Compounds > nitrites
Page last updated: 2024-12-04

nitrites

Description

Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID946
CHEMBL ID1361
CHEBI ID16301
MeSH IDM0014884

Synonyms (40)

Synonym
CHEBI:16301 ,
dioxonitrate(iii)
dioxidonitrate(1-)
nitrit
[no2](-)
nitrite anion
nitrite(1-)
dioxonitrate(1-)
no2(-)
ono-
nitrite ion
nitrous acid, ion(1-)
nitrite ,
no2-
14797-65-0
nitrites
chembl1361
bdbm26989
NCGC00090737-04
NCGC00090737-03
j39976l608 ,
nitrogen peroxide ion(1-)
unii-j39976l608
nitrogen dioxide ion(1-)
nitrite ion (no2-)
IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M
AB01566909_01
mfcd00144923
DB12529
DTXSID5024219 ,
Q213788
nitrite as n @ 1000 microg/ml in h2o
water supply qc check sample: nitrite
nitrite standard
nitrite as n @ 10000 microg/ml in h2o
nitrite standard: no2- @ 10000 microg/ml in h2o
nitrite standard: no2- @ 1000 microg/ml in h2o
no2?
(no2)(-)
dtxcid704219

Research Excerpts

Overview

Nitrites are a secretory product of activated macrophages and neutrophils of the lamina propria. The lowered luminal pH is due to diminished bicarbonate formation by impaired colonocytes.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Nitrites are a secretory product of activated macrophages and neutrophils of the lamina propria, whereas the lowered luminal pH is due to diminished bicarbonate formation by impaired colonocytes."( Nitrite from inflammatory cells--a cancer risk factor in ulcerative colitis?
Lawson, MJ; Radcliffe, BC; Roediger, WE, 1990)		1

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The nitrites has been extracted with water, in the aqueous extract we determined spectrophotometrically nitrites with Griesz Reagent."( [The amount of nitrites in edible mushrooms harvested from Bistriţa Valley].
Agoroaei, L; Butnaru, C; Butnaru, E; Mircea, C; Proca, M; Tănase, C, )		0.97

Actions

Nitrites generate reactive nitrogen species that may cause damage to the lung. Nitrites generate oxidative-nitrative stress and were shown to cause emphysema.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Nitrites generate reactive nitrogen species that may cause damage to the lung."( Prospective study of cured meats consumption and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in men.
Barr, RG; Camargo, CA; Jiang, R; Varraso, R; Willett, WC, 2007)		1.06
"Nitrites generate oxidative-nitrative stress and were shown in animal models to cause emphysema."( Consumption of cured meats and prospective risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women.
Barr, RG; Camargo, CA; Jiang, R; Paik, DC; Varraso, R; Willett, WC, 2008)		1.07

