Compounds > reboxetine
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reboxetine

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Description

Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID127151
CHEMBL ID383921
CHEBI ID135342
SCHEMBL ID34533
MeSH IDM0201546

Synonyms (45)

Synonym
71620-89-8
reboxetine
DB00234
reboxetine [inn]
CHEBI:135342
(r)-2-((r)-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)(phenyl)methyl)morpholine
98769-81-4
edronax (tn)
D08472
reboxetine (inn)
(2r)-2-[(r)-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
A837261
reboxetine [inn:ban]
unii-947s0yz36i
947s0yz36i ,
hsdb 7701
morpholine, 2-((r)-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)phenylmethyl)-, (2r)-rel-
AKOS015966368
CHEMBL383921
SCHEMBL34533
reboxetine [hsdb]
reboxitine
reboxetine [vandf]
(+/-)-(2r*)-2-((.alpha.r*)-.alpha.-(o-ethoxyphenoxy)benzyl)morpholine
reboxetine [mi]
reboxetine [who-dd]
DTXSID1048257
morpholine, 2-[(r)-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)phenylmethyl]-, (2r)-rel-
morpholine, 2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)phenylmethyl]-, (r*,r*)-
AB00920697_06
41X ,
(2r)-2-[(r)-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)(phenyl)methyl]morpholine
us9944618, compound id no. 178
bdbm388642
reboxe- tine
r,r-reboxetine
BCP12060
D95753
AS-56251
(r,r)-(-)-reboxetine
DTXSID401315414
105017-38-7
EN300-19659906
HY-14560
CS-0003444

Research Excerpts

Overview

Reboxetine is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that may be useful in treating pediatric depression as well as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Reboxetine seems to be an alternative in the treatment of enuretic children who have not responded to standard treatment.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Reboxetine is a potent and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that was effective in combination with citalopram for resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). "( Reboxetine Combination Therapy With Fluoxetine in Moderate to Severe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial.
Akhondzadeh, S; Boroon, M; Hasanzadeh, A; Moghaddam, HS; Shalbafan, M; Shamabadi, A; Tilaki, EH, )		3.02
"Reboxetine is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that may be useful in treating pediatric depression as well as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). "( Reboxetine treatment for autistic spectrum disorder of pediatric patients with depressive and inattentive/hyperactive symptoms: an open-label trial.
Golubchik, P; Sever, J; Weizman, A, )		3.02
"Reboxetine seems to be an alternative in the treatment of enuretic children who have not responded to standard treatment."( Reboxetine in therapy-resistant enuresis: A randomized placebo-controlled study.
Hägglöf, B; Lundmark, E; Nevéus, T; Stenberg, A, 2016)		3.32
"Reboxetine is a clinically used antidepressant and is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, SS- and RR-reboxetine. "( Estimation of binding rate constants using a simultaneous mixed-effects method: application to monoamine transporter reuptake inhibitor reboxetine.
Benson, N; Birdsall, NJ; Butt, RP; Napier, C; Ploeger, B; Sale, H; Snelder, N; van der Graaf, PH, 2010)		2.01
"Reboxetine is a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (NaRI), the first drug of a new antidepressant class. "( Reboxetine in clinical practice: a review.
Corbo, M; Fiori, F; Martinotti, G; Sepede, G, 2012)		3.26
"Reboxetine is a chiral compound, and is marketed as a racemic mixture of (R,R)- and (S,S)-reboxetine; however, the pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles of the two enantiomers are rather different."( Separation of reboxetine enantiomers by means of capillary electrophoresis.
Cannazza, G; Fanali, S; Mandrioli, R; Parenti, C; Raggi, MA; Sabbioni, C, 2002)		1.4
"Reboxetine is a selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor and shows only low affinity for adrenergic and muscarinic receptors."( Effects of reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to the heart: preliminary data.
Agelink, MW; Baumann, B; Majewski, T; Strum, S; Ullrich, H, 2002)		1.43
"Reboxetine is a selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor that exerts significant antidepressant action. "( Norepinephrine-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interaction in limbic stress circuits: effects of reboxetine on GABAergic neurons.
Bodie, B; Herman, JP; Renda, A, 2003)		1.98
"Reboxetine is a noradrenergic antidepressant that is not metabolized by CYP450 and may offer a valuable option in the treatment of MDD in HIV-seropositive patients."( An open trial of reboxetine in HIV-seropositive outpatients with major depressive disorder.
Carvalhal, AS; Correa, J; de Abreu, PB; Kapczinski, F; Spode, A, 2003)		1.38
"Reboxetine (REB) is a member of a new class of antidepressant drugs, which selectively inhibit the neuronal reuptake of noradrenaline. "( Effect of repeated treatment with reboxetine on the central alpha 1-adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors.
Dziedzicka-Wasylewska, M; Kuśmider, M; Margas, W; Rogóz, Z; Skuza, G; Solich, J, )		1.85
"Reboxetine is a novel antidepressant with a selective action on noradrenaline. "( Reboxetine promotes social bonding in healthy volunteers.
Bond, AJ; Tse, WS, 2003)		3.2
"Reboxetine is a specific norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor and has been marketed in several countries as a racemic mixture of the (R,R) and (S,S) enantiomers for the treatment of depression. "( Evaluation of a new norepinephrine transporter PET ligand in baboons, both in brain and peripheral organs.
Alexoff, D; Carter, P; Ding, YS; Garza, V; King, P; Lin, KS; Logan, J; Shea, C; Xu, Y, 2003)		1.76
"Reboxetine is a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, whereas mirtazapine acts as an antagonist at noradrenergic alpha(2), serotonin (5-HT(2)), 5-HT(3) and histamine H(1) receptors. "( Mirtazapine decreases stimulatory effects of reboxetine on cortisol, adrenocorticotropin and prolactin secretion in healthy male subjects.
Baghai, T; Laakmann, G; Schüle, C, 2004)		2.03
"Reboxetine is a novel selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. "( Reboxetine induces similar sleep-EEG changes like SSRI's in patients with depression.
Held, K; Kuenzel, HE; Murck, H; Steiger, A; Ziegenbein, M, 2004)		3.21
"Reboxetine is a novel antidepressant, which inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine."( Adjunctive use of reboxetine in schizophrenia.
Arlt, J; Jahn, H; Kiefer, F; Naber, D; Raedler, TJ; Schick, M; Wiedemann, K, 2004)		1.38
"Reboxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor."( A possible antienuretic effect of reboxetine in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: case series.
Laor, N; Lerer-Amisar, D; Ratner, S; Toren, P; Weizman, A, 2005)		2.05
"Reboxetine is a novel antidepressant that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of major depressive disorders. "( The effects of reboxetine and amitriptyline, with and without alcohol on cognitive function and psychomotor performance.
Hindmarch, I; Kerr, JS; Powell, J, 1996)		2.09
"Reboxetine is an effective antidepressant in the forced swim test and open field test in bulbectomised rats."( Noradrenaline in basic models of depression.
Leonard, BE, 1997)		1.02
"Reboxetine is a new selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that has been shown to be effective in both the short-(4-8 weeks) and long-term (up to 12 months) treatment of depression. "( Reboxetine: additional benefits to the depressed patient.
Montgomery, SA, 1997)		3.18
"Reboxetine is a unique selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) with proven antidepressant efficacy in pharmacologic and biochemical tests predictive of antidepressant properties. "( Antidepressant efficacy and tolerability of the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine: a review.
Burrows, GD; Maguire, KP; Norman, TR, 1998)		1.96
"Reboxetine is a racemic mixture of FCE 22071 and FCE 21684 enantiomers. "( Dose proportionality of reboxetine enantiomers in healthy male volunteers.
d'Athis, P; Dostert, P; Jannuzzo, MG; Olive, G; Poggesi, I; Rey, E, 1999)		2.05
"Reboxetine is a new antidepressant acting by selective inhibition of noradrenaline reuptake (NARI) at the synaptic cleft. "( [Reboxetine (Edronax)].
Souery, D; Sternon, J, 1999)		2.66
"Reboxetine is a new selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (selective NRI) for the short- and long-term treatment of depression that is effective and well tolerated at a dose of 8 to 10 mg/day. "( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose reboxetine in volunteers with renal insufficiency.
Coulomb, F; Duchêne, P; Ducret, F; Fiorentini, F; Fleishaker, JC; Houin, G; Jannuzzo, MG; Laneury, JP; Poggesi, I, 2000)		2.03
"Reboxetine is a potent antidepressant, with efficacy comparable to that of imipramine, desipramine, and fluoxetine, and has improved side-effect profile. "( Reboxetine: a pharmacologically potent, selective, and specific norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
Amara, SG; Bonsignori, A; Carfagna, N; Franklin, S; Hoffmann, WP; Hyslop, DK; McArthur, RA; Piercey, MF; Porsolt, RD; Sonders, MS; Tinholt, PM; Wong, EH, 2000)		3.19
"Reboxetine is a potent, selective, and specific norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (selective NRI) as determined by both in vitro and in vivo measurements. "( Reboxetine: a pharmacologically potent, selective, and specific norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
Amara, SG; Bonsignori, A; Carfagna, N; Franklin, S; Hoffmann, WP; Hyslop, DK; McArthur, RA; Piercey, MF; Porsolt, RD; Sonders, MS; Tinholt, PM; Wong, EH, 2000)		3.19
"Reboxetine is a potent, selective, and specific noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor. "( Reboxetine: a pharmacologically potent, selective, and specific norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
Amara, SG; Bonsignori, A; Carfagna, N; Franklin, S; Hoffmann, WP; Hyslop, DK; McArthur, RA; Piercey, MF; Porsolt, RD; Sonders, MS; Tinholt, PM; Wong, EH, 2000)		3.19
"Reboxetine is a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor--the first in its class to be marketed."( The need for new and better antidepressants: reboxetine a new option.
Dencker, SJ, 2000)		1.29
"Reboxetine is a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (selective NRI) which is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of depressed adult patients."( Reboxetine in the maintenance therapy of depressive disorder in the elderly: a long-term open study.
Aguglia, E, 2000)		2.47
"Reboxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor shown to be an effective agent in the treatment of major depressive illness. "( Reboxetine: a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of depression.
Doraiswamy, PM; Scates, AC, 2000)		3.19
"Reboxetine seems to be an option for the treatment of bulimia nervosa."( Reboxetine in the treatment of bulimia nervosa: a report of seven cases.
Bailer, U; de Zwaan, M; El-Giamal, N; Kasper, S; Lennkh, C; Schüssler, P; Strnad, A, 2000)		2.47
"Reboxetine is a novel selective norepinephrine inhibitor that has been evaluated in the treatment of patients with depression. "( Clinical pharmacokinetics of reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of patients with depression.
Fleishaker, JC, 2000)		2.04
"Reboxetine is a new antidepressant drug acting as a potent and selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor on the noradrenergic neuronal system. "( Bioanalysis of racemic reboxetine and its desethylated metabolite in a therapeutic drug monitoring setting using solid phase extraction and HPLC.
Bengtsson, F; Norlander, B; Ohman, D; Peterson, C, 2001)		2.06
"Reboxetine is a non-tricyclic antidepressant with selective noradrenergic (NA) reuptake-blocking effects. "( Effect of the selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor reboxetine on the firing activity of noradrenaline and serotonin neurons.
Blier, P; Szabo, ST, 2001)		2
"Reboxetine is an antidepressant whose major mechanism of action is as a noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor."( Reboxetine add on therapy to haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia: a preliminary double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study.
Berk, M; Schutz, G, 2001)		2.47
"Reboxetine is a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (NARI). "( [Analgesic effect of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor reboxetine].
Chevts, V; Schaffler, K; Schüler, P; Seibel, K, 2002)		1.99
"Reboxetine is a new norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) drug recently introduced in the therapy for depressed patients. "( Determination of reboxetine, a recent antidepressant drug, in human plasma by means of two high-performance liquid chromatography methods.
Casamenti, G; Mandrioli, R; Pinzauti, S; Ragg, MA; Volterra, V, 2002)		2.1
"Reboxetine is a selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor that displays an antidepressant profile in both animal tests and in clinical trials. "( Effects of acute and chronic reboxetine treatment on stress-induced monoamine efflux in the rat frontal cortex.
Lucki, I; Page, ME, 2002)		2.05

