development of a population pharmacokinetic model by using non-linear mixed-effect modeling (NONMEM) software."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in Pakistani patients suffering from enteric fever. Abbas, M; Khan, HM; Khan, RR; Khokhar, MI; Maqsood, Z; Rasheed, H; Saleem, R; Usman, M; Zaman, M, 2021)	0.91
" The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using non-compartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin during continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care patients - new assessment. Czuczwar, M; Jaroszewski, J; Nosek, K; Onichimowski, D; Wolska, J; Ziółkowski, H, 2020)	0.88
"There was a considerable inter-individual variability observed in pharmacokinetic parameters for ciprofloxacin."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin during continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care patients - new assessment. Czuczwar, M; Jaroszewski, J; Nosek, K; Onichimowski, D; Wolska, J; Ziółkowski, H, 2020)	1.1
" The method reported in this study can be implemented for pharmacokinetic interaction study in rats."	( Simultaneous HPLC Assay of Gliclazide and Ciprofloxacin in Plasma and its Implementation for Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats. Adiwidjaja, J; Leo, M; Pratiwi, GK; Sasongko, L, 2021)	0.89
" Very few pharmacokinetic data are available in this population."	( Ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics during long-term treatment of osteoarticular infections. Aubry, A; Bleibtreu, A; Chauvin, C; Comets, E; Fourniols, E; Funck-Brentano, C; Jaureguiberry, S; Llopis, B; Noe, G; Tissot, N; Urien, S; Zahr, N, 2021)	2.06
"A flow-limited physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model consisting of seven compartments was established for orbifloxacin in crucian carp to predict drug concentrations after intravenous or intramuscular injections."	( Development and application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for orbifloxacin in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Liu, D; Shao, HT; Song, ZW; Yang, C; Yang, F; Zhang, CS; Zhang, M; Zhang, ZD, 2022)	0.72
"Previous pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of ciprofloxacin in intensive care (ICU) patients have shown large differences in estimated PK parameters, suggesting that further investigation is needed for this population."	( Pooled Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Exploring Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetic Variability in Intensive Care Patients. Abdulla, A; Brüggemann, RJM; Elbers, PWG; Endeman, H; Guo, T; Koch, BCP; Schouten, JA; van Hasselt, JGC; van Hest, RM, 2022)	1.23
"Based on plasma pharmacokinetics, we found no evidence of the influence of obesity on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters; therefore, ciprofloxacin dosages do not need to be increased routinely in obese individuals."	( Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics After Oral and Intravenous Administration in (Morbidly) Obese and Non-obese Individuals: A Prospective Clinical Study. Brüggemann, RJM; Knibbe, CAJ; Krekels, EHJ; Smit, C; van der Linden, PD; Van Dongen, EPA; van Rhee, KP; Wasmann, RE; Wiezer, R, 2022)	2.39
"The aim of this pharmacokinetic study was to describe and quantify population pharmacokinetics of three antibiotics, cefazolin, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin, used as antibacterial prophylaxis during cardiovascular surgery with the use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of three alternative prophylactic antibiotics during cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Kubickova, V; Santavy, P; Sima, M; Urbanek, K, 2023)	1.11
"Adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with ECC were enrolled to this prospective, pharmacokinetic study."	( Population pharmacokinetics of three alternative prophylactic antibiotics during cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Kubickova, V; Santavy, P; Sima, M; Urbanek, K, 2023)	0.91
" For all antibiotics, population pharmacokinetic models have been successfully developed."	( Population pharmacokinetics of three alternative prophylactic antibiotics during cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Kubickova, V; Santavy, P; Sima, M; Urbanek, K, 2023)	0.91
" In this study, we developed a mechanistic lactation physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach incorporating BCRP mediated transport kinetics to simulate the concentration-time profiles of five BCRP drug substrates (acyclovir, bupropion, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin) in nursing women's plasma and milk."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict drug concentrations of breast cancer resistance protein substrates in milk. Fang, Y; Li, Y; Zhang, T; Zou, P, 2022)	0.9
" The concentrations of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and population approach was used for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( The effects of cyclosporine A or activated charcoal co-administration on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in chickens. Milanova, A; Petkova, T; Poźniak, B, 2023)	1.16
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling based on bioanalysis data showed underestimation for the elimination rate in comparison to experimental data pointing towards a lack of sufficient ADME information and limitations of available physico-chemical properties of the parent drug."	( Occupational exposure to veterinary antibiotics: Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in humans after dermal, inhalation and oral uptake - A clinical study. Badorrek, P; Bluemlein, K; Ellinghusen, B; Gerling, S; Hansen, T; Hohlfeld, JM; Nowak, N; Paul, R; Schuchardt, S, 2023)	0.91
" After enrofloxacin (dose 5 mg/kg) administration to cats, sparse blood sampling was used to obtain 2 compartment population pharmacokinetic results using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous injection to cats with reduced kidney function. Abouraya, M; Foster, JD; Muma, NA; Papich, MG, )	0.36
"AUC was the pharmacodynamic driver for chlorpromazine and PAβN while T > threshold was the driver for MBX-4191 and important in the activity of chlorpromazine and PAβN."	( Exposure of Escherichia coli to antibiotic-efflux pump inhibitor combinations in a pharmacokinetic model: impact on bacterial clearance and drug resistance. Aron, Z; Attwood, MLG; Barber, R; Grimsey, E; MacGowan, AP; Noel, AR; Opperman, TJ; Piddock, LJV; Ricci, V; Stone, J, 2023)	0.91
" Following the successful application of this improved technique to plasma samples, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of each selected drug were evaluated using (UPLC) with UV detection at 210 nm."	( Green UPLC method for estimation of ciprofloxacin, diclofenac sodium, and ibuprofen with application to pharmacokinetic study of human samples. Ahmed-Anwar, AA; Farghali, AA; Hassouna, MEM; Mahmoud, R; Mohamed, MA, 2023)	1.19

Compound-Compound Interactions

The activity of fusidic acid alone and in combination with gentamicin, oxacillin, rifampicin, fosfomycin and ciprofloxacin was investigated against 36 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The bactericidal effects of ceftibuten were studied against two strains of Escherichia coli and three of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" However, pronounced antibacterial effects were seen when ethambutol was tested in combination with ciprofloxacin, rifampicin or rifabutin, which corresponded to significantly decreased resistance to these drugs in combination."	( Susceptibility of Mycobacterium kansasii to ethambutol and its combination with rifamycins, ciprofloxacin and isoniazid. Hjelm, U; Hoffner, SE; Kaustová, J; Kubín, M, 1992)	0.72
" When clarithromycin was tested against three MAC strains in combination with another drug, it showed a synergistic effect only when combined with rifampicin."	( In vitro activity of clarithromycin alone or in combination with other antimicrobial agents against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. Complex strains isolated from AIDS patients. De Gregoris, P; Fattorini, L; Hu, CQ; Iona, E; Mascellino, MT; Orefici, G; Santoro, C, 1991)	0.28
" Calcium carbonate and H2 receptor antagonists do not appear to interact with quinolones and may be considered as an alternative to sucralfate or magnesium- and aluminum-containing antacids when quinolones are administered."	( Update on quinolone drug interactions. Hulisz, D; Miller, K, 1990)	0.28
"The efficacies of the quinolones ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin alone and in combination with rifampin were compared with those of vancomycin alone and in combination with rifampin in a rat model of chronic osteomyelitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus."	( Comparative efficacies of ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, and vancomycin in combination with rifampin in a rat model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus chronic osteomyelitis. Dworkin, R; Kunz, S; Modin, G; Rich, R; Sande, M; Zak, O, 1990)	0.86
"The efficacy of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with azlocillin was compared with that of azlocillin plus tobramycin in a rat model of aortic valve endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( Efficacy of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with azlocillin in experimental endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Grise, G; Le Boete, I; Lecomte, F; Lemeland, JF; Thauvin, C, )	0.86
"Early investigational trials with new quinolone antibiotics revealed two important drug-drug interactions: decreased fluoroquinolone absorption when co-administered with magnesium-aluminum antacids and inhibition of theophylline metabolism."	( Drug-drug interactions with ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones. Polk, RE, 1989)	0.57
"Killing kinetic experiments were performed with ciprofloxacin, fusidic acid and rifampicin alone and with ciprofloxacin combined with either fusidic acid or rifampicin against ten strains of Staphylococcus aureus."	( In-vitro activity of ciprofloxacin combined with either fusidic acid or rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus. Gutschik, E; Røder, BL, 1989)	0.85
"1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-piperazine-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (ciprofloxacin, Bay o-9867, Bay q-3939) was evaluated by checkerboard assay in combination with ampicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, azlocillin, piperacillin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime."	( Comprehensive evaluation of ciprofloxacin in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Haller, I, 1986)	0.79
"The bactericidal interactions in vitro of two antibiotics active at the cell wall (teicoplanin and vancomycin) or two inhibitors of DNA gyrase (coumermycin and ciprofloxacin) combined with two inhibitors of protein synthesis (rifampicin and LM 427) were assessed against five Staphylococcus aureus strains."	( Comparative in-vitro activities of teicoplanin, vancomycin, coumermycin and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampicin or LM 427, against Staphylococcus aureus. Joly, P; Van der Auwera, P, 1987)	0.7
"An in-vitro pharmacokinetic model was used to study the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with azlocillin."	( Bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with azlocillin in an in-vitro capillary model. Dudley, MN; Zinner, SH, 1986)	0.8
"The in vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to new quinolones, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin or isoniazid, was studied by the agar dilution method."	( In vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in combination with rifampin and isoniazid. Casal, M; González, J; Gutierrez, J; Ruiz, P, 1987)	0.73
" In addition, ciprofloxacin was combined with selected antipseudomonal beta-lactams using subinhibitory concentrations (1/4 x MIC, 1/2 x MIC) of each."	( Comparison of the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with selected antipseudomonal beta-lactam agents against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Franke, JJ; Manion, FA; Stratton, CW; Weeks, LS, 1988)	0.9
"The antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin, either alone or in combination with azlocillin, imipenem, mezlocillin or tobramycin, was tested against enterococcus and pseudomonas species."	( [Ciprofloxacin in combination with other antimicrobial substances]. Mellinghoff, D; Shah, PM; Stille, W, 1988)	1.47
"The antibacterial activity of imipenem combined with norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin against 43 gram-positive cocci and 53 aerobic gram-negative rods compared to results obtained with the combination of imipenem with amikacin."	( In vitro antibacterial activity of imipenem in combination with newer quinolone derivatives. Gulden, H; Kern, W; Kurrle, E; Vanek, E, 1988)	0.51
" The same high concentrations, as well as lower therapeutically achievable concentration (2 mg/l or 5 mg/l) of metronidazole in combination with ciprofloxacin were slightly more potent for the tested clostridia than ciprofloxacin or metronidazole alone."	( Ciprofloxacin in combination with metronidazole. Schneider, L; Werk, R, )	1.77
"The antifungal activity of amphotericin B (AMB), mepartricin (MEPA), 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) and three imidazoles was tested in combination with each of four quinolones against 60 clinical yeast isolates."	( In-vitro activity of antifungal agents in combination with four quinolones. Petrou, MA; Rogers, TR, 1988)	0.27
"The pharmacodynamic properties of levofloxacin (an optically active isomer of ofloxacin), ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin, were evaluated over 24 to 48 h against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA 1199 and MRSA 494, respectively) in an in vitro infection model."	( Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin, against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro infection model. Kaatz, GW; Kang, SL; McGrath, BJ; Rybak, MJ; Seo, SM, 1994)	0.76
"The in vivo efficacy of ciprofloxacin or pefloxacin alone or in combination with fosfomycin was evaluated in experimental aortic valve endocarditis induced in 133 rabbits by a multidrug-susceptible or multidrug-resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( Comparative efficacies of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin alone or in combination with fosfomycin in experimental endocarditis induced by multidrug-susceptible and -resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Baron, D; Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Drugeon, H; Jehl, F; Le Conte, P; Potel, G; Stephant, G; Xiong, YQ, 1995)	0.9
"The activity of fusidic acid alone and in combination with gentamicin, oxacillin, rifampicin, fosfomycin and ciprofloxacin was investigated against 36 strains of Staphylococcus aureus."	( In-vitro antibacterial activity of fusidic acid alone and in combination with other antibiotics against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Caillon, J; Drugeon, HB; Juvin, ME, 1994)	0.5
" A few selected examples of potential drug-drug interactions and interventions instituted are presented in this paper."	( Preventing potential drug interactions in community pharmacy. Lien, EJ; Lien, LL, 1994)	0.29
"The bactericidal effects of ceftibuten in combination with netilmicin, isepamicin or ciprofloxacin against two strains of Escherichia coli and three of Klebsiella pneumoniae were studied by the killing curve method."	( A statistical evaluation of the bactericidal effects of ceftibuten in combination with aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin. Carret, G; Flandrois, JP; Guérillot, F, 1993)	0.72
", twice a day for 5 days) alone or in combination with prednisolone (2 mg."	( Suppression of renal scarring by prednisolone combined with ciprofloxacin in ascending pyelonephritis in rats. Haraoka, M; Kubo, S; Kumazawa, J; Matsumoto, T; Takahashi, K; Tanaka, M, 1994)	0.53
" melitensis intraperitoneally on day 0 and were randomized to receive, starting on day 7, STR alone at 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg of body weight per day intraperitoneally or DOX at 6 mg/kg/day orally, RIF at 3 mg/kg/day orally, or CIP at 200 mg/kg/day orally, each of the last three drugs alone or in combination with STR at 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day, for 14 days."	( Therapy of experimental murine brucellosis with streptomycin alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and rifampin. Lang, R; Rubinstein, E; Shasha, B, 1993)	0.51
" These results suggest that either salt of prednisolone, when combined with ciprofloxacin, reduces ocular inflammation without affecting the antimicrobial efficacy of the antibiotic."	( Prednisolone acetate or prednisolone phosphate concurrently administered with ciprofloxacin for the therapy of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Callegan, MC; Engel, LS; Hill, JM; Hobden, JA; O'Callaghan, RJ, 1993)	0.74
"The in vitro antibacterial activity of zidovudine alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin was investigated."	( In vitro activity of zidovudine alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin against Salmonella and Escherichia coli. De Gregoris, P; Farinelli, S; Iegri, F; Iona, E; Mascellino, MT, 1993)	0.75
" malmoense isolates to a number of antibacterial drugs as well as their possible synergistic interactions when each of them was combined with ethambutol."	( Susceptibility of Mycobacterium malmoense to antibacterial drugs and drug combinations. Hjelm, U; Hoffner, SE; Källenius, G, 1993)	0.29
" Rats were also treated with E5 or B55 in combination with a suboptimal dose of ciprofloxacin at fever onset and again 24 h later."	( Efficacy of anti-endotoxin monoclonal antibody E5 alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin in neutropenic rats with Pseudomonas sepsis. Opal, SM; Palardy, JE; Romulo, RL, 1993)	0.74
" Despite the antipseudomonal advantage noted for ciprofloxacin monotherapy, it is unknown whether this advantage is maintained when the fluoroquinolones are used in combination with antipseudomonal beta-lactams such as ceftazidime and piperacillin."	( Comparison of the bactericidal activities of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with ceftazidime and piperacillin against clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Klepser, ME; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Patel, KB; Quintiliani, R, 1995)	0.79
"The in-vitro activities of various antibiotics, either alone or in combination with amikacin were assessed in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( In-vitro activities of various antibiotics, alone and in combination with amikacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gerçeker, AA; Gürler, B, 1995)	0.29
" The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro bactericidal activity of the new broad spectrum cephalosporins cefepime (FEP) and cefpirome (CPO) alone or in combination with amikacin (AKN), gentamicin (GTN) or ciprofloxacin (CIP) against Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacter cloacae producing a derepressed cephalosporinase."	( [Kinetics of bactericidal activity of cefepime and cefpirome alone or combined with gentamicin, amikacin or ciprofloxacin against Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacter cloacae hyperproductive in cephalosporinase]. Elkhaïli, H; Jehl, F; Kamili, N; Linger, L; Monteil, H; Pompei, D, 1996)	0.69
"The in vitro activity of DU-6859a (DU) alone and in combination with various antimicrobials was evaluated against multiresistant enterococci including some isolates with defined gyrA mutations."	( Bactericidal activity of the fluoroquinolone DU-6859a alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents against multiresistant enterococci. Erdem, I; Korten, V; Murray, BE, 1996)	0.29
"The in vitro activity of fosfomycin in combination with ceftazidime, imipenem, amikacin, or ciprofloxacin was studied by an agar plate checkerboard method against 40 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with various antibiotic resistance profiles."	( In vitro activity of fosfomycin combined with ceftazidime, imipenem, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Quentin, C; Tessier, F, 1997)	0.74
" Usually, indifference was seen when RPR 106972 was tested in combination with rifampicin or ciprofloxacin."	( In-vitro activity of a new oral streptogramin, RPR 106972, alone and in combination with rifampicin or ciprofloxacin against Legionella spp. Killian, AD; Pendland, SL; Rodvold, KA; Woodward, JG, 1997)	0.73
"The purpose of this study was to compare once daily (To24) and thrice daily (To8) tobramycin dosing regimens alone and in combination with ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and imipenem against a clinical and ATCC strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( Once versus thrice daily tobramycin alone and in combination with ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and imipenem in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Hoban, DJ; Kabani, A; Karlowsky, JA; Zelenitsky, SA; Zhanel, GG, )	0.56
" The combination beta-lactam-ciprofloxacin-tobramycin was the combination with the most consistently synergistic effect."	( Comparative in vitro activities of meropenem, imipenem, temocillin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime in combination with tobramycin, rifampin, or ciprofloxacin against Burkholderia cepacia isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. Bingen, E; Bonacorsi, S; Fitoussi, F; Lhopital, S, 1999)	0.8
"We tested three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin), each combined with each of four beta-lactams (cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and meropenem) for synergy against clinical isolates of nosocomial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Burkholderia cepacia."	( In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin, alone and in combination with beta-lactams, against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Burkholderia cepacia. Alperstein, P; France, K; Isenberg, HD, 1999)	0.9
"Although ciprofloxacin exhibits more intense microbiological activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than does trovafloxacin, the clinical relevance of this observation remains questionable, particularly when the agents are combined with another antipseudomonal agent."	( Comparison of the bactericidal activity of trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with cefepime, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. McNabb, J; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R, )	0.79
" aeruginosa, when a fluoroquinolone is combined with a beta-lactam, this is likely to be of little clinical significance."	( Comparison of the bactericidal activity of trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with cefepime, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. McNabb, J; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R, )	0.37
" In the chequerboard method, the quinolones were tested in combination with ten antimicrobial agents (macrolides, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, vancomycin, rifampicin and chloramphenicol) against five bacterial strains (one strain each of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae)."	( Activity of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin in combination with other antimicrobial agents. Bonner, DP; Fung-Tomc, J; Gradelski, E; Kolek, B; Minassian, B; Valera, L, 2001)	0.6
"The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin were investigated in goats given enrofloxacin alone or in combination with probenecid."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in goats given enrofloxacin alone and in combination with probenecid. Ahmad, AH; Malik, JK; Ramesh, S; Rao, GS; Sharma, LD; Tripathi, HC, 2002)	0.8
"The synergistic potential of levofloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin combined with aztreonam, ceftazidime, or piperacillin was compared using 24 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with varying susceptibility profiles."	( In vitro synergy testing of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in combination with aztreonam, ceftazidime, or piperacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jung, R; Messick, CR; Pendland, SL, 2002)	0.81
"Fluoroquinolones are known to interact with drugs containing multivalent ions."	( Lack of bioequivalence of ciprofloxacin when administered with calcium-fortified orange juice: a new twist on an old interaction. Amsden, GW; Hejmanowsk, LG; Neuhofel, AL; Victory, JM; Wilton, JH, 2002)	0.61
"Using checkerboard and time-kill assays, the in-vitro activity of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with flomoxef against clinical Bacteroides fragilis strains was evaluated."	( In-vitro activity of ciprofloxacin combined with flomoxef against Bacteroides fragilis, compared with that of ciprofloxacin combined with clindamycin. Harada, T; Ito, Y; Iwai, S; Iwanaga, H; Kato, K; Nakagawa, Y; Sato, T; Takayama, T, 2002)	0.87
" The patients were randomly divided into four groups to receive topical applications of either ciprofloxacin and tobramycin alone, or in combination with dexamethasone."	( [Efficacy of topical ciprofloxacin and tobramycin in combination with dexamethasone in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media]. Demirbağ, E; Gök, U; Karlidağ, T; Kaygusuz, I; Kaygusuz, TO; Keleş, E; Yalçin, S, )	0.67
"Convulsant activity of pazufloxacin mesilate (PZFX mesilate), a new quinolone antibacterial agent for intravenous use, in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was investigated in mice after intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration."	( [Drug interactions between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and pazufloxacin mesilate, a new quinolone antibacterial agent for intravenous use: convulsions in mice after intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration]. Fukuda, H; Kawamura, Y, 2002)	0.31
" He was diagnosed as having acute respiratory distress syndrome due to severe pneumonia, and was treated with pulse methylprednisolone and sivelestat sodium in combination with intravenous erythromycin and ciprofloxacin."	( [A case of Legionella pneumonia complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with methylprednisolone and sivelestat sodium in combination with intravenous erythromycin and ciprofloxacin]. Arinobu, Y; Himeji, D; Kikuchi, I; Kojima, T; Oguma, A; Ueda, A, 2004)	0.7
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with either ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam or amikacin to select for antibiotic-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp."	( In vitro selection of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. by levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with beta-lactams and amikacin. De Vecchi, E; Drago, L; Gismondo, MR; Nicola, L; Tocalli, L, 2005)	0.78
" For multi-step studies, MICs were determined after five serial passages on antibiotic-gradient plates containing each antibiotic alone or in combination with levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin."	( In vitro selection of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. by levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with beta-lactams and amikacin. De Vecchi, E; Drago, L; Gismondo, MR; Nicola, L; Tocalli, L, 2005)	0.74
"To compare the effectiveness and toxicity of ciprofloxacin vs an aminoglycoside, both in combination with a beta-lactam, for the treatment of febrile neutropenia in the inpatient setting."	( Ciprofloxacin vs an aminoglycoside in combination with a beta-lactam for the treatment of febrile neutropenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bliziotis, IA; Christodoulou, C; Chrysanthopoulou, S; Falagas, ME; Kasiakou, SK; Michalopoulos, A; Samonis, G, 2005)	2.03
" According to this concept, even chemically inert drugs can stimulate T cells because certain drugs interact in a direct way with T-cell receptors (TCR) and possibly major histocompatibility complex molecules without the need for metabolism and covalent binding to a carrier."	( Transfection of drug-specific T-cell receptors into hybridoma cells: tools to monitor drug interaction with T-cell receptors and evaluate cross-reactivity to related compounds. Depta, JP; Lüthi, M; Pichler, WJ; Schmid, DA, 2006)	0.33
" We sought to determine whether a short course of antibiotic prophylaxis after exposure could protect non-human primates from a high-dose spore challenge if vaccination was combined with antibiotics."	( Short-course postexposure antibiotic prophylaxis combined with vaccination protects against experimental inhalational anthrax. Friedlander, AM; Gamble, CS; Heine, HS; Ivins, BE; Lawler, JV; Leffel, EK; Purcell, BK; Rico, P; Sheeler, R; Twenhafel, NA; Vietri, NJ; Wright, ME, 2006)	0.33
" The comet tail lengths of epidermal cells of the mice were statistically significantly increased for all three fluoroquinolones (FQ) tested in combination with UV irradiation."	( Photo-chemically induced DNA effects in the comet assay with epidermal cells of SKH-1 mice after a single oral administration of different fluoroquinolones and 8-methoxypsoralen in combination with exposure to UVA. Gross-Tholl, N; Herbold, B; von Keutz, E; Wirnitzer, U, 2006)	0.33
" This article provides an overview of the principles and mechanisms of drug-drug interactions and describes pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interactions commonly associated with antibacterial therapy, antiviral agents (non-retroviral), and drugs for tuberculosis."	( Antibiotic drug interactions. Momary, KM; Pai, MP; Rodvold, KA, 2006)	0.33
" Our data support the idea that ciprofloxacin in combination with antimalarials may be useful in the treatment of chloroquine-resistant human malaria, allowing the use of lower doses of these drugs."	( Enhanced activity of mefloquine and artesunic acid against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and P. berghei in mice by combination with ciprofloxacin. Andrade, AA; Boechat, N; de Freitas, IO; de Pilla Varotti, F; de Souza, MV; Krettli, AU; Vasconcelos, TR, 2007)	0.83
"The activities of tigecycline alone and in combination with other antimicrobials are not well defined for carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CIRA)."	( In vitro activities of various antimicrobials alone and in combination with tigecycline against carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Noskin, GA; Obias, A; Postelnick, MJ; Qi, C; Scheetz, MH; Warren, JR; Zembower, T, 2007)	0.34
" In base to the differences in the kinetic behaviour of ofloxacin with respect to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, binary mixtures of the drugs were resolved by using the time-resolved chemiluminescence signals, in combination with first-order partial least-squares (PLS) multivariate calibration."	( Resolution of ofloxacin-ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin-norfloxacin binary mixtures by flow-injection chemiluminescence in combination with partial least squares multivariate calibration. Alañón Molina, A; Durán Merás, I; Jiménez Girón, A; Muñoz de la Peña, A; Murillo, JA, 2007)	0.87
"Interactions of the essential oils (Melaleuca alternifolia, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita and Rosmarinus officinalis) when combined with ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus indicate mainly antagonistic profiles."	( The antimicrobial activity of four commercial essential oils in combination with conventional antimicrobials. Suliman, S; van Vuuren, SF; Viljoen, AM, 2009)	0.55
"The predominant antagonistic interactions noted here, suggests that some natural therapies containing essential oils should be used with caution when combined with antibiotics."	( The antimicrobial activity of four commercial essential oils in combination with conventional antimicrobials. Suliman, S; van Vuuren, SF; Viljoen, AM, 2009)	0.35
" To assess drug-drug interactions, co-administration experiments were conducted with ketoconazole and either propranolol or erythromycin."	( Exploration of the African green monkey as a preclinical pharmacokinetic model: oral pharmacokinetic parameters and drug-drug interactions. Bhadresa, S; Coon, DJ; Lawrence, MS; Magiera, D; Struharik, M; Ward, KW, 2009)	0.35
"This study evaluated the activity of tigecycline combined with imipenem, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli co-producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and acquired AmpC β-lactamases."	( Time-kill synergy tests of tigecycline combined with imipenem, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Hur, J; Kim, HS; Lee, KM; Park, MJ; Park, MS; Song, W; Woo, H; Yim, H, 2011)	0.82
" When combined with 8 mg/L rifampicin, MBECs for ciprofloxacin and linezolid dropped to 16-32 mg/L for the four isolates tested."	( Effectiveness of ciprofloxacin or linezolid in combination with rifampicin against Enterococcus faecalis in biofilms. Holmberg, A; Mörgelin, M; Rasmussen, M, 2012)	0.97
" The bactericidal activity of CSA-13 in combination with colistin was measured using the time-kill curve method for two strains."	( In vitro activities of the novel ceragenin CSA-13, alone or in combination with colistin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Bozkurt-Guzel, C; Gerceker, AA; Savage, PB, 2011)	0.58
"We investigated the in vitro activities of nisin alone or in combination with vancomycin and ciprofloxacin against methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains."	( In vitro activities of nisin alone or in combination with vancomycin and ciprofloxacin against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains. Dosler, S; Gerceker, AA, 2011)	0.82
" The results of time-kill curve analysis demonstrated concentration-dependent rapid bactericidal activity of nisin and synergism almost in all strains when nisin was used in combination with ciprofloxacin, and early synergistic interactions in some of the strains when it was used in combination with vancomycin."	( In vitro activities of nisin alone or in combination with vancomycin and ciprofloxacin against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains. Dosler, S; Gerceker, AA, 2011)	0.79
"Nisin seems to be a good candidate for further investigations in the treatment of Gram-positive bacteria, alone or in combination with antibiotics."	( In vitro activities of nisin alone or in combination with vancomycin and ciprofloxacin against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains. Dosler, S; Gerceker, AA, 2011)	0.6
"A total of 30 chalcone analogues was synthesized via a base catalyzed Claisen Schmidt condensation and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) alone or in combination with non beta-lactam antibiotics namely ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, vancomycin, doxycycline and gentamicin."	( Synthesis and anti Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity of substituted chalcones alone and in combination with non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Do, TH; Huynh, TN; Ngo, TD; Thai, KM; Tran, CD; Tran, NC; Tran, TD, 2012)	0.55
"To explore the efficacy of compound ciprofloxacin suppository (CCS) combined with Ningbitai (NBT) and Yunnan Baiyao (YB) capsules in the treatment of histological prostatitis with elevated levels of PSA."	( [Compound ciprofloxacin suppository combined with ningbitai and yunnan baiyao for histological prostatitis with PSA elevation]. Huang, BX; Su, HC; Sun, FK, 2012)	1.06
" Prostate cancer was excluded by transrectal ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy, and histological prostatitis was confirmed in 65 patients, who were assigned to an experimental group (n=45) and a control group (n=20) to receive CCS combined with NBT and YB capsules and CCS with NBT only, respectively, both for 4 weeks."	( [Compound ciprofloxacin suppository combined with ningbitai and yunnan baiyao for histological prostatitis with PSA elevation]. Huang, BX; Su, HC; Sun, FK, 2012)	0.78
"Compound ciprofloxacin suppository combined with Ningbitai and Yunnan Baiyao capsules can significantly decrease the level of serum PSA and relieve related symptoms in III A histological prostatitis with PSA elevation, and Yunnan Baiyao capsules can significantly enhance the therapeutic effect."	( [Compound ciprofloxacin suppository combined with ningbitai and yunnan baiyao for histological prostatitis with PSA elevation]. Huang, BX; Su, HC; Sun, FK, 2012)	1.2
"Radiation combined injury (CI) is a radiation injury (RI) combined with other types of injury, which generally leads to greater mortality than RI alone."	( Ciprofloxacin modulates cytokine/chemokine profile in serum, improves bone marrow repopulation, and limits apoptosis and autophagy in ileum after whole body ionizing irradiation combined with skin-wound trauma. Cary, LH; Elliott, TB; Fukumoto, R; Gorbunov, NV; Kiang, JG; Lombardini, ED, 2013)	1.83
"The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of Ciprofloxacin, Minocycline, Metronidazole combination with Ciprofloxacin, Minocycline and Tinidazole combination when used for Lesion Sterilization and Tissue Repair in primary teeth."	( In vivo evaluation of lesion sterilization and tissue repair in primary teeth pulp therapy using two antibiotic drug combinations. Anantharaj, A; Jaya, AR; Praveen, P; Rani, PS; Venkataraghavan, K, 2012)	0.6
" Therefore, this fluoroquinolone seems to be the most appropriate in combination with this tyrosine kinase inhibitor."	( Pharmacokinetics of sunitinib in combination with fluoroquinolones in rabbit model. Grabowski, T; Grześkowiak, E; Karbownik, A; Sobańska, K; Szałek, E; Wolc, A, 2013)	0.39
"Severe hematopoietic loss is one of the major therapeutic targets after radiation-combined injury (CI), a kind of injury resulting from radiation exposure combined with other traumas."	( Ciprofloxacin enhances stress erythropoiesis in spleen and increases survival after whole-body irradiation combined with skin-wound trauma. Burns, TM; Fukumoto, R; Kiang, JG, 2014)	1.85
" Therefore, a new liquid-liquid extraction method combined with HPLC-MS/MS for the detection of marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and difloxacin in chicken feces was developed."	( Determination of fluoroquinolones in chicken feces - a new liquid-liquid extraction method combined with LC-MS/MS. Hamscher, G; Janusch, F; Mohring, SA; Scherz, G, 2014)	0.61
"To investigate whether selected drug combinations used to treat rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) have drug-drug interactions that affect efficacy and to investigate each isolate's susceptibility to cefovecin and clofazimine, individually."	( In vitro interaction of some drug combinations to inhibit rapidly growing mycobacteria isolates from cats and dogs and these isolates' susceptibility to cefovecin and clofazimine. Bennie, CJ; Govendir, M; Martin, PA; To, JL, )	0.13
"To investigate whether there is benefit with a longer acting oral fluoroquinolone, we compared the rate of infection after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy between 2 prophylactic antibiotic regimens: ciprofloxacin vs levofloxacin, each combined with an aminoglycoside (AG)."	( For Single Dosing, Levofloxacin Is Superior to Ciprofloxacin When Combined With an Aminoglycoside in Preventing Severe Infections After Prostate Biopsy. El-Shafei, A; Goldman, HB; Jones, JS; Kartha, G; Klein, EA; Unnikrishnan, R, 2015)	0.86
"5-4) results against the bacterium in combination with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline or metronidazole."	( In vitro effects of N-acetyl cysteine alone and in combination with antibiotics on Prevotella intermedia. Jang, EY; Lee, JY; Moon, JH; Shim, KS, 2015)	0.65
" coli (UPECs), we examined its effect in combination with two pentacyclic triterpenes - asiatic and ursolic acids."	( Pentacyclic triterpenes combined with ciprofloxacin help to eradicate the biofilm formed in vitro by Escherichia coli. Kicia, M; Tichaczek-Goska, D; Wojnicz, D, 2015)	0.69
" Ciprofloxacin combined with ursolic acid inhibited the biofilm formation on microtitre plates."	( Pentacyclic triterpenes combined with ciprofloxacin help to eradicate the biofilm formed in vitro by Escherichia coli. Kicia, M; Tichaczek-Goska, D; Wojnicz, D, 2015)	1.6
" Pentacyclic triterpenes used in combination with ciprofloxacin enhanced its anti-biofilm effectiveness."	( Pentacyclic triterpenes combined with ciprofloxacin help to eradicate the biofilm formed in vitro by Escherichia coli. Kicia, M; Tichaczek-Goska, D; Wojnicz, D, 2015)	0.94
"Ionizing radiation exposure combined with wound injury increases animal mortalities than ionizing radiation exposure alone."	( Ciprofloxacin Therapy Results in Mitigation of ATP Loss after Irradiation Combined with Wound Trauma: Preservation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 1. Kiang, JG; Smith, JT; Swift, JM, 2015)	1.86
"To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial properties of propolis and calcium hydroxide alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin against Enterococcus faecalis (E."	( An in vitro Comparison of Endodontic Medicaments Propolis and Calcium Hydroxide alone and in Combination with Ciprofloxacin and Moxifloxacin against Enterococcus Faecalis. Gupta, K; Kumar, A; Rai, VK; Sabharwal, S; Shrivastava, R; Sinha, S; Tripathi, P, 2015)	0.84