Toxicity

Vitamin E is attributed to its ability to reduce ONOO- formation. Selenium exerts its protective effects via seleno-enzymes/compounds.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" First, the no-effect levels in rats are questionable, since some experiments have pointed out adverse effects of nitrates and nitrites with dosages near, or lower than, the so-called no-effect levels."( [Various toxic effects of nitrates and nitrites].
Lowy, R; Manchon, P, 1976)		0.73
" Four hours following injection of a toxic dose of [ring-14C]dichlobenil (12 mg/kg) the covalent binding in the olfactory mucosa was 26 times higher than that in the liver."( Effects of glutathione-modulating agents on the covalent binding and toxicity of dichlobenil in the mouse olfactory mucosa.
Brandt, I; Brittebo, EB; Eriksson, C, 1992)		0.28
"In view of published results of epidemiologic studies which suggested an association between nitrate in drinking water and human malformations, an assessment of the toxicology of nitrates and nitrites in relation to possible adverse effects on reproduction and development was performed."( Evaluation of the nitrate drinking water standard with reference to infant methemoglobinemia and potential reproductive toxicity.
Book, SA; Fan, AM; Willhite, CC, 1987)		0.46
" These data suggest that mild tissue injury, restricted to the lung, and methemoglobinemia are the major toxic effects observed following exposures of mice to IBN at concentrations up to 300 ppm for 18 wk."( Subchronic inhalation toxicity of isobutyl nitrite in BALB/c mice. I. Systemic toxicity.
Burg, JR; Chandler, FW; Khan, A; Kimbrough, RD; Lewis, DM; Lewis, TR; Lynch, DW; Moorman, WJ; Phipps, FC; Spira, TJ, 1985)		0.27
" The toxic effects of this substances, either by ingestion or inhalation, are described as well as risks of use in "everyday life"."( [Toxicity and dangers of volatile nitrites sold in sex shops].
Arditti, J; Brun, A; David, JM; Fauchier, R; Jean, P; Jouglard, J; Malavaud, A, 1983)		0.54
" NaNO2 produced a moderate degree of developmental toxicity, but no evidence was found to suggest that the central nervous system was the target organ for the toxic effects."( Developmental toxicity and psychotoxicity of sodium nitrite in rats.
Brunner, RL; Butcher, RE; Vorhees, CV; Wootten, V, 1984)		0.27
"It is known that sodium nitrite and dimethylamine are toxic compounds, which may react to form dimethylnitrosamine in the gastro-intestinal tract, a much more toxic compound and a powerful cancerogen."( The toxicity of the daily intake of nitrite and dimethylamine.
Ballenilla, T; Cabrera, Y; Castillo, A; García Roché, M; Silva, V, 1983)		0.27
" Nevertheless liver hypoxia is thought to be at the root of nitrite acute toxicity mechanism by producing suitable conditions for toxic potentialities."( Biochemical and ultrastructural effects of nitrite in rainbow trout: liver hypoxia as the root of the acute toxicity mechanism.
Arillo, A; Gaino, E; Margiocco, C; Mensi, P; Schenone, G, 1984)		0.27
" Thus, the results indicated that the liver of the germ-free state was far more susceptible to the acute toxic effects of DMN as well as DMA plus NaNO2 administration at a certain dose range than was the liver of the conventional state, suggesting the influence of the absence of microflora."( Susceptibility of germ-free rats to the hepatotoxic effects of dimethylnitrosamine or dimethylamine plus sodium nitrite administered orally.
Miyakawa, M; Sumi, Y, 1983)		0.27
" The chemicals were slightly toxic to practically harmless to daphnids and moderately toxic to algae."( Acute toxicity of fire control chemicals to Daphnia magna (Straus) and Selenastrum capricornutum (Printz).
Buhl, KJ; Hamilton, SJ; Heisinger, JF; McDonald, SF, 1996)		0.29
" Treatment with ADN resulted in no adverse effects on mating; 92-100% of the animals mated."( Reproductive toxicity screen of ammonium dinitramide administered in the drinking water of Sprague-Dawley rats.
Caldwell, DJ; Flemming, CD; Kinkead, ER; Leahy, HF; Marit, GB; Miller, CR; Wolfe, RE, )		0.13
" Fire-suppressant foams were more toxic than the fire retardants."( Acute toxicity of firefighting chemical formulations to four life stages of fathead minnow.
Buhl, KJ; Gaikowski, MP; Hamilton, SJ; McDonald, SF; Summers, CH, 1996)		0.29
" However, under aerobic conditions, AS was more toxic than under hypoxic conditions, suggesting that oxygen dramatically enhanced AS-mediated cytotoxicity."( The cytotoxicity of nitroxyl: possible implications for the pathophysiological role of NO.
Chistodoulou, D; Cook, JA; DeGraff, WG; Feelisch, M; Fukuto, J; Gamson, J; Grisham, MB; Jourd'heuil, D; Kim, S; Krishna, M; Mitchell, JB; Vodovotz, Y; Wink, DA, 1998)		0.3
"We determined whether pre-enrichment of low density lipoproteins (LDL) with alpha-tocopherol mitigates their adverse effects, following in vitro glycation, oxidation or glycoxidation, towards cultured bovine retinal capillary endothelial cells (RCEC) and pericytes."( Pre-enrichment of modified low density lipoproteins with alpha-tocopherol mitigates adverse effects on cultured retinal capillary cells.
Baynes, JW; Fu, MX; Jenkins, AJ; Klein, RL; Li, W; Lyons, TJ; Moller, K; Thorpe, SR, 1999)		0.3
"Enrichment of LDL with alpha-tocopherol abolishes adverse effects of glycated, mildly oxidized, and glycoxidized LDL on cultured retinal cell count, and mitigates adverse effects on modulators of fibrinolysis and vascular tone."( Pre-enrichment of modified low density lipoproteins with alpha-tocopherol mitigates adverse effects on cultured retinal capillary cells.
Baynes, JW; Fu, MX; Jenkins, AJ; Klein, RL; Li, W; Lyons, TJ; Moller, K; Thorpe, SR, 1999)		0.3
" tuberculosis Erdman and the clinical isolate M160 (also known as the C strain) were tested for their susceptibility to the toxic effects of NO, NO2, and ONOO-, Deaerated, NO-saturated solutions as well as an anaerobic in vitro system in which mycobacteria can be exposed to desired concentrations of authentic NO or NO2, were employed in these studies."( Toxicity of nitrogen oxides and related oxidants on mycobacteria: M. tuberculosis is resistant to peroxynitrite anion.
Bloom, BR; Chan, J; Magliozzo, RS; Mitchell, C; Xing, Y; Yu, K, 1999)		0.3
" This increased toxicity of the cytokine mixture compared with that of IL-1beta alone could be explained by a higher rate of NO generation within the early 24-48 h incubation period that would favor the toxic synergism of NO and oxygen free radicals."( Protection of insulin-producing RINm5F cells against cytokine-mediated toxicity through overexpression of antioxidant enzymes.
Karlsen, AE; Lenzen, S; Lortz, S; Nachtwey, T; Nerup, J; Tiedge, M, 2000)		0.31