Effects

Reboxetine has potent antidepressant activity, low affinity for alpha-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors and low toxicity in animals. Reboxetine 8-10 mg/day has been effective and well tolerated in clinical trials in non-elderly depressed patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Reboxetine has been approved for the treatment of Major Depression in many European countries, but the application for approval was rejected in the United States."( Reboxetine in clinical practice: a review.
Corbo, M; Fiori, F; Martinotti, G; Sepede, G, 2012)		2.54
"reboxetine) has provided potentially important avenues of treatment for the disorder."( Reboxetine and citalopram in panic disorder: a single-blind, cross-over, flexible-dose pilot study.
Mohr, N; Muller, JE; Seedat, S; Stein, DJ; van Rheede van Oudtshoorn, E, 2003)		2.48
"Reboxetine has potent antidepressant activity, low affinity for alpha-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors and low toxicity in animals."( Review of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor.
Benedetti, MS; Dostert, P; Poggesi, I, 1997)		1.27
"Reboxetine has received two letters of approval from the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of major depression in adults. "( Reboxetine: a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of depression.
Doraiswamy, PM; Scates, AC, 2000)		3.19
"Reboxetine has been shown to be an effective first-line treatment for patients with all grades of depression, to be effective in the prevention of relapse and recurrence and to offer significant benefits in terms of relieving the impaired social functioning associated with depressive disorders."( Reboxetine: the first selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor.
el Giamal, N; Hilger, E; Kasper, S, 2000)		2.47
"Reboxetine 8-10 mg/day has been effective and well tolerated in clinical trials in non-elderly depressed patients."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in healthy, elderly volunteers.
Bergmann, JF; Duchene, P; Fleishaker, JC; Houin, G; Laneury, JP; Ségrestaa, JM, )		1.18

Treatment

Reboxetine treatment was associated with a significant decrease in absolute and relative low-frequency power as well as in mean arterial pressure. 25 (56%) patients were considered "very much improved" or "much improved"; 8 (18%) patientswere "minimally improved"; 7 (16%) received ratings that reflected "no change" or minimal worsening. 5 (11%) were rated as "much worse" or 'very much worse'