"The laboratory study was carried out to test the effectiveness of propolis and calcium hydroxidealone as well as in combination with the established endodontic medicaments (moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin)."	( An in vitro Comparison of Endodontic Medicaments Propolis and Calcium Hydroxide alone and in Combination with Ciprofloxacin and Moxifloxacin against Enterococcus Faecalis. Gupta, K; Kumar, A; Rai, VK; Sabharwal, S; Shrivastava, R; Sinha, S; Tripathi, P, 2015)	0.82
" Propolis in combination with antibiotics and alone is more effective than calcium hydroxide."	( An in vitro Comparison of Endodontic Medicaments Propolis and Calcium Hydroxide alone and in Combination with Ciprofloxacin and Moxifloxacin against Enterococcus Faecalis. Gupta, K; Kumar, A; Rai, VK; Sabharwal, S; Shrivastava, R; Sinha, S; Tripathi, P, 2015)	0.63
"Since propolis alone and in combination with antibiotics was observed to be more effective than calcium hydroxide, propolis can be considered as an intracanal medicament when compared to traditional calcium hydroxide."	( An in vitro Comparison of Endodontic Medicaments Propolis and Calcium Hydroxide alone and in Combination with Ciprofloxacin and Moxifloxacin against Enterococcus Faecalis. Gupta, K; Kumar, A; Rai, VK; Sabharwal, S; Shrivastava, R; Sinha, S; Tripathi, P, 2015)	0.63
" aeruginosa, fosfomycin in combination with polymyxin B or tobramycin (FOF(S) isolates) or ciprofloxacin (FOF(R) isolates) increased bacterial killing, but did not suppress emergence of fosfomycin resistance."	( Clinically relevant concentrations of fosfomycin combined with polymyxin B, tobramycin or ciprofloxacin enhance bacterial killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but do not suppress the emergence of fosfomycin resistance. Bergen, PJ; Hirsch, EB; Kirkpatrick, CM; Landersdorfer, CB; McIntosh, MP; Peleg, AY; Walsh, CC, 2016)	0.88
"The aac(6')-Ib-cr gene, in spite of producing low-level resistance by itself, plays a relevant role in acquisition of a clinical level of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin resistance, when combined with three or four chromosomal mutations, both in vitro and in vivo."	( Impact of AAC(6')-Ib-cr in combination with chromosomal-mediated mechanisms on clinical quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. Díaz-De-Alba, P; Docobo-Perez, F; Machuca, J; Ortiz, M; Pascual, Á; Recacha, E; Rodríguez-Martínez, JM, 2016)	0.64
" The mechanism of action of ZnO-NPs alone and in combination with these antibiotics was assessed by flow cytometry, DNA extraction, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy."	( Antimicrobial action of zinc oxide nanoparticles in combination with ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Ghasemi, F; Jalal, R, 2016)	0.67
" aureus activity of P128 alone and in combination with standard-of-care antibiotics on planktonic and biofilm-embedded cells."	( Antibiofilm Activity and Synergistic Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms by Bactericidal Protein P128 in Combination with Antibiotics. Desai, S; Nair, S; Poonacha, N; Sharma, U; Vipra, A, 2016)	0.43
" aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in combination with mass spectrometry-based protein identification were used."	( Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Biofilm Protein Profile After Exposure to n-Butanolic Cyclamen coum Extract Alone and in Combination with Ciprofloxacin. Abdi-Ali, A; Akbari Noghabi, K; Shafiei, M; Shahbani Zahiri, H; Shahcheraghi, F; Vali, H, 2017)	0.66
"This study aimed to design and characterize an inhalable dry powder of ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin combined with the mucolytics acetylcysteine and dornase alfa for the management of pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis."	( Dry powders for the inhalation of ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin combined with a mucolytic agent for cystic fibrosis patients. Akdag Cayli, Y; Balducci, AG; Buttini, F; Montanari, S; Oner, L; Sahin, S; Vural, I, 2017)	0.97
"A PBPK modelling approach was used to predict organic anion transporter (OAT) mediated drug-drug interactions involving S44121, a substrate and an inhibitor of OAT1 and OAT3."	( Prediction of renal transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions for a drug which is an OAT substrate and inhibitor using PBPK modelling. Ball, K; Chenel, M; Denizot, C; Jamier, T; Mallier, A; Parmentier, Y, 2017)	0.46
" It has been demonstrated to be informative and helpful to quantify the modification in drug exposure due to specific physio-pathological conditions, age, genetic polymorphisms, ethnicity and particularly drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models of CYP450 modulators included in Simcyp software. Daali, Y; Desmeules, JA; Marsousi, N; Rudaz, S, 2018)	0.48
"Potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) are described in various case reports, but few studies have evaluated the impact of specific combinations on a population level."	( Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions in Swiss Claims Data Using Tizanidine and Ciprofloxacin as a Prototypical Contraindicated Combination. Curkovic, I; Egbring, M; Jödicke, AM; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Neuer, T; Roos, M; Tomka, IT; Zellweger, U, 2018)	0.71
"Nebulized gentamicin solution combined with systemic antibiotics appears to be safe and has comparable efficacy to other strategies in eradicating early Pa infections in children with CF."	( Nebulized gentamicin in combination with systemic antibiotics for eradicating early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in children with cystic fibrosis. Morrow, BM; Van Stormbroek, B; Zampoli, M, 2019)	0.51
"The primary purpose of this study was to identify the most common drug-drug interactions (DDI'S) in patients prescribed medications upon discharge from the emergency department."	( Descriptive study of drug-drug interactions attributed to prescriptions written upon discharge from the emergency department. Bridgeman, PJ; Jawaro, T; Mele, J; Wei, G, 2019)	0.51
" The primary endpoint is the identification and characterization of drug-drug interactions caused by discharge prescriptions written by the treating physician."	( Descriptive study of drug-drug interactions attributed to prescriptions written upon discharge from the emergency department. Bridgeman, PJ; Jawaro, T; Mele, J; Wei, G, 2019)	0.51
" A microdialysis (MD) combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to determine free gemifloxacin concentrations in rat plasma and skeletal muscle simultaneously."	( Microdialysis combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitation of gemifloxacin and its application to a muscle penetration study in healthy and MRSA-infected rats. Hu, XX; Jiang, JD; Li, CR; Lu, X; Nie, TY; Pang, J; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Yang, XY; You, XF; Zhao, R, 2019)	0.51
"Reduced doses of antibiotics, bacterial morphological alterations, efflux pump down regulation, porin over expression and beta-lactamase gene inhibition of ESBL-QR bacteria by EG alone or in combination with CTX/CIP might have reversed antibiotic resistance profile of ESBL-QR bacteria."	( The use of eugenol in combination with cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin to combat ESBL-producing quinolone-resistant pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. Dhara, L; Tripathi, A, 2020)	0.81
" To investigate the physical and chemical changes of drugs due to the combination, the tested drugs, both alone and in combination with TDN, were subjected to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies."	( Comparative Study of Antibacterial Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Alone and in Combination with Antibiotics on MDR Abd El-Baky, RM; Ahmed, FY; Farghaly Aly, U; Waly, NGFM, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of this study was to investigate the repurposing of escitalopram oxalate and clonazepam drugs individually, and in combination with the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms and to evaluate the potential chemical nuclease activity."	( Repurposing of escitalopram oxalate and clonazepam in combination with ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for treatment of multidrug-resistant microorganisms and evaluation of the cleavage capacity of plasmid DNA. Bottega, A; Coelho, SS; Foletto, VS; Hörner, R; Lorenzoni, VV; Machado, CS; Mainardi, A; Rampelotto, RF; Rosa, TFD; Serafin, MB, 2021)	1.05
" Herein, we aimed to evaluate the hepatotoxic and genotoxic effects that ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with paracetamol may induce in Danio rerio adults."	( Low concentrations of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with paracetamol induce oxidative stress, upregulation of apoptotic-related genes, histological alterations in the liver, and genotoxicity in Danio rerio. Elizalde-Velázquez, GA; Galar-Martínez, M; García-Medina, S; Gómez-Oliván, LM; Guzmán-García, X; Islas-Flores, H; Orozco-Hernández, JM; Raldua, D; Rosales-Pérez, K; Rosas-Ramírez, JR, 2022)	1.27
"Natural products, including honey, total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides (TASA) and matrine have been used in combination with antibiotics against various pathogenic bacteria."	( In vitro activity of honey, total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides and matrine alone and in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Koochaki, S; Pourahmad Jaktaji, R, 2022)	0.72
" Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs have shown the antimicrobial potential to be used in combination with antibiotics against bacterial pathogens."	( Evaluation of the effect of ibuprofen in combination with ciprofloxacin on the virulence-associated traits, and efflux pump genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ghanbari, F; Khodaparast, S; Zamani, H, 2022)	0.97
"This study was designed to investigate the impacts of Doxo alone and in combination with Cipro on the hepatic and cardiac CYP1A2, CYP2J3, and CYP3A1 mRNA levels."	( Investigation of doxorubicin combined with ciprofloxacin-induced cardiotoxicity: from molecular mechanism to fundamental heart function. Basci, AB; Eyileten, C; Karatas, OF; Postula, M; Shahzadi, A; Suzer, O; Tanoglu, EG; Yazici, Z, 2023)	1.17
" Our results suggest that our drug-drug formulations enhanced the solubility of NSAIDs without affecting the antibiotic efficacy."	( Enhanced NSAIDs Solubility in Drug-Drug Formulations with Ciprofloxacin. Acebedo-Martínez, FJ; Alarcón-Payer, C; Choquesillo-Lazarte, D; Domínguez-Martín, A; González-Pérez, JM; Martínez-Checa, F; Sevillano-Páez, A; Verdugo-Escamilla, C, 2023)	1.15
" The results showed additivity when the substance was combined with ciprofloxacin and cefepime, indifference when associated with ceftazidime and synergistic effect when combined with meropenem and imipenem."	( Effect of 2-chloro-N-(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide in combination with antibacterial drugs against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Andrade Júnior, FP; Athayde Filho, PF; Cordeiro, LV; Figueiredo, PTR; Lima, EO; Oliveira, RF; Oliveira-Filho, AA; Sousa, AP; Souza, HDS, 2023)	1.15

Bioavailability

The effect of renal function on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin was studied in 21 subjects with measured creatinine clearances ranging from 0 to 8. BMY 40062 exhibited longer half-life, higher maximum concentration in serum, greater area under the curve, and better bioavailability in mice after oral dosing.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The oral bioavailability of CP-74,667 was 100% in dogs and monkeys, as determined by intravenous-oral crossover experiments."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of CP-74,667, a new quinolone, in laboratory animals. Girard, D; Gootz, TD; McGuirk, PR, 1992)	0.28
" The results showed that cystic fibrosis patients have increased oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin (80% in cystic fibrosis patients versus 57% in volunteers) and increased total clearance (688 ml/min in CF patients versus 528 ml/min in volunteers)."	( Increased oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in cystic fibrosis patients. Christensson, BA; Hjelte, L; Lindblad, A; Ljungberg, B; Malmborg, AS; Nilsson-Ehle, I; Strandvik, B, 1992)	0.78
"This study was designed to determine the effects of an aluminum hydroxide antacid and a calcium carbonate antacid on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin (Cipro)."	( Effects of aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate antacids on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Frost, RW; Lasseter, KC; Lettieri, JT; Noe, AJ; Shamblen, EC, 1992)	0.71
" The oral bioavailability was 78."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of ciprofloxacin after single intravenous and oral doses. Echols, RM; Heller, AH; Kaiser, L; Lettieri, JT; Rogge, MC, 1992)	0.58
"A randomized crossover study was carried out to determine the bioavailability of two commercially available brands of ciprofloxacin after oral administration in healthy volunteers."	( Comparative bioavailability of two brands of ciprofloxacin: an Indian study. Adithan, C; Rajaram, S; Suthakaran, C, 1992)	0.75
" Serial plasma samples taken under controlled conditions suggested that a decreased rate of absorption was responsible for low one-hour concentrations in one of the subjects."	( Ciprofloxacin in patients with mycobacterial infections: experience in 15 patients. Kahana, LM; Spino, M, 1991)	1.72
" The relative bioavailability of the 15-mg/kg oral dose was 48%."	( Intramuscular and oral disposition of enrofloxacin in African grey parrots following single and multiple doses. Aucoin, DP; Flammer, K; Whitt, DA, 1991)	0.28
"The effect on ciprofloxacin's bioavailability (F) of calcium carbonate given 2 h before ciprofloxacin administration in 12 male volunteers was studied."	( Effect of staggered dose of calcium on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Bailie, GR; Lomaestro, BM, 1991)	0.88
"The effect of sucralfate on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride was assessed in 12 healthy male volunteers."	( Combined use of ciprofloxacin and sucralfate. Goldstein, HR; Love, JH; Nix, DE; Spivey, JM; Van Slooten, AD; Wilton, JH, 1991)	0.88
"The effects of milk and yogurt on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin were studied in seven healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover trial."	( Interference of dairy products with the absorption of ciprofloxacin. Kivistö, KT; Lehto, P; Neuvonen, PJ, 1991)	0.77
" The bioavailability of ciprofloxacin appeared comparable to that found in previously published studies of normal volunteers and patients not receiving chemotherapy."	( Prophylaxis of bacterial infections with ciprofloxacin in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Antman, KH; Finberg, R; Kalish, L; Kehoe, K; Lew, MA; Mayer, R; Nadler, L; Ritz, J; Takvorian, T, 1991)	0.85
" The effect of ferrous sulphate (300 mg), ferrous gluconate (600 mg), and a combination tablet of iron (10 mg), magnesium (100 mg), zinc (15 mg), calcium (162 mg), copper (2 mg), and manganese (5 mg) (Centrum Forte) co-administration on ciprofloxacin bioavailability was tested in eight healthy subjects."	( Clinical and chemical interactions between iron preparations and ciprofloxacin. Campbell, NR; Hasinoff, BB; Kara, M; McKay, DW, 1991)	0.7
" These data suggest that bioavailability of the drug is unchanged."	( Disposition of fleroxacin, a new trifluoroquinolone, and its metabolites. Pharmacokinetics in renal failure and influence of haemodialysis. Dhib, M; Fillastre, JP; Godin, M; Leroy, A; Moulin, B; Singlas, E; Sultan, E; Taburet, AM, 1990)	0.28
" Assuming that the bioavailability (f) is complete, the apparent volume of distribution (Vd/f) was lower in elderly (0."	( Disposition of fleroxacin, a new trifluoroquinolone, and its metabolites. Pharmacokinetics in elderly patients. Devillers, A; Fillastre, JP; Singlas, E; Taburet, AM; Thomare, P; Veyssier, P, 1990)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetic properties of the new fluoroquinolones are characterized by a high volume of distribution, long biological half-life, low serum protein binding, elimination by renal and extrarenal mechanisms with high total and renal clearances, limited biotransformation and moderate to excellent bioavailability after oral administration."	( Quinolone pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Boeckk, M; Borner, K; Deppermann, N; Höffken, G; Koeppe, P; Lode, H, 1990)	0.28
"6 l/h), both expressed as functions of the oral bioavailability (F) of ciprofloxacin were within the corresponding values reported in the literature for other healthy population groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in healthy, young Brazilian subjects. Melo, PA; Suarez-Kurtz, G; Sudo, RT, 1990)	0.82
"Quinolone is reported to interact with caffeine, often resulting in an increase both in the plasma half-life and AUC, a decrease in total plasma clearance, and little change in the absorption rate constant and maximum plasma level."	( Pharmacokinetic determination of relative potency of quinolone inhibition of caffeine disposition. Barnett, G; Carbó, M; de la Torre, R; Segura, J, 1990)	0.28
" Following oral administration, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin are well absorbed and the bioavailability of ofloxacin is almost 100%."	( The pharmacokinetics of oral quinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin). Alestig, K, 1990)	0.78
"The effect of ferrous fumarate on the relative bioavailability of ciprofloxacin after a single 500 mg oral dose of ciprofloxacin was studied in eight healthy males."	( Decreased ciprofloxacin absorption with concomitant administration of ferrous fumarate. Brouwers, JR; Proost, JH; Sijtsma, J; Van der Kam, HJ, 1990)	0.92
" The absolute bioavailability of ciprofloxacin is approximately 70%."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Guay, DR; Rotschafer, JC; Vance-Bryan, K, 1990)	0.85
" The oral bioavailability of AT-4140 calculated from the ratio of the areas under the concentration-time curve after oral and intravenous administration was 77% in dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics of a novel quinolone, AT-4140, in animals. Hashimoto, M; Kurobe, N; Nakamura, S; Ohue, T; Shimizu, M, 1990)	0.28
" Despite larger absolute bioavailability of the first dose in the elderly (77 vs."	( Influence of ciprofloxacin on the colonic microflora in young and elderly volunteers: no impact of the altered drug absorption. Edlund, C; Ljungberg, B; Nilsson-Ehle, I; Nord, CE, 1990)	0.65
"The effect of sucralfate on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin was evaluated in eight healthy subjects utilizing a randomized, crossover design."	( Sucralfate significantly reduces ciprofloxacin concentrations in serum. Garrelts, JC; Gerlach, EH; Godley, PJ; Peterie, JD; Yakshe, CC, 1990)	0.81
"The bioavailability of ciprofloxacin after its administration through a nasogastric (NG) feeding tube was studied in six healthy volunteers."	( Relative bioavailability in healthy volunteers of ciprofloxacin administered through a nasogastric tube with and without enteral feeding. Frost, RW; Lettieri, JT; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R; Sweeney, KR; Yuk, JH, 1989)	0.84
" Percentages of relative bioavailability compared with control values were 15."	( Effects of aluminum and magnesium antacids and ranitidine on the absorption of ciprofloxacin. Frost, RW; Goldstein, H; Krol, G; Lener, ME; Lettieri, J; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ; Watson, WA, 1989)	0.5
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to those reported for fasting healthy volunteers by other workers except for bioavailability which was reduced in the non-fasting patients."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic aspects of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of pseudomonas infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Black, AE; Collier, PS; Redmond, AO; Scott, EM; Steen, HJ; Stevenson, MI, 1989)	0.54
" Therefore, we decided to give a 1-g dose of sucralfate at 6 and 2 hours before a single 750-mg dose of ciprofloxacin and evaluate its effect on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin."	( The effect of sucralfate pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Frost, RW; Goldstein, HR; Handy, L; Nix, DE; Rescott, DL; Watson, WA, 1989)	0.73
" The absolute bioavailability of the oral ciprofloxacin was about 83%."	( Steady-state serum pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of 500 mg oral versus 200 mg intravenous ciprofloxacin. Bernard, E; Dellamonica, P; Etesse, H; Garraffo, R; Lapalus, P, 1989)	0.76
" After oral administration there is, furthermore, an increased AUC and Cmax, which are explained by a higher bioavailability of an oral dose in the elderly (72."	( Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Ljungberg, B; Nilsson-Ehle, I, 1989)	0.54
" Excellent bioavailability provides additional basis for oral treatment with ciprofloxacin in cystic fibrosis patients."	( Comparison of efficacy and tolerance of intravenously and orally administered ciprofloxacin in cystic fibrosis patients with acute exacerbations of lung infection. Hjelte, L; Lindblad, A; Ljungberg, B; Malmborg, AS; Nilsson-Ehle, I; Strandvik, B, 1989)	0.73
" BMY 40062 exhibited longer half-life, higher maximum concentration in serum, greater area under the curve, and better bioavailability in mice after oral dosing than ciprofloxacin."	( In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of BMY 40062, a new fluoronaphthyridone. Desiderio, JV; Fung-Tomc, J; Kessler, RE; Tsai, YH; Warr, G, 1989)	0.47
" The 250-mg tablet was not bioequivalent to either of the other formulations; the relative bioavailability values were 78."	( Pharmacokinetics of three oral formulations of ciprofloxacin. Davis, RL; Koup, JR; Smith, AL; Weber, A; Williams-Warren, J, 1985)	0.53
" Out of the three quinolone compounds, only colon-coated pefloxacin was associated with a considerable absorption rate at colonic level."	( Quinolones and colonization resistance in human volunteers. Geitz, JN; Lerk, CF; Tarko-Smit, NJ; Van Saene, HK; Van Saene, JJ, 1986)	0.27
" The bioavailability of the 100 mg oral dose was 83."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after intravenous and increasing oral doses. Bergan, T; Johnsen, S; Kolstad, IM; Thorsteinsson, SB, 1986)	0.59
" The absolute bioavailability (extent of absorption) of the tablet amounted to 96%, indicating a complete absorption of this galenic formulation."	( A new trifluorinated quinolone: Ro 23-6240 (AM 833). Dell, D; Stöckel, K; Weidekamm, E, 1987)	0.27
" The absolute bioavailability of the administered tablet was practically 100%."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of fleroxacin, a trifluorinated quinolone, in humans. Dell, D; Lücker, PW; Partos, C; Portmann, R; Suter, K; Weidekamm, E, 1987)	0.27
" The oral bioavailability in calves was 53 +/- 14% and for 1 pig 37."	( Pharmacokinetics, renal clearance and metabolism of ciprofloxacin following intravenous and oral administration to calves and pigs. Baars, AM; Laurensen, J; Mevius, DJ; Nouws, JF; Vree, TB, 1988)	0.53
" Recent literature indicates that orally administered activated charcoal can alter the bioavailability of many drugs and in vitro studies have demonstrated an interaction with ciprofloxacin."	( Effects of orally administered activated charcoal on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Bianchi, W; Maggiolo, F; Quadrelli, C; Sampietro, C; Torre, D, 1988)	0.72
" They are well absorbed after oral administration, and some achieve serum and tissue levels well exceeding the minimal inhibitory concentrations for susceptible bacteria."	( Symposium on antimicrobial agents. The quinolones. Walker, RC; Wright, AJ, 1987)	0.27
" The apparent oral bioavailability was 85 percent, based on comparison of the total areas under the serum concentration curves of the 100-mg dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin: intravenous and increasing oral doses. Bergan, T; Bjornskau, L; Johnsen, S; Kolstad, IM; Solberg, R; Thorsteinsson, SB, 1987)	0.6
" A very good penetration in sputum was confirmed by the sputum/serum area under curve ratio, providing evidence for a high bioavailability in bronchial secretion."	( Ciprofloxacin: multiple-dose pharmacokinetic and clinical results in patients with hypercrinic bronchopulmonary diseases. Braga, PC; Cortelazzi, R; Cosentina, R; Fraschini, F; Odero, A; Salvini, P; Scaglione, F; Scarpazza, G; Trazzi, R, 1987)	1.72
" In the CF subjects, the ciprofloxacin concentration in serum during the first hour after intravenous administration was higher, and the oral absorption rate was slower."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in cystic fibrosis. Davis, RL; Heggen, L; Koup, JR; Smith, AL; Stempel, D; Weber, A; Williams-Warren, J, 1987)	0.9
"We evaluated the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin at two dose sizes in eight healthy volunteers."	( Effect of dose size on bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Bustamante, CI; Drusano, GL; Forrest, A; Plaisance, KI; Standiford, HC, 1987)	0.81
"We evaluated the absolute bioavailability of ciprofloxacin, a new quinoline carboxylic acid, in 12 healthy male volunteers."	( Absolute oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Caldwell, J; Drusano, GL; Forrest, A; Leslie, J; Plaisance, K; Standiford, HC, 1986)	0.81
" The absolute bioavailability of ciprofloxacin was found to be approximately 60%."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after oral and intravenous administration in healthy volunteers. Beermann, D; Förster, D; Gau, W; Graefe, KH; Schacht, P; Wingender, W, 1984)	0.87
" The bioavailability varied considerably among the four quinolones."	( Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of four quinolones, oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin, in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held in seawater at 10 degrees C. Horsberg, TE; Martinsen, B, 1995)	0.29
"The 2-pyridones are a new class of broad-spectrum orally bioavailable antibacterial agents."	( Efficacies of ABT-719 and related 2-pyridones, members of a new class of antibacterial agents, against experimental bacterial infections. Alder, J; Clement, J; Flamm, B; Hutch, T; Jarvis, K; Meulbroek, J; Mitten, M; Oleksijew, A; Paige, L; Shipkowitz, N, 1995)	0.29
" Oral bioavailability calculated with bioassay results was more than 100% whereas availability of enrofloxacin was only 53%."	( [Pharmacokinetics of baytril (enrofloxacin) in dogs]. Küng, K; Wanner, M, 1994)	0.29
" These results suggest that ciprofloxacin bioavailability will not be significantly decreased by single doses of bismuth subsalicylate when the two medications are administered simultaneously."	( Effect of bismuth subsalicylate on ciprofloxacin bioavailability. Gallicano, K; Garber, G; Oliveras, L; Rambout, L; Sahai, J, 1994)	0.86
" Reformulation of marketed dosage forms, such as crunched tablets or opened capsules, by the hospital pharmacist may result in stability and bioavailability problems and therapeutic failures may be the consequence."	( Biopharmaceutical aspects of anti-infective therapy at the extremes of age. Michaelis, J; Schaefer, HG, 1994)	0.29
"To determine the effect on the relative bioavailability (Fr) of a staggered single dose of ciprofloxacin given two hours after a morning dose of calcium carbonate given three times daily over the three previous days."	( Effect of multiple staggered doses of calcium on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Bailie, GR; Lomaestro, BM, 1993)	0.74
"98; the mean absolute bioavailability was calculated to be 67% (range, 43 to 82%)."	( Absorption of ciprofloxacin in patients with diabetic gastroparesis. Bassaris, HP; Marangos, MN; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Psyrogiannis, AG; Quintiliani, R; Skoutelis, AT; Zhu, Z, 1995)	0.65
"Iron supplements can interfere with the bioavailability of a number of drugs, including thyroxine, tetracycline derivatives, penicillamine, methyldopa, levodopa, carbidopa, ciprofloxacin, and the newer fluoroquinolones."	( Iron-ovotransferrin preparation does not interfere with ciprofloxacin absorption. Baldassarre, D; Barbi, S; Colombo, N; Dorigotti, F; Pazzucconi, F; Sirtori, CR, 1996)	0.73
" We conclude that enteral feedings given orally or via gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes resulted in a 27 to 67% reduction in the mean bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in hospitalized patients."	( Ciprofloxacin absorption is impaired in patients given enteral feedings orally and via gastrostomy and jejunostomy tubes. Brodbeck, MC; Clendening, CE; Healy, DP, 1996)	1.93
" A total of 232 ciprofloxacin concentrations (203 concentrations in plasma and 29 concentrations in urine) were analyzed by use of NONMEM and a two-compartment body model with seven parameters: total body clearance (CL), volume of the central compartment (V2), volume of the peripheral compartment (V3), intercompartmental clearance, renal clearance, absorption rate constant, and bioavailability."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients. Fischer, C; Hampel, B; Kuhlmann, J; Schaad, UB; Schaefer, HG; Stass, H; Wedgwood, J, 1996)	0.96
" The bioavailability was 49%."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in sheep after single intravenous or intramuscular administration. Abadía, AR; Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Llovería, P; Munoz, MJ; Santos, MP, 1996)	0.62
" When the same dose was administered IM, enrofloxacin was rapidly and almost completely absorbed, with bioavailability of 85%."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular administrations in sheep. Bertini, S; Intorre, L; Mengozzi, G; Soldani, G, 1996)	0.54
" Sucralfate, which has a high aluminum content, reduces the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin to approximately 4%."	( Failure of prostatitis treatment secondary to probable ciprofloxacin-sucralfate drug interaction. Cummings, DM; Pierson, NR; Spivey, JM, )	0.61
" The mean bioavailability of oral CIP for all patients was 76%; younger patients appeared to absorb oral CIP less than older subjects, 68% vs."	( Pharmacokinetic disposition of sequential intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients with acute pulmonary exacerbation. Church, DA; Echols, RM; Kuhn, RJ; Lettieri, JT; Miles, MV; Rubio, TT, 1997)	0.54
" The apparent decrease in the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin was probably due to the formation of a chelation complex between it and the aluminum- and magnesium-containing antacids found in the didanosine tablet."	( A multiple-dose pharmacokinetic interaction study between didanosine (Videx) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro) in male subjects seropositive for HIV but asymptomatic. Barbhaiya, RH; Knupp, CA, 1997)	0.78
" The relative bioavailability of enrofloxacin after administration directly into the crop was 68%, while the metabolic conversion of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin was quite low (< 10%) with both routes of administration."	( The plasma kinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in the Muscovy duck. Bagliacca, M; Bertini, S; Intorre, L; Luchetti, E; Mengozzi, G; Soldani, G, 1997)	0.72
" The bioavailability of ciprofloxacin 500 mg administered as single oral dose was compared in preparation A (Indian, Torrent) and preparation B (Imported, Bayer)."	( Comparative bioavailability of two brands of ciprofloxacin. Beotra, A; Seth, S; Seth, SD, 1995)	0.86
" Relative bioavailability was 105% (tablet/capsule)."	( Utilization of salivary concentrations of ciprofloxacin in subjects with cystic fibrosis. Cohen, ML; Pandher, R; Ramsey, B; Smith, A; Weber, A; Williams-Warren, J, )	0.4
" The biophysical absorption model, relating the intestinal absorption rate constants and partition indexes of the tested compounds, was then established either for control or alcohol-fed animals."	( Effects of ethanol on intestinal absorption of drugs. I. In situ studies with ciprofloxacin analogs in normal and chronic alcohol-fed rats. Freixas, J; Garrigues, TM; Martin-Algarra, RV; Merino, V; Polache, A; Rocher, A, 1997)	0.53
"To determine the levels of two quinolones, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, potent broad-spectrum antibiotics with very good oral bioavailability and low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for most pathogens, in the prostates of patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) after oral ingestion for surgical prophylaxis."	( A comparative study of the distribution of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in prostatic tissues after simultaneous oral ingestion. Cheng, C; Foo, KT; Li, MK; Png, JC; Rekhraj, IR; Tan, E, 1997)	0.79
" The bioavailability was determined to 83 +/- 13% in fed and to 101 +/- 32% in fasted pigs."	( Bioavailability of enrofloxacin after oral administration to fed and fasted pigs. Gyrd-Hansen, N; Nielsen, P, 1997)	0.3
" The mean percent absolute bioavailability for ciprofloxacin was calculated to be 82% +/- 13%, similar to the value for healthy volunteers."	( Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with AIDS. Banevicius, MA; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Owens, RC; Patel, KB; Quintiliani, R, 1997)	0.81
"Effect of Gasex, a herbomineral formulation on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin was studied in six healthy male volunteers."	( Effect of Gasex on pharmacokinetic profile of ciprofloxacin in healthy male volunteers. Mitra, SK; Sundaram, R, 1997)	0.79
" These results suggest an increased bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in nephrectomized rats, which was confirmed by a nonlinear mixed-effect model."	( Influence of renal failure on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in rats. Carbon, C; Dautrey, S; Farinotti, R; Laouari, D; Nouaille-Degorce, B; Tod, M; Veau, C, 1998)	0.84
"To determine the bioavailability of enteral ciprofloxacin in tube-fed intensive care patients with severe GNIAI."	( Bioavailability of ciprofloxacin after multiple enteral and intravenous doses in ICU patients with severe gram-negative intra-abdominal infections. Bruining, HA; Buijk, SL; de Marie, S; Kluytmans, JA; Mouton, JW; van Vliet, A; VandenBergh, MF, 1998)	0.89
" The mean bioavailability of enteral dosing was 53."	( Bioavailability of ciprofloxacin after multiple enteral and intravenous doses in ICU patients with severe gram-negative intra-abdominal infections. Bruining, HA; Buijk, SL; de Marie, S; Kluytmans, JA; Mouton, JW; van Vliet, A; VandenBergh, MF, 1998)	0.63
"In tube-fed intensive care patients with severe GNIAI, the bioavailability of enteral ciprofloxacin is adequate."	( Bioavailability of ciprofloxacin after multiple enteral and intravenous doses in ICU patients with severe gram-negative intra-abdominal infections. Bruining, HA; Buijk, SL; de Marie, S; Kluytmans, JA; Mouton, JW; van Vliet, A; VandenBergh, MF, 1998)	0.85
" Although, in patients with CF, the extent of drug absorption varies widely and the rate of absorption is slower, bioavailability is not altered."	( Drug disposition in cystic fibrosis. Pons, G; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM, 1998)	0.3
"Oral bioavailability was reduced in elective surgery and peritonitis patients compared with controls."	( Bioavailability of oral ciprofloxacin in early postsurgical patients. Christou, N; Duffy, DR; Hackam, DJ; Khaliq, Y; Marshall, JC; Rotstein, OD; Vaughan, D, 1998)	0.61
"Oral bioavailability was reduced for peritonitis surgery patients on the first day postoperatively, and for obese elective surgery patients."	( Bioavailability of oral ciprofloxacin in early postsurgical patients. Christou, N; Duffy, DR; Hackam, DJ; Khaliq, Y; Marshall, JC; Rotstein, OD; Vaughan, D, 1998)	0.61
"To determine the pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in 12 critically ill patients receiving continuous enteral feeding."	( Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of ciprofloxacin administered through a nasogastric tube with continuous enteral feeding to critically ill patients. Binter, V; Edouard, A; Jacolot, A; Mimoz, O; Petitjean, O; Samii, K; Tod, M, 1998)	0.79
" Ciprofloxacin bioavailability ranges from 31 to 82 % (median, 44%)."	( Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of ciprofloxacin administered through a nasogastric tube with continuous enteral feeding to critically ill patients. Binter, V; Edouard, A; Jacolot, A; Mimoz, O; Petitjean, O; Samii, K; Tod, M, 1998)	1.46
"Our results show that the ocular bioavailability of Ciloxan and Siprogut after local administration is equivalent."	( Comparison of aqueous humour and vitreous humour levels of two 0.3% ciprofloxacin eyedrops. Basci, NE; Batman, C; Bozkurt, A; Cekiç, O; Kayaalp, SO; Yasar, U, 1998)	0.54
" To prolong intraocular bioavailability this study was performed to incorporate CIP into liposomes and to determine its clearance from the vitreous after intravitreal injection."	( [Clearance of liposome-incorporated ciprofloxacin after intravitreal injection in rabbit eyes]. Duncker, GI; Grammer, JB; Krausse, R; Neumann, D; Pleyer, U; Wiechens, B, 1998)	0.58
" After intravitreal application the bioavailability of the antibiotic can be markedly improved."	( [Clearance of liposome-incorporated ciprofloxacin after intravitreal injection in rabbit eyes]. Duncker, GI; Grammer, JB; Krausse, R; Neumann, D; Pleyer, U; Wiechens, B, 1998)	0.58
" In common with other fluoroquinolones, moxifloxacin attains good penetration into respiratory tissues and fluids and its bioavailability is substantially reduced by coadministration with an antacid or iron preparation."	( Moxifloxacin. Balfour, JA; Wiseman, LR, 1999)	0.3
" When given orally, bioavailability is greater than 99%, and the drug is highly concentrated in lung tissue and macrophages."	( Levofloxacin in the treatment of community acquired pneumonia. File, TM, )	0.13
" Bioavailability was unaltered by food."	( Oral bioequivalence of three ciprofloxacin formulations following single-dose administration: 500 mg tablet compared with 500 mg/10 mL or 500 mg/5 mL suspension and the effect of food on the absorption of ciprofloxacin oral suspension. Heller, AH; Liu, MC; Shah, A; Vaughan, D, 1999)	0.59
" Partly due to the changes in drug distribution and elimination, relative bioavailability of ciprofloxacin, as assessed by AUC0-->infinity, remained similar for both dosing groups."	( Effects of taraxacum mongolicum on the bioavailability and disposition of ciprofloxacin in rats. Li, RC; Wong, PY; Zhu, M, 1999)	0.75
" It was demonstrated that S/P is a function of the quotient of the rate of absorption and venous plasma drug concentration."	( Kinetics of 4-fluoroquinolones permeation into saliva. Antolic, G; Grabnar, I; Kozjek, F; Mrhar, A; Suturkova, LJ, 1999)	0.3
" In addition, the formation of metal chelates is also believed to be the reason for the significant reduction in oral bioavailability for the quinolones when concomitantly dosed with oral cation containing agents."	( Effects of order of magnesium exposure on the postantibiotic effect and bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin. Lam, JS; Lau, PY; Li, RC; Lo, KN, 1999)	0.52
" The biophysical absorption model was used to establish correlations between the actual absorption rate constants, and the lipophilicity indexes, for each group of rats."	( Effects of ethanol on intestinal absorption of drugs: in situ studies with ciprofloxacin analogs in acute and chronic alcohol-fed rats. Bermejo, MV; Ferrando, R; Garrigues, TM; Martín-Algarra, R; Merino, V; Polache, A, 1999)	0.53
" In ocular kinetic studies, lomefloxacin showed nearly 10 times more ocular bioavailability in aqueous humor as compared to ciprofloxacin."	( Comparative studies on topical lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin on ocular kinetic and experimental corneal ulcer. Agarwal, HC; Biswas, NR; Gupta, SK; Gupta, YK; Velpandian, T, 1999)	0.77
"Ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in aqueous humour following oral and topical administration is found to be similar when the drug was applied as described above."	( Human aqueous and vitreous humour levels of ciprofloxacin following oral and topical administration. Başci, NE; Batman, C; Bozkurt, A; Cekiç, O; Kayaalp, SO; Yasar, U, 1999)	0.86
"Metal ions, which are present in ocular fluids, can significantly decrease the bioavailability of fluoroquinolones."	( Effect of two balanced salt solutions on the bioavailability of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Osato, MS, )	0.36
" The absolute oral bioavailability (84."	( Ciprofloxacin disposition in elderly patients with LRTI being treated with sequential therapy (200 mg intravenously twice daily followed by 500 mg per os twice daily): comparative pharmacokinetics and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Baraldo, M; Furlanut, M; Lugatti, E; Milaneschi, R; Pea, F; Talmassons, G, 2000)	1.75
"Changes in oral bioavailability and in vitro antimicrobial activity have been the focus of many previous interaction studies for metal cations and quinolones."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between intravenous ciprofloxacin and oral ferrous sulfate. Li, RC; Wong, PY; Zhu, M, 2000)	0.54
"The absolute bioavailability (BA) of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin were evaluated in 19 adult Nigerian male volunteers."	( Bioavailability of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin: results of a preliminary investigation in healthy adult Nigerian male volunteers. Chukwuani, CM; Coker, HA; Ifudu, ND; Oduola, AM; Sowunmi, A, 2000)	0.91
" Ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in SRF after oral and combined administration is equivalent."	( Subretinal fluid levels of topical, oral, and combined administered ciprofloxacin in humans. Başci, NE; Batman, C; Bozkurt, A; Cekiç, O; Yaşar, U; Zilelioğlu, O, 2000)	0.84
" The bioavailability of the CPH gel formulation prepared with HPMC was almost identical to that of the oral route."	( In vivo studies on nasal preparations of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Akev, N; Birteksöz, S; Can, A; Gerçeker, A; Ozsoy, Y; Tunçel, T, 2000)	0.57
" The new methodology may, therefore, be used for fast bioavailability screening of virtual libraries having millions of molecules."	( Fast calculation of molecular polar surface area as a sum of fragment-based contributions and its application to the prediction of drug transport properties. Ertl, P; Rohde, B; Selzer, P, 2000)	0.31
" The ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin after local administration is equivalent for both pharmaceutical products."	( Comparison of subretinal fluid levels of two 0.3% ciprofloxacin-containing eye drops. Başci, NE; Batman, C; Bozkurt, A; Cekiç, O; Kayaalp, SO; Totan, Y; Yaşar, U; Zilelioglu, O, 2001)	0.85
" The method was successfully applied to a bioavailability study with five different ciprofloxacin formulations."	( Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of ciprofloxacin in human plasma with ultraviolet detection. Gonçalves, NJ; Maya, MT; Morais, JA; Silva, NB, 2001)	0.76
"Rifaximin is a poorly absorbed rifamycin derivative under investigation for treatment of infectious diarrhea."	( Rifaximin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Adachi, JA; Ashley, D; DuPont, HL; DuPont, MW; Ericsson, CD; Jiang, ZD; Martinez-Sandoval, F; Mathewson, JJ; Palazzini, E; Riopel, LM, 2001)	0.65
" Precision showed three expected trends: root mean squared error (RMSE) increased when the residual error was larger or the number of observations was smaller, and it was highest for the absorption rate constant and common error variance."	( Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters by orthogonal regression: comparison of four algorithms. Aouimer, A; Petitjean, O; Tod, M, 2002)	0.31
" dosing, the oral bioavailability (F) of ciprofloxacin remained unaffected by rifabutin at approximately 38%."	( Effects of repeated rifabutin administration on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin in mice. Li, RC; Liu, XG, 2001)	0.8
" The present studies were designed to assess the ocular penetration and bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in sustained release formulations."	( Ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in sustained release formulations. Cagle, G; Ke, TL; Lorenzetti, OJ; Mattern, J; Schlech, B, 2001)	0.83
" On the basis of the moment analysis deduced from the recirculatory model, the portal blood flow rate (Q(p)), the local absorption ratio from the gastrointestinal tract into the portal system (F(a)), the hepatic recovery ratio (F(h)), and bioavailability (BA) were then estimated."	( A recirculatory model for local absorption and disposition of ciprofloxacin by measuring portal and systemic blood concentration difference. Moriwaki, T; Shigemoto, Y; Yasui, H; Yoshida, NH, 2002)	0.56
" This study was undertaken to determine whether the enteric bead formulation of didanosine (Videx EC) influences the bioavailability of indinavir, ketoconazole, and ciprofloxacin, three drugs that are representative of a broader class of drugs affected by interaction with antacids."	( Lack of effect of simultaneously administered didanosine encapsulated enteric bead formulation (Videx EC) on oral absorption of indinavir, ketoconazole, or ciprofloxacin. Damle, BD; Kaul, S; Knupp, C; Mummaneni, V, 2002)	0.71
" The mean oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin was found to be 69."	( Pharmacokinetics and residues of ciprofloxacin and its metabolites in broiler chickens. Anadón, A; Díaz, MJ; Frejo, MT; Iturbe, J; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR, 2001)	0.87
" In conclusion, ciprofloxacin oral suspension was well absorbed via nasogastric route in intensive care patients with severe pneumonia, achieving reliable pharmacokinetic parameters for most of the pathogens and important cost reduction compared to intravenous delivery."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin (500 mg/5 mL) oral suspension in critically ill patients with severe bacterial pneumonia: a comparison of two dosages. Allaouchiche, B; Boselli, E; Breilh, D; Chassard, D; Debon, R; Duflo, F; Saux, MC, 2002)	0.95
" Oral bioavailability for the oral drench, crushed tablets in grain, and enrofloxacin in grain was 4789, 98."	( Pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in sheep. Bermingham, EC; Papich, MG, 2002)	0.31
" The present study investigated the influence of tropical climate conditions (class IV: 40 degrees C, 75% relative humidity) on the drug content, in vitro dissolution and oral bioavailability of different formulations of two essential drugs marketed in Tanzania: diclofenac sodium and ciprofloxacin tablets."	( Drug formulations intended for the global market should be tested for stability under tropical climatic conditions. Bortel, LV; Remon, JP; Risha, PG; Vergote, G; Vervaet, C, 2003)	0.5
" Oral bioavailability was also not influenced by tropical conditions."	( Drug formulations intended for the global market should be tested for stability under tropical climatic conditions. Bortel, LV; Remon, JP; Risha, PG; Vergote, G; Vervaet, C, 2003)	0.32
"Recently, in situ gel formation has extensively been studied to enhance ocular bioavailability and duration of the drug activity."	( Release of ciprofloxacin from poloxamer-graft-hyaluronic acid hydrogels in vitro. Cho, CS; Cho, KY; Chung, TW; Kim, BC; Kim, MK; Lee, JH; Wee, WR, 2003)	0.71
" With body weight included in the model (two compartments with first-order absorption), ciprofloxacin clearance was influenced by age, and the absorption rate constant was altered in CF patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric patients. Gastonguay, MR; Rajagopalan, P, 2003)	0.83
"Two bioequivalence studies were performed in twenty four healthy male volunteers with the objective of comparing the bioavailability of three different oral formulations of ciprofloxacin as immediate release tablets 250, 500 and 750 mg (test formulations) with a reference formulation at 500 and 750 mg strengths forms."	( Bioequivalence evaluation of three different oral formulations of ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Filipe, AE; Gonçalves, NJ; Maya, MT; Morais, JA; Silva, NE, )	0.56
"The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by the conventional ophthalmic solutions due to precorneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of in situ gel forming systems that are instilled as drops into the eye and undergo a sol-gel transition in the cul-de-sac."	( Ion-activated in situ gelling systems for sustained ophthalmic delivery of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Balasubramaniam, J; Pandit, JK, )	0.36
"The oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin is significantly decreased when administered with calcium carbonate."	( Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium acetate on the oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Kays, MB; Moe, SM; Mueller, BA; Overholser, BR; Sowinski, KM, 2003)	0.84
"The relative oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin is significantly decreased when administered with sevelamer hydrochloride or calcium acetate."	( Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium acetate on the oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin. Kays, MB; Moe, SM; Mueller, BA; Overholser, BR; Sowinski, KM, 2003)	0.82
" Since garenoxacin appeared to be well absorbed following oral administration and concentrations in cartilage tended to be higher than those in plasma, it is unlikely that the low chondrotoxicity in comparison with other quinolones is explained by differences in the pharmacokinetics of these compounds."	( Concentrations of the des-F(6)-quinolone garenoxacin in plasma and joint cartilage of immature rats. Baumann-Wilschke, I; Bello, A; Kastner, M; Rahm, U; Stahlmann, R, 2004)	0.32
" The bioavailability of ofloxacin was 6 times that of ciprofloxacin."	( [Aqueous humor penetration of topically applied ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and tobramycin]. Wu, XD; Yang, YH; Yao, K; Zhang, Z, 2003)	0.81
" injection was well absorbed in 6- and 8-week-old kittens, but greater clearance and apparent volume of distribution resulted in lower plasma concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in neonatal kittens. Gibson, NM; Levy, JK; Papich, MG; Seguin, MA; Sigle, KJ, 2004)	0.32
"Cisplatin-induced ARF differentially modulated the bioavailability and intestinal secretion of quinolones in rats."	( Effect of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure on bioavailability and intestinal secretion of quinolone antibacterial drugs in rats. Inui, K; Saito, H; Yamaguchi, H; Yano, I, 2004)	0.32
" Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetic studies of manzamine A in rats indicated the compound to have low metabolic clearance, a reasonably long pharmacokinetic half-life, and good absolute oral bioavailability of 20."	( New manzamine alkaloids from an Indo-Pacific sponge. Pharmacokinetics, oral availability, and the significant activity of several manzamines against HIV-I, AIDS opportunistic infections, and inflammatory diseases. Charman, WN; Hamann, MT; Hammond, NL; Mayer, AM; McIntosh, KA; Peng, J; Wahyuono, S; Yousaf, M, 2004)	0.32
"The relative bioavailability of a new 750 mg tablet formulation of ciprofloxacin (test formulation supplied by Dr."	( Bioequivalence of two oral ciprofloxacin tablets formulations. Cuadrado, A; Gascón, AR; Hernández, RM; Knie, U; Pedraz, JL; Ramírez, E; Solinís, MA, 2004)	0.86
"45% and the systemic bioavailability was 95."	( Disposition kinetics of difloxacin in rabbit after intravenous and intramuscular injection of Dicural. Abd El-Aty, AM; Goudah, A; Ismail, M; Shimoda, M, 2005)	0.33
" The transport system in the rat model was ATP-dependent, as sodium azide was able to decrease the absorption rate constant in a concentration-dependent fashion."	( Kinetic modelling of the intestinal transport of sarafloxacin. Studies in situ in rat and in vitro in Caco-2 cells. Bermejo, M; Casabó, VG; Fernandez-Teruel, C; Gonzalez-Alvarez, I; Ruiz-Garcia, A, 2005)	0.33
" The relative bioavailability of ciprofloxacin ER compared to ciprofloxacin IR was 93."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel extended-release ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Berner, B; Brown, S; Campanella, C; Hou, SY; Hughes, N; Washington, CB, 2005)	0.85
" Its oral bioavailability is only 40% due to extensive presystemic elimination, mainly by CYP3A4."	( The effect of ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin on sildenafil oral bioavailability in human volunteers. El-Afify, DR; El-Maghraby, GM; Hedaya, MA, 2006)	0.69
" We conclude that Bcrp1 is one of the determinants for the bioavailability of fluoroquinolones and their secretion into the milk."	( Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) transports fluoroquinolone antibiotics and affects their oral availability, pharmacokinetics, and milk secretion. Alvarez, AI; Merino, G; Molina, AJ; Prieto, JG; Pulido, MM; Schinkel, AH, 2006)	0.33
"The biopharmaceutical aspect of the fluoroquinolones-metal cations interaction, which reduces antibacterial agents bioavailability and the mechanism of the fluoroquinolone intestinal efflux are still poorly understood."	( Ciprofloxacin permeability and its active secretion through rat small intestine in vitro. Kristl, A; Sturm, K; Zakelj, S, 2006)	1.78
"The effect of omeprazole on the oral bioavailability and urinary exposure of the Depomed formulation of extended-release (ER) ciprofloxacin was studied."	( Effect of omeprazole on bioavailability of an oral extended-release formulation of ciprofloxacin. Berner, B; Hou, E; Hughes, N; Washington, C, 2006)	0.76
" Systemic bioavailability was 68."	( The pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin in the horse following oral and intravenous administration. Davis, JL; Papich, MG; Weingarten, A, 2006)	0.33
" After IM administration, the absolute mean +/- SD bioavailability was 95."	( Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular, and intragastric administration to horses. Ayala, I; Cárceles, CM; Escudero, E; Fernández-Varón, E; Marín, P; Martos, N, 2006)	0.33
" A repeated measures study has been designed to compare their pharmacokinetic parameters, to investigate their bioavailability and to estimate their absorbed fraction and first-pass effect by using plasma, urinary and metabolite data collected from five healthy mares."	( Enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin in horses: comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters, use of urinary and metabolite data to estimate first-pass effect and absorbed fraction. Bousquet-Melou, A; Doucet, MY; Laroute, V; Peyrou, M; Vrins, A, 2006)	0.33
" After intravenous and oral administrations of enrofloxacin, the elimination half-lives (t(1/2,beta)), area under the drug concentration-time curves (AUC), oral bioavailability (F) were 17."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in Korean catfish (Silurus asotus). Hwang, YH; Kim, MS; Lim, JH; Park, BK; Yun, HI, 2006)	0.33
" The following bioavailability parameters: Cmax, tmax, and AUC 0-24, AUC 0-infinity were calculated."	( Effect of chloroquine on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in humans. Agbasi, PU; Brown, SA; Elo-Ilo, JC; Ilo, CE; Ilondu, NA; Okwoli, N; Orisakwe, OE, )	0.39
" Oral bioavailability for for EFL after oral administration was found to be 69."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in turkeys. Dimitrova, DJ; Lashev, LD; Pandova, B; Yanev, SG, 2007)	0.34
"Oral co-administration of phenazopyridine increases ciprofloxacin bioavailability with regard to the amount absorbed (AUC) and permanence in the body (MRT), which could be useful during treatment."	( Ciprofloxacin bioavailability is enhanced by oral co-administration with phenazopyridine: a pharmacokinetic study in a Mexican population. Angeles, AP; Fernández S, A; Marcelín-Jiménez, G; Martínez-Rossier, L, 2006)	2.03
" For "selective intestinal decontamination", poorly absorbed oral norfloxacin is the preferred schedule."	( [Bacterial infections in liver cirrhosis]. Farkas, A; Papp, M; Tornai, I; Udvardy, M, 2007)	0.34
" Thus they surely do not influence the bioavailability of these drugs by decreasing their solubility."	( Influence of metal cations on the solubility of fluoroquinolones. Berginc, K; Kristl, A; Ursic, D; Zakelj, S, 2007)	0.34
"Pharmacokinetic drug interactions may result in a decrease or increase in the oral bioavailability of some drugs."	( Effects of paracetamol on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in plasma using a microbiological assay. El-Abadla, NS; El-Naby, MK; Issa, MM; Kheiralla, ZA; Nejem, RM; Roshdy, AA, 2007)	0.59
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."	( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)	0.34
"This study was done to compare the bioavailability of a new tablet formulation of gemifloxacin (gemifloxacin 320 mg/tablet) with that of the reference product (factive 320 mg/tablet)."	( Bioequivalence evaluation of 320 mg gemifloxacin tablets in healthy volunteers. Al-Balla, SA; Al-Bekairi, AM; Al-Khamis, KI; Al-Mohizea, AM; Al-Yamani, MJ; El-Sayed, YM; Kadi, AA; Niazy, EM, 2007)	0.34
" The in vitro plasma protein binding of difloxacin ranged from 28-43% and the absolute bioavailability following IM administration was 93."	( Pharmacokinetics and intramuscular bioavailability of difloxacin in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Abo-El-Sooud, K; Goudah, A, 2009)	0.35
"5%, wt/wt) showed optimum release and mucoadhesion properties and improved ocular bioavailability as evidenced by an enhanced therapeutic response compared with the marketed conventional eye drops."	( Ocular poloxamer-based ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in situ forming gels. Abd Elhady, SS; Mansour, M; Mansour, S; Mortada, ND, 2008)	0.66
"Co-administration of quinolone antibiotics with cation-containing medicaments such as, antacids has been reported to influence the overall bioavailability leading to subtherapeutic plasma concentrations of these antibiotics in humans."	( The physicochemical and antibacterial properties of ciprofloxacin-Mg2+ complex. Abioye, AO; Adepoju-Bello, AA; Ayoola, GA; Coker, HA; Eboka, CJ, )	0.38
"To investigate the concentration and bioavailability of ciprofloxacin and teicoplanin in the cornea."	( Concentration and bioavailability of ciprofloxacin and teicoplanin in the cornea. Anderson, S; Baddon, AC; Bamber, S; Dwyer, N; Kaye, SB; Lovering, AM; Neal, T; Nicholson, S; Seddon, K; Smith, G; Szkurlat, J, 2009)	0.87
" An absolute bioavailability of 100."	( Integration of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indices of orbifloxacin in beagle dogs after a single intravenous and intramuscular administration. Chang, ZQ; Cheng, H; Gebru, E; Hwang, MH; Lee, JS; Park, SC, 2009)	0.35
"The effect on the bioavailability of the antimicrobial agents (ciprofloxacin and tetracycline), which are well known to form chelates with cationic metals such as calcium, was evaluated in 20 healthy male volunteers according to an open, random crossover fashion using a Kampo preparation, byakkokaninjinto (TJ-34) which contains various cationic metals including calcium."	( Effect of a Kampo preparation, byakkokaninjinto, on pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. Abe, F; Haniuda, M; Hasegawa, T; Hitoshi, K; Katoh, M; Kurono, S; Nadai, M; Ohnishi, M; Saito, H, 2009)	0.82
" Interaction between Cu and antimicrobials may change Cu speciation in soil solution, and affect Cu bioavailability and toxicity."	( Accumulation, subcellular distribution and toxicity of copper in earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in the presence of ciprofloxacin. Huang, R; Pei, Z; Shan, XQ; Wen, B; Williams, PN; Zhang, S, 2009)	0.56
" The correlation between in-vivo bioavailability parameters and in-vitro dissolution rates were studied."	( Bioavailability of ciprofloxacin tablets in humans and its correlation with the dissolution rates. Khan, H; Khan, MF; Khan, MK; Mustafa, G, 2009)	0.68
" administration, with a bioavailability of 114."	( Pharmacokinetics and milk distribution characteristics of orbifloxacin following intravenous and intramuscular injection in lactating ewes. Abd El-Aty, AM; Cho, HJ; Goudah, A; Regmi, NL; Shim, JH; Shimoda, M; Shin, HC, 2009)	0.35
" administration, a slow and complete absorption with absolute bioavailability of 101."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of orbifloxacin in Korean Hanwoo cattle. Cho, KH; Elias, G; Hwang, MH; Kim, YH; Lee, JS; Park, SC; Park, YS, 2009)	0.35
"Ophthalmic delivery systems such as ocular inserts are useful strategies to improve the ocular bioavailability of topically administered drugs."	( Biodegradable hybrid polymeric membranes for ocular drug delivery. Banerjee, R; Carvalho, E; Jain, D, 2010)	0.36
" These "in combo" PAMPA data were used to predict the human absolute bioavailability of the ampholytes."	( The permeation of amphoteric drugs through artificial membranes--an in combo absorption model based on paracellular and transmembrane permeability. Avdeef, A; Sun, N; Tam, KY; Tsinman, O, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this work is to improve the ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CPX) through the preparation of ocular mucoadhesive chitosan (CS)-coated liposomes."	( Ocular ciprofloxacin hydrochloride mucoadhesive chitosan-coated liposomes. Abdelbary, G, 2011)	1.06
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)	0.36
" In conclusion, ciprofloxacin liposomal hydrogel is a suitable delivery system for improving the ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin."	( Ciprofloxacin as ocular liposomal hydrogel. Hosny, KM, 2010)	2.15
" dose, bioavailability was 102% and 117%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration of orbifloxacin in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) following oral and intravenous administration. Armstrong, RD; Byrne, BA; Hawkins, MG; Taylor, IT; Tell, LA, 2011)	0.37
" Oral bioavailability was found to be 68."	( Plasma disposition and tissue depletion of difloxacin and its metabolite sarafloxacin in the food producing animals, chickens for fattening. Anadón, A; Ares, I; Castellano, V; Gamboa, F; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Ramos, E; Suárez, FH, 2011)	0.37
" Ciprofloxacin interacts with zolpidem in healthy volunteers, raising its bioavailability by about 46%."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between zolpidem and ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers. Leucuţa, SE; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Vlase, L, 2011)	1.53
" Quercetin significantly decreased bioavailability of enrofloxacin and its transformation to ciprofloxacin."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic indices of enrofloxacin in Escherichia coli O78/H12 infected chickens. Haritova, A; Lashev, L; Lutckanov, M; Petrov, V; Urumova, V, 2011)	0.59
"Mucoadhesive nanosuspension of ciprofloxacin was designed in order to improve the solubility, bioavailability and efficacy for the treatment of typhoid fever."	( Development and characterization of mucoadhesive nanosuspension of ciprofloxacin. Jain, D; Jain, V; Kare, P; Singh, R, )	0.65
" The lower bioavailability of ciprofloxacin seems to reduce the compound's toxicity against microorganisms and allows its biodegradation."	( Biodegradation of ciprofloxacin in water and soil and its effects on the microbial communities. Fetzer, I; Girardi, C; Greve, J; Kästner, M; Lamshöft, M; Miltner, A; Schäffer, A, 2011)	0.99
"Due to the multi-factorial physiological implications of bariatric surgery, attempts to explain trends in oral bioavailability following bariatric surgery using singular attributes of drugs or simplified categorisations such as the biopharmaceutics classification system have been unsuccessful."	( A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model to assess modified oral drug bioavailability post bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients: interplay between CYP3A gut wall metabolism, permeability and dissolution. Ammori, BJ; Ashcroft, DM; Darwich, AS; Jamei, M; Pade, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2012)	0.38
"The trends in oral bioavailability pre to post surgery were found to be dependent on a combination of drug parameters, including solubility, permeability and gastrointestinal metabolism as well as the surgical procedure carried out."	( A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model to assess modified oral drug bioavailability post bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients: interplay between CYP3A gut wall metabolism, permeability and dissolution. Ammori, BJ; Ashcroft, DM; Darwich, AS; Jamei, M; Pade, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2012)	0.38
"In the absence of clinical studies, the ability to project the direction and the magnitude of changes in bioavailability of drug therapy, using evidence-based mechanistic pharmacokinetic in silico models would be of significant value in guiding prescribers to make the necessary adjustments to dosage regimens for an increasing population of patients who are undergoing bariatric surgery."	( A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model to assess modified oral drug bioavailability post bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients: interplay between CYP3A gut wall metabolism, permeability and dissolution. Ammori, BJ; Ashcroft, DM; Darwich, AS; Jamei, M; Pade, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2012)	0.38
" In ophthalmic formulations, cyclodextrins (CDs) are frequently used in recent years in order to increase water solubility, stability and bioavailability of an active substance and decrease an irritation to the eye."	( Effect of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on the solubility, stability and in-vitro release of ciprofloxacin for ocular drug delivery. Basaran, B; Bozkir, A; Denli, ZF, )	0.35
"39 hours), and the bioavailability of ENR was 76."	( Plasma disposition of enrofloxacin following intravenous and intramuscular administration in donkeys. Gokbulut, C; Karademir, U; Kum, C; Sekkin, S, 2012)	0.38
"083h and the absolute bioavailability was 150."	( Determination of orbifloxacin in sheep plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection after intravenous and intramuscular administration. Awale, MM; Chauhan, BN; Dudhatra, GB; Kamani, DR; Kumar, A; Mody, SK; Patel, HB, )	0.13
" The purpose of the present study was to develop ophthalmic in situ gelling systems of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride with reduced pre-corneal elimination in order to improve the bioavailability and therapeutic response."	( Thermosensitive and pH induced in situ ophthalmic gelling system for ciprofloxacin hydrochloride: hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complex. Başaran, B; Bozkir, A, )	0.59
"The objective was to characterize the in vivo absorption and bioavailability (BA) of a low solubility, high permeability fluoroquinolone (CNV97101) that precipitates in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by mathematical modeling approach."	( Mathematical modeling of oral absorption and bioavailability of a fluoroquinolone after its precipitation in the gastrointestinal tract. Bermejo, M; Casabó, VG; Fernandez-Teruel, C; Gonzalez-Alvarez, I; Mangas-Sanjuan, V; Ruiz-Garcia, A, 2013)	0.39
"Nanodrugs play important roles in enhancing the sustainability of pharmaceutical manufacturing via their ability to enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, resulting in less drug wastage and less mass/energy consumed in their manufacturing."	( A highly sustainable and versatile granulation method of nanodrugs via their electrostatic adsorption onto chitosan microparticles as the granulation substrates. Hadinoto, K; Yang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The calculated bioavailability of difloxacin was 68."	( Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at two water temperatures. Chang, ZQ; Gai, CL; Li, J; Li, JT; Sun, M; Zhao, FZ, 2014)	0.4
" We then suggest a bioequivalence test based on the estimated bioavailability parameters in the proposed mixed-effects model."	( New approach to assess bioequivalence parameters using generalized gamma mixed-effect model (model-based asymptotic bioequivalence test). Chen, YI; Huang, CS, 2014)	0.4
"33, whereas the relative bioavailability was 72."	( In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of ciprofloxacin liposomes for pulmonary administration. Dai, Q; Liu, C; Shi, J; Yin, X; Zhang, X; Zheng, A, 2015)	0.69
"72 hours and bioavailability of 78."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of enrofloxacin in southern crested caracaras (Caracara plancus). Argibay, H; de Lucas, J; Orozco, M; Prados, AP; Rodriguez, C; San Andres, MI; Sassaroli, JC; Waxman, S, 2013)	0.39
"Ciprofloxacin bioavailability may be reduced when ciprofloxacin is co-administered with metallic ion containing preparations."	( Biopharmaceutical characterisation of ciprofloxacin-metallic ion interactions: comparative study into the effect of aluminium, calcium, zinc and iron on drug solubility and dissolution. Corrigan, OI; Djurić, Z; Paluch, KJ; Parojčić, J; Stojković, A; Tajber, L, 2014)	2.12
"In order to overcome the problems associated with low water solubility, and consequently low bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), novel organic salts containing fluoroquinolones (e."	( Novel organic salts based on fluoroquinolone drugs: synthesis, bioavailability and toxicological profiles. Branco, LC; Costa, A; Duarte, CM; Florindo, C; Marrucho, IM; Matias, AN; Matos, C; Nunes, SL; Rebelo, LP, 2014)	0.4
"04 l kg(-1) and bioavailability was 49±0."	( Determination of the presence and pharmacokinetic profile of ciprofloxacin by TLC and HPLC method respectively in broiler chicken after single oral administration. Barua, S; Billah, MM; Hossain, MS; Islam, SK; Naim, Z; Rana, SM; Saifuddin, AK, 2014)	0.64
" Lead optimization resulted in the identification of potent compounds with improved oral bioavailability and reduced cardiac ion channel liability."	( Novel N-linked aminopiperidine-based gyrase inhibitors with improved hERG and in vivo efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Achar, V; Arora, U; Awasthy, D; Bharath, S; Bheemarao, U; Chinnapattu, M; Coulson, M; de Sousa, SM; Ganguly, S; Gaonkar, S; Ghosh, A; Hameed P, S; Hoffner, S; Humnabadkar, V; Kaur, P; Kumar K N, M; Kumar, CN; Madhavapeddi, P; Manjrekar, P; Menasinakai, S; Mukherjee, K; Nandishaiah, R; Narayan, C; Panduga, V; Patil, V; Puttur, J; Raichurkar, A; Ramya, VK; Reddy, J; Rudrapatana, S; Sambandamurthy, VK; Shanbhag, G; Sharma, S; Sharma, U; Shinde, V; Solapure, S; Waterson, D; Werngren, J, 2014)	0.4
"This study was undertaken to assess the in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability of six brands of ciprofloxacin oral tablets available in the UAE market using rabbits."	( In vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability of six brands of ciprofloxacin tablets administered in rabbits and their pharmacokinetic modeling. Abu-Gharbieh, E; Fahmy, S, 2014)	0.85
", solubility in an aqueous medium and lipophilic properties, which have an effect on the bioavailability of five selected fluoroquinolones."	( Experimental and theoretical studies on the molecular properties of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, sparfloxacin, and gatifloxacin in determining bioavailability. Betlejewska-Kielak, K; Biernacka, J; Grudzień, M; Kłosińska-Szmurło, E; Mazurek, AP; Pluciński, FA, 2014)	0.64
"This patient's refusal of parenteral therapy prompted the use of oral ciprofloxacin because it is well absorbed and was expected to be very active against his organism."	( Successful oral ciprofloxacin therapy of Neisseria elongata endocarditis. Herbert, DA, 2014)	0.98
"When parenteral therapy is not possible, oral administration of highly active, well-absorbed antibiotics may be effective for selected cases of endocarditis caused by susceptible organisms."	( Successful oral ciprofloxacin therapy of Neisseria elongata endocarditis. Herbert, DA, 2014)	0.75
" Taken together, our results suggested that the coexistence of divalent cations or soil organic matter will enhance CIP sorption on goethite surfaces, hence reducing its mobility and bioavailability in the environment."	( Effects of metal cations and fulvic acid on the adsorption of ciprofloxacin onto goethite. Gu, C; Gu, X; Guo, Y; Tan, Y, 2015)	0.66
" The sorption-limited bioavailability of EE2, which is inherently resistant to biodegradation due to chemical structure, as MAX and Freundlich sorption coefficients (Kf) were negatively correlated."	( 17 β-estradiol and 17 α-ethinylestradiol mineralization in sewage sludge and biosolids. Ascef, B; Claeys, A; Farenhorst, A; Rose, KP, 2014)	0.4
" The systemic bioavailability of difloxacin following oral administration was 86."	( Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in healthy and E. coli-infected broiler chickens. Abo El-Ela, FI; El-Banna, HA; El-Gendy, AA; Radi, AM; Tohamy, MA, 2014)	0.4
" After intramuscular administration, intestinal concentrations were comparable, except for the higher levels in cloaca due to the complete bioavailability and urinary excretion."	( Effect of administration route and dose escalation on plasma and intestinal concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in broiler chickens. Antonissen, G; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; Devreese, M, 2014)	0.61
"Amorphous nanodrugs prepared by electrostatic complexation of drug molecules with oppositely charged polysaccharides represent a promising bioavailability enhancement strategy for poorly-soluble drugs owed to their high supersaturation generation capability and simple preparation."	( Amorphous nanodrugs prepared by complexation with polysaccharides: carrageenan versus dextran sulfate. Cheow, WS; Hadinoto, K; Kiew, TY, 2015)	0.42
" Higher bioavailability was observed for marbofloxacin (118%)."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin in Japanese quails and common pheasants. Dimitrova, DJ; Lashev, LD; Milanova, A; Moutafchieva, RG, 2015)	0.42
"An early prediction of solubility in physiological media (PBS, SGF and SIF) is useful to predict qualitatively bioavailability and absorption of lead candidates."	( Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility measurements in simulated fluids by 96-well plate method in early drug discovery. Bharate, SS; Vishwakarma, RA, 2015)	0.42
" Thus, the results presented herein strongly indicate the potential of this scaffold for its use as multi-drug resistance reversal agent or bioavailability enhancer."	( Discovery of 4-acetyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(p-tolyl)-5-methylpyrrole as a dual inhibitor of human P-glycoprotein and Staphylococcus aureus Nor A efflux pump. Bharate, JB; Bharate, SB; Joshi, P; Khan, IA; Kumar, A; Sharma, S; Singh, S; Vishwakarma, RA; Wani, A, 2015)	0.42
"OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 2 doses of orbifloxacin in rabbits."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of orbifloxacin oral suspension in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Bui, CT; Gustafson, DL; Jarosz, KA; Johnston, MS; Watson, MK; Wittenburg, LA, 2015)	0.42
" Absorption of the drug was not good with a bioavailability (F) of 29."	( Pharmacokinetics of sarafloxacin in allogynogenetic silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. Fang, X; Liu, X; Zhou, J, 2016)	0.43
" bioavailability of ER was 52."	( Dispositions of enrofloxacin and its major metabolite ciprofloxacin in Thai swamp buffaloes. Giorgi, M; Kumagai, S; Poapolathep, A; Poapolathep, S; Ruennarong, N; Sakulthaew, C; Wongpanit, K, 2016)	0.68
" The mean relative bioavailability for ciprofloxacin and concurrent sucralfate was 48% (range 8-143%) compared to ciprofloxacin alone."	( Effect of Sucralfate on the Relative Bioavailability of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Healthy Fed Dogs. Guess, S; Heinrich, E; KuKanich, B; KuKanich, K, )	0.63
"A possible clinically relevant drug interaction for the relative bioavailability of ciprofloxacin with sucralfate was found."	( Effect of Sucralfate on the Relative Bioavailability of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Healthy Fed Dogs. Guess, S; Heinrich, E; KuKanich, B; KuKanich, K, )	0.59
" For their poorly absorbed by living organisms, large-scale misuse or abuse of FQs will foster drug resistance among pathogenic bacteria, as well as a variety of environmental problems when they were released in the environment."	( Adsorptive Removal and Adsorption Kinetics of Fluoroquinolone by Nano-Hydroxyapatite. Chen, Y; Duan, L; Lan, T; Wang, F; Wei, W; Zhang, S; Zhao, B, 2015)	0.42
" The solubility is the most critical property because it can affect the bioavailability and may compromise the quality of a drug product."	( Structure, Solubility and Stability of Orbifloxacin Crystal Forms: Hemihydrate versus Anhydrate. Cazedey, EC; de Araújo, MB; Doriguetto, AC; Freitas, JT; Santos, OM, 2016)	0.43
" Capping with metal ions (Ag/Au-cip) has significant implications for the solubility, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of fluoroquinolone molecules."	( Robust Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin-Capped Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Urease Inhibitory Assay. Ali, R; Farooq, U; Jaafar, HZ; Khan, A; Khan, SA; Nisar, M; Qayum, M; Zia-Ul-Haq, M, 2016)	0.76
" The apparent relationship between drug solubilization within the upper small intestinal and formulation overall bioavailability suggested the presence of an intestinal absorption window in many individuals."	( Use of Modeling and Simulation Tools for Understanding the Impact of Formulation on the Absorption of a Low Solubility Compound: Ciprofloxacin. Dowling, T; Fahmy, R; Hoag, S; Kona, R; Lukacova, V; Martinez, M; Mistry, B; Polli, J, 2016)	0.64
" Compared with eye drops, drug-loaded SCLs greatly enhanced the retention time and concentrations of PFD in cornea and aqueous humor and consequently improved the bioavailability of PFD."	( Experimental studies on soft contact lenses for controlled ocular delivery of pirfinedone: in vitro and in vivo. Lei, M; Wu, K; Xu, J; Yang, M; Yang, Y; Ye, C; Yu, M; Zhao, C, 2016)	0.43
" Relative bioavailability of Ciprofloxacin DPI was reduced by ∼60% after charcoal block, suggesting that systemic exposure was mainly caused by uptake via the lung."	( Ciprofloxacin Dry Powder for Inhalation in Patients with Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and in Healthy Volunteers. Kappeler, D; Kietzig, C; Nagelschmitz, J; Sommerer, K; Stass, H; Weimann, B, 2017)	2.19
" This study investigated the complexation effect of mono-6-deoxy-6-aminoethylamino-β-cyclodextrin on the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of ciprofloxacin."	( Solubility and bioavailability enhancement of ciprofloxacin by induced oval-shaped mono-6-deoxy-6-aminoethylamino-β-cyclodextrin. Cho, E; Choi, JM; Choi, Y; Dindulkar, SD; Jeong, D; Jung, S; Lee, B; Park, K; Park, S; Yu, JH, 2017)	0.91
"), low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) secreted from the roots of high- and low-CIP cultivars (Sijiu and Cutai, respectively) and their effects on the bioavailability of CIP in soil were investigated."	( Low-molecular-weight organic acids correlate with cultivar variation in ciprofloxacin accumulation in Brassica parachinensis L. Cai, QY; Jiang, YN; Li, H; Li, YW; Liu, JS; Mo, CH; Wong, MH; Wu, XL; Xiang, L; Zhao, HM, 2017)	0.69
" The aim of this study was to evaluate if the control of the CIP apparent permeability observed in vitro could be transposed in vivo to control the CIP lung-to-blood absorption rate and CIP concentrations in the lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) after intratracheal (IT) administration."	( New aerosol formulation to control ciprofloxacin pulmonary concentration. Couet, W; Gobin, P; Healy, AM; Lamarche, I; Lamy, B; Marchand, S; Serrano, DR; Tewes, F, 2018)	0.76
" The poor solubility might lead to limited bioavailability and pharmacological action of the drug."	( Polysaccharide Submicrocarrier for Improved Pulmonary Delivery of Poorly Soluble Anti-infective Ciprofloxacin: Preparation, Characterization, and Influence of Size on Cellular Uptake. Costa, A; De Rossi, C; de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz, C; Ho, DK; Lehr, CM; Loretz, B, 2018)	0.7
" The purpose of the present study was to assess the bioavailability of sulfamethazine, erythromycin, or ciprofloxacin through aqueous extractions with borax or EDTA solutions and their biodegradation following different soil exposure scenarios."	( Explaining the accelerated degradation of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethazine, and erythromycin in different soil exposure scenarios by their aqueous extractability. Asghar, F; Benoit, P; Goulas, A; Haudin, CS; Sabourin, L; Topp, E, 2018)	0.96
"The low oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin is associated with two distinct challenges: its low aqueous solubility and efflux by p-glycoproteins (P-gp) in the intestinal membrane."	( Permeability of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Polymeric Micelles Including Ginsenoside as P-glycoprotein Inhibitor through a Caco-2 Cells Monolayer as an Intestinal Absorption Model. Esfahani, G; Salimi, A; Sharif Makhmal Zadeh, B, 2018)	1.11
"Information on bioavailability of two antibiotic TOrCs, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and azithromycin (AZ), to terrestrial organisms is severely limited, especially in the biosolids context."	( Bioavailability of biosolids-borne ciprofloxacin and azithromycin to terrestrial organisms: Microbial toxicity and earthworm responses. Kumar, K; O'Connor, G; Ogram, A; Sidhu, H, 2019)	1.04
" Dugs' plasma levels were followed for 12 or 72 h post dosing for CIP and TIN, respectively, and different PK data for the two drugs were calculated and they were comparable to the reported values demonstrating successful future application of the presented method in PK, bioequivalence and bioavailability studies."	( Sensitive inexpensive chromatographic determination of an antimicrobial combination in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Abdel Moneim, MM; Belal, SF; El-Kimary, EI; Khamis, EF, 2018)	0.48
"To study the potential influence of selected metal ions on absorption (and hence oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin (Cipro) in presence and absence of a competing ligand."	( The effect of ferrous ions, calcium ions and citric acid on absorption of ciprofloxacin across caco-2 cells: practical and structural approach. Abu-Dahab, R; El-Sabawi, D; Hamdan, II; Ijbara, F; Zalloum, WA, 2019)	0.96
" Attempts were made to better understand the mechanism of decreased Cipro bioavailability in the presence of metals such as calcium and ferrous ions, and a small-sized ligand citric acid (CitA)."	( The effect of ferrous ions, calcium ions and citric acid on absorption of ciprofloxacin across caco-2 cells: practical and structural approach. Abu-Dahab, R; El-Sabawi, D; Hamdan, II; Ijbara, F; Zalloum, WA, 2019)	0.74
" CitA might ameliorate the effect of co-administered metal ions on the bioavailability of Cipro."	( The effect of ferrous ions, calcium ions and citric acid on absorption of ciprofloxacin across caco-2 cells: practical and structural approach. Abu-Dahab, R; El-Sabawi, D; Hamdan, II; Ijbara, F; Zalloum, WA, 2019)	0.74