"Paraquat (PQ) is a well-known pneumotoxicant that exerts its toxic effect by elevating intracellular levels of superoxide."( The role of nitric oxide in paraquat-induced cytotoxicity in the human A549 lung carcinoma cell line.
Hidaka, K; Ishikawa, T; Nohno, T; Okuyama, T; Tomita, M, 2001)		0.31
"We recently reported that nitrotyrosine and acetaminophen (APAP)-cysteine protein adducts colocalize in the hepatic centrilobular cells following a toxic dose of APAP to mice."( Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase activity.
Bucci, TJ; Hinson, JA; Irwin, LK; Mayeux, PR; Michael, SL; Pumford, NR; Warbritton, AR, 2001)		0.31
" Methylene blue also attenuated the toxic effects of all the tested compounds."( [Toxicity and hypotensive effect of L-arginine oxoborolidinone and its modulation by methylene blue. Comparison with L-arginine, nitrite, and nitrate].
Araujo Alvarez, JM; Bravo Avila, ME; Bustamante Quezada, A; Trujillo Ferrara, JG, )		0.13
" The protection against the adverse effects of nitrites/nitrates by vitamin E is attributed to its ability to reduce ONOO- formation, while selenium exerts its protective effects via seleno-enzymes/compounds, which reduce ONOO- formed."( Dietary vitamin E and selenium and toxicity of nitrite and nitrate.
Chow, CK; Hong, CB, 2002)		0.57
"To study the protective effects of green tea (-)-epicatechin (EC) against the toxic effects of streptozotocin (STZ), a selective beta cell toxin, on pancreatic islets in vivo and in vitro."( Protective effects of epicatechin against the toxic effects of streptozotocin on rat pancreatic islets: in vivo and in vitro.
Chung, JS; Hahn, SJ; Jo, YH; Kim, MJ; Kim, MS; Min, DS; Rhie, DJ; Ryu, GR; Sim, SS; Yoon, SH, 2003)		0.32
" As hydrogen peroxide is a necessary factor for triggering a number of important toxic effects of nitrite, the latter increases its toxicity by inhibiting catalase."( Nitrite-catalase interaction as an important element of nitrite toxicity.
Petrenko, YM; Titov, VY, 2003)		0.32
" The protection offered by arabic gum does not appear to be caused by a decrease in the formation of toxic acetaminophen metabolites, which consumes glutathione, because arabic gum did not alter acetaminophen-induced hepatic glutathione depletion."( Protective effect of arabic gum against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.
Al-Bekairi, AM; Al-Shabanah, OA; Gamal el-din, AM; Mostafa, AM; Nagi, MN, 2003)		0.32
"Treatment plants may be exposed to a whole range of toxic organic and inorganic compounds that may inhibit the removal of organic matter and nitrogen."( Monitoring toxicity of industrial wastewater and specific chemicals to a green alga, nitrifying bacteria and an aquatic bacterium.
Arvin, E; Eilersen, AM; Henze, M, 2004)		0.32
" Of the potential inhibitors tested, IL-4 downregulated the toxic action of microglia when applied to THP-1 cells either before stimulation or 24 h after stimulation."( Modulation of human microglia and THP-1 cell toxicity by cytokines endogenous to the nervous system.
Bissonnette, CJ; Klegeris, A; McGeer, PL, 2005)		0.33
" Thus, the prodrug, V-PYRRO/NO, protects against the adverse effects of cadmium directly within rat liver cells apparently through generation of NO and, at least in part, by facilitation of cadmium-induced MT synthesis."( The nitric oxide prodrug, V-PYRRO/NO, protects against cadmium toxicity and apoptosis at the cellular level.
Fuquay, R; Keefer, LK; Liu, J; Qu, W; Saavedra, JE; Sakurai, T; Shimoda, R; Waalkes, MP, 2005)		0.33
" The increased activities of ASS and ASL suggest the increased and effective recycling of citrulline to arginine in acute ammonia toxicity, making NO production more effective and contributing to its toxic effects."( Effects of acute ammonia toxicity on nitric oxide (NO), citrulline-NO cycle enzymes, arginase and related metabolites in different regions of rat brain.
Govindasamy, C; Nadiger, HA; Sirajudeen, KN; Swamy, M; Zakaria, AZ, 2005)		0.33
" Coadministration of the donor with Tempol (1 mM), a one-electron oxidant that converts NO- to NO, prevented its toxic effect, as did the concomitant addition of Fe(III)TPPS."( Neurotoxicity of nitroxyl: insights into HNO and NO biochemical imbalance.
Espey, MG; Hewett, SJ; Uliasz, TF; Wink, DA, 2005)		0.33
" coli W3110 to NO(3)-infused sheep lessened ruminal and plasma toxic NO(2) accumulation and blood methaemoglobin production, while keeping ruminal methanogenesis low."( Effect of ruminal administration of Escherichia coli wild type or a genetically modified strain with enhanced high nitrite reductase activity on methane emission and nitrate toxicity in nitrate-infused sheep.
Asakura, Y; Isogai, N; Kuwaki, K; Morikawa, R; Mwenya, B; Pen, B; Sar, C; Shinzato, I; Takahashi, J; Takaura, K; Toride, Y; Tsujimoto, A, 2005)		0.33
" We tested the efficacy of an IL-1 cytokine trap in counteraction of suppressive and toxic effects after exposure of rat pancreatic islets in vitro to IL-1beta."( Complete protection against interleukin-1beta-induced functional suppression and cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity in rat pancreatic islets in vitro using an interleukin-1 cytokine trap.
Bengtsson, D; Rydgren, T; Sandler, S, 2006)		0.33
"5) was compared to toxic effects of Zn on the nitrification by Nitrosospira sp."( Zinc toxicity to nitrification in soil and soilless culture can be predicted with the same biotic ligand model.
Degryse, F; Mertens, J; Smolders, E; Springael, D, 2007)		0.34
" Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is used widely to stimulate glial cells to produce pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, PGE(2), and TNF-alpha, and was found to be toxic in high doses."( Effects of estrogen against LPS-induced inflammation and toxicity in primary rat glial and neuronal cultures.
Azab, AN; Kaplanski, J; Tenenbaum, M, 2007)		0.34
" Arsenic was markedly less toxic in V-PYRRO/NO pretreated cells (LC(50)=30."( The nitric oxide prodrug, V-PYRRO/NO, mitigates arsenic-induced liver cell toxicity and apoptosis.
Fuquay, R; Keefer, LK; Liu, J; Qu, W; Saavedra, JE; Waalkes, MP, 2007)		0.34
" This work opens new perspectives for the use of nitrite as a safe and clinically applicable radiosensitizing modality."( The acidic tumor microenvironment promotes the reconversion of nitrite into nitric oxide: towards a new and safe radiosensitizing strategy.
Charlier, N; Dessy, C; Feron, O; Frérart, F; Gallez, B; Jordan, BF; Meqor, A; Noël, A; Rath, G; Saliez, J; Smoos, A; Sonveaux, P, 2008)		0.35