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Reboxetine treatment may reduce, modestly but significantly, depressive and ADHD symptoms in adolescents with ASD. "( Reboxetine treatment for autistic spectrum disorder of pediatric patients with depressive and inattentive/hyperactive symptoms: an open-label trial.
Golubchik, P; Sever, J; Weizman, A, )		3.02
"Reboxetine treatment was associated with 1) a significant decrease in absolute and relative low-frequency power as well as in mean arterial pressure on day 2, and 2) a significant decrease in the average low- to high-frequency ratio on days 2 and 10. "( Effects of reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to the heart: preliminary data.
Agelink, MW; Baumann, B; Majewski, T; Strum, S; Ullrich, H, 2002)		2.15
"With reboxetine treatment, 25 (56%) patients were considered "very much improved" or "much improved"; 8 (18%) patients were "minimally improved"; 7 (16%) received ratings that reflected "no change" or minimal worsening, and 5 (11%) were rated as "much worse" or "very much worse.""( Reboxetine: a preliminary report on its use through the Special Access Program.
Chue, P; Cohen, NL; Craigen, G; Kennedy, SH; Lam, RW; McIntyre, RS; Rosenbluth, M; Sokolov, ST, 2002)		2.21
"Reboxetine treatment led to a rapid (evident at 2 days) enhancement in BDNF transcription in several hippocampal regions."( Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression following treatment with reboxetine, citalopram, and physical exercise.
Alejandre, H; Chen, MJ; Garcia, C; Ivy, AS; Russo-Neustadt, AA, 2004)		1.27
"Reboxetine treatment (surprisingly) led to an even more enhanced serotonin transporter density (Bmax = 1322 +/- 46), while noradrenaline transporter density seemed to be unaffected."( Very early treatment with fluoxetine and reboxetine causing long-lasting change of the serotonin but not the noradrenaline transporter in the frontal cortex of rats.
Banaschewski, T; Bock, N; Hüther, G; Moll, GH; Quentin, DJ; Rothenberger, A, 2005)		1.32
"Reboxetine-treated patients were more likely to experience constipation, difficulty urinating, and insomnia."( A meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing reboxetine, a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of major depressive disorder.
Kasper, S; Möller, HJ; Nelson, JC; Papakostas, GI, 2008)		1.33
"Reboxetine treatment over 1 year is more effective than placebo in the prevention of relapse in patients with recurrent depression. "( Reboxetine, a unique selective NRI, prevents relapse and recurrence in long-term treatment of major depressive disorder.
Arnaud-Castiglioni, R; Gaszner, P; Mehilane, L; Versiani, M, 1999)		3.19
"Reboxetine treatment (10 and 30 mg/kg) significantly decreased immobility and defaecation in the forced swim test in dose dependent manner."( Reboxetine attenuates forced swim test-induced behavioural and neurochemical alterations in the rat.
Connor, TJ; Harkin, A; Kelliher, P; Kelly, JP; Leonard, BE, 1999)		2.47
"Reboxetine-treated patients were less likely to develop hypotension and related symptoms (7% vs."( Reboxetine versus imipramine in the treatment of elderly patients with depressive disorders: a double-blind randomised trial.
Bercoff, E; Chiu, E; Katona, C; Tack, P; Versiani, M; Woelk, H, 1999)		2.47
"Treatment with reboxetine conferred no advantage over citalopram in those with physical symptoms, and it is less well tolerated."( Are multiple physical symptoms a poor prognostic factor or just a marker of depression severity? Secondary analysis of the GenPod trial.
Button, KS; Crawford, A; Green, A; Lewis, G; Nutt, D; Peters, TJ; Wiles, N, 2014)		0.74
"Treatment with reboxetine in a schedule commonly used in the FST resulted in a potentiated noradrenergic response to the swim challenge concomitant with behavioral alterations consistent with antidepressant-like activity."( Simultaneous analyses of the neurochemical and behavioral effects of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine in a rat model of antidepressant action.
Brown, K; Lucki, I; Page, ME, 2003)		0.89

Toxicity

The study suggests that reboxetine use by lactating women is safe for the breastfed infant. The rate of discontinuation due to adverse effects was not significantly different from that observed with placebo in short-term studies. Only one patient dropped out due to a side effect (constipation)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The rate of discontinuation due to adverse effects with reboxetine was not significantly different from that observed with placebo in short-term studies."( Reboxetine: tolerability and safety profile in patients with major depression.
Tanum, L, 2000)		1.99
" Safety was evaluated by recording spontaneously reported adverse events."( Switching to reboxetine: an efficacy and safety study in patients with major depressive disorder unresponsive to fluoxetine.
Fava, M; McGrath, PJ; Sheu, WP, 2003)		0.69
" No toxic effects in RCSN-3 cells were observed when the cells were incubated with 100 microm FeCl3 alone or complexed with dopamine."( Monoamine transporter inhibitors and norepinephrine reduce dopamine-dependent iron toxicity in cells derived from the substantia nigra.
Cardenas, S; Caviedes, P; Graumann, R; Martinez-Alvarado, P; Olea-Azar, C; Paris, I; Perez-Pastene, C; Raisman-Vozari, R; Segura-Aguilar, J; Vieira, MN, 2005)		0.33
" Only one patient, in the reboxetine group, dropped out due to a side effect (constipation)."( [Comparison of reboxetine and sertraline in terms of efficacy and safety in major depressive disorder].
Akgöz, S; Akkaya, C; Eker, SS; Kirli, S; Sarandöl, A, 2005)		0.98
"To investigate the transfer of reboxetine into milk, the absolute and relative infant doses via milk and to assess plasma concentrations and adverse unwanted effects in the breastfed infant."( Transfer of reboxetine into breastmilk, its plasma concentrations and lack of adverse effects in the breastfed infant.
Hackett, LP; Ilett, KF; Kohan, R; Kristensen, JH; Rampono, J, 2006)		1
" Three of the infants met normal developmental milestones and no adverse effects were seen in any infant."( Transfer of reboxetine into breastmilk, its plasma concentrations and lack of adverse effects in the breastfed infant.
Hackett, LP; Ilett, KF; Kohan, R; Kristensen, JH; Rampono, J, 2006)		0.71
"The study suggests that reboxetine use by lactating women is safe for the breastfed infant."( Transfer of reboxetine into breastmilk, its plasma concentrations and lack of adverse effects in the breastfed infant.
Hackett, LP; Ilett, KF; Kohan, R; Kristensen, JH; Rampono, J, 2006)		1.02
" In 9% of patients, RLS was recorded as a side effect related to the administration of AD."( Restless legs syndrome as side effect of second generation antidepressants.
Gallwitz, T; Kirch, MH; Messer, T; Rottach, KG; Schaner, BM; Teufel, LM; Zivotofsky, AZ, 2008)		0.35
" Where drugs have numerous actions the adverse effects of noradrenaline reuptake may be difficult to isolate, although in this respect the adverse effects of reboxetine, a specific noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor, are illuminating."( A review of the adverse effects and safety of noradrenergic antidepressants.
Taylor, D; Whiskey, E, 2013)		0.59
" Adverse effects are common, occur early on in treatment and are reported to be one of the main reasons for discontinuation of antidepressant treatment."( Adverse effects from antidepressant treatment: randomised controlled trial of 601 depressed individuals.
Cowen, P; Crawford, AA; Lewis, G; Lewis, S; Nutt, D; O'Donovan, MC; Peters, TJ; Wiles, N, 2014)		0.4
"To investigate the association between adverse effects occurring in the first 2 weeks of antidepressant treatment and discontinuation by 6 weeks as the outcome."( Adverse effects from antidepressant treatment: randomised controlled trial of 601 depressed individuals.
Cowen, P; Crawford, AA; Lewis, G; Lewis, S; Nutt, D; O'Donovan, MC; Peters, TJ; Wiles, N, 2014)		0.4
"Individuals randomised to reboxetine reported a greater number of adverse effects and were more likely to stop treatment than individuals receiving citalopram."( Adverse effects from antidepressant treatment: randomised controlled trial of 601 depressed individuals.
Cowen, P; Crawford, AA; Lewis, G; Lewis, S; Nutt, D; O'Donovan, MC; Peters, TJ; Wiles, N, 2014)		0.7
"The majority of adverse effects were not individually associated with discontinuation from antidepressant treatment."( Adverse effects from antidepressant treatment: randomised controlled trial of 601 depressed individuals.
Cowen, P; Crawford, AA; Lewis, G; Lewis, S; Nutt, D; O'Donovan, MC; Peters, TJ; Wiles, N, 2014)		0.4