" These compounds were found to be orally bioavailable and highly effective."	( Synthesis, antituberculosis studies and biological evaluation of new quinoline derivatives carrying 1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety. Eswaran, S; Narayanan, S; Shivarudraiah, P; Shruthi, TG; Subramanian, S, 2019)	0.51
" Thus, a study was designed to compare this poorly absorbed antibiotic with the systemic agent ciprofloxacin."	( Rifamycin SV-MMX® for treatment of travellers' diarrhea: equally effective as ciprofloxacin and not associated with the acquisition of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Araujo, P; DuPont, HL; Gracias Garcia, ML; Greinwald, R; Jiang, ZD; Nacak, T; Steffen, R; Stiess, M, 2018)	0.93
"The novel multi-matrix formulation of the broad-spectrum, poorly absorbed antibiotic Rifamycin SV was found non-inferior to the systemic antibiotic ciprofloxacin in the oral treatment of non-dysenteric TD with the advantage of a lower risk of ESBL-E."	( Rifamycin SV-MMX® for treatment of travellers' diarrhea: equally effective as ciprofloxacin and not associated with the acquisition of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Araujo, P; DuPont, HL; Gracias Garcia, ML; Greinwald, R; Jiang, ZD; Nacak, T; Steffen, R; Stiess, M, 2018)	0.91
"Liposomes are vesicular preparations that improve bioavailability of many pharmaceuticals, used even in ocular therapy."	( Multi- and unilamellar liposomal encapsulation of ciprofloxacin as ways to modify its phototoxicity and photodegradation. Giebułtowicz, J; Gubernator, J; Nałęcz-Jawecki, G; Podbielska, M; Sommer, S; Zaremba-Czogalla, M; Zgadzaj, A, 2019)	0.77
" We demonstrated promising results in the safety of employing BC lenses functionalized with a drug delivery system permitting the bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs."	( Toxicity of therapeutic contact lenses based on bacterial cellulose with coatings to provide transparency. Cavicchioli, M; Coelho, F; do Vale Braido, GV; Franchi, LP; Lima Ribeiro, SJ; Mendes, LS; Messaddeq, Y; O Capote, TS; Scarel-Caminaga, RM; Specian, SS, 2019)	0.51
" A novel approach to sustain ciprofloxacin (CIP) in the lungs after inhalation is to reduce its pulmonary absorption rate by its complexation with copper (CIP-Cu)."	( Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin and Its Copper Complex against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Bahamondez-Canas, TF; Smyth, HDC; Tewes, F, 2019)	1.18
" bioavailability was 82."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intravenous and intramuscular administration. Chaiyabutr, N; Chokejaroenrat, C; Giorgi, M; Klangkaew, N; Phaochoosak, N; Poapolathep, A; Poapolathep, S; Wongwaipairote, T, 2020)	0.81
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" The choice of excipients depends on the concentration, manufacturability, stability, and bioavailability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)."	( On-Demand Manufacturing of Direct Compressible Tablets: Can Formulation Be Simplified? Azad, MA; Brancazio, D; Eccles, ME; Grela, E; Hammersmith, G; Klee, DM; Myerson, AS; Osorio, JG; Rapp, K; Sloan, R; Wang, A, 2019)	0.51
" When several populations were compared, it appeared that bioavailability in Mexicans was similar to that of Caucasians, being lower than that of Asians."	( Oral Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Mexican Volunteers and Other Populations: Is There Interethnic Variability? Cabrera-Fuentes, HA; Castañeda-Hernández, G; Cruz-Antonio, L; Pérez-Urizar, J; Tolentino-Hernández, SJ, 2020)	1.07
"Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics exhibit interethnic variability, Asians exhibiting an increased bioavailability with regard to Mexicans and Caucasians."	( Oral Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Mexican Volunteers and Other Populations: Is There Interethnic Variability? Cabrera-Fuentes, HA; Castañeda-Hernández, G; Cruz-Antonio, L; Pérez-Urizar, J; Tolentino-Hernández, SJ, 2020)	2.51
" The PASS online and SwissADME programmes were used for the prediction of biological activities and oral bioavailability of cuminaldehyde."	( Cuminaldehyde potentiates the antimicrobial actions of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Almeida, VSS; Carvalho Júnior, AR; da Silveira, BC; de Araújo, TS; de Oliveira, NMT; de Souza, CD; Fernandes, ES; Ferro, TAF; Gonzaga, LF; Maria-Ferreira, D; Martins, WC; Mendes, SJF; Monteiro-Neto, V; Pessoa, JFV; Pontes, JP; Santos, DM; Sousa, NCF, 2020)	0.81
" Previously, we demonstrated that the complexation of CIP with copper (CIP-Cu) reduces its apparent epithelial permeability and pulmonary absorption rate without affecting antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown planktonically or as biofilms."	( In vivo efficacy of a dry powder formulation of ciprofloxacin-copper complex in a chronic lung infection model of bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bahamondez-Canas, TF; Moraga-Espinoza, D; Smyth, HDC; Tewes, F; Watts, AB, 2020)	0.81
"Devices such as contact lenses and collagen shields have been used to improve the antibiotic bioavailability of eye drops formulations in the treatment of ulcerative keratitis."	( PVA/anionic collagen membranes as drug carriers of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride with sustained antibacterial activity and potential use in the treatment of ulcerative keratitis. Chaud, MV; da Conceição Amaro Martins, V; Daza, JHU; Lopes Baratella da Cunha Camargo, I; Maria de Guzzi Plepis, A; Righetto, GM, 2020)	0.81
" Cyclodextrins, via inclusion complexes, increase drug bioavailability and allow an extended release."	( Designed sponges based on chitosan and cyclodextrin polymer for a local release of ciprofloxacin in diabetic foot infections. Blanchemain, N; Cazaux, F; Chai, F; Foligné, B; Gauzit Amiel, A; Lopez, M; Martel, B; Maton, M; Neut, C; Palomino-Durand, C, 2020)	0.78
" Administered together, the bioavailability of these antimicrobials is expected to be reduced."	( Burden of enteral supplement interactions with common antimicrobial agents: a single-centre observational analysis. Heard, K; Hughes, S; Moore, LSP; Mughal, N, 2022)	0.72
" Approximately one in five patients has a clinically important interaction which may impair oral bioavailability and limit treatment efficacy."	( Burden of enteral supplement interactions with common antimicrobial agents: a single-centre observational analysis. Heard, K; Hughes, S; Moore, LSP; Mughal, N, 2022)	0.72
" To evaluate the desired possibility of an earlier (< 24 h) IV-to-oral switch therapy in febrile non-ICU, hospitalized patients, a systematic review was performed to assess the effect of the initial phase of a systemic infection on the bioavailability of orally administered antibiotics in such patients."	( Systematic review: the bioavailability of orally administered antibiotics during the initial phase of a systemic infection in non-ICU patients. Prins, JM; van den Broek, AK; van Hest, RM; Visser, CE, 2021)	0.62
" Outcome data were (maximum) serum concentrations, time of achieving maximum serum concentration, and the area-under-the-plasma-concentration-time curve or bioavailability of orally administered antibiotics."	( Systematic review: the bioavailability of orally administered antibiotics during the initial phase of a systemic infection in non-ICU patients. Prins, JM; van den Broek, AK; van Hest, RM; Visser, CE, 2021)	0.62
" Three small studies, two on ciprofloxacin and one on clarithromycin, compared the pharmacokinetics of febrile patients with those of clinically recovered patients and suggested that bioavailability was not altered in these patients."	( Systematic review: the bioavailability of orally administered antibiotics during the initial phase of a systemic infection in non-ICU patients. Prins, JM; van den Broek, AK; van Hest, RM; Visser, CE, 2021)	0.91
"There is a clear knowledge gap regarding the bioavailability of orally administered antibiotics in non-ICU patients during the initial phase of a systemic infection."	( Systematic review: the bioavailability of orally administered antibiotics during the initial phase of a systemic infection in non-ICU patients. Prins, JM; van den Broek, AK; van Hest, RM; Visser, CE, 2021)	0.62
"Plastic pollution has become a global environmental threat, and its potential to affect the bioavailability and toxicity of pharmaceuticals to aquatic organism are of growing concern."	( Combined toxicity of micro/nano scale polystyrene plastics and ciprofloxacin to Corbicula fluminea in freshwater sediments. Cai, Y; Guo, X; Han, L; Ma, C; Yang, Z, 2021)	0.86
"We investigate ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics after oral administration in patients with haematological malignancies and explore the impact of GI-mucositis on oral bioavailability and clearance in order to assure adequate systemic exposure."	( Impact of mucositis on oral bioavailability and systemic exposure of ciprofloxacin Gram-negative infection prophylaxis in patients with haematological malignancies. Blijlevens, NMA; Bruggemann, RJM; de Vroom, SL; Geerlings, SE; Knibbe, CAJ; Mathôt, RAA; Molendijk, E; Tonino, SH; van der Linden, PD; van Hest, RM; van Rhee, KP, 2022)	1.31
" Ciprofloxacin bioavailability and clearance were 60% and 33."	( Impact of mucositis on oral bioavailability and systemic exposure of ciprofloxacin Gram-negative infection prophylaxis in patients with haematological malignancies. Blijlevens, NMA; Bruggemann, RJM; de Vroom, SL; Geerlings, SE; Knibbe, CAJ; Mathôt, RAA; Molendijk, E; Tonino, SH; van der Linden, PD; van Hest, RM; van Rhee, KP, 2022)	1.87
" However, conventional antibiotic combinations have some limitations such as the low bioavailability and the rise of resistant strains."	( Nanosized Combined Antimicrobial Drugs Decreased Emergence of Resistance in Abd El-Baky, RM; Aly, SA; Elsabahy, M; Hadiya, S; Ibrahem, RA, 2022)	0.72
" Moreover, ADME studies were conducted, disclosing an eligible bioavailability score of >0."	( Structure based design and synthesis of 3-(7-nitro-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)propanehydrazide derivatives as novel bacterial DNA-gyrase inhibitors: In-vitro, In-vivo, In-silico and SAR studies. El Saeed, HS; Elmaaty, AA; Ezz Eldin, RR; Salah, M; Saleh, MA; Saleh, MM, 2022)	0.72
"Antiproliferative capabilities of rutin, benzoic acid (BA) and triazolofluoroqunolone (TFQ) derivatives were reported; hence chemosensitizing effects of rutin or its polymeric micelles (of improved solubility and bioavailability via direct dissolution using the amphiphilic copolymer Pluronic P123) in co-incubations with 5 BAs or 3 TFQ derivatives in a panel of 6 cancer cell lines were verified."	( Preparation and Characterization of Rutin-Encapsulated Polymeric Micelles and Studies of Synergism with Bioactive Benzoic Acids and Triazolofluoroquinolones as Anticancer Nanomedicines. Alhiari, Y; Alkhateeb, R; Ibrahim, R; Kasabri, V; Shalabi, D; Sunoqrot, S, 2023)	0.91
" Prospective studies evaluating bioavailability of antimicrobial agents after oral administration in SBS patients are lacking."	( Oral antimicrobial agents in patients with short bowel syndrome: worth a try! Brüggemann, RJM; Gompelman, M; Jager, NGL; Korzilius, JW; Rovers, CP; Wanten, GJA; Wezendonk, GTJ, 2023)	0.91
"To determine the bioavailability of orally administered antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment in SBS patients to guide clinical decision making when faced with infections."	( Oral antimicrobial agents in patients with short bowel syndrome: worth a try! Brüggemann, RJM; Gompelman, M; Jager, NGL; Korzilius, JW; Rovers, CP; Wanten, GJA; Wezendonk, GTJ, 2023)	0.91
" Primary outcome was the oral bioavailability of these antimicrobial agents."	( Oral antimicrobial agents in patients with short bowel syndrome: worth a try! Brüggemann, RJM; Gompelman, M; Jager, NGL; Korzilius, JW; Rovers, CP; Wanten, GJA; Wezendonk, GTJ, 2023)	0.91
" The median observed (IQR) bioavailability of ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, flucloxacillin and fluconazole were 36% (24-50), 93% (56-106), 50% (32-76) and 98% (61-107), respectively."	( Oral antimicrobial agents in patients with short bowel syndrome: worth a try! Brüggemann, RJM; Gompelman, M; Jager, NGL; Korzilius, JW; Rovers, CP; Wanten, GJA; Wezendonk, GTJ, 2023)	1.17
"The bioavailability of selected antimicrobial agents in certain patients with SBS appeared to be better than expected, providing a feasible treatment option."	( Oral antimicrobial agents in patients with short bowel syndrome: worth a try! Brüggemann, RJM; Gompelman, M; Jager, NGL; Korzilius, JW; Rovers, CP; Wanten, GJA; Wezendonk, GTJ, 2023)	0.91
" Besides, it is very necessary to improve the bioavailability of drugs by enhancing the ocular surface adhesion and corneal permeability."	( Multifunctional Polymer Vesicles for Synergistic Antibiotic-Antioxidant Treatment of Bacterial Keratitis. Chen, Q; Chen, Y; Duan, Y; Han, X; Lin, Q; Liu, L; Shen, L; Shi, L, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

Ciprofloxacin presented no adverse reactions and can be dosed to people with Amerindian origin in the same dose regimes as prescribed to Caucasians.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" This may partly be explained by intertrial differences in dosage and study design."	( Effects of temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Fuhr, U; Granneman, GR; Kinzig, M; Mahr, G; Muth, P; Nickel, P; Patterson, K; Sörgel, F; Stephan, U, 1992)	0.58
" The observation that serum (and tissue) concentrations of temafloxacin exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration of the test organism over the whole dosing interval (12 hr), could account for its efficacy in severe pneumococcal disease."	( Kinetic disposition of temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin in a murine model of pneumococcal pneumonia. Relevance for drug efficacy. Azoulay-Dupuis, E; Bauchet, J; Pocidalo, JJ; Vallée, E, 1992)	0.55
" The trough SBAs of the 4 fluoroquinolones suggest that the time interval of administration of CPLX and OFLX should be more than 8 hours, but increase of the dosage or shortening of the time interval between the administrations is recommended for ENX and NFLX."	( Comparison of serum bactericidal activity of 4 fluoroquinolones in healthy volunteers. Liu, YN; Sun, XD; Wang, R; Zhao, HZ, 1992)	0.28
" The earliest morphologic and biochemical changes induced in articular-epiphyseal cartilage complexes by difloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, were investigated in 27 3-month-old Beagle dogs that were dosed orally with the drug at 300 mg/kg body weight per day."	( Morphologic and biochemical changes in articular cartilages of immature beagle dogs dosed with difloxacin. Burkhardt, JE; Carlton, WW; Hill, MA, 1992)	0.28
" These data support the fact that a warfarin-ciprofloxacin interaction does not routinely occur at this dosage and duration of ciprofloxacin therapy."	( Potential warfarin-ciprofloxacin interaction in patients receiving long-term anticoagulation. Bianco, TM; Bussey, HI; Farnett, LE; Linn, WD; Roush, MK; Wong, YW, 1992)	0.87
" By each dosing route, the pharmacokinetic profiles were dose proportional."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of ciprofloxacin after single intravenous and oral doses. Echols, RM; Heller, AH; Kaiser, L; Lettieri, JT; Rogge, MC, 1992)	0.58
"The ultrastructural features of quinolone-induced arthropathy were studied in the humeral and femoral heads of nine skeletally immature Beagle dogs (3 months old) that were dosed orally with difloxacin at 300 mg/kg body weight and euthanatized 24, 36, or 48 hours later in groups of three."	( Ultrastructural changes in articular cartilages of immature beagle dogs dosed with difloxacin, a fluoroquinolone. Burkhardt, JE; Carlton, WW; Hill, MA; Turek, JJ, 1992)	0.28
" The longer half-life of temafloxacin enables a once-daily dose regimen, whereas the usual recommended dosage of ciprofloxacin is twice daily."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and temafloxacin in humans: a review. Kinzig, M; Mahr, G; Muth, P; Naber, KG; Sorgel, F, 1991)	0.78
"Traditional antibiotic dosage adjustments target predetermined serum concentrations, whereas a host of in vitro studies and recent clinical trials establish that bacteria vary in their susceptibility."	( Mathematical examination of dual individualization principles (I): Relationships between AUC above MIC and area under the inhibitory curve for cefmenoxime, ciprofloxacin, and tobramycin. Adelman, MH; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ, 1991)	0.48
"Intravenous ciprofloxacin at a daily dosage of 400 mg divided in two doses was administered to 19 patients with severe infections caused by ciprofloxacin-susceptible bacteria."	( Intravenous ciprofloxacin for the treatment of severe infections. Baiocchi, P; Brandimarte, C; Gelfusa, V; Santini, C; Serra, P; Tarasi, A; Venditti, M, 1991)	1.04
"Despite its excellent antimicrobial activity against salmonellae and its favorable pharmacokinetic profile, ciprofloxacin at a dosage of 750 mg orally twice daily had an unacceptably high failure rate in patients with acute salmonellosis and may have prolonged fecal excretion of salmonellae."	( Failure of ciprofloxacin to eradicate convalescent fecal excretion after acute salmonellosis: experience during an outbreak in health care workers. Cassidy, JE; Giusti, R; Heelan, J; Mayer, KH; Neill, MA; Opal, SM; White, R, 1991)	0.88
" Seizures ceased upon reduction in dosage or discontinuation of the suspected offending agents."	( Seizures in patients simultaneously receiving theophylline and imipenem or ciprofloxacin or metronidazole. Allen, N; Semel, JD, 1991)	0.51
" Altered pharmacokinetics of fluoroquinolones have been described in cystic fibrosis patients as for other drugs, and a higher dosage than usual is recommended."	( Fluoroquinolones in the treatment of cystic fibrosis: a critical appraisal. LeBel, M, 1991)	0.28
" Studies with the two drugs in combination were compared using simultaneous or staggered (first doses of each drug were administered 6 h apart) dosing schedules."	( Combination therapy with ciprofloxacin plus azlocillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effect of simultaneous versus staggered administration in an in vitro model of infection. Blaser, J; Dudley, MN; Gilbert, D; Mayer, KH; Zinner, SH, 1991)	0.58
" The optimal dosage of intravenous ciprofloxacin in this patient population appears to be 400 mg every 12 hours; however, additional clinical and pharmacokinetic studies with this regimen are warranted."	( A randomized study of ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of nursing home-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Gruninger, RP; Guay, DR; Hirata-Dulas, CA; Peterson, PK; Stein, DJ, 1991)	0.87
" It persisted longer than classical PAE but, even after continuous exposure, was not enough to suggest a loss of kill with a twice daily dosing regimen of netilmicin or ciprofloxacin."	( Ionic binding, adaptive resistance and post-antibiotic effect of netilmicin and ciprofloxacin. Gould, IM; Harvey, G; Jason, C; Milne, K, 1991)	0.7
" The dosage was deduced from a pilot study and consisted of an intra-peritoneal loading dose during the first 24 hours."	( Oral treatment of CAPD-peritonitis with ciprofloxacin. Arisz, L; Boeschoten, EW; Krediet, RT; Kuijper, EJ; Speelman, P; Struijk, DG, 1990)	0.55
" Clearly, these methods can be used to develop dosing strategies for patients, as well as to determine clinically relevant doses and dosing strategies in clinical trials."	( Correlation of pharmacokinetic parameters to efficacy of antibiotics: relationships between serum concentrations, MIC values, and bacterial eradication in patients with gram-negative pneumonia. Schentag, JJ, 1990)	0.28
"In a double-blind randomized trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of three oral dosage regimens of fleroxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, once daily in 62 patients for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections."	( Double-blind, dose-range-finding study of fleroxacin (RO 23-6240; AM-833) for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Hoepelman, AI; Verhoef, J; Wolfhagen, MJ, 1990)	0.28
" Blood samples (n = 10) and total urine output were collected during a 24-h dosing interval."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of fleroxacin in patients with skin and skin structure infections. Awni, W; Heim-Duthoy, K; Peltier, G, 1990)	0.28
"The clinical efficacy and tolerability of ciprofloxacin orally administered at the dosage of 250 mg twice a day was evaluated in 25 patients affected by acute bacterial pharyngotonsillitis."	( Oral ciprofloxacin for treatment of acute bacterial pharyngotonsillitis. D'Errico, G; Esposito, S; Montanaro, C, 1990)	1.06
" These findings suggest that fleroxacin dosage may need to be reduced in patients with severe renal disease; in haemodialysed patients, treated every 2 days, a single dose of fleroxacin 400mg is recommended at the end of each dialysis session."	( Disposition of fleroxacin, a new trifluoroquinolone, and its metabolites. Pharmacokinetics in renal failure and influence of haemodialysis. Dhib, M; Fillastre, JP; Godin, M; Leroy, A; Moulin, B; Singlas, E; Sultan, E; Taburet, AM, 1990)	0.28
" On the basis of the findings of this single dose study, no major dosage adjustments are needed for patients of this age range except for those with creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min."	( Disposition of fleroxacin, a new trifluoroquinolone, and its metabolites. Pharmacokinetics in elderly patients. Devillers, A; Fillastre, JP; Singlas, E; Taburet, AM; Thomare, P; Veyssier, P, 1990)	0.28
" A theophylline dosage individualized to obtain a mean theophylline concentration in plasma of 10 +/- 3 micrograms/ml was administered for 1 week to each subject."	( Safety of fleroxacin coadministered with theophylline to young and elderly volunteers. LeBel, M; Parent, M; St-Laurent, M, 1990)	0.28
" Dosage adjustments are required, particularly in severe renal failure and for the drugs almost exclusively excreted, in unchanged form, via the renal route."	( Pharmacokinetics of quinolones in renal insufficiency. Borsa-Lebas, F; Dhib, M; Fillastre, JP; Humbert, G; Leroy, A; Moulin, B, 1990)	0.28
" Care in selection of patients, attention to optimal duration of therapy and adequate dosage may help to prevent emergence of resistance but combination therapy has not proven effective."	( Emergent resistance to ciprofloxacin amongst Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus: clinical significance and therapeutic approaches. Ball, P, 1990)	0.59
" The significance of these findings to new dosage schemes is discussed."	( Concentration-dependent bacterial killing, adaptive resistance and post-antibiotic effect of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with gentamicin. Gould, IM; Jason, C; Milne, K, 1990)	0.5
" The urinary concentration of ciprofloxacin was high during the whole dosing interval."	( Peroral treatment with ciprofloxacin of patients with spinal cord lesion and bacteriuria caused by multiply resistant bacteria. Biering-Sørensen, F; Høiby, N; Hørbov, S; Pedersen, SS, 1990)	0.88
" Ciprofloxacin 10 mg/kg/d was as efficacious as tobramycin irrespective of dosage schedule."	( Treatment of experimental Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in rat by ciprofloxacin in comparison with tobramycin. Grise, G; Le Boete, I; Lecomte, F; Lemeland, JF; Thauvin-Eliopoulos, C, 1990)	1.42
" Single oral dosing of 20 mg/kg of either ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin showed that ofloxacin achieves approximately a four-fold higher peak serum or liver concentration than ciprofloxacin, which may contribute to its better efficacy in this infection model."	( In-vivo evaluation of ofloxacin in Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice. Fu, KP; Hilliard, J; Isaacson, D; McGuire, JL; Rosenthale, ME; Tobia, AJ, 1990)	0.53
" These data suggest that ciprofloxacin and rifampin may be given concomitantly in standard clinical dosing regimens."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of concurrent oral ciprofloxacin and rifampin therapy in elderly patients. Chandler, MH; Korvick, JA; Muder, RR; Rapp, RP; Toler, SM, 1990)	0.84
" Amifloxacin at a dosage of 200 mg twice a day appeared as safe and effective as TMP-SMX, but amifloxacin at 400 mg twice a day tended to cause adverse events more frequently than did TMP-SMX."	( Randomized, controlled trial of a 10-day course of amifloxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of acute, uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Amifloxacin Multi-Center Trial Group. Boyko, EJ; Iravani, A; Schelling, DJ; Silverman, MH; Wright, RA, 1990)	0.28
"Ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, was administered orally to 4 healthy dogs at dosage of approximately 11 and 23 mg/kg of body weight, every 12 hours for 4 days, with a 4-week interval between dosing regimens."	( Serum and tissue cage fluid concentrations of ciprofloxacin after oral administration of the drug to healthy dogs. Budsberg, SC; Hauptman, JG; MacDonald, KH; Rosser, EJ; Stein, GE; Walker, RD, 1990)	1.98
" Some clinicians recommend a 30% empiric reduction in theophylline dosage when ciprofloxacin therapy is initiated."	( Update on quinolone drug interactions. Hulisz, D; Miller, K, 1990)	0.51
" Since no relationship between ofloxacin or pefloxacin kinetics and the usual liver function tests was found, recommended dosage regimens in cirrhotic patients have to be controlled by monitoring plasma drug levels during treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of fluoroquinolones in hepatic failure. Gaillot, J; Montay, G, 1990)	0.28
" It is available in both oral and parenteral dosage forms."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Guay, DR; Rotschafer, JC; Vance-Bryan, K, 1990)	0.57
"The fluoroquinolones, temafloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin, are determined in the bulk drug substances and in a variety of dosage form using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)."	( Determination of temafloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin in bulk drug and dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography. Bauer, JF; Elrod, L; Fornnarino, JR; Heathcote, DE; Krogh, SK; Linton, CL; Norris, BJ; Quick, JE, 1990)	0.28
" A retrospective drug utilization review and a prospective drug use evaluation of ciprofloxacin were performed to determine if the agent was being used for appropriate indications, to ensure correct dosing and appropriate monitoring, and to determine whether its use is cost effective at the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland (VAMCC)."	( Ciprofloxacin drug utilization review and prospective drug use evaluation. Goldman, MP, 1990)	1.95
" Eight patients were included in the study, and CIP concentrations in plasma and dialysate were obtained by HPLC analysis to assess the reliability of the model and the efficiency of the sequential dosing scheme."	( Computer simulation of ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in patients on CAPD. Bren, AF; Drinovec, J; Karba, R; Mrhar, A; Primozic, S; Varl, J; Zozjek, F, 1990)	0.59
"The histologic and histochemical features of quinolone-induced arthropathy were studied using 14 skeletally immature Beagle dogs (3 to 4 months old) dosed orally with difloxacin at 300 mg/kg body weight once daily for 1, 2, 5, or 7 days."	( Histologic and histochemical changes in articular cartilages of immature beagle dogs dosed with difloxacin, a fluoroquinolone. Burkhardt, JE; Carlton, WW; Hill, MA; Kesterson, JW, 1990)	0.28
" Therefore, a modification in amifloxacin dosage regimen based solely on age may not be necessary."	( Preliminary study of the pharmacokinetics of oral amifloxacin in elderly subjects. Boddy, AW; Brown, RR; Cook, JA; Sauerschell, R; Silverman, MH; Stroshane, RM, 1990)	0.28
"Twenty-two adult patients with osteomyelitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were enrolled in an open, prospective cooperative study to determine the efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin therapy in a dosage of 750 mg twice a day."	( Oral ciprofloxacin treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa osteomyelitis. Dan, M; Pitlik, S; Raz, R; Siegman-Igra, Y, 1990)	0.99
" Ciprofloxacin should therefore be used at high dosage and possibly be combined with another substance."	( Concentration of ciprofloxacin in bone tissue after single parenteral administration to patients older than 70 years. Knothe, H; Schäfer, V; Wacha, H; Wagner, D, )	1.38
" Blood samples for the determination of ciprofloxacin concentrations were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 hr after dosing on the first and seventh day of drug administration."	( Metabolic interactions of ciprofloxacin. Csiba, A; Graber, H; Ludwig, E; Székely, E, )	0.7
" The mean serum ciprofloxacin concentrations, measured 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after dosage were reduced for up to ten days after the start of chemotherapy."	( Reduced absorption of oral ciprofloxacin after chemotherapy for haematological malignancy. Johnson, EJ; MacGowan, AP; Potter, MN; Reeves, DS; Slade, RR; Stockley, RJ; White, LO, 1990)	0.92
" Mean amifloxacin concentrations in urine on day 11 in samples collected 0 to 2 h after dosing were 105, 417, 376, 336, 518, and 464 micrograms/ml for the 200-, 400-, and 600-mg q12h and 400-, 600-, and 800-mg q8h regimens, respectively."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of oral amifloxacin in healthy volunteers. Brown, RR; Cook, JA; Nix, DE; Schelling, DJ; Schentag, JJ; Silverman, MH; Stroshane, RM, 1990)	0.28
" Twenty-two in-patients affected with acute lower respiratory tract infections, mainly infectious exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), were treated with ciprofloxacin at the daily dosage of 400 mg iv, in two administrations."	( [Ciprofloxacin by the intravenous route in the treatment of respiratory infections]. Bianchi, L; Grassi, C; Manara, G; Mangiarotti, P; Piccioni, PD, )	1.23
" We conclude that ciprofloxacin is safe and effective at a dosage of 200 mg administered intravenously every 12 hours for nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae or Haemophilus species."	( Evaluation of intravenous ciprofloxacin in patients with nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections. Impact of plasma concentrations, organism, minimum inhibitory concentration, and clinical condition on bacterial eradication. Cumbo, TJ; Nix, DE; Peloquin, CA; Sands, MF; Schentag, JJ, 1989)	0.91
"The impact of the dosage schedule on the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics was investigated in experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia and septicemia in leukopenic rats."	( Impact of the dosage schedule on the efficacy of ceftazidime, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin in Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia and septicemia in leukopenic rats. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Michel, BM; Roosendaal, R; van den Berghe-van Raffe, M; Vink-van den Berg, JC, 1989)	0.51
" Serum and milk samples were obtained simultaneously at two, four, six, nine, 12, and 24 hours after dosage administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of three newer quinolones in pregnant and lactating women. Aravantinos, D; Gazis, J; Giamarellou, H; Kolokythas, E; Petrikkos, G; Sfikakis, P, 1989)	0.28
" An additional six patients received ciprofloxacin in both dosage forms as sequential therapy."	( Efficacy and safety of higher-dose intravenous ciprofloxacin in severe hospital-acquired infections. Beermann, D; Heimesaat, M; Kljucar, S; Scholl, H; Timm, J; von Pritzbuer, E, 1989)	0.81
" The dosage studied appeared to provide adequate serum concentration profiles to treat most pathogens found in infected trauma patients."	( Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill trauma patients. Caplan, ES; Drusano, GL; Forrest, A; Plaisance, K; Yuen, GJ, 1989)	1.72
" The dosage regimen was 100 mg iv followed by 500 mg twice daily orally if less than 40 kg in weight and 200 mg iv followed by 750 mg twice daily orally if greater than 40 kg."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic aspects of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of pseudomonas infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Black, AE; Collier, PS; Redmond, AO; Scott, EM; Steen, HJ; Stevenson, MI, 1989)	0.54
"The steady-state pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin were evaluated in nine elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infections after an intravenous dosage regimen of 200 mg every 12 h (n = 9) and an oral dosage regimen of 750 mg every 12 h (n = 6)."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin in elderly patients. Awni, WM; Guay, DR; Hirata, CA; Peterson, PK; Stein, DJ, 1989)	0.8
" The results of this study suggest that ciprofloxacin and sucralfate should not be administered concurrently until a dosing interval is found that will avoid this potential interaction."	( The effect of sucralfate pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Frost, RW; Goldstein, HR; Handy, L; Nix, DE; Rescott, DL; Watson, WA, 1989)	0.78
"05, student t-test) in mice treated twice daily with ciprofloxacin in dosage of 100 mg/kg/24 h, a concentration far beyond the therapeutic range."	( The effect of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin on bone marrow engraftment in the spleen of mice. Barzilai, A; Lev, B; Rubinstein, E; Schwartz, E; Somekh, E, 1989)	0.89
"Forty-eight patients with peripheral vascular disease (46 with diabetes mellitus) who presented to the hospital for treatment of lower extremity infections were randomized in a blinded fashion to receive oral ciprofloxacin at a dosage of either 750 mg or 1,000 mg twice daily."	( Therapy of lower extremity infections with ciprofloxacin in patients with diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, or both. Canter, K; Clabots, C; Fasching, CE; Gerding, DN; Lissack, LM; Peterson, LR, 1989)	0.73
" Ciprofloxacin was administered in a unit dose of either 200 mg (68 percent of the patients) or 300 mg (28 percent) by intravenous infusion, generally over 30 minutes every 12 hours, at a mean daily dosage of 456 mg."	( Safety of intravenous ciprofloxacin. A review. Arcieri, GM; Becker, N; Esposito, B; Griffith, E; Heyd, A; Neumann, C; O'Brien, B; Schacht, P, 1989)	1.5
" A mild or moderate impairment of the liver function did not affect the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin, but the severe impairment of the liver function could affect its Cmax and serum half-life, so that further studies with multiple doses will be needed to evaluate if any dosage adjustment would be required in these patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in impaired liver function. Barba, D; Esposito, S; Miniero, M; Sagnelli, E, 1989)	0.82
" Therefore it appears from this study that no dosage adjustment is required in patients with hepatic cirrhosis."	( The effect of cirrhosis on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin. Frost, RW; Krol, G; Lasseter, KC; Lettieri, JT; Shamblen, EC, 1989)	0.51
" Four experimental groups of animals were examined: group A (n = 6) received a dosage of 60 mg/kg/day intramuscularly for 4 weeks, groups B (n = 6), C (n = 15) and D (n = 15) received dosages of 120 mg/kg/day subcutaneously for 2 days, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks, respectively."	( Ciprofloxacin concentrations in serum, bone and bone marrow of rabbits. Gill, LR; Hodin, F; Lambe, DW; Mayberry-Carson, KJ; Painter, BG; Tober-Meyer, B, 1989)	1.72
" Adult guinea pigs were injected intraperitoneally with ciprofloxacin in a dosage of 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight per day."	( Does ciprofloxacin affect the inner ear? A preliminary report. Bagger-Sjöbäck, D; Spångberg, ML, 1989)	1.04
" BMY 40062 exhibited longer half-life, higher maximum concentration in serum, greater area under the curve, and better bioavailability in mice after oral dosing than ciprofloxacin."	( In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of BMY 40062, a new fluoronaphthyridone. Desiderio, JV; Fung-Tomc, J; Kessler, RE; Tsai, YH; Warr, G, 1989)	0.47
" The results of the present study suggest that ciprofloxacin is unlikely to affect the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin to a clinically important extent at a dosage of 500 mg twice a day."	( Co-administration of ciprofloxacin and cyclosporin: lack of evidence for a pharmacokinetic interaction. Shawket, S; Tan, KK; Trull, AK, 1989)	0.85
"In order to investigate the long-term effect of therapy with ciprofloxacin on haemopoietic cells, we administered ciprofloxacin orally in a daily dosage of 150 mg/kg/day in three divided doses for 11 days to syngeneic mice."	( The lack of long-term suppressive effect of ciprofloxacin on murine bone marrow. Barzilai, A; Rubinstein, E; Somekh, E; West, S, 1989)	0.78
" The higher dosage showed a reduced amount of reinfections and relapses (19% and 16% versus 5% and 0%)."	( Two different dosages of ciprofloxacin in patients with respiratory tract infections. Brutel de la Rivière, T; Daniëls-Bosman, MS; ten Velde, GP, 1989)	0.58
" Because a solution is considered to be the ideal oral dosage form, the results determined for the tablets were compared to those for the solution."	( Pharmacokinetics of three oral formulations of ciprofloxacin. Davis, RL; Koup, JR; Smith, AL; Weber, A; Williams-Warren, J, 1985)	0.53
" The dose, dosing interval, and duration of therapy were varied, and the resulting antibiotic levels in serum and vegetations were correlated with bacterial clearance from vegetations."	( The importance of pharmacodynamics in determining the dosing interval in therapy for experimental pseudomonas endocarditis in the rat. Ingerman, MJ; Levison, ME; Pitsakis, PG; Rosenberg, AF, 1986)	0.27
" Dosing and drug assays were double blinded."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Diaz, M; Gandhi, R; Goldfarb, J; Goltzman, C; Guideri, G; Inchiosa, MA; Mascia, AV; Wormser, GP, 1986)	0.54
" Urine concentrations remained in excess of the MIC for 90% of the relevant urinary tract pathogens for the full 12-h dosing interval at each dose."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin administered intravenously to normal volunteers. Drusano, GL; Duran, S; Forrest, A; Gonzalez, MA; Magana, JL; Moranchel, AH; Painter, B; Pichardo, A, 1985)	0.55
"The pharmacokinetics and the suction-induced blister fluid penetration of ciprofloxacin were compared after a single dose (500 mg) and after multiple dosing (500 mg q8h for 13 doses)."	( Tissue penetration of ciprofloxacin after single and multiple doses. Bergeron, MG; LeBel, M; Vallée, F, 1986)	0.82
" The overall clinical results for all dosage regimes were only fair, mainly due to failure to eradicate Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Baur, C; Davies, BI; Maesen, FP, 1986)	1.71
" The dosage regimen used was 500 mg orally twice a day for seven days."	( Evaluation of ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for one week in treating uncomplicated gonococcal chlamydial, and non-specific urethritis in men. Arya, OP; Bartzokas, C; Hart, CA; Hobson, D; Pratt, BC, 1986)	0.63
" typhimurium illness in immunocompromised mice after long-term oral chemotherapy for 26 days at a dosage of 100 mg/kg twice a day."	( Oral ciprofloxacin treatment for Salmonella typhimurium infection of normal and immunocompromised mice. Brunner, H; Zeiler, HJ, 1988)	0.79
" Profiles of drug levels in serum were dose related over a single dose range from 2 to 40 mg/kg and not modified significantly during multiple dosing in dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new quinolone, AM-833, in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Irikura, T; Ishikawa, N; Kusajima, H; Machida, M; Uchida, H, 1986)	0.27
" Against a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ciprofloxacin in clinically achievable dosing schedules produced a rapid bactericidal effect, but bacterial regrowth occurred."	( Bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with azlocillin in an in-vitro capillary model. Dudley, MN; Zinner, SH, 1986)	0.83
" With early treatment the dose-response relationship between the drug concentration and the diminution in bacterial counts in the vitreous humor was linear with all three drugs."	( Dose response of experimental Pseudomonas endophthalmitis to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and imipenem: evidence for resistance to "late" treatment of infections. Barza, M; Davey, PG; Stuart, M, 1987)	0.51
" A good penetration of total radioactivity into tissues and organs with a similar distribution pattern as detected after intravenous dosing also occurred after a single oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. 2nd communication: distribution to and elimination from tissues and organs following single or repeated administration of [14C]ciprofloxacin in albino rats. Maruhn, D; Scholl, H; Siefert, HM, 1986)	0.59
" Both these parameters are favourable kinetic prerequisites for a once-a-day dosage regimen."	( A new trifluorinated quinolone: Ro 23-6240 (AM 833). Dell, D; Stöckel, K; Weidekamm, E, 1987)	0.27
" This risk may depend on the dosing schedule and may be reduced by combined therapy."	( Resistance occurring after fluoroquinolone therapy of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa peritonitis. Auckenthaler, R; Michéa-Hamzehpour, M; Pechère, JC; Regamey, P, 1987)	0.27