" Comparison between both assays confirmed that Vibrio fischeri is generally more sensitive than autotrophic bacteria, and, if not calibrated, the bioluminescence method tends to overestimate toxic effects on activated sludge biomass."( Comparison of bioluminescence and nitrification inhibition methods for assessing toxicity to municipal activated sludge.
Andreadakis, AD; Kouris, N; Mamais, D; Noutsopoulos, C; Stasinakis, AS, 2008)		0.35
"Sometimes, urban wastewaters convey a more or less significant part of toxic products from industries or the craft industry."( Characterization of the toxic effects of cadmium and 3.5-dichlorophenol on nitrifying activity and mortality in biologically activated sludge systems-effect of low temperature.
Marquot, A; Pambrun, V; Racault, Y, 2008)		0.35
" Studies realized at low temperature confirmed this assumption, and put in evidence the effect of temperature on toxic substances capable of being biosorbed."( Characterization of the toxic effects of cadmium and 3.5-dichlorophenol on nitrifying activity and mortality in biologically activated sludge systems-effect of low temperature.
Marquot, A; Pambrun, V; Racault, Y, 2008)		0.35
" The experiments lead to the determination of the IC50 values for both toxic substances on biological nitrification."( Characterization of the toxic effects of cadmium and 3.5-dichlorophenol on nitrifying activity and mortality in biologically activated sludge systems-effect of low temperature.
Marquot, A; Pambrun, V; Racault, Y, 2008)		0.35
" Finally, these first results show that toxic substances can have an effect on the growth rate but also on the decay rate, depending on the characteristics of the toxic substance and the sludge."( Characterization of the toxic effects of cadmium and 3.5-dichlorophenol on nitrifying activity and mortality in biologically activated sludge systems-effect of low temperature.
Marquot, A; Pambrun, V; Racault, Y, 2008)		0.35
"Leishmania parasites survive despite exposure to the toxic nitrosative oxidants during phagocytosis by the host cell."( In vitro sodium nitroprusside-mediated toxicity towards Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and axenic amastigotes.
Bellato-Santos, T; Canto-Cavalheiro, MM; Castro-Pinto, DB; Fabrino, DL; Genestra, M; Gomes-Silva, L; Leon, LL; Soares-Bezerra, RJ, 2008)		0.35
" These results suggest that the expression of these enzymes, which are involved in the antioxidant system, may not be altered after AAP toxicity, although classical toxic changes such as depletion of GSH, hepatocellular necrosis, and increased immunostaining for iNOS and nitrotyrosine were detected."( The effects of acute acetaminophen toxicity on hepatic mRNA expression of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and levels of peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde in rabbit.
Adiguzel, K; Akgoz, M; Cigremis, Y; Karaman, M; Kart, A; Ozen, H; Turel, H, 2009)		0.35
" Inhibition of NO synthase with 10 microM l-NAME, significantly attenuated Cd ability to enhance O(2-) production and diminished NO generation, thus leading to the suggestion that Cd toxic effects, started at concentration of 50 muM, could enhance NADPH oxidase and NO synthase stimulation in haemocytes of mussels."( Production of superoxides and nitric oxide generation in haemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lmk.) after exposure to cadmium: a possible involvement of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger in the induction of cadmium toxic effects.
Dailianis, S, 2009)		0.35
"In this study, we studied the toxic effect of nitrification substrates and products on photobacterium."( [Toxicity of nitrification substrates and products to photobacterium].
Chen, T; Zheng, P, 2009)		0.35
"3 mg/ L, respectively, and their toxic order was hydroxylamine > nitrite > ammonium > nitrate."( [Toxicity of nitrification substrates and products to photobacterium].
Chen, T; Zheng, P, 2009)		0.35
" The fungicides thiram, captan, and benomyl, and to a lesser extent fenpropimorph and propiconazole had quantifiable toxic effects on leucine incorporation, with EC(50) values ranging from 3 to 70 mg l(-1), while carbendazim, carboxin, and cycloheximide had little effect at the investigated concentrations."( Toxicity of fungicides to natural bacterial communities in wetland water and sediment measured using leucine incorporation and potential denitrification.
Bååth, E; Berglund, O; Lindgren, PE; Milenkovski, S, 2010)		0.36
" The increased activities of AS and AL suggest the increased and effective recycling of citrulline to arginine in excitotoxicity, making NO production more effective and contributing to its toxic effects."( Nitric oxide (NO), citrulline-NO cycle enzymes, glutamine synthetase, and oxidative status in kainic acid-mediated excitotoxicity in rat brain.
Chandran, G; Sirajudeen, KN; Swamy, M, 2009)		0.35
" However, the toxic effects of common chemical stressors such as herbicides in the presence of elevated nutrients are not well understood for most aquatic flora, particularly vascular species."( Effects of nutrient pre-exposure on atrazine toxicity to Vallisneria americana Michx. (wild celery).
Boustany, RG; Dantin, DD; Jordan, SJ; Lewis, MA; Michot, TC; Moss, RF, 2010)		0.36
" The present study investigates the susceptibility of liver to the toxic actions of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in a rat model of IR, induced by feeding a high-fructose diet (60 g/100 g) for 30 days."( Insulin resistance induced by high-fructose diet potentiates carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity.
Anuradha, CV; Pooranaperundevi, M; Sumiyabanu, MS; Sundarapandiyan, R; Viswanathan, P, 2010)		0.36
" Although the adverse effects of amorphous silica ENP may be negligible, contamination by bacterium products may enhance the toxic potential of these so-called safe products."( Endotoxin promotes adverse effects of amorphous silica nanoparticles on lung epithelial cells in vitro.
Shi, Y; Wang, F; Wang, H; Yadav, S, 2010)		0.36
" Primarily there existed the demand for sufficient food after a period of starvation, afterwards the desire for higher quality was arising, whereas today most people ask for safe and healthy food with high quality."( Chemical safety of meat and meat products.
Andrée, S; Jira, W; Schwägele, F; Schwind, KH; Wagner, H, 2010)		0.36
" This study investigated the susceptibility of the liver to the toxic actions of thioacetamide (TA) in a rat model of IR, induced by feeding the rats a high-fructose diet (60 g/100 g) for 30 days."( Insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet potentiates thioacetamide hepatotoxicity.
Anuradha, CV; Pooranaperundevi, M; Sumiyabanu, MS; Sundarapandiyan, R; Viswanathan, P, 2010)		0.36