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of reboxetine are linear across the dosage range of 2-8 mg/day in elderly depressed patients. Cmax and AUCtau values are higher (and more variable) than in young adults.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Reboxetine pharmacokinetic parameters, calculated after the single dose using non-compartmental analysis, were in good agreement with those obtained in previous studies."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in healthy volunteers. Single against repeated oral doses and lack of enzymatic alterations.
Edwards, DM; Jørgensen, NP; Paus, E; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I; Strolin Benedetti, M, 1996)		1.53
" It is a mixture of (R,R) and (S,S) enantiomer, the latter being more potent but no qualitative differences in pharmacodynamic properties are observed between the two."( Review of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor.
Benedetti, MS; Dostert, P; Poggesi, I, 1997)		0.55
" After reboxetine administration mean tmax was about 1 h for both enantiomers."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine enantiomers in the dog.
Benecchi, A; Brianceschi, G; Dostert, P; Frigerio, E; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I; Strolin Benedetti, M, 1997)		1.08
" Mean terminal half-life after administration of ketoconazole (21."( Ketoconazole inhibits the clearance of the enantiomers of the antidepressant reboxetine in humans.
Brown, MT; Fleishaker, JC; Herman, BD, 1999)		0.53
" tmax and t1/2 were not significantly different between groups."( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose reboxetine in volunteers with renal insufficiency.
Coulomb, F; Duchêne, P; Ducret, F; Fiorentini, F; Fleishaker, JC; Houin, G; Jannuzzo, MG; Laneury, JP; Poggesi, I, 2000)		0.59
"To examine the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, reboxetine, in elderly patients with depression."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in elderly patients with depressive disorders.
Fleishaker, JC; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I, 2000)		0.85
" Pharmacokinetic evaluations were carried out at two dosage levels in each group: at the end of weeks 1 and 3 in group A (2 and 6 mg/day), and at the end of weeks 2 and 4 in group B (4 and 8 mg/day)."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in elderly patients with depressive disorders.
Fleishaker, JC; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I, 2000)		0.63
" The mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCtau) and the maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) showed considerable variation between patients; at a dosage of 4 mg/day, AUCtau was 1,466-6,866 ngxh/ml and Cmax ranged from 169 to 663 ng/ml."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in elderly patients with depressive disorders.
Fleishaker, JC; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I, 2000)		0.63
"The pharmacokinetics of reboxetine are linear across the dosage range of 2-8 mg/day in elderly depressed patients, although Cmax and AUCtau values are higher (and more variable) than in young adults."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in elderly patients with depressive disorders.
Fleishaker, JC; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I, 2000)		0.94
" The plasma concentration-time profile following oral administration is best described by a 1-compartment model, and the mean half-life (approximately 12 hours) is consistent with the recommendation to administer the drug twice daily."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of patients with depression.
Fleishaker, JC, 2000)		0.6
" Ethnic group effects on pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed by ANOVA."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in healthy volunteers with different ethnic descents.
Fleishaker, JC; Hendershot, PE; Lin, KM; Nuccio, ID; Poland, RE, 2001)		0.63
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics of reboxetine, a unique selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (selective NRI) for the treatment of depression, were studied in 12 healthy, elderly volunteers (mean age 81 years +/- 9 years)."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in healthy, elderly volunteers.
Bergmann, JF; Duchene, P; Fleishaker, JC; Houin, G; Laneury, JP; Ségrestaa, JM, )		0.72

Bioavailability

The absolute bioavailability of reboxetine enantiomers was assessed in six male and six female volunteers. Reboxetine is well absorbed after oral administration.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These results provide evidence for the higher bioavailability and/or lower clearance of both enantiomers in mice than in rats, and for a higher penetration of both enantiomers into mouse brain compared to rat brain."( Stereoselective and species-dependent kinetics of reboxetine in mouse and rat.
Brianceschi, G; Castelli, MG; Dostert, P; Frigerio, E; Pellizzoni, C; Strolin Benedetti, M; Tocchetti, P, 1995)		0.54
"The absolute bioavailability of reboxetine enantiomers was assessed in six male and six female volunteers."( Absolute bioavailability of reboxetine enantiomers and effect of gender on pharmacokinetics.
Fleishaker, JC; Mucci, M; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I, 1999)		0.88
" Reboxetine is well absorbed after oral administration."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of patients with depression.
Fleishaker, JC, 2000)		1.51