" The peak levels of fleroxacin in plasma were significantly higher after multiple dosing of 800 mg (14."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of fleroxacin after single and multiple 400- and 800-mg-dosage regimens. Bergeron, MG; LeBel, M; Panneton, AC, 1988)	0.27
"In a randomised study the clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin was compared with that of doxycycline administered in two different dosage schemes to male patients suffering from non-gonococcal urethritis."	( Clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin versus doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in males. Habbema, L; Polak-Vogelzang, AA; van der Willigen, AH; Wagenvoort, JH, 1988)	0.85
" For the three doses investigated, the surviving bacteria at the end of each 12-h dosing interval showed an increase in MIC compared with that of the culture before ciprofloxacin exposure."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin in an in-vitro pharmacokinetic model against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated during cystic fibrosis lung infection. Collier, PS; Scott, EM; Stevenson, MI, 1988)	0.87
" Steady state serum concentrations were achieved from day 3 onwards by repeated doses of twice-a-day dosage regimen and were 2-4 and 5-9 mg/l after 200 and 400 mg bid, respectively."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and tolerance of fleroxacin in healthy male volunteers. Itaya, T; Kanamaru, M; Kawahara, F; Mizuno, A; Nakashima, M; Ooie, T; Saito, S; Takiguchi, A; Uchida, H; Uematsu, T, 1988)	0.27
"Pharmacokinetics of fleroxacin following single and multiple dosing were studied in healthy male volunteers."	( Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of fleroxacin. Dell, D; Partos, C; Portmann, R; Weidekamm, E, 1988)	0.27
"From in-vitro data, recommendations for dosing with fleroxacin are presented."	( Bactericidal kinetics of various dosages of fleroxacin simulated in bacterial cultures. Bauernfeind, A; Eberlein, E; Hörl, G, 1988)	0.27
" Twelve-hour urinary recovery measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography averaged F: 31, B: 30% for the first dose and, in spite of a possible carry-over from the sixth dose, decreased to F: 25, B: 28% after the seventh dosing interval."	( Effect of standard breakfast on drug absorption and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin. Bettex, JD; Flepp, M; Joos, B; Ledergerber, B; Lüthy, R, 1985)	0.49
" In addition, urine concentrations after a 50-mg dosing were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after oral and parenteral administration. Borner, K; Höffken, G; Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Prinzing, C, 1985)	0.59
" Urine concentrations remained above the minimal inhibitory concentration of most urinary tract pathogens for the full 12-hour dosing interval at each dose."	( Multiple-dose ciprofloxacin dose ranging and kinetics. Drusano, GL; Duran, S; Gonzalez, MA; Magana, JL; Moranchel, AH; Painter, B; Pichardo, A, 1985)	0.63
" A dosing schedule for the quinolones was proposed on the basis of pharmacokinetic parameters and microbiologic activity."	( Pharmacokinetics of the quinolones in volunteers: a proposed dosing schedule. Andrews, JM; Griggs, D; Wise, R, )	0.13
" The dosage of ciprofloxacin was 500 mg bd by mouth for 8-10 days."	( The effect of ciprofloxacin on antipyrine metabolism. Csiba, A; Graber, H; Ludwig, E; Székely, E, 1988)	0.99
"3% of ofloxacin after iv dosing could be detected as metabolites in urine."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Borner, K; Höffken, G; Kirch, A; Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Olschewski, P; Sievers, B, 1988)	0.52
" On the basis of these data, a dosage adjustment strategy, which incorporates the severity of infection and the size and renal function of the patient, was developed."	( Relationships between renal function and disposition of oral ciprofloxacin. Drusano, GL; Forrest, A; Leslie, J; Plaisance, KI; Standiford, HC; Weir, M, 1988)	0.52
" These data suggest an oral ciprofloxacin dose of 750 mg administered q8h to promote accumulation and maintenance of sputum drug concentrations well above pathogen MICs for the majority of a dosing interval in patients with CF."	( Lack of unique ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic characteristics in patients with cystic fibrosis. Blumer, JL; Myers, CM; Reed, MD; Stern, RC; Yamashita, TS, 1988)	0.92
"Ciprofloxacin in a low dosage of 250 mg twice a day was applied in the treatment of bacterial infections of the skin."	( [The effectiveness of ciprofloxacin in bacterial skin infections]. Blenk, H; Meisel, C, 1988)	2.03
"Ciprofloxacin was evaluated in chlamydial infections of the urogenital tracts of women treated with a dosage regimen of 500 mg orally twice a day for seven days."	( Ciprofloxacin treatment of chlamydial infections of urogenital tracts of women. Ahmed-Jushuf, IH; Arya, OP; Hart, CA; Hobson, D; How, SJ; Pratt, BC; Rao, PM; Tait, IA, 1988)	3.16
" A daily dosage of 1,000 mg ciprofloxacin or 800 mg norfloxacin is recommended for infection prevention in severely granulocytopenic patients."	( Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin for selective decontamination in patients with severe granulocytopenia. Daenen, S; De Vries-Hospers, HG; Dekker, AW; Gaus, W; Gutzler, F; Haralambie, E; Kern, W; König, W; Maschmeyer, G; Sizoo, W, )	1.87
"The chemistry, mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin are reviewed, and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and drug and laboratory interactions are described."	( Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, two fluoroquinolone antimicrobials. DeVito, JM; Nix, DE, 1987)	1.92
" The dosage was 500 or 750 mg twice daily orally during one to six months; four patients started with 300 mg twice daily intravenously and changed after 3-7 days to oral therapy."	( Treatment of chronic postsurgical osteomyelitis with ciprofloxacin. Hoogkamp-Korstanje, JA, 1987)	0.52
" Thus, acute illness does not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in the elderly suggesting that dosage adjustments based on the presence of acute illness do not appear warranted."	( Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in elderly patients. Awni, WM; Breitenbucher, R; Guay, DR; Matzke, GR; Obaid, S; Peterson, PK; Stein, D, 1988)	0.76
" The synergistic effect of ciprofloxacin represents an important advantage in allowing the reduction of the dosage of associated drugs such as aminoglycosides or beta-lactams that can potentially be responsible for damage or side-effects."	( In vitro synergy of ciprofloxacin and three other antibiotics against Bacteroides fragilis. Esposito, S; Gupta, A; Thadepalli, H, 1987)	0.89
"We reviewed, the structure, pharmacokinetic properties, mode of actions, antibacterial spectrum, therapeutic dosage and side effects of fluoroquinolones in this article."	( [Fluoroquinolones]. Akalin, E; Baykal, M, 1987)	0.27
" Ciprofloxacin is effective in single dosage against urogenital gonococcal infections, and probably also against rectal and pharyngeal infections."	( Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of gonorrhoea and non-gonococcal urethritis. Oriel, JD, 1986)	2.62
" The progress of infection in sensitive mice with no natural immunity was delayed by ciprofloxacin although at the dosage used the mice were not cured."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin on intracellular organisms: in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Blowers, A; Crane, JP; Easmon, CS, 1986)	0.9
" It is difficult to generalize their clinical usefulness, since these agents exhibit different pharmacokinetic profiles, antimicrobial activity (with varied minimum inhibitory concentrations among similar organisms), and dosage regimens."	( Review of the 4-quinolones. Eggleston, M; Park, SY, 1987)	0.27
" To prevent accumulation and eventual toxicity, it would seem appropriate to avoid dosage intervals shorter than 12 hours, especially in view of the lack of data concerning the effect that reduced glomerular filtration rate has on the elimination of metabolites of ciprofloxacin."	( Pharmacokinetics in the elderly. Studies on ciprofloxacin. Bergeron, MG; Lebel, M, 1987)	0.71
" Pharmacokinetic analyses revealed minor differences between the dosage regimens, and results were similar on the first, seventh, and last day of therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics of two dosage regimens of ciprofloxacin during a two-week therapeutic trial in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chartrand, SA; Greenwood, R; Hilman, BC; Marks, MI; Shalit, I; Stutman, HR, 1987)	0.54
"The clinical efficacy, safety, and optimal dosage of oral ciprofloxacin for the treatment of respiratory infections were studied in a multicenter, open trial in Japan."	( Clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of patients with respiratory tract infections in Japan. Kobayashi, H, 1987)	0.84
" The higher dosage of ciprofloxacin did not enhance the clinical response."	( Randomized study of two dosage regimens of ciprofloxacin for treating chronic bronchopulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chartrand, SA; Hilman, BC; Marks, MI; Shalit, I; Stutman, HR, 1987)	0.85
" Dosage varied according to severity of disease, body size, and the susceptibility of the Pseudomonas isolate to ciprofloxacin; the dose ranged from 750 to 2,250 mg daily (mean, 1,800 mg)."	( Ciprofloxacin therapy in cystic fibrosis. Davidson, S; Nakatomi, M; Neu, HC; Ores, C; Scully, BE, 1987)	1.93
"Twenty adult patients with chronic contiguous osteomyelitis caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli were enrolled in an open, prospective cooperative study to determine the effect of oral ciprofloxacin therapy in a dosage of 750 mg every 12 hours."	( Oral ciprofloxacin therapy for chronic contiguous osteomyelitis caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Craven, PC; Gilbert, DN; Marsh, PK; Preheim, LC; Tice, AD, 1987)	0.98
" The drug dosage was 300 mg every 12 hours in 19 patients and 200 mg intravenously every 12 hours in nine patients."	( Treatment of serious infections with intravenous ciprofloxacin. Neu, HC; Scully, BE, 1987)	0.53
" In general, the patients received ciprofloxacin at a dosage of 250 to 750 mg every 12 hours; the median dose was 500 mg twice daily."	( Ciprofloxacin: an update on clinical experience. Arcieri, G; August, R; Becker, N; Griffith, E; Gruenwaldt, G; Heyd, A; O'Brien, B, 1987)	1.99
" Some adjustment in theophylline dosage may be required; therefore, these patients should have serum theophylline concentration measurements and careful clinical assessment for theophylline toxicity."	( Effect of multiple dose oral ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and indocyanine green. DeVito, JM; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ; Whitbread, MA, 1987)	0.56
" Dosage alterations because of the presence of acute illness in the elderly do not appear to be warranted."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in acutely ill and convalescent elderly patients. Awni, WM; Breitenbucher, R; Guay, DR; Matzke, GR; Obaid, S; Peterson, PK, 1987)	0.6
" These results support less frequent dosing programs for ciprofloxacin in the treatment of tissue and urinary infections."	( Post-antibiotic suppressive effect of ciprofloxacin against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Chin, NX; Neu, HC, 1987)	0.79
"The efficacy of a 5-day treatment with coumermycin A1 (hereafter referred to as coumermycin) (at three dosage regimens), with ciprofloxacin, or with coumermycin plus ciprofloxacin was tested in experimental aortic valve endocarditis induced in rats by a strain of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and was compared with the efficacy of a 5-day treatment with cloxacillin plus gentamicin."	( Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in rats with coumermycin A1 and ciprofloxacin, alone or in combination. Glauser, MP; Malinverni, R; Perronne, CM, 1987)	0.71
" This finding was likely due to changes in the pharmacokinetics of the drug with multiple dosing and in infected versus uninfected rabbits."	( Ciprofloxacin versus vancomycin in the therapy of experimental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Barriere, SL; Fekety, R; Kaatz, GW; Schaberg, DR, 1987)	1.72
" The drug was given for 3-33 days, at a dosage of 250-750 mg orally in most cases."	( [Ciprofloxacin in Salmonella infection and abdominal typhoid]. Hoffmann, HG; Klein, E; Trautmann, M, 1986)	1.18
" Ciprofloxacin was administered at the dosage of 500 mg twice a day after the isolation of the organism responsible for the infection and after the determination of its sensitivity in vitro to ciprofloxacin."	( Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of urinary and respiratory tract infections in patients with chronic liver disease. Barba, D; Esposito, S; Galante, D; Giusti, G, 1986)	2.62
" Depending on renal function the dosage varied from 100 mg once daily to 250 mg twice daily."	( The efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infection. Brown, EM; Morris, R; Stephenson, TP, 1986)	0.57
" This together with the lack of correlation between non-renal clearance and renal function enables us to suggest an intravenous dosage schedule for patients with renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers and patients with impaired kidney function. Asscher, AW; Roberts, DE; Webb, DB; Williams, JD, 1986)	0.59
" Samples of serum, urine, and saliva obtained after the first dose on days 1, 4, and 7 of each dosing period were assayed by microbiological methods."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of ciprofloxacin in normal volunteers. Fuster, AP; Gonzalez, MA; Moisen, SD; Painter, B; Selen, A; Uribe, F; Welling, PG, 1984)	0.53
" Clinical studies to define appropriate dosing recommendations for ciprofloxacin during CAVHD are necessary to guide clinicians in optimum drug use."	( Variable disposition of ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients undergoing continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration. Bainbridge, JL; Fish, DN; Peloquin, CA, )	0.67
" These data suggest that the treatment of fungal infections with fluconazole does not necessitate a reduction of the dosage during CVVH."	( Fluconazole is removed by continuous venovenous hemofiltration in a liver transplant patient. Bause, H; Höver, S; Scholz, J; Schulz, M; Steinfath, M, 1995)	0.29
" The fluoroquinolones were administered to simulate dosage regimens of 200 mg, 400 mg given intravenously (i."	( Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin, against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro infection model. Kaatz, GW; Kang, SL; McGrath, BJ; Rybak, MJ; Seo, SM, 1994)	0.54
" The purpose of this study is to compare corneal tissue ciprofloxacin levels in patients exposed to three ciprofloxacin dosing regimens before undergoing penetrating keratoplasty."	( Corneal tissue levels of topically applied ciprofloxacin. Collins, KS; Gonzales, JS; Price, FW; Whitson, WE, 1995)	0.8
" Ofloxacin was used primarily to treat tuberculosis (TB), dosed to achieve 2-hour postdose serum concentrations of 8-12 micrograms/ml."	( Long-term safety of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Berning, SE; Iseman, MD; Madsen, L; Peloquin, CA, 1995)	0.57
" aureus were treated for 24 h with ciprofloxacin in a dosage which yielded concentrations in the abscess cavity equivalent to 1/2 or 1 x MIC for the pathogen."	( In-vitro and in-vivo selection of Staphylococcus aureus mutants resistant to ciprofloxacin. Amyes, SG; Barg, NL; Doss, SA; Tillotson, GS, 1995)	0.8
" Twelve hours after the last dosing aqueous samples were collected and assayed by the Grove-Randall technique."	( Aqueous penetration of orally administered ciprofloxacin in humans. Desai, S; Gulati, VK; Joshi, KR; Khatri, PK, )	0.39
" This paper analyses 84 clinical case studies collected from 13 publications: ciprofloxacin, administered for the most part orally, was given in a dosage of 750 mg twice daily, apart from three studies where a lower dosage of 500 mg twice daily was used."	( Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of malignant external otitis. Gehanno, P, 1994)	1.96
" The superior safety profile, a twice daily dosage regimen, suggests that ciprofloxacin may be a useful therapeutic alternative for the treatment of chronic sinusitis."	( A double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Beauvillain, C; Berche, P; Bordure, P; Legent, F, 1994)	0.81
" The results of this study showed the mean concentration, 4 h after dosing of ciprofloxacin, to be 16."	( Tear concentrations of topically applied ciprofloxacin. Buggé, C; Limberg, M, 1994)	0.78
"Optimal anti-infective therapy at the extremes of age can be supported by the development of appropriate dosage forms."	( Biopharmaceutical aspects of anti-infective therapy at the extremes of age. Michaelis, J; Schaefer, HG, 1994)	0.29
"Three studies were undertaken to determine the minimum effective dosing regimen of ciprofloxacin for the treatment of acute, symptomatic, uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection."	( Short-course ciprofloxacin treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. The minimum effective dose. The Urinary Tract Infection Study Group [corrected]. Gallis, HA; Heyd, A; Iravani, A; Kowalsky, SF; McCarty, J; Nolen, T; Sikes, DH; Tice, AD; Tosiello, RL; Whalen, EP, 1995)	0.89
" In study 3, the eradication rates in the groups who received ciprofloxacin in dosages of 500 mg once daily for 3 days and 500 mg once daily for 5 days and norfloxacin in a dosage of 400 mg BID for 7 days were 137 (92%), 134 (90%), and 133 (94%) of the women, respectively."	( Short-course ciprofloxacin treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. The minimum effective dose. The Urinary Tract Infection Study Group [corrected]. Gallis, HA; Heyd, A; Iravani, A; Kowalsky, SF; McCarty, J; Nolen, T; Sikes, DH; Tice, AD; Tosiello, RL; Whalen, EP, 1995)	0.9
"Ciprofloxacin at a dosage of 100 mg BID for 3 days was the minimum effective dose for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women."	( Short-course ciprofloxacin treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. The minimum effective dose. The Urinary Tract Infection Study Group [corrected]. Gallis, HA; Heyd, A; Iravani, A; Kowalsky, SF; McCarty, J; Nolen, T; Sikes, DH; Tice, AD; Tosiello, RL; Whalen, EP, 1995)	2.1
"Although a ciprofloxacin dose-response was not detected, 250 mg was used in most of the studies."	( Single-dose ciprofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea: a worldwide summary. Echols, RM; Heyd, A; O'Keeffe, BJ; Schacht, P, )	0.9
" In vitro, antibiotics improve the susceptibility of microorganisms to antimicrobial activity of leukocytes, suggesting that this effect may contribute to determine the antimicrobial therapy and safe dosing intervals."	( Enhancement of the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to phagocytosis after treatment with fosfomycin compared with other antimicrobial agents. Gómez-Lus, ML; Herrera, I; Martínez, P; Pérez Fernández, P; Prieto, J, )	0.13
" The maximum plasma concentration and the time to peak concentration after oral dosing were also unaffected."	( Effect of famotidine on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics after single intravenous and oral doses in rats. al-Khamis, KI; Ashour, LF; Bawazir, SA; el-Sayed, N; el-Sayed, YM; Jim, LK, 1994)	0.6
" Dosage and duration of therapy could not be linked to disease severity."	( Assessment of methods and outcomes: using modified inpatient ciprofloxacin criteria in community-based drug use evaluation. Bjornson, DC; Rovers, JP, 1994)	0.53
" One of five new quinolones was orally administered, before transurethral resection of the prostate, at the dosage of 200 mg three times daily for 3 consecutive days."	( Accumulation of new quinolones in the blood of elderly patients. Abe, Y; Hasuda, A; Morita, M; Nakagawa, H; Suzuki, K, )	0.13
" The patients were treated with Bay-o-9867 (ciprofloxacin) administered orally at a daily dosage of 500 mg (250 q 12 h) in 30 patients and of 1000 mg (500 q 12 h) in 10 patients, depending on the severity of infection."	( [The efficacy and tolerance of Bay-o-9867 (ciprofloxacin) in the treatment of infections of the urinary tract and of the lower respiratory tract]. Bolognesi, S; Quartieri, F; Sconosciuto, F, 1994)	0.81
" Dosage adjustment should not be arbitrary but should be guided by minimum inhibitory concentration, clinical response, and side effects."	( Predictors of trough concentrations of oral ciprofloxacin. Forrest, A; Paladino, JA; Wilton, JH, )	0.39
"Whether PALE is confirmed, it must be taken into consideration in dosage schedules."	( [Effect of ciprofloxacin on the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes]. Gómez-Lus, ML; Herrera, I; Martín, M; Pérez, P; Prieto, J, 1993)	0.68
" The urinary rate of ciprofloxacin over 24h after dosing was 34."	( [Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in young healthy volunteers]. Li, J; Liang, D; Qin, Y; Xu, N; Zhang, H, 1993)	0.92
" The combination group (n = 10) was dosed orally with 100 mg/kg ciprofloxacin in water every 12 h for three consecutive doses."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin on the disposition of 14C-dideoxyinosine-derived radioactivity in the rat. Buttar, HS; Gallicano, KD; Moffatt, JH, 1993)	0.93
"A variety of toxicological, clinical and pharmacokinetic parameters were utilized in an evolving process to determine the optimum dosage for intravenous ciprofloxacin."	( The selection of appropriate dosages for intravenous ciprofloxacin. Echols, RM, 1993)	0.73
" Dosage adjustments of ciprofloxacin in the presence of renal insufficiency are indicated for subjects with a Clcr < 20 ml/min/1."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in subjects with varying degrees of renal function and undergoing hemodialysis or CAPD. Bailie, GR; Echols, M; Kowalsky, SF; McCormick, E; Schwartz, MT, 1993)	0.92
"A study in guinea pigs was performed to investigate the importance of timing, dosage and duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis in urologic surgery."	( Timing, dosing and duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis in urology: a study in guinea pigs with special reference to high-risk conditions. Gasser, TC; Madsen, PO, )	0.13
" These findings, when combined with pharmacokinetic data reported in the companion article, provide the rationale and tools needed for targeting the dosage of intravenous ciprofloxacin to individual patients' pharmacokinetics and their bacterial pathogens' susceptibilities."	( Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients. Ballow, CH; Birmingham, MC; Forrest, A; Goss, TF; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ, 1993)	0.76
" The urinary recovery rate of ciprofloxacin over 12 h after dosing was 60."	( [Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin injection in healthy volunteers]. Hong, Z; Liang, D; Wang, Y; Xu, N; Zhang, H, 1995)	0.9
" If a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day was used, development of acute arthritis was prevented, but some of the animals had positive fecal cultures at the end of experiment."	( Antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment of reactive arthritis. Lessons from an animal model. Gripenberg-Lerche, C; Söderström, KO; Toivanen, A; Toivanen, P; Zhang, Y, 1996)	0.29
" Antibiotic dosing was adjusted for renal dysfunction."	( Oral antibiotic treatment of right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis in injection drug users: prospective randomized comparison with parenteral therapy. Daoud, EG; Flexner, C; Goodman, SN; Hartert, TV; Heldman, AW; Kowalski, TE; Lietman, PS; Petty, BG; Pompili, VJ; Ray, SC; Sisson, SD; Tidmore, WC; vom Eigen, KA, 1996)	0.29
" The therapeutic efficacy of intravenous ciprofloxacin against experimentally induced urinary tract infections in mice was compared to that after oral dosing by determining viable bacteria count in kidney 24h after inoculation."	( Therapeutic efficacy of intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin in experimental murine infections. Nishino, T; Obana, Y, )	0.66
" Recommended dosage adjustments in patients with impaired renal function vary between countries; major adjustments are not required until the estimated creatinine clearance is < 30 ml/min/1."	( Ciprofloxacin. An updated review of its pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and tolerability. Balfour, JA; Davis, R; Markham, A, 1996)	1.74
" These data show synergistic bactericidal activity of both new extended cephalosporins combined with AKN, GTN or CIP at concentrations achievable in biological fluid with adaptative dosage regimen."	( [Kinetics of bactericidal activity of cefepime and cefpirome alone or combined with gentamicin, amikacin or ciprofloxacin against Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacter cloacae hyperproductive in cephalosporinase]. Elkhaïli, H; Jehl, F; Kamili, N; Linger, L; Monteil, H; Pompei, D, 1996)	0.51
" The aim of the investigation was to derive dosing guidelines for young cystic fibrosis patients to be treated with ciprofloxacin."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients. Fischer, C; Hampel, B; Kuhlmann, J; Schaad, UB; Schaefer, HG; Stass, H; Wedgwood, J, 1996)	0.83
" Pharmacokinetic values for enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin are given separately for serum and milk whey following three intravascular dosing routes."	( Disposition of enrofloxacin (Baytril) into the udder after intravenous and intra-arterial injections into dairy cows. Fang, W; Jalakas, M; Klaassen, M; Malbe, M; Oöpik, T; Salonen, M; Sandholm, M, 1996)	0.54
" In this study, we have been able to demonstrate the usefulness of a reproducible long-time antimicrobial dosage regime from the internal phase of the implant as compared to surface coated polymers."	( Drug delivery concepts for the efficacious prevention of foreign-body infections. Pulverer, G; Rump, A; Schierholz, JM, 1996)	0.29
" The once daily dosage of fleroxacin [400 mg once daily intravenously (i."	( Quinolones in everyday clinical practice: respiratory tract infections and nosocomial pneumonia. Marklein, G, 1996)	0.29
"To present a systematic evaluation of the are under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) approach for the optimization of antibiotic dosing schedules for three major antibiotic classes (beta-lactams, quinolones, aminoglycosides)."	( AUIC--a general target for the optimization of dosing regimens of antibiotics? Dalla Costa, T; Derendorf, H, 1996)	0.29
" Moreover, a specific equation is derived for the situation that results in a trough concentration at the end of the dosing interval equal to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)."	( AUIC--a general target for the optimization of dosing regimens of antibiotics? Dalla Costa, T; Derendorf, H, 1996)	0.29
"It does not seem valid to accept the proposed breakpoint AUIC target of at least 125 as an applicable value for determining the appropriate dosing schedule of these classes of antibiotics."	( AUIC--a general target for the optimization of dosing regimens of antibiotics? Dalla Costa, T; Derendorf, H, 1996)	0.29
" A dose-response analysis showed that levofloxacin was superior to ciprofloxacin for all four isolates at any dose or regimen tested, independent of the methicillin susceptibility of the isolates."	( In vivo efficacies of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in acute murine hematogenous pyelonephritis induced by methicillin-susceptible and-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Barrett, JF; Frosco, MB; Kulwich, BA; Licata, L; Melton, JL; Stewart, FP, 1996)	0.8
" The dosing schedule for both treatment groups was 1 to 2 drops of the first study medication (ciprofloxacin or fortified tobramycin) every 30 minutes for 6 hours, then hourly for the remainder of day 1; 1 to 2 drops every hour on days 2 and 3; 1 to 2 drops every 2 hours on days 4 and 5, followed by 1 to 2 drops every 4 hours on days 6 to 14."	( Comparison of ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% to fortified tobramycin-cefazolin in treating bacterial corneal ulcers. Ciprofloxacin Bacterial Keratitis Study Group. Adenis, JP; Badrinath, SS; Caldwell, DR; Eiferman, RA; Hyndiuk, RA; Katz, HR; Klauss, V; Reddy, MK; Rosenwasser, GO; Santos, CI, 1996)	0.87
"To underscore the need for caution when making dramatic changes in phenytoin dosing, and to report a possible ciprofloxacin interaction in which failure of seizure control led to inappropriately high phenytoin dosing and subsequent intoxication."	( Hazards of doubling phenytoin dose in the face of an unrecognized interaction with ciprofloxacin. Pollak, PT; Slayter, KL, 1997)	0.73
" In response to the 80% decline in phenytoin concentration, the dosage was gradually titrated upward to produce a serum concentration of 12."	( Hazards of doubling phenytoin dose in the face of an unrecognized interaction with ciprofloxacin. Pollak, PT; Slayter, KL, 1997)	0.52
" In a conscientious effort to titrate phenytoin concentrations back to therapeutic values, the issue as to why this required such a dramatic change in dosage was ignored."	( Hazards of doubling phenytoin dose in the face of an unrecognized interaction with ciprofloxacin. Pollak, PT; Slayter, KL, 1997)	0.52
" This study examined the disposition of sequentially administered intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin, as well as provided dosing recommendations, for the treatment of acute pulmonary exacerbations in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients."	( Pharmacokinetic disposition of sequential intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients with acute pulmonary exacerbation. Church, DA; Echols, RM; Kuhn, RJ; Lettieri, JT; Miles, MV; Rubio, TT, 1997)	0.76
" Didanosine was dosed as the Videx chewable/dispersible tablet, which contains the antacids dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide."	( A multiple-dose pharmacokinetic interaction study between didanosine (Videx) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro) in male subjects seropositive for HIV but asymptomatic. Barbhaiya, RH; Knupp, CA, 1997)	0.52
"Schematic dosage adjustments for aminoglycosides, vancomycin, and ciprofloxacin were derived from published data on the prolongation of elimination half-lives in patients with renal impairment."	( Dosage adjustment of antiinfective therapy in patients with renal impairment. Borner, K; Eckhardt, A; Keller, F; Zellner, D, 1997)	0.53
" Clinafloxacin at higher dosage (45 mg/kg/d) resulted in a decrease in myeloid progenitors in BM."	( Enhanced hematopoiesis in sublethally irradiated mice treated with various quinolones. Fabian, I; Gruss, T; Kletter, Y; Shalit, I; Weiss, K, 1997)	0.3
" Test fluoroquinolones were administered orally at 1 h (single dose) or at 1 and 3 h (divided dose) postinfection, with 10 infected mice used for each of six concentrations of each fluoroquinolone tested (1 to 40 mg/kg of body weight) in each dosing regimen."	( In vivo oral efficacy of levofloxacin for treatment of systemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a murine model of septicemia. Amaratunga, DJ; Barrett, JF; Frosco, MB; Yagel, SK, 1996)	0.29
"One hundred eight pediatric cystic fibrosis patients (ages 5 to 17 years) with acute bronchopulmonary exacerbations entered a randomized multicenter trial designed to compare the safety and efficacy of antipseudomonas therapy with oral ciprofloxacin (15 mg/kg twice daily; maximum dosage 750 mg twice daily) or intravenous ceftazidime plus tobramycin (CAZ/TM) for 14 days."	( Oral ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime plus tobramycin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients: comparison of antipseudomonas efficacy and assessment of safety with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Cystic Fibrosis Study Group. Hampel, BJ; Nousia-Arvanitakis, S; Richard, DA; Schaad, UB; Sollich, V; Sommerauer, B, 1997)	0.99
" To help fill this informational gap, we administered ciprofloxacin to 12 patients with AIDS by two dosing regimens (400 mg given intravenously [i."	( Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with AIDS. Banevicius, MA; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Owens, RC; Patel, KB; Quintiliani, R, 1997)	0.81
" No dosage modifications were made in patients with renal impairment."	( The pharmacokinetics of intravenous ciprofloxacin 400 mg 12 hourly in patients with severe sepsis: the effect of renal function and intra-abdominal disease. Hedges, AJ; Jones, EM; Lovering, AM; MacGowan, AP; McMullin, CM; Reeves, DS; White, LO, 1997)	0.57
" We conclude that selective decontamination with a quinolone in low dosage cannot be recommended in neutropenic patients because there is, in the case of disturbed colonization resistance, a real risk of acquisition of quinolone-resistant strains."	( Influence of low dose ciprofloxacin on microbial colonization of the digestive tract in healthy volunteers during normal and during impaired colonization resistance. Dofferhoff, AS; Janssen, AJ; van de Leur, JJ; Vollaard, EJ, 1997)	0.61
"The results suggest that both fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin are safe and effective for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections at the higher doses used in phase 2, with fleroxacin offering the advantage of a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Once-daily fleroxacin versus twice-daily ciprofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Bischoff, W; Frankenschmidt, A; Kullmann, K; Naber, KG, 1997)	0.82
" Immediate release and erosion-controlled dosage forms have been examined."	( Assessment of antibiotic levels in lung tissue with erosion-controlled dosage forms. Ouriemchi, EM; Saïdna, M; Vergnaud, JM, )	0.13
" In addition, a constant dosage of SPFX and SYN 1193, in combination with varying dosages of erythromycin, was tested under similar experimental conditions."	( The effects of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm growth. Dasgupta, MK; Larabie, M; Micetich, RG; Salama, S; Shishido, H; Singh, R, 1997)	0.3
"Growth and development were monitored for up to 42 months in nine neonates to whom ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, was given in the neonatal period at a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day."	( The effects of a fluoroquinolone on the growth and development of infants. Balkan, E; Doğruyol, H; Gürpinar, AN; Kiliç, N; Kiriştioğlu, I, )	0.36
" A HPLC method was developed for determination of both antibiotics in ocular aqueous humor and plasma in order to optimize dosage for safe surpassing minimal inhibitory concentration in the humor compartment."	( Simultaneous quantification of cefotaxime, desacetylcefotaxime, ofloxacine and ciprofloxacine in ocular aqueous humor and in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Breithaupt, A; Breithaupt, H; Gehrke, R; Kraemer, HJ, 1997)	0.52
" We conclude that the dosage of enrofloxacin should be adjusted according to age when administered to very young calves."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in newborn and one-week-old calves. Kaartinen, L; Moilanen, M; Pyörälä, S; Räisänen, S, 1997)	0.3
"The purpose of this study was to compare once daily (To24) and thrice daily (To8) tobramycin dosing regimens alone and in combination with ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and imipenem against a clinical and ATCC strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( Once versus thrice daily tobramycin alone and in combination with ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and imipenem in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Hoban, DJ; Kabani, A; Karlowsky, JA; Zelenitsky, SA; Zhanel, GG, )	0.56
"5 and 6 h after dosing and the drug was still detectable in plasma 48 h after dosing (0."	( Quinolone-induced arthropathy: exposure of magnesium-deficient aged rats or immature rats, mineral concentrations in target tissues and pharmacokinetics. Förster, C; Günther, T; Lozo, E; Merker, HJ; Schwabe, R; Stahlmann, R; Vormann, J; Zippel, U, 1997)	0.3
" In the survival study, a dose-response effect of ciprofloxacin on survival was observed (ciprofloxacin: 10 mg/kg, 10%; 50 mg/kg, 26%; and 100 mg/kg, 35%) with the results in the 100-mg/kg-treated group being significant when compared with the 5% survival rate in saline-treated controls (P < ."	( The beneficial effects of ciprofloxacin on survival and hepatic regenerative activity in a rat model of fulminant hepatic failure. Assy, N; Gauthier, T; Kaita, KD; Meyers, AF; Minuk, GY; Zhang, M, 1998)	0.85
" To elucidate whether these conflicts are real or apparent, several predictors of the AMEs of two pharmacokinetically different antibiotics, trovafloxacin (TRO) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), as well as different dosing regimens of CIP were examined."	( Inter- and intraquinolone predictors of antimicrobial effect in an in vitro dynamic model: new insight into a widely used concept. Firsov, AA; Shevchenko, AA; Vostrov, SN; Zinner, SH, 1998)	0.5
"1, suggest that dosing recommendations based on body weight are pertinent, although caution should be exercised in small infants."	( Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of a new oral suspension of ciprofloxacin in children. Peltola, H; Saxén, H; Stass, H; Ukkonen, P, 1998)	0.53
" The same dosage regimen resulted in complete bacterial eradication in 88% of the kidneys."	( Comparative therapeutic efficacy of clinafloxacin in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mouse renal abscess model. Desaty, TM; Griffin, TJ; Heifetz, CL; Sesnie, JC; Shapiro, MA, 1998)	0.3
"Few data are available on the pharmacokinetics of multiple enteral dosing of ciprofloxacin in critically ill intensive care patients and none for those with severe gram-negative intra-abdominal infections (GNIAI)."	( Bioavailability of ciprofloxacin after multiple enteral and intravenous doses in ICU patients with severe gram-negative intra-abdominal infections. Bruining, HA; Buijk, SL; de Marie, S; Kluytmans, JA; Mouton, JW; van Vliet, A; VandenBergh, MF, 1998)	0.86
" This new dosage regimen can be adopted as an optimal dosage for ototopical application of ciprofloxacin in chronic suppurative otitis media."	( A new dosage regimen for topical application of ciprofloxacin in the management of chronic suppurative otitis media. Altuntas, A; Arda, HN; Aslan, A; Nalca, Y; Titiz, A, 1998)	0.78
" The impact of the dosing interval on the antimicrobial dose response was evaluated based on the survival of mice treated for 3 days with CPFX (25-200 mg/kg) or SPFX (6."	( Pharmacodynamic activities of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin in a murine pneumococcal pneumonia model: relevance for drug efficacy. Azoulay-Dupuis, E; Bédos, JP; Moine, P; Muffat-Joly, M; Pocidalo, JJ; Vallée, E; Veber, B, 1998)	0.59
" Ciprofloxacin is better in terms of dosage schedule, duration of treatment, and low cost."	( A comparative study of therapeutic response of patients with clinical chancroid to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and cotrimoxazole. D'Souza, P; Khanna, N; Misra, RS; Pandhi, RK; Rattan, A, 1998)	1.44
"In order to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for ciprofloxacin after single oral dosing in patients with liver impairments, a retrospective population analysis of already published data was undertaken."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with liver impairments analyzed by NPEM2 algorithm--a retrospective study. Atanasova, I; Dimitrova, V; Terziivanov, D, 1998)	0.83
" Dosing regimens were: every 30 min, 60 min, or a single drop applied at 9 h PI."	( Effectiveness of ciprofloxacin-polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in a Staphylococcus keratitis model. Engel, LS; Green, LC; Hill, JM; Moreau, JM; O'Callaghan, RJ, 1998)	0.64
" The cells were grown in antibiotic-free media and exposed to concentrations of ciprofloxacin at 0, 10, 100, 200, and 1,000 microg/ml to establish an initial dose-response curve."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin on the proliferation of osteoblast-like MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Dahners, LE; Edin, ML; Lester, GE; Lindsey, RW; Miclau, T, 1998)	0.93
" The results also confirmed earlier findings, advocating a once-daily dosage schedule for fleroxacin also in the Negroid population."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin in healthy adult Nigerian volunteers. Chukwuani, CM; Coker, HA; Ifudu, ND; Oduola, AM; Sowunmi, A, )	0.4
" These criteria for in vitro tests with sarafloxacin should enable the longitudinal monitoring of its activity against the indicated pathogens and allow detection of emerging resistant populations that may necessitate altered dosing regimens."	( In vitro susceptibility testing and quality control parameters for sarafloxacin (A-56620): a fluoroquinolone used for treatment and control of colibacillosis in poultry. Quality Control Study Group. Erwin, ME; Jones, RN, 1998)	0.3
" The appropriate dosage of quinolones has not been definitively established."	( Drug disposition in cystic fibrosis. Pons, G; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM, 1998)	0.3
" To achieve adequate serum levels requires continuation of intravenous antibiotics in patients with peritonitis, and adjustment of oral dosage in obese patients in the early period after elective surgery."	( Bioavailability of oral ciprofloxacin in early postsurgical patients. Christou, N; Duffy, DR; Hackam, DJ; Khaliq, Y; Marshall, JC; Rotstein, OD; Vaughan, D, 1998)	0.61