" Thus, the toxic effects of TA are potentiated due to compromised liver function in the setting of IR."( Insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet potentiates thioacetamide hepatotoxicity.
Anuradha, CV; Pooranaperundevi, M; Sumiyabanu, MS; Sundarapandiyan, R; Viswanathan, P, 2010)		0.36
" This study has shown that it is possible to modulate homocysteine toxicity by preventing its conversion to a more toxic HTL by S-nitrosation."( Modulation of homocysteine toxicity by S-nitrosothiol formation: a mechanistic approach.
Morakinyo, MK; Simoyi, RH; Strongin, RM, 2010)		0.36
" These findings suggest to the conclusion that flaxseed oil significantly decreased the adverse harmful effects of lead acetate exposure on the brain as well as Pb(+2)-induced oxidative stress."( Effects of flaxseed oil on lead acetate-induced neurotoxicity in rats.
Abdel Moneim, AE; Al-Quraishy, S; Dkhil, MA, 2011)		0.37
" Results of the present work exclude peroxynitrite involvement in cytokine toxicity to β-cells because its generation did not correlate with the toxic action of cytokines."( Cytokine toxicity in insulin-producing cells is mediated by nitro-oxidative stress-induced hydroxyl radical formation in mitochondria.
Gurgul-Convey, E; Lenzen, S; Lortz, S; Mehmeti, I, 2011)		0.37
" Dietary additives can suppress the toxic effects of heme iron."( Red meat and colon cancer: should we become vegetarians, or can we make meat safer?
Corpet, DE, 2011)		0.37
"Preservation of meat with nitrite or nitrate has become important to mankind in controlling meat spoilage and in producing safe and palatable meat products with good keeping properties even at ambient temperature."( Nitric oxide and quality and safety of muscle based foods.
Skibsted, LH, 2011)		0.37
" Although numerous studies have investigated the toxic effects of ammonia on freshwater species, relatively little work has been performed to characterize the acute toxicity of the other two common inorganic nitrogen species: nitrate and nitrite."( Acute toxicity of nitrate and nitrite to sensitive freshwater insects, mollusks, and a crustacean.
Dickinson, A; Soucek, DJ, 2012)		0.38
"Sixty individuals residing in a rural community were divided into 2 groups: study group -30 subjects using well water, and control group--30 subjects using safe water."( [Comparative study of some clinical and laboratory indicators in a group of patients using wells as source of drinking water and a control group using safe water].
Ciochină, DA; Vasilescu, L, )		0.13
"8 mg/kg, the adverse effect was not observed, and the target organ was liver."( [Study on acute and subchronic toxicity of ammonium dinitramide].
Chang, ZQ; Du, WX; Sun, YH; Wang, YL; Xie, F; Xing, YF; Zhang, YW, 2011)		0.37
"Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina, but it is toxic when present in excessive amounts."( Effect of Angeli's salt on the glutamate/glutamine cycle activity and on glutamate excitotoxicity in the hamster retina.
Chianelli, MS; Dorfman, D; Knott, ME; Sáenz, DA, 2012)		0.38
"01-1000μM) did not show neurotoxicity, 2'-OH- and 4'-OH-deltamethrin (10-1000μM) were more toxic than deltamethrin (10-1000μM)."( Cytotoxicity induced by deltamethrin and its metabolites in SH-SY5Y cells can be differentially prevented by selected antioxidants.
Anadón, A; Ares, I; Castellano, V; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Ramos, E; Romero, A, 2012)		0.38
" However, in addition to toxic effects on microbes, Ag NPs can also induce stress responses as well as cytotoxicity in mammalian cells."( Cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking and cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles.
Ramarao, P; Singh, RP, 2012)		0.38
" Although astrocytes are believed to play physiological roles in regulating neuronal activity and synaptic transmission, activated astrocytes may also be toxic to neurons."( The neurotoxic effect of astrocytes activated with toll-like receptor ligands.
Doi, Y; Jin, S; Li, E; Ma, D; Mizuno, T; Noda, M; Parajuli, B; Sonobe, Y; Suzumura, A, 2013)		0.39
" No adverse effects on red blood cells (RBC) and hematocrit were observed in any of the treatments."( Acute and chronic nitrite toxicity in juvenile pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) and its compensation by chloride.
Eberhardt, U; Schroeder, JP; Schulz, C; Schulze, SG; Wuertz, S, 2013)		0.39
"Reactive nitrogen compounds such as nitrite (NO2(-)) are highly toxic to aquatic animals and are partly responsible for the global decline of amphibians."( Influence of low levels of water salinity on toxicity of nitrite to anuran larvae.
Marco, A; Serrano, L; Shinn, C, 2013)		0.39
"We examined the utility of respiratory burst measurements in alveolar macrophages to assess adverse cellular changes following exposure to urban particles."( Respiratory burst in alveolar macrophages exposed to urban particles is not a predictor of cytotoxicity.
Breznan, D; Brook, JR; Cakmak, S; Chauhan, V; Goegan, P; Karthikeyan, S; Kumarathasan, P; Nadeau, D; Vincent, R, 2013)		0.39
" Nevertheless, animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that nephrotoxicity is the major adverse effect limiting the prolonged CsA therapeutic use."( Sildenafil protects against nitric oxide deficiency-related nephrotoxicity in cyclosporine A treated rats.
Abdel-latif, RG; El-Moselhy, MA; Khalifa, MA; Morsy, MA, 2013)		0.39
" PipX is thus deduced to be a toxic protein, but its toxicity has not been clearly defined because of the lack of P(II)-deficient mutants carrying wild-type pipX."( Evaluation of the effects of P(II) deficiency and the toxicity of PipX on growth characteristics of the P(II)-Less mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus.
Aichi, M; Chang, Y; Maeda, S; Omata, T; Takatani, N, 2013)		0.39
" major and macrophages, but some toxic effects were observed for uncoated MgO NPs, especially at concentration of 500 µg/mL."( Lectin coated MgO nanoparticle: its toxicity, antileishmanial activity, and macrophage activation.
Allaveisie, A; Daliri, K; Hekmatimoghaddam, S; Jebali, A; Kazemi, B; Masoudi, A; Ranjbari, J; Sedighi, N, 2014)		0.4
"Understanding the toxicity of certain potentially toxic compounds on various aquatic organisms allows to assess the impact that these pollutants on the aquatic biota."( Potential environmental toxicity from hemodialysis effluent.
Correia, CH; Del Ciampo, LF; Erzinger, GS; Häder, DP; Lorenzi, L; Machado, CK; Pinto, LH, 2014)		0.4
"The anticancer drug; doxorubicin (DOX), causes testicular toxicity as an adverse effect."( Protective mechanisms of coenzyme-Q10 may involve up-regulation of testicular P-glycoprotein in doxorubicin-induced toxicity.
El-Sheikh, AA; Mahmoud, MM; Morsy, MA; Rifaai, RA, 2014)		0.4