Dosage Studied

The pharmacokinetics of reboxetine are linear across the dosage range of 2-8 mg/day in elderly depressed patients, although Cmax and AUCtau values are higher (and more variable) than in young adults. The results obtained evidenced that reboxETine at a dosage of 4 mg/d mildly reduced only depressive symptoms.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The dosing regimen was well tolerated by all subjects."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in healthy volunteers. Single against repeated oral doses and lack of enzymatic alterations.
Edwards, DM; Jørgensen, NP; Paus, E; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I; Strolin Benedetti, M, 1996)		0.62
" Pharmacokinetic evaluations were carried out at two dosage levels in each group: at the end of weeks 1 and 3 in group A (2 and 6 mg/day), and at the end of weeks 2 and 4 in group B (4 and 8 mg/day)."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in elderly patients with depressive disorders.
Fleishaker, JC; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I, 2000)		0.63
" The mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCtau) and the maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) showed considerable variation between patients; at a dosage of 4 mg/day, AUCtau was 1,466-6,866 ngxh/ml and Cmax ranged from 169 to 663 ng/ml."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in elderly patients with depressive disorders.
Fleishaker, JC; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I, 2000)		0.63
"The pharmacokinetics of reboxetine are linear across the dosage range of 2-8 mg/day in elderly depressed patients, although Cmax and AUCtau values are higher (and more variable) than in young adults."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in elderly patients with depressive disorders.
Fleishaker, JC; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I, 2000)		0.94
" Dosage adjustments may be appropriate in elderly patients and those with renal and hepatic impairment."( Reboxetine: a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of depression.
Doraiswamy, PM; Scates, AC, 2000)		1.75
" The pharmacokinetics of reboxetine are linear following both single and multiple oral doses up to a dosage of 12 mg/day."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of patients with depression.
Fleishaker, JC, 2000)		0.9
" These samples were drawn as trough levels in steady state with a dosage range of 2-16 mg/day."( Bioanalysis of racemic reboxetine and its desethylated metabolite in a therapeutic drug monitoring setting using solid phase extraction and HPLC.
Bengtsson, F; Norlander, B; Ohman, D; Peterson, C, 2001)		0.62
" No dosage adjustment is necessary for Asians or blacks."( Pharmacokinetics of reboxetine in healthy volunteers with different ethnic descents.
Fleishaker, JC; Hendershot, PE; Lin, KM; Nuccio, ID; Poland, RE, 2001)		0.63
"25-5 mg/kg) did not affect the cocaine dose-response curve or its ED50 values."( Does combined treatment with novel antidepressants and a dopamine D3 receptor agonist reproduce cocaine discrimination in rats?
Filip, M; Papla, I, )		0.13
" There were no significant changes in parkinsonian motor symptoms or dosage of levodopa."( Effect of reboxetine on depression in Parkinson's disease patients.
Lemke, MR, 2002)		0.72
" Methodological limitations included variability in definitions of treatment-resistant depression and response to treatment, dosing of medications, and reporting of adverse events."( Combining antidepressants for treatment-resistant depression: a review.
Cohen, NL; Kennedy, SH; Lam, RW; Wan, DD, 2002)		0.31
"Failure to respond may be defined as a < 25% decrease on an accepted symptom rating scale such as the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) or the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) in a patient who has received an adequate dosage for 4 weeks."( Partial response and nonresponse to antidepressant therapy: current approaches and treatment options.
Aguglia, E; Amore, M; Delgado, PL; Gastpar, M; Hawley, C; Hirschfeld, RM; Kasper, S; Linden, M; Massana, J; Mendlewicz, J; Möller, HJ; Montgomery, SA; Nemeroff, CB; Saiz, J; Such, P; Torta, R; Versiani, M, 2002)		0.31
" A lower and flexible reboxetine dosing schedule will be recommended for future research to improve its tolerability in PTSD patients."( Reboxetine versus fluvoxamine in the treatment of motor vehicle accident-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, fixed-dosage, controlled trial.
Kotler, M; Shabash, E; Shaked, G; Spivak, B; Strous, RD; Weizman, A, 2006)		2.09
" In the present study, we performed a full dose-response study of the effect of systemic reboxetine and desipramine on DA and NA in dialysates from the parietal and occipital cortices."( Differential alpha-mediated inhibition of dopamine and noradrenaline release in the parietal and occipital cortex following noradrenaline transporter blockade.
Cacciapaglia, F; Di Chiara, G; Frau, R; Valentini, V, 2006)		0.56
"Under dual challenge conditions, we observed a linear dose-response relationship in the magnitude and duration of emotion-induced retrograde amnesia."( Emotion-induced retrograde amnesia varies as a function of noradrenergic-glucocorticoid activity.
Dolan, RJ; Hawellek, B; Hurlemann, R; Klingmuller, D; Kolsch, H; Maier, W; Matusch, A, 2007)		0.34
" However, in combination studies, pretreatment with either disulfiram or nepicastat produced leftward shifts in the cocaine dose-response function and also conferred cocaine-like stimulus effects to the selective NE transporter inhibitor, reboxetine (0."( Dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitors enhance the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rats.
DePoy, LM; Manvich, DF; Weinshenker, D, 2013)		0.57
" Rats had a lumbar intrathecal catheter implanted at the time of nerve injury for administration of reboxetine (10 μg) in both acute and chronic dosing experiments."( Intrathecal reboxetine suppresses evoked and ongoing neuropathic pain behaviours by restoring spinal noradrenergic inhibitory tone.
Donaldson, LF; Hickey, L; Hughes, S; Lumb, BM; Pickering, AE, 2015)		1.01
" On the basis of these data, novel dosing strategies were developed for five antidepressants to mimic the pharmacological profile of the antidepressant with the longest half-life, fluoxetine."( The role of 5-HT1A receptors in mediating acute negative effects of antidepressants: implications in pediatric depression.
Cao, YJ; Hendrix, CW; Kaplin, AI; Rahn, KA, 2015)		0.42
" The fact that few patients achieved complete dryness may be due to the low dosage used."( Reboxetine in therapy-resistant enuresis: A randomized placebo-controlled study.
Hägglöf, B; Lundmark, E; Nevéus, T; Stenberg, A, 2016)		1.88
"Although recent investigations combining noradrenergic and antimuscarinic drugs have shown promising short-term results to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the mid-term effect and optimal dosage remain uncertain."( Effect of oxybutynin and reboxetine on obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial.
Bayon, V; Berger, M; Bradley, B; Dussez, R; Haba-Rubio, J; Heiniger, G; Heinzer, R; Lecciso, G; Marchi, NA; Siclari, F; Solelhac, G; Van Den Broecke, S, 2023)		1.21
" Mianserin and mirtazapine (separately) induced dose-dependent antinociception, each one yielding a biphasic dose-response curve, and they were antagonized by naloxone."( Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD): Is the Opioid System Involved?
Keidan, L; Pick, CG; Schreiber, S, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
aromatic etherAny ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (3)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00180.00081.541620.0000AID1709035
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.03900.00031.465610.0000AID1709034
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.01900.01900.0190AID1709032
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.09900.09900.0990AID1709033
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (31)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
monoamine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to painSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transportVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcium ion transportVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarizationVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport into cytosolVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channelVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during bundle of His cell action potentialVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion import across plasma membraneVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane repolarization during action potentialVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channelVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amyloid-betaVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junction developmentVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)
organ growthVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of multicellular organism growthVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of organ growthVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)
muscle cell developmentVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic synaptic transmissionVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transportVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (13)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
actin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
beta-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potentialVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potentialVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (11)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
sarcoplasmic reticulumVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal dense core vesicleVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel complexVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
L-type voltage-gated calcium channel complexVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel complexVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (4)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1709033Displacement of [3H]-gabapentin from human Cav alpha2delta2 expressed in HEK293 cell membranes incubated for 60 mins by scintillation counting method2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-25, Volume: 64, Issue:4
Bicyclic Diazepinones as Dual Ligands of the α2δ-1 Subunit of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels and the Norepinephrine Transporter.
AID1709035Inhibition of human NET expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in ASP+ uptake incubated for 20 mins before ASP+ addition and measured after 90 mins by scintillation counting method2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-25, Volume: 64, Issue:4
Bicyclic Diazepinones as Dual Ligands of the α2δ-1 Subunit of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels and the Norepinephrine Transporter.
AID1709032Displacement of [3H]-gabapentin from human Cav alpha2delta1 expressed in CHO-K1 cell membranes incubated for 60 mins by scintillation counting method2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-25, Volume: 64, Issue:4
Bicyclic Diazepinones as Dual Ligands of the α2δ-1 Subunit of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels and the Norepinephrine Transporter.
AID1709034Displacement of [3H]-nisoxetine from human NET expressed in HEK293 cell membranes incubated for 60 mins by scintillation counting method2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-25, Volume: 64, Issue:4
Bicyclic Diazepinones as Dual Ligands of the α2δ-1 Subunit of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels and the Norepinephrine Transporter.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (598)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's47 (7.86)18.2507
2000's333 (55.69)29.6817
2010's187 (31.27)24.3611
2020's31 (5.18)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 67.94