" The present investigation was designed to study the likelihood of the occurrence of any such interaction between the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin) at a dosage of 500 mg twice a day and the "low-dose" oral contraceptive Marvelon (30 microgram of ethinyl estradiol [EE] plus 150 microgram of desogestrel)."	( No interaction between ciprofloxacin and an oral contraceptive. Droppert, RM; Hoepelman, IM; Moesker, HL; Nauta, JJ; Scholten, PC; Zwinkels, MG, 1998)	0.81
" Standard antibiotic dosing regimens which simulated the pharmacokinetic profile observed in humans were used."	( Pharmacodynamic comparisons of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro model of infection. Lacy, MK; Lu, W; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R; Tessier, PR; Xu, X, 1999)	0.56
" aeruginosa with varying quinolone susceptibility, we constructed sigmoidal dose-response curves for AUC(0-6."	( The antibacterial efficacy of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed by combining antibiotic exposure and bacterial susceptibility. Holt, HA; MacGowan, AP; Wootton, M, 1999)	0.56
" Partly due to the changes in drug distribution and elimination, relative bioavailability of ciprofloxacin, as assessed by AUC0-->infinity, remained similar for both dosing groups."	( Effects of taraxacum mongolicum on the bioavailability and disposition of ciprofloxacin in rats. Li, RC; Wong, PY; Zhu, M, 1999)	0.75
"No major pharmacokinetic modification was noted when cefpirome was given to trauma patients with posttraumatic SIRS without significant organ failure, indicating that no dosage adjustment seems required in this population."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefpirome during the posttraumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Edouard, AR; Incagnoli, P; Jacolot, A; Mimoz, O; Petitjean, O; Samii, K; Tod, M, 1999)	0.3
" After intravenous dosing of ciprofloxacin (10-30 mg kg(-1)), ciprofloxacin levels in plasma and brain were measured in normal rats (Wistar, male, 10-week-old) and those with acute renal and hepatic injuries which were induced by uranyl nitrate and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), respectively."	( Distribution of ciprofloxacin into the central nervous system in rats with acute renal or hepatic failure. Hirano, H; Ichikawa, N; Iwamoto, K; Naora, K, 1999)	0.94
" The dosing regimen of each drug that yielded serum levels in mice which mimic human therapeutic concentrations of the drugs, were designed."	( Comparative efficacies of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse model of experimental septicaemia. Bui, KQ; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Onyeji, CO; Owens, RC; Quintiliani, R, 1999)	0.57
" Male Sprague-Dawley rats (220-250 g) receiving ciprofloxacin dosages of 20 mg/kg po were concomitantly dosed with an aqueous extract of SO (equivalent to 2 g/kg crude drug)."	( Influence of Sanguisorba officinalis, a mineral-rich plant drug, on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in the rat. Li, RC; Wong, PY; Zhu, M, 1999)	0.78
" In addition, the formation of metal chelates is also believed to be the reason for the significant reduction in oral bioavailability for the quinolones when concomitantly dosed with oral cation containing agents."	( Effects of order of magnesium exposure on the postantibiotic effect and bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin. Lam, JS; Lau, PY; Li, RC; Lo, KN, 1999)	0.52
"The major challenge faced during the development of implantable dosage forms for site-specific delivery is monitoring the local concentration of the drug at or around the site of action."	( Development of an in vitro dissolution method using microdialysis sampling technique for implantable drug delivery systems. Dash, AK; Garavalia, MJ; Haney, PW, 1999)	0.3
" Eggs containing incurred SAR, which were collected over a 3-day dosing period and for 5 consecutive days thereafter, also were analyzed by using this technique."	( Determination of sarafloxacin residues in fortified and incurred eggs using on-line microdialysis and HPLC/programmable fluorescence detection. Cohen, E; Donoghue, DJ; Maxwell, RJ, 1999)	0.3
" Forty healthy male and female volunteers received repeat dosing for 7 days with 160 mg or 320 mg of gemifloxacin (o."	( Evaluation of phototoxic potential of gemifloxacin in healthy volunteers compared with ciprofloxacin. Allen, A; Bird, N; Ferguson, J; Richards, J; Vousden, M, )	0.35
"Application of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles to dosing of ciprofloxacin may reduce the risk of ciprofloxacin resistance to the level seen in isolates exposed to other agents."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hyatt, JM; Schentag, JJ, 2000)	0.8
" While the length of time the patient spends in the hospital and the site of infection cannot be controlled, by using PK and PD principles for dosing of ciprofloxacin, the emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in P aeruginosa may be reduced."	( Potential role of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and computerized databases in controlling bacterial resistance. Hyatt, JM; Schentag, JJ, 2000)	0.51
" Dogs of 10-11 weeks were dosed orally for 5 days with 0 (n=3), 30 (n=5) and 200 (n=5) mg ciprofloxacin/kg body wt."	( Chondrotoxicity of ciprofloxacin in immature beagle dogs: immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and drug plasma concentrations. Evander, SA; Flores, J; Kühner, S; Schwabe, R; Shakibaei, M; Stahlmann, R; van Sickle, DC, 2000)	0.86
" One group (n = 5) received 20 mg kg(-1) antibiotic orally with concomitant oral dosing of the aqueous fennel extract (2 g herb kg(-1)) whereas the controls (n = 5) received 20 mg kg(-1) oral ciprofloxacin."	( Effect of oral administration of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on ciprofloxacin absorption and disposition in the rat. Li, RC; Wong, PY; Zhu, M, 1999)	0.73
" pneumoniae, with standard dosing resulting in area under the concentration-time curve/MIC ratios and peak concentration/MIC ratios that resulted in 99."	( Activities of trovafloxacin, gatifloxacin, clinafloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro infection model. Hershberger, E; Rybak, MJ, 2000)	0.53
"gif" BORDER="0"> and AUIC(ss) were calculated for each clinical case included in the study, from simulated plasma level curves corresponding to the dosage regimen administered."	( A retrospective analysis of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices as indicators of the clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin. Colino, CI; Sánchez-Navarro, A; Sánchez-Recio, MM, 2000)	0.52
" Dose-response experiments with two topoisomerase IV mutants that confer clinical resistance to quinolones (GrlA(Ser80Phe) and GrlA(Glu84Lys)) indicate that resistance is caused by a decrease in both drug affinity and efficacy."	( Action of quinolones against Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV: basis for DNA cleavage enhancement. Anderson, VE; Gootz, TD; Kaczmarek, FS; Osheroff, N; Zaniewski, RP, 2000)	0.31
" This synergistic PAE of amikacin with ceftazidime has a significant effect on designing optimal dosage regimens."	( Postantibiotic effect of a combination of antimicrobial agents on pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mandal, A; Mishra, B; Sood, P, )	0.13
" Porton outbred mice and Syrian hamsters were given 40 mg/kg of either doxycycline or ciprofloxacin twice daily by sc injection according to one of three regimens: dosing starting 48 h before challenge and continuing for 5 days postchallenge; 5 days' therapy starting immediately after challenge; 5 days' therapy starting 24 h after challenge."	( Comparison of efficacy of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline against experimental melioidosis and glanders. Bell, DL; Eley, SM; Ellis, J; Green, M; Kenny, DJ; Russell, P; Titball, RW, 2000)	0.83
" Physical examinations, electrocardiograms, spirometry, and clinical laboratory tests were performed before dosing and on selected dosing days."	( Effect of multiple-dose gatifloxacin or ciprofloxacin on glucose homeostasis and insulin production in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus maintained with diet and exercise. Berger, S; Gajjar, DA; Grasela, DM; Kollia, GD; LaCreta, FP; Smith, WB; Stolz, RR; Swingle, M, 2000)	0.57
" Models were dosed the same as rabbit models, and SEVs were evaluated at the same time the rabbit vegetations were examined."	( Comparison of a rabbit model of bacterial endocarditis and an in vitro infection model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Coyle, EA; Hershberger, E; Kaatz, GW; Rybak, MJ; Zervos, MJ, 2000)	0.31
" Results of the present study show that single dose oral rufloxacin may be used in routine clinical practice as a preoperative prophylactic antibiotic due to its low cost, its documented efficacy and its simple once daily dosage regimen."	( Comparison of single preoperative oral rufloxacin versus perioperative ciprofloxacin as prophylactic agents in transurethral surgery. Belgrano, E; Buttazzi, L; Ciampalini, S; Lissiani, A; Plaino, F; Raber, M; Savoca, G, 2000)	0.54
" To minimize direct physical interaction in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the current study design required the male Sprague Dawley rats (220-240 g) to be dosed with 100 mg/kg of oral ferrous sulfate and 5 mg/kg of intravenous ciprofloxacin."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between intravenous ciprofloxacin and oral ferrous sulfate. Li, RC; Wong, PY; Zhu, M, 2000)	0.73
" Experiments simulated variable peak serum concentrations, but clinically relevant half-lives and dosing intervals."	( In vitro characterization of fluoroquinolone concentration/MIC antimicrobial activity and resistance while simulating clinical pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Demasters, TA; Madaras-Kelly, KJ, 2000)	0.5
" These parameters may be used in evaluation of the drugs efficacy and for dosing corrections."	( [The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of fluoroquinolones in the evaluation of antibacterial therapy regimens]. Smirnova, LB; Sokolova, VI, 2000)	0.31
" Additionally, both combination regimens provided bactericidal activity for 100% of the dosing interval for all isolates."	( Comparison of the bactericidal activity of trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with cefepime, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. McNabb, J; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R, )	0.37
" Radioactivity was detected in egg yolk and egg albumen on the second day of dosing and reached a maximum at 24 h after drug withdrawal."	( Determination of total 14C residues of sarafloxacin in eggs of laying hens. Chu, PS; Donoghue, DJ; Shaikh, B, 2000)	0.31
" Dosing regimens were chosen to obtain a comparable area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity/MIC ratio of 27."	( Differential selection of multidrug efflux mutants by trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin in an experimental model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa acute pneumonia in rats. Carbon, C; Chau, F; Dautrey, S; Faurisson, F; Join-Lambert, OF; Köhler, T; Michéa-Hamzehpour, M; Pechère, J; Vissuzaine, C, 2001)	0.54
"To investigate whether weight adjusted ciprofloxacin dosing results in comparable target site concentrations in obese and lean subjects."	( Soft tissue concentrations of ciprofloxacin in obese and lean subjects following weight-adjusted dosing. Brunner, M; Hollenstein, UM; Müller, M; Schmid, R, 2001)	0.87
" Weight-adjusted dosing based on actual body weight will yield adequate tissue levels for ciprofloxacin."	( Soft tissue concentrations of ciprofloxacin in obese and lean subjects following weight-adjusted dosing. Brunner, M; Hollenstein, UM; Müller, M; Schmid, R, 2001)	0.82
"Twice-daily dosing is recommended for ciprofloxacin for most indications."	( Cost and dosing issues. Nathwani, D, 2000)	0.58
" In contrast, pneumococci with a two- to four-fold increase in sparfloxacin MIC were selected in the presence of serum concentrations of sparfloxacin despite a C(max)/MIC ratio higher than 12, but these isolates remained clinically susceptible by breakpoint MIC and their growth was inhibited by repeated dosage of sparfloxacin."	( The effect of pharmacokinetics on the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae and the emergence of resistance. Edwards, DI; Thorburn, CE, 2001)	0.55
" All quinolones tested selected for resistance; judicious use and proper dosing will be necessary to avoid resistance selection of newer broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones."	( Single- and multi-step resistance selection study of gemifloxacin compared with trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Appelbaum, PC; Davies, TA; Dewasse, BE; Jacobs, MR; Nagai, K, 2001)	0.53
" Cultures were grown at 28 degrees C in sucrose/peptone broth for 18 days after dosing with ciprofloxacin (300 microM) or norfloxacin (313 microM)."	( The fungus Pestalotiopsis guepini as a model for biotransformation of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Freeman, JP; Heinze, TM; Moody, JD; Parshikov, IA; Sutherland, JB; Williams, AJ, 2001)	0.76
" Trovafloxacin serum bactericidal titres against the ciprofloxacin-resistant strain were measurable generally only at 1 h after dosing (median titre=2)."	( Influence of diminished susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to ciprofloxacin on the serum bactericidal activity of gemifloxacin and trovafloxacin after a single dose in healthy volunteers. Aguilar, L; Alou, L; Dal-Ré, R; Frías, J; Fuentes, F; Giménez, MJ; Prieto, J; Sörgel, F, 2001)	0.79
" Based on the single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters determined, multiple dosage regimens were recommended as: a dosage of 10 mg/kg given intramuscularly every 12 h in pigs, or administered orally every 8 h in broilers, can maintain effective plasma concentrations with bacteria infections, in which MIC90 are <0."	( Pharmacokinetics of sarafloxacin in pigs and broilers following intravenous, intramuscular, and oral single-dose applications. Chen, ZL; Ding, HZ; Fung, KF; Qiao, GL; Zeng, ZL, 2001)	0.31
" The purpose of this prospective study was to (i) develop a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to be utilized for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of ciprofloxacin and (ii) evaluate current ciprofloxacin dosing regimens for pneumonias in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics and use of Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate currently recommended dosing regimens of ciprofloxacin in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Aminimanizani, A; Beringer, PM; Gill, MA; Jelliffe, R; Louie, SG; Montgomery, MJ; Shapiro, BJ, 2001)	0.72
") dosing were investigated in the present study."	( Effects of repeated rifabutin administration on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin in mice. Li, RC; Liu, XG, 2001)	0.53
" Gatifloxacin should be avoided in the same patient population, and the recommended dosage of 400 mg/day should not be exceeded."	( Rates of torsades de pointes associated with ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin. Frothingham, R, 2001)	0.57
"The disposition kinetics, urinary excretion and a dosage regimen for ciprofloxacin after a single intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg was investigated in 5 healthy buffalo calves."	( The disposition kinetics, urinary excretion and dosage regimen of ciprofloxacin in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Saini, SP; Srivastava, AK, 2001)	0.78
" and oral dosage of 8 mg ciprofloxacin kg(-1) bodyweight."	( Pharmacokinetics and residues of ciprofloxacin and its metabolites in broiler chickens. Anadón, A; Díaz, MJ; Frejo, MT; Iturbe, J; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR, 2001)	0.9
" Tendon rupture occurred with a lower ciprofloxacin dosage than tendonitis and the mean recovery duration was significantly longer."	( Achilles tendon disease in lung transplant recipients: association with ciprofloxacin. Chhajed, PN; Glanville, AR; Hopkins, PM; Malouf, MA; Plit, ML, 2002)	0.82
" In conclusion, a dosage of 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin is sufficient to exceed the minimal inhibitory concentrations in osteomyelitic bone against most pathogens that are sensitive in vitro, but clinical efficacy remains to be evaluated."	( Concentration of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in canine matrices of the locomotor system. Ehinger, AM; Kietzmann, M; Meyer-Lindenberg, A; Nolte, I; Vick, M, 2002)	0.57
"A simulation study was performed to evaluate and compare the standard dosage regimen of 250 mg/12 h versus 500 mg/24 h of ciprofloxacin for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs)."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of ciprofloxacin 250 mg/12 h versus 500 mg/24 h for urinary infections. Sánchez Navarro, A; Sánchez Navarro, MD; Sayalero Marinero, ML, 2002)	0.78
" Many of the fluoroquinolone agents have once-daily dosing regimens, enhancing patient adherence."	( The expanding role of fluoroquinolones. Schaeffer, AJ, 2002)	0.31
" However, pegylated liposomal ciprofloxacin either at high dosage or given at low dosage in combination with free ciprofloxacin on the first day of treatment was fully effective (100% survival)."	( Ciprofloxacin in polyethylene glycol-coated liposomes: efficacy in rat models of acute or chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Guo, L; Mouton, JW; ten Kate, MT; Working, P, 2002)	2.05
" This study suggests that both bacterial strain-independent AUC/MIC- and the respective strain-specific dose-response relationships of the AME are important for comprehensive pharmacodynamic evaluation of antimicrobial agents."	( Bacterial strain-independent AUC/MIC and strain-specific dose-response relationships reflecting comparative fluoroquinolone anti-pseudomonal pharmacodynamics in an in vitro dynamic model. Firsov, AA; Lubenko, IY; Portnoy, YA; Vostrov, SN; Zinner, SH, 2002)	0.31
"To determine an adequate dosage of ciprofloxacin in critically ill medical patients on continuous venovenous haemofiltration, we studied the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in eight critically ill medical patients with renal failure treated with continuous venovenous haemofiltration using polysulfone membranes."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with acute renal failure undergoing continuous venovenous haemofiltration: influence of concomitant liver cirrhosis. Bellmann, R; Bellmann-Weiler, R; Dunzendorfer, S; Egger, P; Gritsch, W; Joannidis, M; Wiedermann, ChJ, 2002)	0.92
" This paper reviews the information about the indications, dosage and side effects of Ciprofloxacin and Doxycycline in children and pregnant women and lactating women."	( [Tetracyclines and ciprofloxacin as treatment for children and pregnant or lactating women in the era of biological terror]. Aizenstien, O; Lehavi, O; Sagi, R, 2002)	0.87
" In addition, concurrent dosing of BPAA (1 microgram/body) did not reduce the convulsion-inducing dose of PZFX mesilate."	( [Drug interactions between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and pazufloxacin mesilate, a new quinolone antibacterial agent for intravenous use: convulsions in mice after intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration]. Fukuda, H; Kawamura, Y, 2002)	0.31
" pneumoniae by increasing the dosage of ciprofloxacin from 40 to 200 mg/kg, consistent with the higher MIC."	( Significance of low-level resistance to ciprofloxacin in Klebsiella pneumoniae and the effect of increased dosage of ciprofloxacin in vivo using the rat granuloma pouch model. Fuursted, K; Schumacher, H, 2002)	0.85
" Hydrogels C-AMFQ behave as a reservoir of AMFQ able to deliver it at a constant rate and would be useful to design topical and or systemic dosage forms."	( Release kinetics and up-take studies of model fluoroquinolones from carbomer hydrogels. Allemandi, DA; Alovero, F; Jimenez-Kairuz, A; Manzo, RH; Olivera, ME; Vilches, AP, 2002)	0.31
"In a post-marketing surveillance study at 87 intensive-care units in Germany we analyzed 676 cases of nosocomial pneumonia treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin in a daily dosage of at least 400 mg."	( [Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia: a surveillance study in 676 patients]. Kljucar, S; Landen, H; Rost, KL, 2002)	1.42
"To evaluate the dosage regimens of ciprofloxacin prescribed for outpatients by applying the principles of antibacterial therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin as a tool to optimise dosage schedules in community patients. Coloma Milano, C; Sánchez Navarro, MD; Sánchez-Navarro, A; Sayalero Marinero, ML; Zarzuelo Castañeda, A, 2002)	0.92
"Prescribed dosage regimen, age, weight, height, type of infection, comorbidity and coadministered drugs were recorded for each patient."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin as a tool to optimise dosage schedules in community patients. Coloma Milano, C; Sánchez Navarro, MD; Sánchez-Navarro, A; Sayalero Marinero, ML; Zarzuelo Castañeda, A, 2002)	0.64
" Endometrial tissue concentrations taken from the mares after dosing showed that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin both penetrate this tissue adequately after systemic administration and would attain concentrations high enough in the tissue fluids to treat infections of the endometrium caused by susceptible bacteria."	( Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin and the metabolite ciprofloxacin after i.v. administration of enrofloxacin to mares. Cole, JA; Papich, MG; Van Camp, SD; Whitacre, MD, 2002)	0.75
" In conclusion, single-dose administration of two bioequivalent dosage forms of ciprofloxacin might lead to differences in target site pharmacokinetics."	( Target site concentrations of ciprofloxacin after single intravenous and oral doses. Brunner, M; Eichler, HG; Erovic, B; Hollenstein, U; Möller, JG; Müller, M; Schrolnberger, C; Stabeta, H; Zeitlinger, M, 2002)	0.83
"In this study twice daily ciprofloxacin for 3 days achieved clinical cure rates similar to those for the same dosage given for 5 days in children with Sd1 dysentery."	( Multicenter, randomized, double blind clinical trial of short course versus standard course oral ciprofloxacin for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 dysentery in children. , 2002)	0.83
" Skin biopsies and whole blood samples were obtained before dosing and at the time of the expected maximum concentration in skin (3 hours after dosing) on the first and on the fifth to seventh day of dosing."	( Determination of plasma and skin concentrations of orbifloxacin in dogs with clinically normal skin and dogs with pyoderma. Katz, T; Kay-Mugford, PA; Ngoh, M; Simmons, R; Varma, KJ; Weingarten, AJ; White, A; Zolynas, R, 2002)	0.31
" Descriptive statistics were determined for each dosage, and comparisons were made among dosage groups for selected pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in dogs following single oral administration of enrofloxacin at 7.5, 10, or 20 mg/kg. Boeckh, A; Boothe, DM; Boothe, HW; Jones, S; Wilkie, S, 2002)	0.55
" Necropsy on day 20 of gestation showed dosage related increase in liver and kidney weights in all rat treated groups."	( Developmental toxicity studies of the quinolone antibacterial agent irloxacin in rats and rabbits. Demestre, I; García, C; Guzmán, A; Marín, AP; Willoughby, C, 2003)	0.32
" As pharmacodynamic properties of CIPX are not drastically affected by being complexed with aluminium, the increased aqueous compatibility of the complex remains as the main formulation factor for liquid dosage forms."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of a fluoroquinolone pharmaceutical derivative: hydrochloride of ciprofloxacin-aluminium complex. Alovero, FL; Manzo, RH; Olivera, ME, 2003)	0.53
" Recent reports demonstrate enhanced activity associated with a higher 750 mg dosage of levofloxacin."	( Comparative antimicrobial activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Garrison, MW, 2003)	0.57
" In classical fractionated dose-response studies with animals, it is difficult to differentiate between the AUC/MIC ratio and the peak/MIC ratio because of colinearity."	( Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in a murine pneumonia model: peak concentration/MIC versus area under the curve/MIC ratios. Fraschini, F; Mattina, R; Mouton, JW; Scaglione, F, 2003)	0.59
"The impact of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters (the 24h area under the concentration-time curve [AUC24h]/minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] and maximum concentration in serum [Cmax]/MIC ratio) after single oral dosing of gatifloxacin on its bactericidal activity and resistance selectivity against quinolone-susceptible clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae J-69 was investigated using an in vitro PK model."	( The effect of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters of gatifloxacin on its bactericidal activity and resistance selectivity against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ebisu, H; Fukuda, H; Kishii, R; Takei, M, 2003)	0.32
" Ciprofloxacin presented no adverse reactions and can be dosed to people with Amerindian origin in the same dose regimes as prescribed to Caucasians in order to achieve minimal inhibitory concentrations against a wide range of microbial pathogens."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in healthy Mexican volunteers. Escobar, Y; Hoyo-Vadillo, C, 2003)	1.55
" Additional groups of rats were orally dosed with 600 mg/kg ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin."	( Concentrations of the des-F(6)-quinolone garenoxacin in plasma and joint cartilage of immature rats. Baumann-Wilschke, I; Bello, A; Kastner, M; Rahm, U; Stahlmann, R, 2004)	0.55
" Responsible use of antibiotics for uUTI requires selection and administration of the right dosage of the most suitable antibiotic for an appropriate time period to eliminate pathogens quickly and successfully."	( Acute uncomplicated UTI and E. coli resistance: implications for first-line empirical antibiotic therapy. Keating, K; Merchant, S; Nichols, BR; Perfetto, EM, )	0.13
" With dosing regimens B and C, levofloxacin concentrations in the aqueous humor were above the MIC90 for most common ocular pathogens, including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species."	( An in vivo study comparing the ocular absorption of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin prior to phacoemulsification. Bucci, FA, 2004)	0.56
"The efficacy and safety of two oral dosing regimens of gatifloxacin were compared to ciprofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection in a randomised, double-blind multi-centre trial."	( Gatifloxacin 200 mg or 400 mg once daily is as effective as ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for the treatment of patients with acute pyelonephritis or complicated urinary tract infections. Ankel-Fuchs, D; Bartnicki, A; Bischoff, W; Hanus, M; Milutinovic, S; Naber, KG; Schönwald, S; van Belle, F; Weitz, P, 2004)	0.79
" The use of antibiotics with favourable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles and convenient dosing schedules, which effectively increase bacterial eradication and patient compliance, can help to curb the current epidemic of resistance and reduce the rate of clinical failure associated with resistance."	( Extended-release ciprofloxacin (Cipro XR) for treatment of urinary tract infections. Elkharrat, D; Naber, KG; Palou, J; Talan, DA, 2004)	0.66
" This was possibly due to different antimicrobial activity and dosage of used drugs."	( [Antibiotics in transurethral resection of the prostate in patients with low risk of infectious complications: randomized prospective comparative study]. Valdevenito Sepúlveda, JP, )	0.13
" Based on the range of clinical indications, safety profile, local susceptibility, cost, and dosing convenience, levofloxacin was chosen over ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin as the sole fluoroquinolone."	( Drug costs and bacterial susceptibility after implementing a single-fluoroquinolone use policy at a university hospital. Armitstead, JA; Empey, KL; Evans, ME; Martin, C; Ofotokum, I; Rapp, RP, 2004)	0.52
" Ceftazidime plus ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime plus tobramycin were dosed every 12 h for 48 h using simultaneous or staggered administration."	( Effect of antibiotic sequence on combination regimens against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a multiple-dose, in vitro infection model. Ariano, RE; Harding, GK; Iacovides, H; Zelenitsky, SA, 2004)	0.66
"The efficacy and safety of two oral dosing regimens of gatifloxacin compared with ciprofloxacin for the treatment of acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection was investigated in a double-blind, randomised study, in adult female patients who received either gatifloxacin (400 mg as a single shot or 3 days of 200 mg once daily) or ciprofloxacin (250 mg given twice daily for 3 days)."	( Gatifloxacin 400 mg as a single shot or 200 mg once daily for 3 days is as effective as ciprofloxacin 250 mg twice daily for the treatment of patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Allin, DM; Ankel-Fuchs, D; Clarysse, L; Haworth, DA; Hopkins, G; James, IG; Naber, KG; Raini, C; Schneider, H; Wall, A; Weitz, P, 2004)	0.77
" It is suggested that these MPC values will be useful when considering dosing strategies."	( Mutant prevention concentrations of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin for Salmonella enterica. Cooles, SW; Piddock, LJ; Randall, LP; Woodward, MJ, 2004)	0.6
"The efficacy and safety of Cifran OD, a new dosage form of ciprofloxacin with prolonged action were studied in the treatment of patients with bronchopulmonary infection (n=23)."	( [Therapy of bronchopulmonary infection in smokers]. Orlov, VA; Shenderovich, VA; Smirnova, LB; Sokolova, VI; Surkova, IuV, 2004)	0.57
" The detection of these drugs in commercial dosage formulations is reported."	( Identification of 5-aminosalicylic acid, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin by abrasive stripping voltammetry. Komorsky-Lovrić, S; Nigović, B, 2004)	0.59
" This is one of the first studies to demonstrate a significant effect of a computerized intervention on dosing route within an antibiotic class."	( Oral quinolones in hospitalized patients: an evaluation of a computerized decision support intervention. Arbogast, PG; Bansal, P; Hargrove, F; Hulgan, T; Kernodle, DS; Miller, RA; Rosenbloom, ST; Talbert, DA, 2004)	0.32
"(1) To determine the pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in CCPD patients, (2) to compare serum and dialysate ciprofloxacin concentrations with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the gram-negative bacteria associated with peritonitis, and (3) to establish oral ciprofloxacin dosing guidelines for the empirical treatment of peritonitis in patients receiving CCPD."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin in continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Awdishu, L; Tailor, SA; Tobe, S; Walker, SE; Yassa, T; Yeung, SM, )	0.69
" The model confirmed the importance of resistant variants to the emergence of resistance by successfully predicting that resistant subpopulations would not emerge when a low-density culture, with a low probability of mutants, was exposed to a clinical dosing regimen or when a high-density culture, with a higher probability of mutants, was exposed to a transient high initial concentration designed to rapidly eradicate low-level resistant grlA mutants."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of ciprofloxacin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Campion, JJ; Evans, ME; McNamara, PJ, 2005)	0.62
" The BU dosing began at 15 mg/kg, escalating in 1 mg/kg increments in groups of 4 patients."	( Dose escalation of busulfan with pentoxifylline and ciprofloxacin in patients with breast cancer undergoing autologous transplants. Bensinger, WI; Buckner, CD; Holmberg, L; Lilleby, K; Slattery, JT; Storb, R, 2004)	0.57
"3% dosing varied among 4 groups with frequencies of 16-48 doses/day (days 1-2), 3-16 doses/day (days 3-7), and maintenance dosing of 3-4 doses/day (days 8-22)."	( Comparison of ophthalmic gatifloxacin 0.3% and ciprofloxacin 0.3% in healing of corneal ulcers associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced ulcerative keratitis in rabbits. Carrier, M; Jensen, H; Short, B; Zerouala, C, 2005)	0.59
" The relationship between the efficacies of these 3 dosage schemes could have been predicted by AUC above MIC and AUIC, but not by AUC/MIC or time above MIC."	( Dose adjustment of ciprofloxacin in renal failure: reduce the dose or prolong the administration interval? Czock, D; Rasche, FM, 2005)	0.66
" In November 2003, the Pharmacist-managed intravenous to oral (IV-PO) Dosage Form Conversion Service was implemented, enabling autonomous pharmacist-initiated dosage form conversion for ciprofloxacin."	( The impact of a pharmacist-managed dosage form conversion service on ciprofloxacin usage at a major Canadian teaching hospital: a pre- and post-intervention study. Balen, RM; Ho, BP; Jewesson, PJ; Lau, TT; Naumann, TL, 2005)	0.75
"While overall utilization of ciprofloxacin remained unchanged and the proportion of IV to total doses was stable during the study period, the proportion of inappropriate IV doses and its associated costs appear to have declined subsequent to implementation of a Pharmacist-managed IV-PO Dosage Form Conversion Service."	( The impact of a pharmacist-managed dosage form conversion service on ciprofloxacin usage at a major Canadian teaching hospital: a pre- and post-intervention study. Balen, RM; Ho, BP; Jewesson, PJ; Lau, TT; Naumann, TL, 2005)	0.85
" The interactions between antibiotic treatment and cyclosporine therapy should be observed closely in organ transplant recipients, requiring frequent level determinations and dosing changes."	( Successful management of two heart transplant recipients with mycobacterial pulmonary infections. Barten, M; Bittner, HB; Bossert, T; Gummert, JF; Mohr, FW; Rahmel, A; Richter, M, 2005)	0.33
" Stability of the mixtures over time was monitored, as was the dosage uniformity across preparations."	( Stability, dose uniformity, and palatability of three counterterrorism drugs-human subject and electronic tongue studies. Brower, J; Buhse, L; Doub, W; Machado, S; Martin, ES; Moore, T; Nasr, M; Nguyenpho, A; Pelsor, F; Reepmeyer, J; Roberts, R; Sadrieh, N; Schuirmann, DJ; Straughn, A; Toler, D; Yu, L, 2005)	0.33
" The probabilities of each drug and dosing regimen in achieving pharmacodynamic targets were calculated."	( Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials for the empirical treatment of nosocomial pneumonia: a report from the OPTAMA Program. Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Sun, HK, 2005)	0.33
" pneumoniae, MPC results were below susceptible breakpoints and within clinically achievable and sustainable drug concentrations for >24 hours of the dosing interval against."	( Comparison of the minimum inhibitory, mutant prevention and minimum bactericidal concentrations of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and garenoxacin against enteric Gram-negative urinary tract infection pathogens. Blondeau, JM; Hansen, GT, 2005)	0.55
" As a consequence, on the one hand the elimination of drugs excreted in the urine may be delayed and a change of dosage may be required, and on the other hand the intravesical administration of a drug may produce blood levels capable of inducing unwanted systemic effects."	( Interindividual variability in the absorption of ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone from continent ileal reservoir for urine. Corbu, C; Garbero, C; Gosmar, M; Manfredi, V; Martelli, A; Mattioli, F; Tognoni, P, 2006)	0.59
"To evaluate the suitability of a once-a-day dosing regimen of ciprofloxacin using a new extended-release dosage form based on PK/PD principles."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) evaluation of a once-daily treatment using ciprofloxacin in an extended-release dosage form. Dalhoff, A; Derendorf, H; Schuck, EL; Stass, H, 2005)	0.79
" Resulting parameters were used to compare expected kill curves for the two dosing regimens based on measured ciprofloxacin concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) evaluation of a once-daily treatment using ciprofloxacin in an extended-release dosage form. Dalhoff, A; Derendorf, H; Schuck, EL; Stass, H, 2005)	0.77
"Results indicate that once-a-day dosing of equal total daily doses with the new and more compliance-friendly extended-release dosing form will be therapeutically equivalent to once-a-day dosing with traditional immediate-release dosage forms for treatment of infections with this microorganism."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) evaluation of a once-daily treatment using ciprofloxacin in an extended-release dosage form. Dalhoff, A; Derendorf, H; Schuck, EL; Stass, H, 2005)	0.55
"05) emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Bacteroides fragilis group with 25 mg/kg bw, which is equivalent to a human therapeutic dosage of the antibiotic."	( Impact of ciprofloxacin in the human-flora-associated (HFA) rat model: comparison with the HFA mouse model. Bartholomew, M; Fernández, AH; Laurentie, M; Perrin-Guyomard, A; Poul, JM; Sanders, P, 2006)	1.08
"An in vitro kinetic model was used to measure MPC with static antibiotic concentrations and to test different dosing profiles to study pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics indices important to prevent the growth of resistant mutants."	( Selection of ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli in an in vitro kinetic model: relation between drug exposure and mutant prevention concentration. Cars, O; Hughes, D; Komp Lindgren, P; Marcusson, LL; Olofsson, SK, 2006)	0.7
" The in vitro pharmacodynamic model was inoculated with 1 x 10(6) cfu/mL and garenoxacin was dosed once daily at 0 and 24 h to simulate fAUC24 and t1/2 obtained after standard oral doses in healthy volunteers (400 mg once daily, free AUC24 20 mg."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of garenoxacin against ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Derkatch, S; Hoban, DJ; James, J; Laing, N; Noreddin, AM; Zhanel, GG, 2006)	0.59
" Dosage regimens were determined from the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters established for fluoroquinolone antibiotics."	( The pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin in the horse following oral and intravenous administration. Davis, JL; Papich, MG; Weingarten, A, 2006)	0.33
"To define in critically ill patients receiving intravenous (iv) ciprofloxacin (200 mg or 400 mg twice daily) and undergoing routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) the interindividual pharmacokinetic variability and the reliable pharmacodynamic breakpoint enabled by these fixed dosing regimens according to the PK/PD principles and to the pattern of susceptibility to this antibiotic."	( Which reliable pharmacodynamic breakpoint should be advised for ciprofloxacin monotherapy in the hospital setting? A TDM-based retrospective perspective. Furlanut, M; Pavan, F; Pea, F; Poz, D; Viale, P, 2006)	0.81
"Lowering ciprofloxacin dosage in the presence of renal failure seems in most cases unnecessary, since drug accumulation occurred only in a few cases."	( Which reliable pharmacodynamic breakpoint should be advised for ciprofloxacin monotherapy in the hospital setting? A TDM-based retrospective perspective. Furlanut, M; Pavan, F; Pea, F; Poz, D; Viale, P, 2006)	0.99
" In an exploratory long-term in vivo study with three rabbits, ciprofloxacin could not be detected from the serum after moderate filling (160 mg) of the tibia (follow-up 168 days), whereas after high dosing (a total dose of 1,000 mg in both tibias) ciprofloxacin was found temporarily at low serum concentrations (14-34 ng/mL) during the follow-up of 300 days."	( In vitro and in vivo testing of bioabsorbable antibiotic containing bone filler for osteomyelitis treatment. Aro, HT; Jalava, J; Koort, JK; Mäkinen, TJ; Suokas, E; Törmälä, P; Veiranto, M, 2006)	0.57
" Section headings with the least conformity with study references were those related to dosage (57 +/- 28%) and side effects (54 +/- 30%)."	( Assessment of prescribing information for generic drugs manufactured in the Middle East and marketed in Saudi Arabia. Al Haidari, K; Gebran, N, )	0.13
" Individualised dosing using extended interval dosing, which maximises the peak serum drug concentration (C(max))/minimum inhibitory concentration ratio is recommended."	( Antibacterial dosing in intensive care: pharmacokinetics, degree of disease and pharmacodynamics of sepsis. Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2006)	0.33
" This study was carried out to investigate the solid phase transformation of ciprofloxacin during conventional formulation processing that impacts the performance of solid dosage forms."	( Investigation of excipient and processing on solid phase transformation and dissolution of ciprofloxacin. Hu, Y; Li, X; Zhi, F, 2007)	0.79
" Compound 3,3-bis(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H,3H-naphtho[1,2-c]furan-1-one (5) showed significant antibacterial activity, no in vitro toxicity, and dose-response effects against Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC=0."	( Antibacterial agent discovery using thymidylate synthase biolibrary screening. Barlocco, D; Casolari, C; Cavazzuti, A; Costi, MP; Ferrari, S; Gelain, A; Ghelli, S; Guillou, C; Reniero, F; Rossi, T; Ruberto, A; Soragni, F, 2006)	0.33