" We found that 5 mg/L NO2 (-)-N was very toxic to the SOB bioreactors in both continuous (R1) and fed-batch (R2) modes, showing complete inhibition of SOB activity within 2 h of operation."( Development of an online sulfur-oxidizing bacteria biosensor for the monitoring of water toxicity.
Cho, JS; Gurung, A; Kang, WC; Oh, SE; Shin, BS, 2014)		0.4
" Its primary dose-limiting side effect is nephrotoxicity."( Betaine supplementation mitigates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative/nitrosative stress and suppression of inflammation and apoptosis in rats.
Hagar, H; Medany, AE; Medany, GE; Nayal, OA; Salam, R, 2015)		0.42
" The toxicity of the phototransformation products was evaluated using the Microtox test, which revealed that the photoproducts were more toxic than mefenamic acid for the generation of nitrosation aromatic compounds."( Phototransformation of mefenamic acid induced by nitrite ions in water: mechanism, toxicity, and degradation pathways.
Chen, P; Chen, Z; Li, F; Li, R; Liu, G; Lv, W; Ma, J; Yao, K, 2015)		0.42
" Both toxicity tests revealed that ammonia was most toxic to rare minnows, followed by nitrite and nitrate."( Short-term toxicity of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate to early life stages of the rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus).
Luo, S; Wang, J; Wu, B; Xiong, X, 2016)		0.43
" At present, there is limited information on the processes by which anammox bacteria are able to tolerate toxic NO2(-)."( Exogenous nitrate attenuates nitrite toxicity to anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria.
Carvajal-Arroyo, JM; Field, JA; Li, G; Sierra-Alvarez, R; Vilcherrez, D, 2016)		0.43
"The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of minocycline against pesticide rotenone induced adverse effects in different rat brain regions."( Minocycline diminishes the rotenone induced neurotoxicity and glial activation via suppression of apoptosis, nitrite levels and oxidative stress.
Biswas, J; Gupta, P; Gupta, S; Singh, A; Singh, DK; Singh, S; Verma, DK, 2018)		0.48
" We tested the hypothesis that nitrite administered after resuscitation from VF is detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain and other organ tissues, produces no adverse hemodynamic effects, and improves neurologic outcome in rats."( Nitrite pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy after experimental ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest.
Dezfulian, C; Drabek, T; Empey, PE; Garman, RH; Jackson, T; Janesko-Feldman, K; Kim, F; Kochanek, PM; Stezoski, JP; Uray, T, 2019)		0.51
" In order to acquire purified water safe for human consumption, certain recommendations pertaining to the steps of water treatment can be recommended."( Estimation of hazardous materials in water and their toxicity levels in Mahayel Aseer, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).
Algarni, H; Eid, G; El-Toony, MM, 2019)		0.51
"3 cm) was reared in bio-floc and seawater for 6 months to determine the toxic effects of waterborne nitrite exposure (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L) for 1 week, compared to those observed with bio-floc and seawater only."( Toxic effects of waterborne nitrite exposure on antioxidant responses, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and immune responses in olive flounders, Paralichthys olivaceus, reared in bio-floc and seawater.
Hur, YB; Kim, JH; Kim, SK, 2020)		0.56
" The LD50 (lethal dose 50%) value in mice was estimated to be higher than 5000 mg/kg (intraperitoneally)."( Toxicity and Antitumor Activity of a Thiophene-Acridine Hybrid.
Andrade, C; Duarte, S; Farias, D; Ferreira, R; Lisboa, T; Lopes, AL; Magalhães, H; Medeiros, K; Moura, R; Reis, M; Ribeiro, J; Silva, D; Sobral, M, 2019)		0.51
"Growing evidence indicates that exposure to high levels of nitrite for a prolonged time has adverse health effects."( Gut microbiota mediated the toxicity of high concentration of dietary nitrite in C57BL/6 mice.
He, Z; Lin, X; Liu, Q; Pu, K; Wang, M; Xu, J, 2022)		0.72
"An accurate, simple and safe method was developed for simultaneous determination of nitroglycerine (NG) and nitrocellulose (NC) in double base solid propellants (DB propellants)."( A simple and safe approach for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose in double base solid propellants.
Mardi, K; Zarei, AR, 2022)		0.72
"In shrimp, hemocytes play an important role in detoxification and immune defense, and are where nitrite accumulates during exposure to this toxic environmental pollutant."( scRNA-seq analysis reveals toxicity mechanisms in shrimp hemocytes subjected to nitrite stress.
Dong, B; Han, T; Li, A; Liang, Q; Liu, X; Wu, L; Zhang, Y, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In this report, we applied the analytical method to obtain new pharmacokinetic information about ISBN."( Analysis of isobutyl nitrite inhalant in rat and human blood: application for pharmacokinetic investigations.
Bauer, JA; Fung, HL; Kielbasa, WB, 1999)		0.3
" The AT(1)R antagonist valsartan (160 mg) was given to all the subjects, and blood samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis."( Rheumatoid arthritis does not reduce the pharmacodynamic response to valsartan.
Daneshtalab, N; Jamali, F; Lewanczuk, RZ; Russell, A, 2004)		0.32
" Subsequently, a 25mg/kg verapamil administered, electrocardiographs were recorded and pharmacokinetic delineated."( Glucosamine and adjuvant arthritis: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study.
Gilzad-Kohan, MH; Jamali, F, 2012)		0.38
" The pharmacodynamic study was carried out using elevated plus maze (EPM) and Morris water maze (MWM) behavioral models for nootropic activity in swiss albino mice; and biochemical estimations (acetylcholine esterase, reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde and brain nitrite level)."( Formulation, optimization, in vivo pharmacokinetic, behavioral and biochemical estimations of minocycline loaded chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced brain uptake.
Mishra, DN; Nagpal, K; Singh, SK, 2013)		0.39
"We report herein the development, synthesis, physicochemical and pharmacological characterization of a novel class of pharmacodynamic hybrids that selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoform and present suitable nitric oxide releasing properties."( Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
Alfonso, S; Anzini, M; Battilocchio, C; Biava, M; Calderone, V; Colovic, M; Consalvi, S; Di Capua, A; Di Cesare Mannelli, L; Dovizio, M; Ghelardini, C; Giordani, A; Martelli, A; Patrignani, P; Persiani, S; Poce, G; Rossi, A; Sautebin, L; Testai, L, 2014)		0.4