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index67.94 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.71 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.90 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index117.93 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (67.94)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials193 (30.83%)5.53%
Reviews59 (9.42%)6.00%
Case Studies48 (7.67%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other326 (52.08%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (36)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Multi-center, Long-term, Open-label Study of [S,S]-Reboxetine (PNU-165442G) Administered Once Daily in Patients With Fibromyalgia [NCT00607256]Phase 3500 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-20Terminated
Noradrenaline, Acetylcholine and Dynamic Learning in Healthy Humans [NCT03957174]107 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-01Completed
Double-blind Clinical Trial Controlled With Placebo of the Efficacy of Reboxetine and Citalopram as an Adjunct Treatment to Second Generation Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia [NCT01300364]Phase 4249 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-11-30Recruiting
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors [NCT02179268]Phase 3203 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
A Multi-center, Long-term, Open-label Extension Study of [S,S]-Reboxetine (PNU-165442G) Administered Once Daily in Patients With Fibromyalgia [NCT00754221]Phase 3390 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Terminated(stopped due to This study has been terminated early as the esreboxetine development program is being discontinued. There are no safety or efficacy concerns.)
A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial Of [S,S]-Reboxetine In Patients With Chronic Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. [NCT00625833]Phase 2330 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Study was terminated for futility following the planned interim analysis.)
A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 3-Week Crossover Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of AXS-12 in Subjects With Cataplexy and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Narcolepsy [NCT03881852]Phase 221 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-30Completed
A 14-week, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study of [S,S]-Reboxetine (PNU-165442G) Administered Once Daily (O.D.) in Patients With Fibromyalgia [NCT00612170]Phase 31,129 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Studying the Role of Brain Molecules for Decision Making [NCT04384562]160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-17Recruiting
Reboxetine for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea After Upper Airway Surgery: a Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study [NCT05978505]Phase 220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-15Not yet recruiting
Cognitive Flexibility and Its Correlation to Sleep and Neuroplasticity In The Course Of Depression During Different Treatments [NCT00993876]45 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
Sertraline/[S,S]-Reboxetine Combination Versus Sertraline And [S,S]-Reboxetine Monotherapy In Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) In A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Eight Week Study. [NCT00636246]Phase 2510 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
Investigating Fundamental Mechanisms of Mental and Physical Fatigue Using Neurotransmitter Reuptake Inhibitors and Electroencephalography: a Randomized Counterbalanced Crossover Trial [NCT05880342]Phase 362 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-03Recruiting
A Study to Assess the Long-term Efficacy and Safety of AXS-12 in the Treatment of Cataplexy and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Subjects With Narcolepsy [NCT05113745]Phase 390 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-20Enrolling by invitation
A Phase 2B Long-Term, Randomized, Open-Label, Safety And Tolerability Trial Comparing [S,S]-Reboxetine (PNU-165442g) With Routine Care In Patients With Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN). [NCT00354094]Phase 2600 participants Interventional2006-11-30Terminated(stopped due to The study was stopped due to business/operational issues.)
Effects of Single Dose Citalopram and Reboxetine on Urethral and Anal Closure Function on Healthy Female Subjects [NCT04097288]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-17Completed
Phase 1 Study of Reboxetine Adjuvant Therapy and Cognitive and Behavioral Measures [NCT00409201]Phase 130 participants Interventional2006-03-31Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi- Center Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of AXS-12 in the Treatment of Cataplexy and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Subjects With Narcolepsy [NCT05059223]Phase 390 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-15Recruiting
The Relation Between Attentional, Sensory and Emotional Dysregulation in Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: a Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Randomized Controlled Trial of the Combined Treatment With Reboxetine and Methylphenidate [NCT05133804]Phase 253 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-01Recruiting
Entwicklung Neuronaler Repräsentationen Nach Schlaganfall: Verbesserung Motorischer Leistungen Durch Transkranielle Gleichstromstimulation Und Noradrenerge Co-Stimulation [NCT00853866]Phase 412 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Effect of Escitalopram vs. Reboxetine on Somatic and Visceral Sensitivity of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: a Randomized, Double Blind Clinical Trial [NCT00209807]Phase 442 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-09-30Recruiting
A 5-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Multi-Center Study Of [S,S]-Reboxetine In Patients With Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN), Who Are Gabapentin Treatment Failures. [NCT00143442]Phase 2184 participants Interventional2003-12-31Completed
Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Four Week, Efficacy And Safety Trial Of [S,S]-Reboxetine (PNU-165442g) And Atomoxetine In Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. [NCT00562055]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Withdrawn(stopped due to This study was withdrawn due to business reasons.)
An Open-Label Extension Trial Assessing The Safety And Tolerability Of [S,S]-Reboxetine In Patients With Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN). [NCT00353808]Phase 2112 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Terminated(stopped due to This study has been terminated early as the esreboxetine development program is being discontinued. There are no safety or efficacy concerns.)
A Phase 2b Long-Term, Randomized, Open-Label, Safety And Tolerability Trial Comparing [S,S]-Reboxetine (PNU-165442g) With Routine Care In Patients With Chronic Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN). [NCT00348894]Phase 2136 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Terminated(stopped due to - Study was terminated due to insufficient clinical efficacy observed in previous studies conducted in postherpetic neuralgia.)
[S,S]-Reboxetine Add-On Trial: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center Trial Of [S,S]-Reboxetine In Patients With Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN) Concomitantly Treated With Pregabalin. [NCT00334685]Phase 2136 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-22Terminated(stopped due to The Data Monitoring Committee terminated the study on the basis of futility (insufficient clinical response).)
Pharmacological Interaction Between Reboxetine and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy): Pharmacological Effects and Pharmacokinetics [NCT00886886]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
Measurement Of Urethral Function In Healthy Female Volunteers - Evaluation Of The Sensitivity of Urethral Reflectometry Compared To Urethral Pressure Profilometry, Using [S,S]-Reboxetine. [NCT00444548]12 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
[S,S]-Reboxetine Dose-Range Finding Trial: A 16-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo And An Active Comparator Controlled, Multi-Center Trial Of [S,S]-Reboxetine In Patients With Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN) [NCT00288652]Phase 2280 participants Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Comparative Responses to 15 Different Antidepressants in Major Depressive Disorder - Results From a Long-term Nation-wide Population-based Study Emulating a Randomized Trial [NCT05952713]73,336 participants (Actual)Observational2022-10-01Completed
Phase 3 Reboxetine Treatment in Depressed Children and Adolescents an 8-Week, Open Study [NCT00426946]Phase 460 participants Interventional2005-01-31Recruiting
Augmentation of the Antidepressant Action of Sertraline With Triiodothyronine (T3)and Reboxetine: Clinical Efficacy, Adverse Effects and Predictors of Response. [NCT00421369]35 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
An 8-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Centre Study of [S,S]-Reboxetine Administered Once Daily in Patients With Fibromyalgia [NCT00357825]Phase 2246 participants Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Efficacy of Hydroxyzine Versus Treatment as Usual for Panic Disorder: An Eight-Week, Open Label, Pilot, Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05737511]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-30Not yet recruiting
Pharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients [NCT02374567]Phase 3407 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Terminated
The Role of Dopaminergic and Noradrenergic Neurotransmission in Value- and Salience-based Decision-Making [NCT04371146]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-03Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT03881852 (1) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Weekly Average Total Number of Cataplexy Attacks