" Urine samples were taken every 2 h during the whole dosing interval of the particular antibiotic."	( Urinary bactericidal activity of oral antibiotics against common urinary tract pathogens in an ex vivo model. Bedenic, B; Bubonja, M; Budimir, A; Topic, M, 2006)	0.33
" A 5000-subject Monte Carlo simulation was performed to calculate the bactericidal cumulative fraction of response (CFR) for standard dosing regimens of cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam."	( Optimising antibiotic dosing regimens based on pharmacodynamic target attainment against Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected in Hungarian hospitals. Konkoly-Thege, M; Kuti, JL; Ludwig, E; Nicolau, DP, 2006)	0.53
" It can be concluded that overall the doses of the two tested fluoroquinolones may be considered equivalent with regard to treatment of complicated urinary tract infections, although the recommended dosing is twice daily for ciprofloxacin and once daily for levofloxacin."	( Concentrations in plasma, urinary excretion and bactericidal activity of levofloxacin (500 mg) versus ciprofloxacin (500 mg) in healthy volunteers receiving a single oral dose. Kinzig-Schippers, M; Naber, KG; Sörgel, F; Wagenlehner, FM; Weidner, W, 2006)	0.73
" In this study, we aimed to develop a novel pharmacokinetic model to describe NQs-metal cation interactions in order to estimate the optimal dosing interval."	( Antacid interaction with new quinolones: dose regimen recommendations based on pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical data for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin and metal cations. Miyata, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2007)	0.55
"Plasma concentration-time profiles of NQs after administration without or with metal cations at various dosing intervals were collected from the literature and analyzed with a pharmacokinetic model incorporating the formation ofNQs-metal cations complex."	( Antacid interaction with new quinolones: dose regimen recommendations based on pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical data for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin and metal cations. Miyata, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2007)	0.55
"The developed model can adequately describe the extent of interaction between NQs and metal cations, and should be clinically useful to design dosage regimens to circumvent the interaction."	( Antacid interaction with new quinolones: dose regimen recommendations based on pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical data for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin and metal cations. Miyata, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2007)	0.55
" We next asked what dosage of antibiotic would cause reductions in osteoblast and chondrocyte cell numbers."	( Antibiotics for local delivery systems cause skeletal cell toxicity in vitro. Adams, CS; Antoci, V; Hickok, NJ; Parvizi, J; Shapiro, IM, 2007)	0.34
" Control groups were dosed with capsaicin-free, ethanol-containing or ethanol-free ciprofloxacin."	( Administration of ciprofloxacin and capsaicin in rats to achieve higher maximal serum concentrations. Aguilera-Jiménez, R; Gutiérrez-Olvera, C; Gutiérrez-Olvera, L; Jiménez-Gómez, F; Sumano-López, H, 2007)	0.9
"To evaluate the consequences for antibiotic efficacy of different types of poor adherence to a short-term dosing regimen."	( Modeling the influence of non-adherence on antibiotic efficacy: application to ciprofloxacin. Lansky, P; Sanda, P; Weiss, M, 2007)	0.57
" Four patterns of non-adherence were investigated: dosage omission, irregular dosing intervals, delayed dosing and treatment discontinuation."	( Modeling the influence of non-adherence on antibiotic efficacy: application to ciprofloxacin. Lansky, P; Sanda, P; Weiss, M, 2007)	0.57
" Dosage omission, in contrast, has a significant influence on the antibacterial effect of ciprofloxacin."	( Modeling the influence of non-adherence on antibiotic efficacy: application to ciprofloxacin. Lansky, P; Sanda, P; Weiss, M, 2007)	0.79
"non-adherence patterns are difficult to measure experimentally, thus, recommended dosing regimens should be sufficiently robust against most of the nonintentional disturbances."	( Modeling the influence of non-adherence on antibiotic efficacy: application to ciprofloxacin. Lansky, P; Sanda, P; Weiss, M, 2007)	0.57
" Included studies also had to meet 3 minimum criteria: evaluation of clinically relevant dosing regimens, use of rigorous study methods, and provision of mean (SD) values for the pharmacokinetic parameters of interest."	( Simulated comparison of the pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using pharmacokinetic data from healthy volunteers and 2002 minimum inhibitory concentration data. Burgess, DS; Hall, RG, 2007)	0.6
"5 or 2% NAC using standard dosing schemes."	( N-Acetylcysteine as an adjunct for refractory ear infections. Choe, WT; Murray, MT; Roberson, JB; Stidham, KR, 2007)	0.34
" Due to the different dosing regimens, patients were not blinded, but they also were not directly informed of their treatment assignments."	( Pooled analysis of two clinical trials comparing the clinical outcomes of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension and polymyxin B/neomycin/hydrocortisone otic suspension for the treatment of acute otitis externa in adults and children. Rahman, A; Rizwan, S; Wall, GM; Waycaster, C, 2007)	0.57
"Tizanidine, one of the few oral antispastic therapies approved for use in the USA, has a narrow therapeutic index that can often make optimal patient dosing difficult."	( A clinically relevant review of tizanidine hydrochloride dose relationships to pharmacokinetics, drug safety and effectiveness in healthy subjects and patients. Henney, HR; Runyan, JD, 2008)	0.35
" Practical advice on tizanidine dosing and/or switching between formulations is provided."	( A clinically relevant review of tizanidine hydrochloride dose relationships to pharmacokinetics, drug safety and effectiveness in healthy subjects and patients. Henney, HR; Runyan, JD, 2008)	0.35
"This study compared pharmacokinetic profiles in cattle dosed subcutaneously with two different formulations of enrofloxacin (5% and 10%) at a dose of 5 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetic behaviour of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin after subcutaneous administration in cattle. de Lucas, JJ; Froyman, R; González, F; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MI, 2008)	0.59
" coli resistant to nalidixic acid, it was necessary to evaluate the MIC of ciprofloxacin in order to asses the optimal dosage of ciprofloxacin."	( Optimization of the use of ciprofloxacin. Aubert, G; Carricajo, A; Fonsale, N; Vautrin, AC, 2009)	0.88
" aureus ATCC 6538, the simulated ratios of the AUC at 24 h (AUC(24)) to the MIC were 50 and 260 h (T(MSW) 75% of the dosing interval)."	( Enrichment of fluoroquinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: oscillating ciprofloxacin concentrations simulated at the upper and lower portions of the mutant selection window. Firsov, AA; Lubenko, IY; Smirnova, MV; Strukova, EN; Zinner, SH, 2008)	0.58
" Blood levels of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (enrofloxacin's active metabolite), were determined after either intramuscular or oral dosing of enrofloxacin for 7 days in a cross-over study."	( A pharmacokinetic study of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin after oral and intramuscular dosing of enrofloxacin in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Handt, L; Hasselschwert, D; Kastello, M; Klein, H, 2008)	0.86
" The lower dosage for the pharmacodynamically optimized regimen may decrease drug toxicity."	( Use of an in vitro pharmacodynamic model to derive a linezolid regimen that optimizes bacterial kill and prevents emergence of resistance in Bacillus anthracis. Brown, DL; Drusano, GL; Heine, HS; Kim, K; Kinzig-Schippers, M; Liu, W; Louie, A; Sörgel, F; VanScoy, B, 2008)	0.35
" Based on the single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters determined, multiple dosage regimens were recommended as: a dosage of 5 mg/kg given intramuscularly every 24 h in pigs, or administered orally every 24 h at the dosage of 10 mg/kg in broilers, can maintain effective plasma concentrations with bacteria infections, in which MIC(90) are <0."	( Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in pigs and broilers following intravenous, intramuscular, and oral single-dose applications. Chen, ZL; Ding, HZ; Huang, XH; Yang, GX; Zeng, ZL, 2008)	0.35
" In dose-response studies (0."	( Cooperation between prokaryotic (Lde) and eukaryotic (MRP) efflux transporters in J774 macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes: studies with ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin. Courvalin, P; Lismond, A; Mingeot-Leclercq, MP; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2008)	0.55
" However, low systemic exposure, absence of ototoxicity, and less frequent dosing clearly favor Cipro HC."	( A single topical agent is clinically equivalent to the combination of topical and oral antibiotic treatment for otitis externa. Belcher, BP; Bettis, R; Conroy, PJ; Dupre, S; Hogg, G; Makabale, RL; Potts, S; Roland, PS; Wall, GM; Weber, K, )	0.13
" The methods developed were applied successfully to the determination of the subject drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage forms with good precision and accuracy compared to official and reported methods as revealed by t- and F-tests."	( Study of fluorescence characteristics of the charge-transfer reaction of quinolone agents with bromanil. Chen, XF; Li, WY; Xuan, CS, 2009)	0.35
"Optimal dosing of antibiotics is important for efficacy and avoidance of resistance."	( Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study. Girbes, AR; Polderman, KH; Schouten, MA; van der Meer, GY; van Geijlswijk, IM; van Zanten, AR, 2008)	1.79
" Target plasma concentrations for ciprofloxacin, the IR and AUIC were rarely reached with a standard dosing regimen."	( Ciprofloxacin use in critically ill patients: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches. Conil, JM; Cougot, P; de Lussy, A; Fourcade, O; Georges, B; Houin, G; Khachman, D; Ruiz, S; Saivin, S; Seguin, T, 2008)	2.07
" The simulated AUC24/MIC ratios were designed to provide ciprofloxacin concentrations within the MSW over most of the dosing interval (bolus administration) or over the entire dosing interval (continuous infusion)."	( Enrichment of resistant Staphylococcus aureus at ciprofloxacin concentrations simulated within the mutant selection window: bolus versus continuous infusion. Firsov, AA; Portnoy, YA; Smirnova, MV; Strukova, EN; Vostrov, SN; Zinner, SH, 2008)	0.85
" Blood glucose levels were significantly lower than those observed after dosing with glyburide alone."	( Elucidating rifampin's inducing and inhibiting effects on glyburide pharmacokinetics and blood glucose in healthy volunteers: unmasking the differential effects of enzyme induction and transporter inhibition for a drug and its primary metabolite. Benet, LZ; Frassetto, LA; Huang, Y; Zheng, HX, 2009)	0.35
" Instead, the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) currently used in solid dosage forms, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, proved to be BCS class 4 (low solubility/low permeability)."	( Solubility behavior and biopharmaceutical classification of novel high-solubility ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin pharmaceutical derivatives. Breda, SA; Jimenez-Kairuz, AF; Manzo, RH; Olivera, ME, 2009)	0.79
" Repeated measures models were applied to log-transformed data to assess dosing trends and Pearson correlations were calculated to assess concentration associations."	( Plasma and ear tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in dogs with chronic end-stage otitis externa after intravenous administration of enrofloxacin. Cole, LK; Hillier, A; Kwochka, KW; Lehman, AM; Papich, MG; Smeak, DD, 2009)	0.59
"Fluoroquinolone antimicrobials do not affect growth velocity in the ovine model when administered along a dosing regimen that closely models that seen in pediatric medicine."	( The effect of fluoroquinolone antibiotics on growing cartilage in the lamb model. Conway, J; Hutson, P; Leiferman, EM; Noonan, KJ; Sansone, JM; Wilsman, NJ, 2009)	0.35
" These data suggest that expanded studies in lambs and other species, including humans, with differences in dosing and duration are justified to ultimately demonstrate clinical safety."	( The effect of fluoroquinolone antibiotics on growing cartilage in the lamb model. Conway, J; Hutson, P; Leiferman, EM; Noonan, KJ; Sansone, JM; Wilsman, NJ, 2009)	0.35
"Careful dosing and a high index of suspicion of the neurological adverse effects of ciprofloxacin including movement disorders are warranted especially in cirrhotic patients."	( A case of hemiballism as a rare side effect of ciprofloxacin in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Jeong, SH; Kim, JM; Kim, JW; Kim, SH; Lee, SH, 2009)	0.83
" Concentrations of all agents are predicted to exceed the MPC for ATCC 49226 for the entire dosage interval, while concentrations of moxifloxacin alone will exceed the MPC for m-49226."	( Evaluation of the mutant selection window for fluoroquinolones against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Allen, GP; Hankins, CD, 2009)	0.35
"Although optimization of the fluoroquinolone dosage increases the efficacy of this class of drugs against bacterial infections, its impact on the emergence of resistance in commensal bacteria is unknown."	( Ciprofloxacin dosage and emergence of resistance in human commensal bacteria. Alavoine, L; Andremont, A; Chau, F; Duval, X; Fantin, B; Massias, L; Mentré, F; Retout, S, 2009)	1.8
"Selection of resistant commensals during ciprofloxacin therapy is a frequent ecological side effect that is not preventable by dosage optimization."	( Ciprofloxacin dosage and emergence of resistance in human commensal bacteria. Alavoine, L; Andremont, A; Chau, F; Duval, X; Fantin, B; Massias, L; Mentré, F; Retout, S, 2009)	2.06
" Sufficient dosage might control early formation of biofilms."	( Activity of ciprofloxacin and azithromycin on biofilms produced in vitro by Haemophilus influenzae. Liu, YN; Wang, D; Wang, Y, 2009)	0.73
") administration of ER at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight (b."	( Dispositions and residue depletion of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in muscle tissue of giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Chareonsan, A; Jermnak, U; Klangkaew, N; Kumagai, S; Poapolathep, A; Sakulthaew, C; Sukasem, T, 2009)	0.59
" Based on thin layer chromatography findings, non-conformities in product identity and dosage involved mainly erythromycin (45%) followed by amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin (22% each)."	( [Quality control of antibiotics used in Senegal]. Diop, A; Diop, YM; Fall, M; Mbaye, G; Ndiaye, B; Sarr, SO, 2009)	0.55
" An open-label, sequential drug interaction study was conducted in 45 participants who received twice-daily dosing of alvimopan with and without ciprofloxacin."	( The effects of a short course of antibiotics on alvimopan and metabolite pharmacokinetics. Ameen, V; Dukes, GE; Hewens, DA; Johnson, BM; Kelleher, DL; Schmith, VD; Vasist, LS; Young, MA, 2010)	0.56
" Once-daily dosing and proven efficacy suggest that moxifloxacin may be of value in acute, uncomplicated PID."	( A randomized double-blind comparison of moxifloxacin and doxycycline/metronidazole/ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute, uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease. Heystek, M; Ross, JD, 2009)	0.58
" A dosage of antibiotics initially increased the heat production rate."	( Chip calorimetry for fast and reliable evaluation of bactericidal and bacteriostatic treatments of biofilms. Buchholz, F; Harms, H; Lerchner, J; Maskow, T; Mertens, F; Wolf, A, 2010)	0.36
" aeruginosa MICs were determined by Etest and pharmacodynamic indices (the percentage of the dosing interval that the free drug concentration remains above the MIC of the infecting organism [fT > MIC], the ratio of the minimum concentration of free drug to the MIC [fC(min)/MIC], and the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve for free drug to the MIC [fAUC/MIC]) were calculated for each patient."	( Clinical pharmacodynamics of cefepime in patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bulik, CC; Crandon, JL; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2010)	0.36
" Plasma and milk elimination half-lives after P407-CMC dosing were 35."	( Pharmacokinetic and milk penetration of a difloxacin long-acting poloxamer gel formulation with carboxy-methylcellulose in lactating goats. Cárceles, CM; Escudero, E; Fernández-Varón, E; Marín, P; Ramírez, MJ, 2011)	0.37
" However, additional experiments are required to validate the robustness of this model after longer exposure periods and multiple dosing regimens, as well as in vivo."	( Semimechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model with adaptation development for time-kill experiments of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Comets, E; Couet, W; Grégoire, N; Grignon, C; Marliat, M; Ploy, MC; Raherison, S, 2010)	0.57
" This study investigated the uterine distribution of EFX and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CFX) in mares and assessed the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of EFX against various common pathogens as a basis for establishing a rational dosing schedule."	( Enrofloxacin-based therapeutic strategy for the prevention of endometritis in susceptible mares. Confalonieri, A; Fumuso, E; García, J; González, C; Moreno, L; Rivulgo, M; Sánchez Bruni, S; Sparo, M, 2010)	0.59
" Intestine and colon-targeted beads were administered along with 50mg/kg of ciprofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was dosed in the plasma and the feces using HPLC."	( Removal of residual colonic ciprofloxacin in the rat by activated charcoal entrapped within zinc-pectinate beads. Domergue-Dupont, V; Fattal, E; Gueutin, C; Khoder, M; Tsapis, N, 2010)	0.88
"Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of new multisource and reformulated immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride as the only active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are reviewed."	( Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Barends, DM; Dressman, JB; Junginger, HE; Manzo, RH; Midha, KK; Olivera, ME; Shah, VP; Stavchansky, S, 2011)	0.79
"019) than those with the genes chromosomally encoded, which is most likely due to increased gene dosage provided by the higher copy number of associated plasmids."	( Emergence and Distribution of Plasmids Bearing the blaOXA-51-like gene with an upstream ISAba1 in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in Taiwan. Chang, FY; Chen, TL; Fung, CP; Hsueh, PR; Ko, WC; Kuo, SC; Lee, YT; Siu, LK, 2010)	0.36
" The results show the importance of MPC in determining the correct dosage of Cip for treatment of Salmonella spp."	( Mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of ciprofloxacin against Salmonella enterica of epidemic and poultry origin. Ferrari, R; Magnani, M; Oliveira, TC; Souza, RB; Tognim, MC, 2011)	0.64
" Initial administration was always intravenous with variable dosing schedule."	( Ciprofloxacin use in neonates: a systematic review of the literature. Choonara, I; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Kaguelidou, F; Turner, MA, 2011)	1.81
" All eight horses dosed intragastrically experienced adverse events attributable to ciprofloxacin administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ciprofloxacin in adult horses. Edman, J; Papich, MG; Pusterla, N; Wiebe, VJ; Wilson, WD; Yamarik, TA, 2010)	0.87
" In order to ensure full cure, all gonorrhoea patients should be followed-up after a single dosage of any antibiotic."	( Clinical efficacy of the various drugs used in the treatment of gonorrhoeae. Akhter, K; Khan, A, )	0.13
"The ciprofloxacin dosage regimens used for the simulations were those currently recommended for the treatment of pulmonary infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptible to ciprofloxacin: 10 mg/kg 3 times/day intravenously and 20 mg/kg twice/day orally."	( Suboptimal ciprofloxacin dosing as a potential cause of decreased Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibility in children with cystic fibrosis. Chhun, S; Ferroni, A; Guillot, E; Jullien, V; Pons, G; Sermet, I; Zahar, JR, 2010)	1.31
"The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of ciprofloxacin in Teddy goats."	( Pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of ciprofloxacin following single intramuscular administration in Teddy goats. Basit, A; Iqbal, Z; Jan, I; Javed, I; Khan, AA, 2011)	0.86
" The dosing strategy had an empirical prescribing approach, since monitoring of bacterial resistance and efficacy is difficult in the biliary ducts."	( Off-label drug use evaluation in paediatrics--applied to ciprofloxacin when used as treatment of cholangitis. Lindemalm, S; Nemeth, A; Nydert, P, 2011)	0.61
" Locally we have highlighted a heterogeneous dosing strategy of CPFX, drug/drug interactions, and the need to monitor and report the risk of short- and long-term adverse drug reactions."	( Off-label drug use evaluation in paediatrics--applied to ciprofloxacin when used as treatment of cholangitis. Lindemalm, S; Nemeth, A; Nydert, P, 2011)	0.61
" The dosage of itraconazole should be reduced and its therapeutic outcome should be monitored closely when these two agents are concomitantly administered."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between ciprofloxacin and itraconazole in healthy male volunteers. Mahatthanatrakul, W; Ridtitid, W; Samaeng, M; Sriwiriyajan, S; Wongnawa, M, 2011)	0.64
" Results also showed a dose-response effect between the ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone concentrations."	( Effect of ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone versus ciprofloxacin/hydrocortisone on lipopolysaccharide-induced experimental otitis media. Chung, YS; Dattaray, P; Jahng, P; Jung, T; Kim, YH; Martin, D; Nyc, MA; Pudrith, C; Wall, GM, 2011)	1.02
"Current dosing approaches for treating microbial infections ignore resistant subpopulations."	( Suppression of ciprofloxacin-induced resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a dynamic kill curve system. Derendorf, H; Johnson, J; Rand, K; Sabarinath, SN; Wu, BM, 2011)	0.72
" On Day 5 of a twice-daily dosing regimen of 17."	( Post-exposure therapy of inhalational anthrax in the common marmoset. Brown, MA; Lever, MS; Nelson, M; Pearce, PC; Simpson, AJ; Stagg, AJ; Stevens, DJ, 2011)	0.37
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."	( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)	0.37
"To explore different ciprofloxacin dosage regimens for the treatment of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with respect to clinical outcome and the development of bacterial resistance for the major Gram-negative pathogens."	( Optimizing ciprofloxacin dosing in intensive care unit patients through the use of population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis and Monte Carlo simulations. Conil, JM; Georges, B; Houin, G; Khachman, D; Laffont, CM; Saivin, S; Toutain, PL, 2011)	1.08
" Then, based on this model, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Monte Carlo simulations (MCSs) were carried out to explore the appropriateness of different ciprofloxacin dosage regimens in ICU patients."	( Optimizing ciprofloxacin dosing in intensive care unit patients through the use of population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis and Monte Carlo simulations. Conil, JM; Georges, B; Houin, G; Khachman, D; Laffont, CM; Saivin, S; Toutain, PL, 2011)	0.96
"Trial 1 showed that for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, the common dosage regimens of 400 mg twice or three times a day did not achieve the desired target attainment rates (TARs) with respect to T(MSW), while suboptimal TARs were found for AUC(24)/MIC."	( Optimizing ciprofloxacin dosing in intensive care unit patients through the use of population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis and Monte Carlo simulations. Conil, JM; Georges, B; Houin, G; Khachman, D; Laffont, CM; Saivin, S; Toutain, PL, 2011)	0.76
" The rabbits received ciprofloxacin 10 times a day at a 2-hour dosing interval."	( [Combined application of ciprofloxacin and tobramycin on mutant selective windows of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Li, Y; Liu, MT; Sheng, MY; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.99
" Monte Carlo simulations investigated dosage regimens to achieve a target AUC(0-24)/MIC ratio of ≥125."	( Dosing regimens of oral ciprofloxacin for children with severe malnutrition: a population pharmacokinetic study with Monte Carlo simulation. Karisa, J; Kokwaro, G; Maitland, K; Muchohi, S; Muturi, A; Thomson, AH; Thuo, N; Ungphakorn, W, 2011)	0.68
" The influence of three frequently used antibiotics, copper dosed as CuSO(4), sulfadiazine (SDZ), and difloxacin (DIF), on the anaerobic digestion process of pig manure was studied in semi-continuous experiments."	( Short term effects of copper, sulfadiazine and difloxacin on the anaerobic digestion of pig manure at low organic loading rates. Clemens, J; Dong, R; Guo, J; Ostermann, A; Siemens, J, 2012)	0.38
" Evaluation of the dose-response relationship of compound 1 showed that ethidium bromide efflux was inhibited, with an IC(50) value of 2 μM."	( Novel inhibitory activity of the Staphylococcus aureus NorA efflux pump by a kaempferol rhamnoside isolated from Persea lingue Nees. Christensen, SB; Gúzman, A; Holler, JG; Mølgaard, P; Olsen, CE; Petersen, B; Rasmussen, HB; Slotved, HC, 2012)	0.38
"We obtained data from 40 dosing intervals and observed wide variability in trough concentrations (6."	( Variability of antibiotic concentrations in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: a multicentre pharmacokinetic study. Bellomo, R; Cole, L; Lipman, J; Liu, X; Nair, P; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS, 2012)	0.38
" Here, empirical dosing of antibiotics failed to achieve the target trough antibiotic concentration during 25% of the dosing intervals."	( Variability of antibiotic concentrations in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: a multicentre pharmacokinetic study. Bellomo, R; Cole, L; Lipman, J; Liu, X; Nair, P; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS, 2012)	0.38
"A substantial proportion of the hospitalized patients did not reach the target ciprofloxacin AUC : MIC and are suboptimally dosed with recommended doses."	( The ciprofloxacin target AUC : MIC ratio is not reached in hospitalized patients with the recommended dosing regimens. Bruggeman, C; Haeseker, M; Hoebe, C; Neef, C; Nieman, F; Stolk, L; Verbon, A, 2013)	1.18
"The design and fabrication of sustained/controlled release dosage forms, employing new excipients capable of extending/controlling the release of drugs from the dosage forms over prolonged periods, has worked well in achieving optimally enhanced therapeutic levels of the drugs."	( Regulating drug release behavior and kinetics from matrix tablets based on fine particle-sized ethyl cellulose ether derivatives: an in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Khan, GM; Shah, KU, 2012)	0.38
"In the absence of clinical studies, the ability to project the direction and the magnitude of changes in bioavailability of drug therapy, using evidence-based mechanistic pharmacokinetic in silico models would be of significant value in guiding prescribers to make the necessary adjustments to dosage regimens for an increasing population of patients who are undergoing bariatric surgery."	( A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model to assess modified oral drug bioavailability post bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients: interplay between CYP3A gut wall metabolism, permeability and dissolution. Ammori, BJ; Ashcroft, DM; Darwich, AS; Jamei, M; Pade, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2012)	0.38
"As outlined in the ICH Q8(R2) guidance, identifying the critical quality attributes (CQA) is a crucial part of dosage form development; however, the number of possible formulation and processing factors that could influence the manufacturing of a pharmaceutical dosage form is enormous obviating formal study of all possible parameters and their interactions."	( Quality by design I: Application of failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) and Plackett-Burman design of experiments in the identification of "main factors" in the formulation and process design space for roller-compacted ciprofloxacin hydrochloride immediat Claycamp, G; Dandu, R; Fahmy, R; Hoag, SW; Kona, R; Xie, W, 2012)	0.56
" Ciprofloxacin is used in 25 % of NICUs that responded, although the indications for administering it vary between centres and the dosage ranges vary considerably, with 25 % of NICUs giving ≤10 mg/kg/day and another 25 % giving ≥21 mg/kg/day."	( Wide intra- and inter-country variability in drug use and dosage in very-low-birth-weight newborns with severe infections. Bonati, M; Choonara, I; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Kaguelidou, F; Manzoni, P; Pandolfini, C; Sequi, M; Turner, MA, 2013)	1.3
"To compare the abilities of doripenem and ciprofloxacin to restrict the enrichment of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multiple antibiotic dosing regimens were simulated in an in vitro model at comparable ratios of the 24 h AUC (AUC24) to the MIC."	( Concentration-resistance relationships with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to doripenem and ciprofloxacin in an in vitro model. Firsov, AA; Gilbert, D; Greer, K; Portnoy, YA; Zinner, SH, 2013)	0.87
"Doripenem- and ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants were enriched at antibiotic concentrations that fell into the mutant selection window for ≥ 45% and ≥ 60% of the dosing interval, respectively."	( Concentration-resistance relationships with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to doripenem and ciprofloxacin in an in vitro model. Firsov, AA; Gilbert, D; Greer, K; Portnoy, YA; Zinner, SH, 2013)	0.96
" We measured total plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations over a 6-hour period after dosing using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry."	( Ciprofloxacin and rifampin have opposite effects on levothyroxine absorption. Asher, LJ; Goldberg, AS; Kim, RB; Tirona, RG; Van Uum, SH, 2013)	1.83
" Five null mutations had little or no effect on intrinsic antibiotic susceptibility but increased the upper antibiotic dosage to which initially sensitive populations could adapt."	( Genomewide screen for modulators of evolvability under toxic antibiotic exposure. Bogos, B; Csörgo, B; Méhi, O; Pál, C, 2013)	0.39
" Despite their sustainability enhancement capability, solid dosage form manufacturing of nanodrugs remains lacking from the sustainability perspective."	( A highly sustainable and versatile granulation method of nanodrugs via their electrostatic adsorption onto chitosan microparticles as the granulation substrates. Hadinoto, K; Yang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" CD nanocapsules were successfully employed for efficient targeting and killing of the intracellular pathogen at a dosage significantly lower than that of the free antibiotic."	( Chitosan-dextran sulphate nanocapsule drug delivery system as an effective therapeutic against intraphagosomal pathogen Salmonella. Ben Thomas, M; Chakravortty, D; Elango, M; Gnanadhas, DP; Raichur, AM, 2013)	0.39
" Recent molecular techniques make it feasible to correlate antimicrobial dosing levels with changes in microbiome composition."	( Perturbation of the indigenous rat oral microbiome by ciprofloxacin dosing. Chen, C; Freire, MO; Manrique, P; Suci, P; Young, M; Zadeh, HH, 2013)	0.64
" All the products tested here complied with the official specifications for identifying and assaying the active principle, dosage unit uniformity and the disintegration test."	( [A comparative biopharmaceutical study of brands of ciprofloxacin tablets available on the Colombian market]. Franco-Ospina, LA; Matiz-Melo, GE; Pájaro-Bolívar, IB, 2012)	0.63
" PK-PD data in conjunction with MPC and MIC90 data predicted dosage schedules for enrofloxacin that may achieve optimum efficacy in respect of bacteriological and clinical cure and minimize the risk of emergence of resistance."	( Mutant prevention concentration and PK-PD relationships of enrofloxacin for Pasteurella multocida in buffalo calves. Balaje, RM; Kaur, G; Rampal, S; Sidhu, PK, 2013)	0.39
" The Orbital(®) dry powder device is designed to deliver high doses of drugs to the respiratory tract in a single dosing unit, via multiple inhalation maneuvers, overcoming the need to prime or insert multiple capsules."	( Overcoming dose limitations using the orbital(®) multi-breath dry powder inhaler. Chan, HK; Crapper, J; Philips, G; Sharma, K; Traini, D; Young, PM, 2014)	0.4
" Systemic exposure to ciprofloxacin was low and comparable between single and multiple dosing in all 3 dose groups, suggesting an absence of substantial drug accumulation."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties of ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation in patients with cystic fibrosis: a phase I, randomized, dose-escalation study. Nagelschmitz, J; Rolinck-Werninghaus, C; Staab, D; Stass, H; Weimann, B, 2013)	0.96
" From the ciprofloxacin study, dose-response curves were generated and exemplified how this method can be used to assess the effect of a toxicant on overall catabolic capabilities of microbial communities."	( Effect of gold nanoparticles and ciprofloxacin on microbial catabolism: a community-based approach. Bissegger, S; Koch, I; Legge, RL; O'Carroll, DM; Petersen, EJ; Rehmann, L; Reimer, KJ; Slawson, RM; Weber, KP; Zhang, J, 2014)	1.09
" A non-monotonic dose-response on cell viability was observed when HepG2 cells were exposed to TAM alone or in the presence of CIP."	( In vitro tests aiding ecological risk assessment of ciprofloxacin, tamoxifen and cyclophosphamide in range of concentrations released in hospital wastewater and surface water. Albasi, C; Castillo, L; Faucet-Marquis, V; Geret, F; Mater, N; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A, 2014)	0.65
"To determine the dosage of enrofloxacin in southern crested caracaras (Caracara plancus), plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography after intravenous (IV) (5 mg/kg) and intramuscular (IM) (10 mg/kg) administration."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of enrofloxacin in southern crested caracaras (Caracara plancus). Argibay, H; de Lucas, J; Orozco, M; Prados, AP; Rodriguez, C; San Andres, MI; Sassaroli, JC; Waxman, S, 2013)	0.39
"Efficacy of 5-ALA PDT could be increased by adjunction of ciprofloxacin in conventional clinical dosing and by prolongation of ALA incubation time."	( Enhancing the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy in human meningioma cells. Cornelius, JF; El Khatib, M; Giannakis, A; Senger, B; Slotty, PJ; Steiger, HJ, 2014)	0.65
"Intratympanic injection of OTO-201 constitutes an attractive treatment option to twice daily multiday dosing with ciprofloxacin ear drops for the treatment of otitis media, as evidenced by superior middle ear drug exposure, efficacy in an acute otitis media model, safety of administration, and convenience of a single dose regimen."	( OTO-201: nonclinical assessment of a sustained-release ciprofloxacin hydrogel for the treatment of otitis media. Altschuler, RA; Dellamary, L; Dolan, DF; Fernandez, R; Harrop-Jones, A; Hou, HJ; LeBel, C; Piu, F; Tsivkovskaia, N; Wang, X, 2014)	0.86
" In summary, the developed population model can be used to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of CPX in the elderly patients and to select on the basis of these parameters and MIC values an optimal dosage regimen of this drug."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of ciprofloxacin in the elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Cios, A; Grodzicki, T; Szymura-Oleksiak, J; Wyska, E, 2014)	0.67
" Here we present an assessment of the effects of pH and iron salt dosing on the sorption of ciprofloxacin onto activated sludge using laboratory experiments and full-scale fate modelling."	( Factors influencing sorption of ciprofloxacin onto activated sludge: experimental assessment and modelling implications. Dott, W; Lehnberg, K; Plósz, BG; Polesel, F; Thomas, KV; Trapp, S, 2015)	0.92
" The associated risks of overdose for the proposed dosing regimen were <8%."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in neonates and young infants less than three months of age. Castellan, C; Hill, H; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Kassai, B; Kearns, GL; Le Guellec, C; Mahoney, S; Neal, T; Paulus, S; Turner, MA; van den Anker, JN; Zhao, W, 2014)	0.69
" Peak antibiotic concentrations were simulated to be close to the MIC, between the MIC and the mutant prevention concentration (MPC), and above the MPC, with TMSW varying from 0% to 100% of the dosing interval."	( Predicting bacterial resistance using the time inside the mutant selection window: possibilities and limitations. Firsov, AA; Portnoy, YA; Shlykova, DS; Strukova, EN; Zinner, SH, 2014)	0.4
" A high drug exposure NOEL on oral dosing in the rat suggested that a high therapeutic margin could be achieved."	( Novel DNA gyrase inhibiting spiropyrimidinetriones with a benzisoxazole scaffold: SAR and in vivo characterization. Basarab, GS; Brassil, P; Doig, P; Galullo, V; Gowravaram, M; Haimes, HB; Kern, G; Kutschke, A; McNulty, J; Schuck, VJ; Stone, G, 2014)	0.4
" Feces of chickens treated with an enrofloxacin dosage of 10mg/kg bodyweight revealed maximum enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations of 61."	( Determination of fluoroquinolones in chicken feces - a new liquid-liquid extraction method combined with LC-MS/MS. Hamscher, G; Janusch, F; Mohring, SA; Scherz, G, 2014)	0.61
" One equivalent generic was selected for analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), to confirm chemical identity, and resistance selection experiments in a hollow-fiber (HF) system simulating two clinical dosing regimens."	( Impact on resistance of the use of therapeutically equivalent generics: the case of ciprofloxacin. Agudelo, M; Rodriguez, CA; Vesga, O; Zuluaga, AF, 2015)	0.64
"05) in the total area under the concentration-time curve, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and terminal elimination half-life (T1/2b) of quinine compared with values with quinine dosing alone (AUC: 27."	( Alteration of the Disposition of Quinine in Healthy Volunteers After Concurrent Ciprofloxacin Administration. Adeagbo, BA; Adegbola, AJ; Igbinoba, SI; Nathaniel, TI; Soyinka, JO, )	0.36
" Next to simply reducing antimicrobial consumption, optimizing dosage regimens can be regarded as a suitable strategy to reduce antimicrobial resistance development without jeopardizing therapy efficacy and outcome."	( Effect of administration route and dose escalation on plasma and intestinal concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in broiler chickens. Antonissen, G; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S; Devreese, M, 2014)	0.61
" The relative proportion of ciprofloxacin-resistant Bifidobacteria increased in the faecal samples on day 11, 1 month, 4 months and 12 months post dosing compared to placebo."	( Development of antimicrobial resistance in the normal anaerobic microbiota during one year after administration of clindamycin or ciprofloxacin. Nord, CE; Rashid, MU; Weintraub, A, 2015)	0.92
"Delivery systems controlling drug release only in the colon holds great promises since they improve utilization of drug and decrease the dosing times comparison with conventional forms."	( Methacrylate micro/nano particles prepared by spray drying: a preliminary in vitro/in vivo study. Marín Boscá, MT; Muñoz Ortega, B; Sallam, MA, 2016)	0.43
"It is necessary to show that the active content in the dosage form of drugs is within a certain narrow range of the label claim."	( Application of (19)  F time-domain NMR to measure content in fluorine-containing drug products. Cobas, C; Iglesias, I; Kook, AM; Li, L; Nagapudi, K; Peng, C; Silva Elipe, MV, 2016)	0.43
" The results of a comparative study of pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin, and the effectiveness of two modes of administration (bolus dosing and prolonged intravenous administration) at a dose of 1000 mg are presented."	( [Search for new modes of antibiotic prophylaxis of septic complications after percutaneous nephrolithotripsy]. arustamov, DL; Kruglov, AN; Merinov, DS; Perepanova, TS; Radzhabov, YA; Sokolov, AV; Tishchenkova, IF; Zyrianov, SK, )	0.37
" Several product labels provided inadequate information on how to calculate therapeutic dosage and further stated withdrawal time despite lack of pharmacokinetic data on the antimicrobials in catfish."	( Quality of Antimicrobial Products Used in Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Aquaculture in Vietnam. Dalsgaard, A; Phu, TM; Phuong, NT; Scippo, ML, 2015)	0.42
" The DPI was designed to implement a concept similar to a fluidized bed for aerosolization using small mixing balls made of polytetrafluoroethylene along with a larger, hollow dosing sphere filled with the powder."	( Characterization of a New High-Dose Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) Based on a Fluidized Bed Design. Farkas, DR; Hindle, M; Longest, PW, 2015)	0.42