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Mutagenic potentials of ethylenethiourea (ETU) in combination with sodium nitrite or of N-nitroso-ETU, a nitrosation product of ETU in vitro, were investigated in the mouse dominant-lethal test."( Induction of dominant-lethal mutations after administration of ethylenethiourea in combination with nitrite of the n-nitroso-ethylenethiourea in mice.
Shingu, A; Shirasu, Y; Teramoto, S, 1978)		0.26
" Preclinical research provides additional evidence that viruses and chemicals may interact and produce illnesses in animals."( Adverse virus-drug interactions.
Amsel, Z; Drotman, DP; Haverkos, HW, )		0.13
" Interferon gamma, in combination with tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 (IL-1), or endotoxin, induced murine brain endothelial cells to secrete nitrites (20-45 microM within 48 hr), which are breakdown products of nitric oxide."( Endothelial cell production of nitrogen oxides in response to interferon gamma in combination with tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, or endotoxin.
Belloni, P; Kilbourn, RG, 1990)		0.48
"Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induced by Indigo carmine (secondary amine containing dye), Fast green FCF (tertiary amine containing dye) and nitrite singly and in combination with nitrite were carried out in vivo in mice following acute exposure."( Sister chromatid exchange induced by secondary and tertiary amine containing dyes and in combination with nitrite in vivo in mice.
Giri, AK; Mukherjee, A, 1990)		0.28
" In some cases, cimetidine (70 mg/kg) was administered in combination with a 2-fold molar excess of sodium nitrite."( Nondetection of O6-methylguanine in rat DNA following in vivo treatment with large doses of cimetidine alone or in combination with sodium nitrite.
Hadjiloucas, E; Kyrtopoulos, SA; Vrotsou, B, 1982)		0.26
" This investigation demonstrates that treatment with NO-inhalation, in order to prevent the dramatic increase in MPAP, PVR and the alterations in peripheral blood gases combined with systemic L-NMMAto improve systemic MABP and thus organ perfusion, may be a new therapeutic regimen in the treatment of septic shock."( Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition combined with nitric oxide inhalation in a porcine model of endotoxin shock.
Henning, R; Klemm, P; Martorana, PA; Thiemermann, C; Winklmaier, G, 1995)		0.29
"In this study we examined the potential for the synergistic augmentation of the antitumor activity of inflammatory mouse peritoneal macrophages by stimulation with protein A combined with IFN-gamma."( Enhanced macrophage antitumor effects of protein A in combination with IFN-gamma.
Pyo, S; Rhee, DK, 1999)		0.3
" While sildenafil produced no change in plasma NOx concentrations, S-methylisothiourea alone or combined with sildenafil blunted APE-induced increases in NOx concentrations."( Hemodynamic effects of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition combined with sildenafil during acute pulmonary embolism.
Dias-Junior, CA; Montenegro, MF; Neto-Neves, EM; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2010)		0.36
" Our data showed that immunization with cardiac myosin combined with IFA led to inflammatory response in the rat myocardium."( [Dynamic of myocarditis development in rats after injection of cardiac myosine combined with IFA].
Chentsov, IuS; Gavrilova, SA; Morozova, MP; Pogodina, LS; Postnikov, AB; Zemtsova, LV, 2012)		0.38
" We conducted a randomized, counterbalanced placebo-controlled trial to determine the effects of UV-A light alone and in combination with nitrate on the responses to sub-maximal steady-state exercise and time trial (TT) performance."( Acute whole body UVA irradiation combined with nitrate ingestion enhances time trial performance in trained cyclists.
Easton, C; Grace, FM; James, PE; Muggeridge, DJ; Sculthorpe, N; Thornhill, L; Weller, RB; Willis, G, 2015)		0.42
"This study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of coenzyme Q10 and its combination with metformin on streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN)."( Effect of coenzyme Q10 alone and its combination with metformin on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats.
Balaraman, R; Maheshwari, RA; Sen, AK; Seth, AK, )		0.13
"5 improved most of the parameters evaluated in this study without causing motor impairment demonstrating, thus, that possibly when combined with ALA a lower dose of CLZ is required."( Alpha-lipoic acid alone and combined with clozapine reverses schizophrenia-like symptoms induced by ketamine in mice: Participation of antioxidant, nitrergic and neurotrophic mechanisms.
de Lucena, DF; de Sousa, CN; Gama, CS; Lima, LL; Macêdo, D; Oliveira, Tde Q; Vasconcelos, GS; Vasconcelos, SM; Ximenes, NC, 2015)		0.42
" This study aimed to investigate the effects of mirtazapine (MIRT) alone and combined with alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) against corticosterone (CORT) induced behavioral and oxidative alterations."( Brain antioxidant effect of mirtazapine and reversal of sedation by its combination with alpha-lipoic acid in a model of depression induced by corticosterone.
de Oliveira, AA; de Sousa, CNS; de Sousa, LC; Honório Júnior, JER; Macedo, D; Maes, M; Medeiros, IDS; Oliveira, TQ; Patrocínio, CFV; Vasconcelos, GS; Vasconcelos, SMM, 2017)		0.46
" Quercetin (QC) in combination with piperine (bioenhancer) acts as potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective against 6-OHDA rat model of PD."( Piperine in combination with quercetin halt 6-OHDA induced neurodegeneration in experimental rats: Biochemical and neurochemical evidences.
Kumar, P; Singh, S, 2018)		0.48
" Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography, these deep eutectic solvents were used as an extraction solvent in vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the selective enrichment and indirect determination of trace nitrite from real water and biological samples."( A hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with HPLC for the determination of nitrite in water and biological samples.
Fan, J; Li, S; Liu, C; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Zhang, K, 2019)		0.51
" The aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the indices of nitric oxide (NO) system in blood serum and a colon tissue supernatant of rats with chronic enterocolitis combined with streptozotocin-induced diabetes."( The effect of flavonoid quercetine on the indices of nitric oxide system in rats with chronic enterocolitis combined with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
Krynytska, І; Kushynska, M; Marushchak, M; Pavlenko, I, )		0.13
" Herewith more pronounced intensification of nitroxydergic processes was observed in rats with chronic enterocolitis combined with streptozotocin-induced diabetes."( The effect of flavonoid quercetine on the indices of nitric oxide system in rats with chronic enterocolitis combined with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
Krynytska, І; Kushynska, M; Marushchak, M; Pavlenko, I, )		0.13
" Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of quercetin in combination with piperine against rotenone- and iron supplement-induced model of PD."( Neuroprotective Effect of Quercetin in Combination with Piperine Against Rotenone- and Iron Supplement-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Experimental Rats.
Raj, K; Sharma, S; Singh, S, 2020)		0.56
" Therefore, we evaluated the effect of mangiferin alone and in combination with nNOS inhibitor 7-nitro-indazole (7-NI) in 6-OHDA lesioned rats."( Effects of mangiferin and its combination with nNOS inhibitor 7-nitro-indazole (7-NI) in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned Parkinson's disease rats.
Chaudhary, MJ; Nath, R; Pal, R; Tiwari, PC, 2022)		0.72