Change From Baseline in the Weekly Average Total Number of Cataplexy Attacks

Presented as LSmeans. A positive change is indicative of improvement. (NCT03881852)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Interventionweekly cataplexy attacks (Least Squares Mean)
AXS-12 (Reboxetine)13.0
Placebo-0.28

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		7.7230amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
carbamates
[no description available]		2.0410amino-acid anion
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.4320halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		5.96130aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.9740catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.39112-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.0410diatomic iodinenutrient
melatonin
[no description available]		4.4310acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0410propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.2310hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.0410methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.0810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		2.4120phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.1710oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse		2.0410imidazoles
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.		3.4511benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		9.3871amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.5120guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.110imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		210quinolines
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		210indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.710organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
am 251
AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.		2.0410amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
organoiodine compound;
pyrazoles		antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
CB1 receptor antagonist
dan 2163
[no description available]		5.1133aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		7.4104carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
betahistine
Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.		10.9721aminoalkylpyridine;
secondary amino compound		H1-receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0110quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.110azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.4620dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carvedilol
[no description available]		7.7150carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		7.4154organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cgp 12177
CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.		210aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
cirazoline
cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510aromatic ether
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		15.5498372-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		5.6351dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.71201,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		10.16171clonidine;
imidazoline
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		7.52231dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		7.9740primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.29501,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.0810organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		4.5451branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		2.1510
p-chloroamphetamine
p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.		2.4120
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		7.8460aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		3.8621dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
dsp 4
DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7230
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		2.1110dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		4.43101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		13.78112(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		2.4420gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.9440ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		3.2310acetamides
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		5.2641aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		2.0510primary amine
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		2.110piperidines
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		9.82292dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.0510carbohydrazide;
pyridines
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		3.3711secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		4.3622catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		2.8830cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.110aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		9.3522dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		210monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lamotrigine
[no description available]		4.12311,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
nordefrin
Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.		2.0210catecholamine
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		6.7333benzodiazepine
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		7.7330anthracenes
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		8.8430primary aliphatic amine
memantine
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		4.4310guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		2.110benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		7.64106beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		9.821aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		10.17236dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		8.5611amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		10.13226benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		8.3160benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		2.0110beta-carbolines
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		2.4420aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		4.8740aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nisoxetine
nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.		8.5480aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		4.460isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.4110carbazoles
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.4220benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		7.3644acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		3.3260phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.0810endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.7430aromatic amine
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.7730barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		3.110indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		3.821pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		3.1650aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		10.2462naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		2.0510carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
quipazine
Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.		2.0710piperazines;
pyridines
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		10.03311,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.4620organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		5.2331organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		5.1133benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		3.8730monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tyramine
[no description available]		6.9810monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		3.6520aromatic ether
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.723011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		2.0110ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		210alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.1102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.4620organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		8.53202-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.0510aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.8321amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.4420glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.0410aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		210benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.4620monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.3911phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		3.4211lactose
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.5220erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.0510arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0410aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.0810mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.110xanthene
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		3.23105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.0410alkane
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		10.4355cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.0210pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		10.43111mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
morpholine
[no description available]		7.7530morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.7630methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.05101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.1101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
opipramol
Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.		2.0110dibenzoazepine
flurothyl
Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.		2.4320ether
cytisine
[no description available]		2.0810alkaloid;
bridged compound;
lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
phytotoxin;
plant metabolite
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.0710dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.0110amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
indophenol
Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.		210quinone iminedye
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		3.520methoxybenzenes;
phenols
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		4.1231carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		5.4851tertiary amine
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		9.49512-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.9840amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.0210iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		2.0510benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
salen
disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron		7.0510
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		2.0210selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		2.0310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		4.4141glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		2.4920
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.42202-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.		2.2510
substance p
[no description available]		210peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
hydroxymaprotilin
hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		3.4311
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		10.64217aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.0710acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		4.3622aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		3.4270benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		6.8101hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		3.1210N-arylpiperazine
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		7.4620aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		11.65182duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		10.88405hydrochloride
milnacipran
Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.		5.6170acetamides
bromosuccinimide
Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).		2.110dicarboximide;
organobromine compound;
pyrrolidinone		reagent
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		4.87401,2,3-triazole
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		3.03102-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		7.72144dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		4.7850dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
atipamezole
[no description available]		2.2110
cupric selenide
[no description available]		3.4811
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		4.37413-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.0710iditolfungal metabolite
droxidopa
Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension		3.5620catechols;
L-tyrosine derivative		antihypertensive agent;
prodrug;
vasoconstrictor agent
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.0510cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.		2.0110heterodetic cyclic peptidedelta-opioid receptor agonist
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0410amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
epibatidine
epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors		2.4920
rx 821002
2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.		2.4620benzodioxine;
cyclic ketal;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
zacopride
[no description available]		2.0510benzamides
1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate
1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate: chiral reagent; structure given in first source		6.9810
metadoxine
metadoxine: combination of above cpds		3.2310
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole
[no description available]		2.0510
tamsulosin
[no description available]		4.31415-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
ivabradine
Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		9.821aromatic ether;
benzazepine;
carbobicyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiotonic drug
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		2.31101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
aminochrome 1
dopaminechrome: structure given in first source. dopaminechrome (enol form) : A member of the class of indolones that is 3,5-dihydro-2H-indole substituted by an oxo group at position 5 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. dopaminechrome (keto form) : A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.		2.4320indoledione;
orthoquinones		neurotoxin
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		3.4111amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.0210
antalarmin
antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).		2.0210pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
eptapirone
eptapirone: 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.0110cyclodextrin
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		4.84100benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
sodium perchlorate
sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.		2.0410inorganic sodium salt
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.5520capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		4.4310C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.110acetylenic compound;
methylpyridines		anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		4.3230alkali metal atom
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		4.4310
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		5.4451salicylamides
amibegron
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.0810benzazepine
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		2.0810naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.13102-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		6.9643prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		2.0810endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		3.5911hydrochloride
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.7730morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		4.4310cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
lobeline
Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.		8.6220
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.7430morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		4.1431heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		2.1710medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		7.3294(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.5220cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		4.36226-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
dextrorphan
Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.		3.3811morphinane alkaloid
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0510isoquinolines
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		2.0510aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		2.0110
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		2.3110gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		2.0510isoquinolines
cgp 37849
2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer		2.0810
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		2.0710azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.7230maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
cx 614
2H,3H,6aH-pyrrolidino(2'',1''-3',2')1,3-oxazino(6',5'-5,4)benzo(e)1, 4-dioxan-10-one: an ampakine (AMPA receptor modulator); structure in first source		2.0810
6 beta-hydroxycortisol
6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.		3.371111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
6beta-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
probe
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		3.5911
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		3.1310penicillanic acids
nepicastat
nepicastat: structure in first source. nepicastat : A member of the class of 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazole-2-thione in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 5,7-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl group while the carbon adjacent to it is substituted by an aminomethyl group (the S enantiomer). It is a potent and selective inhibitor of both bovine and human dopamine beta-hydroxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine.		2.08101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
organofluorine compound;
primary amino compound;
tetralins		EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
desvenlafaxine succinate
Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		3.710
r 121919
[no description available]		2.0210
ispronicline
ispronicline: a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator; has antidepressant, neuroprotective, and cognitive effects; structure in first source		3.2310
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		2.110alkylbenzene
4-(3-pentylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-8-(2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine
4-(3-pentylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-8-(2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine: an hCRF(1) antagonist; structure in first source		2.0210
dmp 696
DMP 696: a CRF(1) receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0210
vortioxetine
Vortioxetine: A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.. vortioxetine : An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.		3.710aryl sulfide;
N-arylpiperazine		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin
heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I		2.0110
3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile
3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile: a serotonin transporter antagonist; structure in first source		2.110
ly 341495
LY 341495: structure in first source		2.110
pnu-282987
[no description available]		2.0610
norquetiapine
norquetiapine: metabolite of quetiapine		2.1710dibenzothiazepine
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.		3.2310
mk-0249
MK-0249: a histamine-3 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source		3.2310
n,n'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride
N,N'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride: selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 agonist; structure in first source. AMN082 dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N,N'-bis(diphenylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine with two molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0510hydrochloridegeroprotector;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.9721
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.0410glycoside
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		3.5611organotin acaricide
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		2.0210
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		2.7930fumarate salt
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		3.3360
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.4320hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		3.8521
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.1310
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.4311
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		2.0510nucleoside triphosphate analogue
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		5.0852benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		7.71116benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		7.0110carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
lortalamine
[no description available]		2.0210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		08.8277
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		08.8277
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.66280
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		05.4551
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		07.32114
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		05.4551
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.3110
Ache
[description not available]		03.4270
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		03.4270
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		03.811
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		03.7260
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.7220
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		02.4110
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.7220
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		02.4110
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		03.7260
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		011.57188
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		06.5132
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		011.57188
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		07.7264
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).		02.610
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		013.195410
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		013.376025
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		013.376025
Allodynia
[description not available]		03.3250
ADDH
[description not available]		09.6166
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		09.6166
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		08.0185
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		08.0185
Neurally Mediated Faint
[description not available]		03.9720
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.6620
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.6620
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		03.8721
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		03.1350
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		03.8721
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		03.1350
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Lassitude
[description not available]		04.7732
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		09.7732
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.2510
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.3110
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		02.3110
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		03.711
Seasonal Affective Disorders
[description not available]		06.0741
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.		06.0741
Binge Alcohol Consumption
[description not available]		02.3110
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		03.5611
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		017.8411048
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		017.8411048
Apoplexy
[description not available]		06.0152
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		06.0152
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		04.6761
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		04.6761
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.9740
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
Sudden death in a patient with EPILEPSY associated with SEIZURES and seizure-related symptoms (e.g., APNEA; HYPOXEMIA) without other identifiable accidental causes (e.g., DROWNING; WOUNDS AND INJURIES).		02.2110
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.9740
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.2110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		09.75109
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		05.1152
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.2110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		014.75109
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		05.1152
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		02.2110
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.8521
Hypernutrition
[description not available]		02.0810
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.520
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.520
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.4680
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		09.3741
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		03.8521
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.4720
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.0810
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		03.8521
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.4720
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		0310
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		0310
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.0810
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		02.4320
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		03.8421
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.0810
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		03.8421
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.0810
Drop Attack
[description not available]		04.4122
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		04.4122
Orthostatic Intolerance
Symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion or autonomic overaction which develop while the subject is standing, but are relieved on recumbency. Types of this include NEUROCARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE; POSTURAL ORTHOSTATIC TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME; and neurogenic ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. (From Noseworthy, JH., Neurological Therapeutics Principles and Practice, 2007, p2575-2576)		03.4811
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.4811
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.4811
Aura
[description not available]		02.4620
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.4620
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		06.3553
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.1110
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.1110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		06.4752
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		06.4752
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.1110
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		07.1110
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		02.1110
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.1110
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.		02.1110
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.7430
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.4620
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.7430
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.4620
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7330
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		07.7330
Bedwetting
[description not available]		03.5111
Nocturnal Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.		03.5111
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal
[description not available]		02.0410
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)		02.0410
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.0410
Emesis
[description not available]		07.0410
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.0410
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.0410
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		02.0410
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.0510
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.0510
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		02.0510
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		04.131
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		010.0131
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		04.131
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		08.6477
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		08.6477
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).		04.1131
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		05.8142
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		05.8142
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		03.4511
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		03.4511
Dysthymia
[description not available]		010.9752
Dysthymic Disorder
Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)		05.9752
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		04.7721
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		03.8421
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.9810
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		04.422
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		04.422
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		02.0710
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		02.0710
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		02.0710
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		02.0710
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.0710
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		02.0710
Constricted Pupil
[description not available]		011.94250
Miosis
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.		011.94250
Mydriasis
Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.		011.94250
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		03.821
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		06.9565
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		03.3220
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		06.9565
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		03.3220
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		02.4220
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		02.4220
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		04.3622
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		02.0110
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		02.0110
Gambling, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.411
Gambling
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.		03.411
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.4220
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		02.4220
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder
A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)		02.0110
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		04.8742
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		04.8742
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		03.411
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		03.411
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		03.411
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.4320
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9340
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		02.4320
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.0110
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		03.8121
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		03.8121
Binge Eating
[description not available]		05.5632
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		05.5632
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.4320
Cataleptic Attacks
[description not available]		02.730
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		03.411
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		03.411
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.0210
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		03.411
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		08.411
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		03.411
Impotence
[description not available]		02.0210
As If Personality
[description not available]		03.8121
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		07.0210
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		02.4320
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		02.4320
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.4420
Serotonin Syndrome
An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.		07.0210
Nocturnal Wandering
[description not available]		02.0210
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		03.4111
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		03.4111
Briquet Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4111
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)		03.4111
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		02.0210
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		02.0210
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
[description not available]		03.4111
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.		03.4111
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		03.4111
Callous-Unemotional Traits
[description not available]		03.4111
Conduct Disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		08.4111
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.0310
Amnesia, Anterograde
Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)		03.4111
Amnesia, Pre-Ictal
[description not available]		04.3822
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		02.9410
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		07.9410
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.0210
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.0210
Frigidity
[description not available]		04.3822
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		04.3822
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.0210
Disorder, Borderline Personality
[description not available]		02.0210
Borderline Personality Disorder
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)		02.0210
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.0310
Asialia
[description not available]		0533
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		0533
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.		03.8221
Separation Anxiety Disorder
[description not available]		02.0310
Anxiety, Separation
Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.		02.0310
Sexual and Gender Disorders
Mental disorders related to sexual dysfunction, paraphilias, and gender identity disorders.		02.0310
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.0310
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.0310
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		07.0310
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.0310
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.0310
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.4420
Trichotillomania
Compulsion to pull out one's hair.		02.0410
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.0310
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		02.0310
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.0310
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.0310
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		02.0310
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		04.3722
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		04.3722
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		03.4311
Lymphocytosis
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.		03.4311
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.4311
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		03.4311
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		03.4311
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0410
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		02.0410
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.9110
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.9110
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.9110
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		04.3522
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		04.3522
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		07.9240
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.3811
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.3811
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		03.3911
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		08.3911
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		0210
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.3911
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		03.3911
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		03.3911
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		03.3911