" However, as oral absorption is variable both within and across species, a more accurate determination of appropriate dosage is needed to ensure effective treatment and avoid emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains."	( PHARMACOKINETICS OF SINGLE-DOSE ORALLY ADMINISTERED CIPROFLOXACIN IN CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS). Barbosa, L; Gulland, F; Johnson, SP; Papich, MG, 2015)	0.67
"Inkjet printing of drug nanosuspension on edible porous substrates was carried out for the first time with the objective of preparing personalized dosage forms of poorly soluble drugs."	( Combining inkjet printing and amorphous nanonization to prepare personalized dosage forms of poorly-soluble drugs. Cheow, WS; Hadinoto, K; Kiew, TY, 2015)	0.42
"In silico pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models can be developed based on data from in vitro time-kill experiments and can provide valuable information to guide dosing of antibiotics."	( A mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model allows prediction of antibiotic killing from MIC values for WT and mutants. Andersson, DI; Cao, S; Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Hughes, D; Khan, DD; Lagerbäck, P; Lustig, U; Nielsen, EI, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this work was to define the optimal dosage (OD) of ciprofloxacin in order to prevent the emergence of bacterial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a geriatric population with a bloodstream infection."	( Are ciprofloxacin dosage regimens adequate for antimicrobial efficacy and prevention of resistance? Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection in elderly patients as a simulation case study. Bourguignon, L; Cazaubon, Y; Ducher, M; Goutelle, S; Maire, P; Martin, O, 2015)	1.22
"4) mg/L and the area under concentration-time curve measured in steady-state up to 24 h after dosing (AUC(0-24 h)) were (45."	( [Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in Chinese elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infection]. Bo, S; Gai, X; He, B; Li, X; Lu, W; Shen, N; Yin, A; Zhai, S; Zhou, Q, 2015)	0.7
" The results shown that NOR and CIP can be adsorbed effectively by the adsorbent of n-HAP, and the adsorption capacity of FQs increase with increasing dosage of n-HAP."	( Adsorptive Removal and Adsorption Kinetics of Fluoroquinolone by Nano-Hydroxyapatite. Chen, Y; Duan, L; Lan, T; Wang, F; Wei, W; Zhang, S; Zhao, B, 2015)	0.42
" Hence, the study highlights the antivirulent and therapeutic efficacy of the ajoene-CIP combination at the minimal dosage of CIP."	( Exploiting the antivirulence efficacy of an ajoene-ciprofloxacin combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm associated murine acute pyelonephritis. Chhibber, S; Harjai, K; Saini, H; Vadekeetil, A, 2016)	0.69
" A simulation-based equation for personalized dosing of theophylline was derived."	( Application of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Study Theophylline Metabolism and Its Interactions With Ciprofloxacin and Caffeine. Lightstone, FC; Navid, A; Ng, DM; Wong, SE, 2016)	0.64
" Up to 10 blood samples were collected over one dosing interval and analysed by a validated chromatographic method."	( Comparison of equal doses of continuous venovenous haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration on ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients. Lefrant, JY; Lipman, J; Louart, B; Muller, L; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Wallis, SC, 2016)	0.65
" Based on patient weight, higher ciprofloxacin dosing regimens should be used in critically ill patients when difficult-to-treat pathogens are suspected."	( Comparison of equal doses of continuous venovenous haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration on ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients. Lefrant, JY; Lipman, J; Louart, B; Muller, L; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Wallis, SC, 2016)	0.94
" This study indicates that not all marketed products containing the same BCS III active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in similar strength and dosage form are necessarily in vitro equivalent as per the WHO biowaiver criteria."	( Investigation of Biowaivers for Immediate Release Formulations Containing BCS III Drugs, Acyclovir, Atenolol, and Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride, Using Dissolution Testing. Kanfer, I; Patnala, S; Reddy, NH, 2017)	0.67
" The percentage of isolates with elevated cefixime MICs increased during 2009-2010, then decreased during 2012-2013 after treatment recommendations were changed in 2010 to recommend dual therapy (with a cephalosporin and a second antibiotic) and a higher dosage of ceftriaxone."	( Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance - The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 27 Sites, United States, 2014. Del Rio, C; Harvey, A; Holmes, KK; Hook, EW; Kirkcaldy, RD; Kubin, G; Papp, JR; Pettus, K; Riedel, S; Sanders, T; Sharpe, S; Soge, OO; Torrone, E; Zenilman, J, 2016)	0.43
" The proposed methods, parallel factor analysis, trilinear partial least squares, unfolded partial least squares, and traditional ultra high performance liquid chromatography were successfully applied to the quantitative estimation of the solid dosage form containing ciprofloxacin and ornidazole."	( Two-way and three-way approaches to ultra high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array dataset for the quantitative resolution of a two-component mixture containing ciprofloxacin and ornidazole. Büker, E; Dinç, E; Ertekin, ZC, 2016)	0.81
" Omadacycline offers once daily oral and IV dosing and a clinical tolerability and safety profile that compares favorably with contemporary antibiotics used across serious community-acquired infections where resistance has rendered many less effective."	( Discovery, pharmacology, and clinical profile of omadacycline, a novel aminomethylcycline antibiotic. Steenbergen, J; Tanaka, SK; Villano, S, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacodynamic parameters based on a wide range of concentrations below and above the MIC provide information that could support improving future dosing strategies to treat gonorrhoea."	( Time-kill curve analysis and pharmacodynamic modelling for in vitro evaluation of antimicrobials against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Althaus, CL; Foerster, S; Hathaway, LJ; Low, N; Unemo, M, 2016)	0.43
" Many antibiotics at appropriate concentrations improved the survival rate and alleviated tissue injury, while, when dosing strategies fall below subtherapeutic levels, worse therapeutic effects are seen."	( Low-dose norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin therapy worsen leptospirosis in hamster. Cao, Y; Guo, J; Jin, X; Lin, T; Wang, T; Wu, D; Wu, R; Xie, X; Zhang, W, 2017)	0.76
"The EC 50 of the dose-response curves correlated well with Etest MIC values (Pearson's r  = 0."	( A new rapid resazurin-based microdilution assay for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Althaus, CL; Desilvestro, V; Foerster, S; Hathaway, LJ; Unemo, M, 2017)	0.46
"Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models developed based on data from in vitro time-kill experiments have been suggested to contribute to more efficient drug development programmes and better dosing strategies for antibiotics."	( Can a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model be predictive across bacterial densities and strains? External evaluation of a PKPD model describing longitudinal in vitro data. Andersson, DI; Cao, S; Friberg, LE; Hughes, D; Khan, DD; Lustig, U; Nielsen, EI, 2017)	0.46
" Therefore investigation of the role of excipients (such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), l-leucine (LEU) and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CD)) on physicochemical stability and aerosolization performance is essential element prior designing the final dosage form."	( Physicochemical stability and aerosolization performance of dry powder inhalation system containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Ambrus, R; Csóka, I; Karimi, K; Katona, G, 2018)	0.7
" Transport functional assay, dose-response curve and kinetic analysis were performed on the HEK293 cells over-expressing each of these transporter genes."	( The inhibitory effects of eighteen front-line antibiotics on the substrate uptake mediated by human Organic anion/cation transporters, Organic anion transporting polypeptides and Oligopeptide transporters in in vitro models. Bao, X; Chan, HK; Chan, T; Li, J; Lu, X; Velkov, T; Zhou, F; Zhou, QT; Zhu, L, 2018)	0.48
" In order to study the uptake, distribution in different tissues (liver, muscle, brain and gill) and biofluids (plasma and bile), metabolism and elimination of CIPRO in gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata), controlled dosing experiments for 8 days at 200 μg/L concentration were carried out."	( Ciprofloxacin by-products in seawater environment in the presence and absence of gilt-head bream. Anakabe, E; Etxebarria, N; Irazola, M; Mijangos, L; Olivares, M; Prieto, A; Ziarrusta, H; Zuloaga, O, 2018)	1.92
" Besides, the effects of initial solution pH, CIP concentration, adsorbents dosage and contacting time on the removal efficiency of CIP by WS-NZVI and NZVI were investigated."	( Preparation of wheat straw-supported Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron and its removal performance on ciprofloxacin. Gao, B; Kong, W; Shao, Y; Wu, Y; Yue, Q; Zhao, P, 2018)	0.7
"The objective of this study was to build a ciprofloxacin PBPK model for intravenous and oral dosing based on a comprehensive literature review, and evaluate the predictive performance towards pediatric and geriatric patients."	( A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Describe Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics Over the Entire Span of Life. Coboeken, K; Eissing, T; Jaehde, U; Schlender, JF; Schnizler, K; Stass, H; Teutonico, D; Willmann, S, 2018)	0.99
" Moreover, the cytotoxicity results against L929 fibroblast cell line revealed that p(ML) based particle are biocompatible up to 100 μg/mL with 85% cell viability regardless of their nature, and at 200 μg/mL dosage of p(ML), m-p(ML)/TA and m-p(ML)/DETA particles, the cell viabilities were determined as 83."	( One step preparation of polymeric maltitol particles, from a sugar molecule, maltitol for biomedical applications. Sahiner, N, 2018)	0.48
" Six months later we experimentally determined the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of the NFB-communities after a 24 h lasting exposure with additionally dosed antibiotics."	( Hot spots of antibiotic tolerant and resistant bacterial subpopulations in natural freshwater biofilm communities due to inevitable urban drainage system overflows. Berendonk, TU; Kaeseberg, T; Krebs, P; Oertel, R; Schubert, S; Zhang, J, 2018)	0.48
"Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) could offer a propellant-free, easy-to-use powder form ensuring better stability than liquid dosage forms."	( Novel dry powder inhaler formulation containing antibiotic using combined technology to improve aerodynamic properties. Ambrus, R; Balásházy, I; Benke, E; Farkas, Á; Szabó-Révész, P, 2018)	0.48
" In addition to favorable in vivo safety profiles following intratracheal administration, a single dose of the drugamers sustained ciprofloxacin dosing in lungs and AMs above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) over at least a 48 h period."	( Macrophage-targeted drugamers with enzyme-cleavable linkers deliver high intracellular drug dosing and sustained drug pharmacokinetics against alveolar pulmonary infections. Chen, J; Convertine, AJ; Lee, B; Ratner, DM; Skerrett, SJ; Srinivasan, S; Stayton, PS; Su, FY; West, TE, 2018)	0.69
"To determine the ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics in paediatric patients and the impact of underlying disease and evaluate the appropriateness of current dosage regimens."	( Variability of ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in children: impact on dose range in sickle cell patients. Bui, S; Facchin, A; Fayon, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Koehl, B; Leroux, S; Maksoud, E; Nacka, F, 2018)	1.17
" Monte Carlo simulations were performed separately in SCD and non-SCD patients to target an AUC/MIC ratio >125 at steady-state, required for antibacterial efficacy, and recommendations of dosing regimens were proposed."	( Variability of ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in children: impact on dose range in sickle cell patients. Bui, S; Facchin, A; Fayon, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Koehl, B; Leroux, S; Maksoud, E; Nacka, F, 2018)	0.83
" The dosing of this agent needs to be adapted to this subgroup of patients."	( Variability of ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in children: impact on dose range in sickle cell patients. Bui, S; Facchin, A; Fayon, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Koehl, B; Leroux, S; Maksoud, E; Nacka, F, 2018)	0.83
" Dugs' plasma levels were followed for 12 or 72 h post dosing for CIP and TIN, respectively, and different PK data for the two drugs were calculated and they were comparable to the reported values demonstrating successful future application of the presented method in PK, bioequivalence and bioavailability studies."	( Sensitive inexpensive chromatographic determination of an antimicrobial combination in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Abdel Moneim, MM; Belal, SF; El-Kimary, EI; Khamis, EF, 2018)	0.48
" aeruginosa eradication since a biofilm minimal inhibitory dosage would be applied."	( Unveiling the early events of Pseudomonas aeruginosa adaptation in cystic fibrosis airway environment using a long-term in vitro maintenance. Monteiro, R; Pereira, MO; Sousa, AM, 2018)	0.48
") dosing (7 mg/Kg) in the presence and absence of P-gp inhibitor tariquidar (TAR, 15 mg/Kg)."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling to establish the role of P-glycoprotein on ciprofloxacin distribution to lung and prostate following intravenous and intratracheal administration to Wistar rats. Dalla Costa, T; de Miranda Silva, C; Neris, C; Schmidt, S; Torres, BGDS; Zimmermann, ES, 2019)	0.74
"To describe the population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in septic shock and to define recommendations for effective ciprofloxacin dosing in these patients."	( Defining optimal dosing of ciprofloxacin in patients with septic shock. Alobaid, AS; Lipman, J; Perner, A; Roberts, JA; Sjövall, F; Wallis, SC, 2019)	1.07
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed with Monte Carlo simulations then used to define dosing regimens that optimize the PTA of an AUC/MIC ratio >125 for different MICs and fractional target attainment (FTA) of empirical and targeted therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( Defining optimal dosing of ciprofloxacin in patients with septic shock. Alobaid, AS; Lipman, J; Perner, A; Roberts, JA; Sjövall, F; Wallis, SC, 2019)	0.81
"In patients with septic shock, standard ciprofloxacin dosing achieved concentrations to successfully treat bacteria with MICs ≤0."	( Defining optimal dosing of ciprofloxacin in patients with septic shock. Alobaid, AS; Lipman, J; Perner, A; Roberts, JA; Sjövall, F; Wallis, SC, 2019)	1.08
"Fused deposition modeling by 3D-printing is a rapid technique for the production of personalized drug dosage forms."	( Poly(vinyl alcohol) 3D printed tablets: The effect of polymer particle size on drug loading and process efficiency. Aquino, RP; Del Gaudio, P; Russo, P; Sansone, F; Saviano, M, 2019)	0.51
" Recent studies abroad have shown ciprofloxacin is inadequately dosed and might lead to worse outcomes."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of ciprofloxacin in elderly Chinese patients with lower respiratory tract infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Bo, SN; Gai, XY; Lu, W; Shen, N; Yin, AY; Zhou, QT, 2019)	1.05
"Ciprofloxacin is inadequately dosed against Gram-negative bacteria, especially for those with relatively high MIC values."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of ciprofloxacin in elderly Chinese patients with lower respiratory tract infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Bo, SN; Gai, XY; Lu, W; Shen, N; Yin, AY; Zhou, QT, 2019)	2.22
" Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the pharmacokinetic characteristics of enrofloxacin (ENR) in freshwater crocodiles, Crocodylus siamensis, following single intravenous and intramuscular administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight (b."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intravenous and intramuscular administration. Chaiyabutr, N; Chokejaroenrat, C; Giorgi, M; Klangkaew, N; Phaochoosak, N; Poapolathep, A; Poapolathep, S; Wongwaipairote, T, 2020)	0.81
"Liposomal formulations have important therapeutic applications in anti-cancer treatments but current formulations suffer from serious side effects, high dosage requirements and prolonged treatment."	( PEGylation and surface functionalization of liposomes containing drug nanocrystals for cell-targeted delivery. Boyd, BJ; Clulow, AJ; de Campo, L; Gilbert, EP; Hawley, A; Li, T; Liu, Q; Manohar, M; Xiao, Y, 2019)	0.51
" There was no drug-drug interaction observed during the transport of ciprofloxacin and colistin across the cell monolayer, when they were dosed together in the solution form."	( Evaluation of co-delivery of colistin and ciprofloxacin in liposomes using an in vitro human lung epithelial cell model. Chai, G; Li, J; Park, H; Xu, Q; Yu, S; Zhou, F; Zhou, QT, 2019)	1.01
" After routine blood test and dosage of C-reactive protein (C-RP), patients were randomly divided into two groups: Probiotic group (42 patients, 10M/32F mean age 32."	( The efficacy of a mix of three probiotic strains in reducing abdominal pain and inflammatory biomarkers in acute uncomplicated diverticulitis. Brigida, M; Franceschi, F; Marannino, M; Migneco, A; Ojetti, V; Petruzziello, C; Piccioni, A; Saviano, A, 2019)	0.51
" The HFIM system could potentially be used to identify clinically relevant combination dosing regimens for use in a clinical trial evaluating the appearance of resistance to antibacterial drugs."	( Effect of drug combinations on the kinetics of antibiotic resistance emergence in Escherichia coli CFT073 using an in vitro hollow-fibre infection model. Bekele, A; Gandhi, A; Garimella, N; Hartman, N; Li, X; Sacks, L; Stone, H; Weaver, JL; Zere, T, 2020)	0.56
" In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, further studies are required to define appropriate azithromycin dosing regimens for enteric fever and to assess novel treatment strategies, including combination therapies."	( Treatment responses to Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin in uncomplicated Salmonella Typhi infection: A comparison of Clinical and Microbiological Data from a Controlled Human Infection Model. Aljayyoussi, G; Angus, B; Ardrey, A; Biagini, GA; Feasey, NA; Gibani, MM; Jin, C; Liu, X; Moore, M; Parry, CM; Pennington, SH; Pollard, AJ, 2019)	0.78
"The results of this study of release mechanisms should provide a basis for adjustments of drug release dosage and duration, thereby contributing to the development of drug delivery systems satisfying clinical requirements."	( Mechanism of a long-term controlled drug release system based on simple blended electrospun fibers. Gu, J; Han, CC; Liang, X; Liu, Y; Wu, J; Xu, S; Zhang, Z; Zhou, G; Zhou, W, 2020)	0.56
" Liposomal encapsulated ciprofloxacin is attractive as a therapy since it allows for once daily dosing and achieves higher concentrations of the antibiotic at the site of initial mucosal entry but lower systemic drug concentrations."	( Evaluation of liposomal ciprofloxacin formulations in a murine model of anthrax. Blanchard, JD; Crichton, M; Jager, S; Stratilo, CW, 2020)	1.17
" Initial development of a PEP model for inhalational anthrax included evaluation of post-exposure ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics (PK), tolerability and survival in guinea pigs treated with various ciprofloxacin dosing regimens."	( Development of a guinea pig inhalational anthrax model for evaluation of post-exposure prophylaxis efficacy of anthrax vaccines. Barnewall, RE; Ionin, B; Lemiale, L; Park, S; Perry, MR; Reece, JJ; Savransky, V; Shearer, JD; Skiadopoulos, MH; Vassar, ML, 2020)	0.78
" However, sufficient pharmacokinetic data to guide dosing are lacking."	( Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in clinically diseased or injured Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), and river cooters (Pseudemys concinna). Griffioen, JA; Lewbart, GA; Papich, MG, 2020)	0.8
" However, whether high dosage of CPFX has side effects on gut barrier integrity is still unclear."	( Assessment of oral ciprofloxacin impaired gut barrier integrity on gut bacteria in mice. Li, H; Li, Z; Liang, J; Lv, C; Niu, M; Xu, K; Zeng, L; Zhao, K; Zhu, S, 2020)	0.89
"Films based on biopolymers and loaded with antimicrobial agents are convenient pharmaceutical dosage forms for topical application."	( Ciprofloxacin-intercalated layered double hydroxide-in-hybrid films as composite dressings for controlled antimicrobial topical delivery. García, MC; Rojas, R; Salguero, Y; Valenti, L, 2020)	2
"The objective of the present study was to develop a dosing algorithm for ciprofloxacin based on both renal function and pathogen susceptibility in critically ill patients."	( Higher Dosage of Ciprofloxacin Necessary in Critically Ill Patients: A New Dosing Algorithm Based on Renal Function and Pathogen Susceptibility. Brüggemann, RJM; Burger, DM; de Lange, DW; Frenzel, T; Gieling, EM; Kolwijck, E; Pickkers, P; Schouten, JA; Ten Oever, J; Ter Heine, R; Wallenburg, E, 2020)	1.13
" Therefore, the optimal dosing of the CIP-(DXT-PAP) nanoplex must be carefully determined."	( Ternary nanoparticle complex of antibiotic, polyelectrolyte, and mucolytic enzyme as a potential antibiotic delivery system in bronchiectasis therapy. Hadinoto, K; Tran, TT, 2020)	0.56
" This occurs in both the environment and clinic, from agricultural contamination to incorrect dosing and usage of poor-quality medicines."	( Development and selection of low-level multi-drug resistance over an extended range of sub-inhibitory ciprofloxacin concentrations in Escherichia coli. Ching, C; Zaman, MH, 2020)	0.77
" Finally, 20 and 33 were proved to target Ddl in bacterio via intracellular LC-MS dosage of d-Ala, l-Ala and d-Ala-d-Ala."	( Pharmacomodulations of the benzoyl-thiosemicarbazide scaffold reveal antimicrobial agents targeting d-alanyl-d-alanine ligase in bacterio. Ameryckx, A; Frédérick, R; Pochet, L; Saadi, BE; Van Bambeke, F; Wang, G; Wouters, J; Yildiz, E, 2020)	0.56
" The conventional eye drop dosage form is the widely used mode of treatment, but it has low corneal residence time."	( Formulation of Chitosan Polymeric Vesicles of Ciprofloxacin for Ocular Delivery: Box-Behnken Optimization, In Vitro Characterization, HET-CAM Irritation, and Antimicrobial Assessment. Afzal, M; Alenezi, SK; Alhakamy, NA; Alharbi, KS; Alotaibi, NH; Alruwaili, NK; Alshehri, S; Bukhari, SNA; Imam, SS, 2020)	0.82
" Initial pH of antibiotic solution, dosage of PPJ, sorbent-sorbate incubation temperature and initial concentration of antibiotic species were optimized."	( Adsorptive removal of Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin from single and binary aqueous systems using acid-activated carbon from Prosopis juliflora. Chandrasekaran, A; Narayanasamy, S; Patra, C; Subbiah, S, 2020)	0.87
" While the use of topical drops can minimize the administered dose of antibiotic and adverse systemic effects compared to oral antibiotics, their use has limitations, partially due to low patient compliance, high dosing frequency, and difficulty of administration."	( Controlled release of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone from a single ototopical administration of antibiotic-loaded polymer microspheres and thermoresponsive gel. Alper, CM; Bruk, LA; Dunkelberger, KE; Fedorchak, MV; Hong, W; Khampang, P; Sadagopan, S, 2020)	0.87
" As antimicrobial stewardship teams strive for increased intravenous-to-oral de-escalation, it is important that optimum dosing administration is followed to optimise patient outcomes."	( Burden of enteral supplement interactions with common antimicrobial agents: a single-centre observational analysis. Heard, K; Hughes, S; Moore, LSP; Mughal, N, 2022)	0.72
" This study examined the synergistic killing and resistance suppression for meropenem-ciprofloxacin combination dosage regimens against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates within the context of ARC."	( Evaluation of Meropenem-Ciprofloxacin Combination Dosage Regimens for the Pharmacokinetics of Critically Ill Patients With Augmented Renal Clearance. Agyeman, AA; Bergen, PJ; Bulitta, JB; Kirkpatrick, CM; Landersdorfer, CB; Lipman, J; Nation, RL; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA; Rogers, KE; Tait, JR; Wallis, SC, 2021)	1.15
" The frequency and dosage of the APIs result in increased side effects that further worsens the overall patient condition."	( Co-delivery of inhalable therapies: Controlling active ingredients spatial distribution and temporal release. Dos Reis, LG; Sencadas, V; Silva, DM; Tobin, MJ; Traini, D; Vongsvivut, J, 2021)	0.62
" In this study, a panel of reference and clinical strains of major nosocomial pathogens were subjected to serial dosage cycles of silver and ciprofloxacin."	( Repeated exposure of nosocomial pathogens to silver does not select for silver resistance but does impact ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Addison, O; Balacco, DL; Cox, SC; Grover, LM; Hall, T; Kuehne, SA; Lowther, M; Villapún, VM; Webber, MA, 2021)	1.04
" When patients are co-treated with rifampicin, ciprofloxacin dosage should be increased by 50% to 60%."	( Ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics during long-term treatment of osteoarticular infections. Aubry, A; Bleibtreu, A; Chauvin, C; Comets, E; Fourniols, E; Funck-Brentano, C; Jaureguiberry, S; Llopis, B; Noe, G; Tissot, N; Urien, S; Zahr, N, 2021)	2.32
" iAMF and antibiotic efficacy was seen across various iAMF settings, including different iAMF target temperatures, dose durations, and dosing intervals."	( Alternating magnetic fields and antibiotics eradicate biofilm on metal in a synergistic fashion. Chopra, R; Greenberg, DE; Lapin, N; Prasad, B; Pybus, CA; Vachon, J; Wang, Q, 2021)	0.62
" Both of them were utilized for estimation of the considered drugs in raw materials, laboratory prepared mixtures, dosage forms, and biological fluids."	( Concurrent estimation of some co-administered antimicrobial drugs applying conventional and first derivative synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. Aly, FA; El-Aziz, HA; El-Enany, N; Fathy, ME; Tolba, MM, 2022)	0.72
" To further study the superiority of CuCo/C activated PMS in degrading CIP, the factors such as pH, the dosage of PMS and catalyst, temperature, inorganic ions and pollutant (CIP) concentration were investigated."	( Metal-organic framework-derived CuCo/carbon as an efficient magnetic heterogeneous catalyst for persulfate activation and ciprofloxacin degradation. Chen, MM; Guo, H; Liang, S; Niu, CG; Niu, HY; Yang, YY, 2022)	0.93
" The operational parameters, including the effect of pH, dosage of activated carbon, and contact time of adsorption was calculated to identify the optimal condition for maximum adsorption."	( Adsorption behavior of fluoroquinolone(ciprofloxacin) using zinc oxide impregnated activated carbon prepared from jack fruit peel: Kinetics and isotherm studies. Harirajan, N; Magesh, N; Renita, AA; Santhosh, A; Siva, R, 2022)	0.99
" The usual dosing is 400 mg after 8-12 hours intravenously for one hour."	( [Ciprofloxacin: pharmacokinetics and a potential for therapeutic monitoring]. Kubíčková, V; Urbánek, K, 2021)	1.53
"The capacity of antibiotics to modulate bacterial virulence has raised concerns over the appropriateness of antibiotic therapies, including when dosing strategies fall below sub-therapeutic levels."	( Characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infection and association between virulence expression and antimicrobial susceptibility. Aghaei, A; Ahmadi, E; Ahmadi, S; Derakhshan, S; Nasseri, S, 2022)	0.72
"This study aimed to describe the pharmacokinetics (PK) of ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients receiving ECMO and recommend a dosing regimen that provides adequate drug exposure."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (an ASAP ECMO study). Abdul-Aziz, MH; Burrows, F; Buscher, H; Cheng, V; Corley, A; Diehl, A; Fraser, JF; Levkovich, BJ; Pellegrino, V; Reynolds, C; Roberts, JA; Rudham, S; Shekar, K; Wallis, SC; Welch, SA, 2022)	1.25
"Our study reports that established dosing recommendations for critically ill patients not on ECMO provides sufficient drug exposure for maximal ciprofloxacin activity for ECMO patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (an ASAP ECMO study). Abdul-Aziz, MH; Burrows, F; Buscher, H; Cheng, V; Corley, A; Diehl, A; Fraser, JF; Levkovich, BJ; Pellegrino, V; Reynolds, C; Roberts, JA; Rudham, S; Shekar, K; Wallis, SC; Welch, SA, 2022)	1.21
" Our aim was to evaluate the influence of (morbid) obesity on ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics after both oral and intravenous administration, to ultimately guide dosing in this population."	( Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics After Oral and Intravenous Administration in (Morbidly) Obese and Non-obese Individuals: A Prospective Clinical Study. Brüggemann, RJM; Knibbe, CAJ; Krekels, EHJ; Smit, C; van der Linden, PD; Van Dongen, EPA; van Rhee, KP; Wasmann, RE; Wiezer, R, 2022)	2.4
"(Morbidly) obese individuals undergoing bariatric surgery received ciprofloxacin either orally (500 mg; n = 10) or intravenously (400 mg; n = 10), while non-obese participants received semi-simultaneous oral dosing of 500 mg followed by intravenous dosing of 400 mg 3 h later (n = 8)."	( Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics After Oral and Intravenous Administration in (Morbidly) Obese and Non-obese Individuals: A Prospective Clinical Study. Brüggemann, RJM; Knibbe, CAJ; Krekels, EHJ; Smit, C; van der Linden, PD; Van Dongen, EPA; van Rhee, KP; Wasmann, RE; Wiezer, R, 2022)	2.4
" The Day-1 dosing rates for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin should be considered separately, and the regimes suggested in published guidelines and case studies may need be re-considered in light of the findings of this review."	( The clinical treatment of bacterial keratitis: A review of drop instillation regimes. Essex, RW; Maddess, T; Pearce, JG, 2022)	1.02
" Dosing adjustment is necessary to achieve effective targeted concentrations."	( Evaluation of 4 quantification methods for monitoring 16 antibiotics and 1 beta-lactamase inhibitor in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. Baklouti, S; De Riols, P; Gandia, P; Garrigues, JC; Lanot, T; Lavit, M; Mané, C; Ruiz, S; Seraissol, P, 2022)	0.72
" However, as the dosage of CIP increased, the ability of microorganisms to degrade intermediates decreased."	( Deciphering the internal mechanisms of ciprofloxacin affected anaerobic digestion, its degradation and detoxification mechanism. Chen, Y; Du, Y; Liu, M; Tang, T, 2022)	0.99
" Because the material needed for the methods recommended by the pharmacopeias to assess the dosage of gentamicin was not available, we developed and validated a conductometry method."	( Assessment of the Quality of Injectable Antibiotics in Benin. Ahouandjinou, SHS; Amoussa, A; Dalleur, O; Dohou, AM; Dossou, FM; Guidan, DBA; Marini Djang'eing'a, R; Yémoa, AL, 2022)	0.72
"This study supports oral dosing of ciprofloxacin as Gram-negative infection prophylaxis in haematological patients with mild-to-moderate mucositis capable of oral intake."	( Impact of mucositis on oral bioavailability and systemic exposure of ciprofloxacin Gram-negative infection prophylaxis in patients with haematological malignancies. Blijlevens, NMA; Bruggemann, RJM; de Vroom, SL; Geerlings, SE; Knibbe, CAJ; Mathôt, RAA; Molendijk, E; Tonino, SH; van der Linden, PD; van Hest, RM; van Rhee, KP, 2022)	1.23
"Currently, antibiotic treatment is often a standard dosing regimen in bone and joint infections (BJI)."	( The mysteries of target site concentrations of antibiotics in bone and joint infections: what is known? A narrative review. Abdulla, A; Bos, K; de Winter, BCM; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Oosterhoff, M; van Oldenrijk, J; Zhao, Q, 2022)	0.72
" Ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, vancomycin and linezolid seem to have adequate average exposure if correlating total concentration to ECOFF, when standard dosing is used."	( The mysteries of target site concentrations of antibiotics in bone and joint infections: what is known? A narrative review. Abdulla, A; Bos, K; de Winter, BCM; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Oosterhoff, M; van Oldenrijk, J; Zhao, Q, 2022)	1.63
"Adequate antibiotic dosing may improve outcomes in critically ill patients but is challenging due to altered and variable pharmacokinetics."	( Right dose, right now: bedside, real-time, data-driven, and personalised antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock-a two-centre randomised clinical trial. Bosman, RJ; de Grooth, HJ; Driessen, R; Elbers, PWG; Fleuren, LM; Girbes, ARJ; Guo, T; Mathot, RAA; Roggeveen, LF; Swart, EL; Thoral, P; van den Bogaard, B; van Hest, RM, 2022)	0.72
"In this two-centre randomised clinical trial, critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock were randomised to AutoKinetics dosing or standard dosing for four antibiotics: vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, and ceftriaxone."	( Right dose, right now: bedside, real-time, data-driven, and personalised antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock-a two-centre randomised clinical trial. Bosman, RJ; de Grooth, HJ; Driessen, R; Elbers, PWG; Fleuren, LM; Girbes, ARJ; Guo, T; Mathot, RAA; Roggeveen, LF; Swart, EL; Thoral, P; van den Bogaard, B; van Hest, RM, 2022)	0.91
" For the other antibiotics, AutoKinetics dosing did not improve target attainment."	( Right dose, right now: bedside, real-time, data-driven, and personalised antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock-a two-centre randomised clinical trial. Bosman, RJ; de Grooth, HJ; Driessen, R; Elbers, PWG; Fleuren, LM; Girbes, ARJ; Guo, T; Mathot, RAA; Roggeveen, LF; Swart, EL; Thoral, P; van den Bogaard, B; van Hest, RM, 2022)	0.72
"In critically ill patients, personalised dosing was feasible, safe and significantly improved target attainment for ciprofloxacin."	( Right dose, right now: bedside, real-time, data-driven, and personalised antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock-a two-centre randomised clinical trial. Bosman, RJ; de Grooth, HJ; Driessen, R; Elbers, PWG; Fleuren, LM; Girbes, ARJ; Guo, T; Mathot, RAA; Roggeveen, LF; Swart, EL; Thoral, P; van den Bogaard, B; van Hest, RM, 2022)	0.93
"The study evaluates effects of different dosage regimens of topical ciprofloxacin on healing of corneal ulcer in an avian model."	( Evaluation of delaying effects of different short-term dosage regimens of topical ciprofloxacin on corneal ulcer healing in an avian model. Masoudian, M; Mosleh, N; Namazi, F; Shomali, T; Tavangarrad, N, 2023)	1.37
" These PBPK models are useful to predict the PK profiles of those five drugs in the milk for different dosing regimens."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict drug concentrations of breast cancer resistance protein substrates in milk. Fang, Y; Li, Y; Zhang, T; Zou, P, 2022)	0.72
" The inhibitory effect of combination phage ST-3 and antibiotics was also studied, the removal rate of planktonic host exposed to ST-3 and levofloxacin hydrochloride at the same time, or to ciprofloxacin followed by ST-3, is higher than that exposed to antibiotic dosing group alone and antibiotic + phage dosing group."	( The Combination of Salmonella Phage ST-3 and Antibiotics to Prevent Salmonella Typhimurium In Vitro. Liu, B; Liu, X; Lu, M; Xiong, W, 2022)	0.91
"Individualising drug dosing using model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) of beta-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin has been proposed as an alternative to standard dosing to optimise antibiotic efficacy in critically ill patients."	( Model-informed precision dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients: a multicentre randomised clinical trial. Abdulla, A; de Winter, BCM; Draisma, A; Endeman, H; Ewoldt, TMJ; Gommers, D; Haringman, J; Hunfeld, NGM; Karakus, A; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Purmer, IM; Rietdijk, WJR; Rijpstra, TA; van Vliet, P; Wils, EJ, 2022)	1.18
"In total, 388 (MIPD n = 189; standard dosing n = 199) patients were analysed (median age 64 [IQR 55-71])."	( Model-informed precision dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients: a multicentre randomised clinical trial. Abdulla, A; de Winter, BCM; Draisma, A; Endeman, H; Ewoldt, TMJ; Gommers, D; Haringman, J; Hunfeld, NGM; Karakus, A; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Purmer, IM; Rietdijk, WJR; Rijpstra, TA; van Vliet, P; Wils, EJ, 2022)	0.96
" Rats were given Doxo and/or Cipro in chronic (3-week) and acute (single-day) dosing schedules."	( Investigation of doxorubicin combined with ciprofloxacin-induced cardiotoxicity: from molecular mechanism to fundamental heart function. Basci, AB; Eyileten, C; Karatas, OF; Postula, M; Shahzadi, A; Suzer, O; Tanoglu, EG; Yazici, Z, 2023)	1.17
" In addition, for compound 1, the effects of temperature, pH, and adsorbent dosage on photocatalytic performance were also investigated."	( M-Carboxylic Acid Induced Formation of New Coordination Polymers for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin. Li, J; Niu, Y; Wang, X, 2022)	0.93
"Pharmacodynamic profiling of oral ciprofloxacin dosing for urinary tract infections caused by ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates with ciprofloxacin MIC ≥ 0."	( Oral ciprofloxacin activity against ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli in an in vitro bladder infection model. Abbott, IJ; Cottingham, H; Macesic, N; Meletiadis, J; Peleg, AY; Roberts, JA; van Gorp, E; Wallis, SC, 2023)	1.7
" Oral ciprofloxacin dosing was simulated over 3 days (250 mg daily, 500 mg daily, 250 mg 12 hourly, 500 mg 12 hourly and 750 mg 12 hourly)."	( Oral ciprofloxacin activity against ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli in an in vitro bladder infection model. Abbott, IJ; Cottingham, H; Macesic, N; Meletiadis, J; Peleg, AY; Roberts, JA; van Gorp, E; Wallis, SC, 2023)	1.91
"008 mg/L) was killed in all dosing experiments."	( Oral ciprofloxacin activity against ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli in an in vitro bladder infection model. Abbott, IJ; Cottingham, H; Macesic, N; Meletiadis, J; Peleg, AY; Roberts, JA; van Gorp, E; Wallis, SC, 2023)	1.42
" Thus, it is necessary to decide the antibiotic dosage considering the CRRT clearance in addition to residual renal function."	( UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of doripenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, pazufloxacin, linezolid, and tedizolid in filtrate during continuous renal replacement therapy. Goto, K; Itoh, H; Kai, M; Kitano, T; Ohchi, Y; Suzuki, Y; Tanaka, R; Tatsuta, R; Yasuda, N, 2023)	1.14
"Coupling hot-melt extrusion (HME) with fused deposition modeling three-dimensional printing (FDM-3DP) can facilitate the fabrication of tailored, patient-centered, and complex-shaped ocular dosage forms."	( Design and optimization of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride biodegradable 3D printed ocular inserts: Full factorial design and in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluations: Part II. Alzahrani, A; Bandari, S; Majumdar, S; Nyavanandi, D; Repka, MA; Tripathi, S; Youssef, AAA, 2023)	1.21
" aeruginosa to develop tolerance which may result in therapeutic failures if inappropriate dosing regimens are used to treat keratitis."	( Ciprofloxacin resistance and tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular isolates. Khan, M; Ma, K; Wan, I; Willcox, MD, 2023)	2.35
"Adjustment of enrofloxacin dosage is not indicated for azotemic cats."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous injection to cats with reduced kidney function. Abouraya, M; Foster, JD; Muma, NA; Papich, MG, )	0.36
"A green, fast and robust solvent-free chromatographic method has been developed for concomitant analysis of ciprofloxacin HCl and metronidazole in bulk powder as well as in dosage form using levofloxacin as internal standard (I."	( Design of experiment-oriented development of solvent-free mixed micellar chromatographic method for concomitant determination of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Habib, AA; Hammad, SF; Kamal, AH; Megahed, SM, 2023)	1.32
" However, their optimal dosing strategies are unknown."	( Exposure of Escherichia coli to antibiotic-efflux pump inhibitor combinations in a pharmacokinetic model: impact on bacterial clearance and drug resistance. Aron, Z; Attwood, MLG; Barber, R; Grimsey, E; MacGowan, AP; Noel, AR; Opperman, TJ; Piddock, LJV; Ricci, V; Stone, J, 2023)	0.91
" Furthermore, reducing the dosage of antibiotics can lead to an improvement in the toxic effects caused by dose-dependent antibiotics and antimicrobial activity."	( Evaluation of combined carbon dots and ciprofloxacin on the expression level of pslA, pelA, and ppyR genes and biofilm production in ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from burn wound infection in Iran. Abiri, R; Alvandi, AH; Barati, A; Delnavazi, MR; Karimiravesh, R; Mobarez, AM; Nikkhah, M; Pajavand, H, 2023)	1.18