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Based on a parallel line assay, the relative bioavailability of folate in the brewers yeast diet (109) was significantly higher than in the standard diet (PGA = 100)."( Effect of nitrite ingestion on the bioavailability of folate in the rat.
Hoppner, K; Lampi, B, 1992)		0.28
" Administration of the reactants together with food decreased the NMOR level in blood 155-fold relative to controls (no food), suggesting that food decreased the absorption rate over a 30-min period."( Effects of phenol and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (syringol) on in vivo formation of N-nitrosomorpholine in rats.
Issenberg, P; Virk, MS, 1986)		0.27
" This study, taken with previous observations, suggests that factors other than diminished basal NO production, such as reduced bioavailability of NO probably due to the augmented production of superoxide anion with subsequently increased inactivation of NO, contribute to the high incidence of vascular disease in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus."( Basal nitric oxide production is not reduced in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Andreoni, S; Carotta, M; Carzaniga, G; Catalano, M; Jun, T; Perilli, E; Scandale, G, 1997)		0.3
" The catalysis of destruction of zinc-sulfur clusters by water-soluble organotellurium compounds could have implications for the bioavailability of zinc in vivo."( Water-soluble organotellurium compounds: catalytic protection against peroxynitrite and release of zinc from metallothionein.
Arteel, GE; Engman, L; Jacob, C; Kanda, T; Sies, H, 2000)		0.31
" Little is known regarding the bioavailability and disposition of volatile nitrites."( Pharmacokinetics of a model organic nitrite inhalant and its alcohol metabolite in rats.
Fung, HL; Kielbasa, W, 2000)		0.54
" These results suggest a time and biphasic dose effect of nicotine treatment on endothelium-dependent responses that may be related to bioavailability of NO."( Time and dose effect of transdermal nicotine on endothelial function.
Bonde, S; Boston, US; Clouse, WD; Hurt, RD; Miller, VM; Rud, KS; Severson, SR; Tonnessen, BH, 2000)		0.31
" Decreased nitric oxide generation was the consequence of inhibition of the expression of nitric oxide synthase, whereas PGE(2) and LTB(4) reduction was due to inhibition of arachidonic acid bioavailability through a direct inhibitory effect of dysodotronic acid on secretory phospholipase A(2)."( Dysidotronic acid, a new sesquiterpenoid, inhibits cytokine production and the expression of nitric oxide synthase.
D'Auria, MV; Giannini, C; Payá, M; Posadas, I; Terencio, MC, 2001)		0.31
" We conclude that nisoldipine increases the NO bioavailability which may result in an ameliorated endothelial function."( Nisoldipine increases the bioavailability of endothelial NO.
Bartels, H; Berkels, R; Born, GV; Farmer, H; Kirmiziguel, I; Klaus, W; Purol-Schnabel, S; Roesen, R, 2001)		0.31
" The present study tests the hypothesis that HOCl decreases nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in the vasculature of Sprague-Dawley rats."( Endothelial dysfunction is induced by proinflammatory oxidant hypochlorous acid.
Darley-Usmar, V; Eiserich, JP; Kelpke, S; Ma, W; Parks, DA; Patel, R; White, CR; Zhang, C; Zhou, F, 2001)		0.31
" The differences appear to be due to defective nitric oxide production or bioavailability and might explain some of the propensity to develop end-stage renal disease."( Defective nitric oxide production and functional renal reserve in patients with type 2 diabetes who have microalbuminuria of African and Asian compared with white origin.
Dalton, RN; Denver, E; Earle, KA; Mehrotra, S; Swaminathan, R, 2001)		0.31
", the sum of NO(2)- and NO(3)-, is frequently used to assess NO bioavailability in vivo."( Plasma nitrite rather than nitrate reflects regional endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity but lacks intrinsic vasodilator action.
Deussen, A; Feelisch, M; Kelm, M; Lauer, T; Preik, M; Rassaf, T; Strauer, BE, 2001)		0.31
" Altered superoxide production and NO bioavailability have been implicated in contributing to the development of tolerance, an effect that may be ameliorated by the administration of antioxidants."( Platelet nitric oxide and superoxide release during the development of nitrate tolerance: effect of supplemental ascorbate.
Devine, AB; Dixon, LJ; Hamilton, P; Hanratty, CG; Leahey, WJ; McGrath, LT; McVeigh, GE; Morgan, DG; Wilson, M, 2002)		0.31
"Reduced bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide is implicated in diabetic macrovascular and microvascular disease."( Abnormal metabolic fate of nitric oxide in Type I diabetes mellitus.
Frenneaux, MP; Goodfellow, J; James, PE; Jones, CJ; Milsom, AB; Peters, JR, 2002)		0.31
" Our findings indicate that NO synthesis and/or bioavailability as well as the sensitivity of arterial smooth muscle cells to NO are decreased in mREN2 rats."( Vascular effects of COX inhibition and AT1 receptor blockade in transgenic rats harboring mouse renin-2 gene.
Cheng, ZJ; Mervaala, EM; Tikkanen, I; Vapaatalo, H, 2002)		0.31
"We hypothesized that neuronal NO release as well as its bioavailability and vasomotor response could be affected when aging and hypertension are present simultaneously."( Aging increases neuronal nitric oxide release and superoxide anion generation in mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Balfagón, G; Ferrer, M; Minoves, N; Salaices, M; Sánchez, M, )		0.13
" Thus, bioavailability of NO scavengers at sites of inflammation may play an essential role in up-regulation of the catalytic activity of iNOS, by preventing the catalytic activity inhibition that is attributed to nitrosyl complex formation."( Myeloperoxidase up-regulates the catalytic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase by preventing nitric oxide feedback inhibition.
Abu-Soud, HM; Diamond, MP; Galijasevic, S; Saed, GM, 2003)		0.32
" It has been suggested that oxidative stress may predispose to a decrease in NO bioavailability and induce the flux of Hcy through the liver transsulfuration pathway."( Opposite effect of methionine-supplemented diet, a model of hyperhomocysteinemia, on plasma and liver antioxidant status in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Berthelot, A; Courderot-Masuyer, C; Jacqueson, A; Nicod, L; Richert, L; Robin, S, 2004)		0.32
" Gene therapy strategies aimed at restoring cutaneous NO bioavailability may provide an effective means to ameliorate delayed diabetic wound healing."( Gene therapy of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and manganese superoxide dismutase restores delayed wound healing in type 1 diabetic mice.
Chen, AF; Fu, WL; Luo, JD; Wang, YY; Wu, J, 2004)		0.32
" This paper investigated the degradation potentials of PAHs that were present in aged contaminated sediment by indigenous bacteria, where the limited bioavailability of PAHs due to aging played an important role."( Biodegradation of sediment-bound PAHs in field-contaminated sediment.
Khodadoust, AP; Lei, L; Suidan, MT; Tabak, HH, )		0.13
" However, the optimal P requirement is significantly higher than the stoichiometrically derived P, implying potentially limited bioavailability of P and the need for buffering capacity in the media to mitigate the adverse pH effect for optimal growth of DNT-degrading bacteria."( Bacterial energetics, stoichiometry, and kinetic modeling of 2,4-dinitrotoluene biodegradation in a batch respirometer.
Hughes, JB; Zhang, C, 2004)		0.32
" Decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide has been associated with the development of cerebral vasospasm."( Nitrite infusions to prevent delayed cerebral vasospasm in a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Dejam, A; Gladwin, MT; Grimes, G; Oldfield, EH; Pluta, RM, 2005)		0.33
"Hypoxia markedly impairs vascular endothelial function in the systemic circulation in HAPE-S subjects due to a decreased bioavailability of NO."( Hypoxia impairs systemic endothelial function in individuals prone to high-altitude pulmonary edema.
Bardenheuer, HJ; Bärtsch, P; Berger, MM; Dehnert, C; Haefeli, WE; Hesse, C; Kelm, M; Kleinbongard, P; Siedler, H, 2005)		0.33
" Superoxide decreases the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) via its reaction that yields peroxynitrite."( Endothelial dysfunction in trauma patients: a preliminary communication.
Lang, JD; Mathru, M, 2005)		0.33
" The reduced bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) may play a role in endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and the structural changes that are characteristic of GCAD."( Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase overexpression suppresses graft coronary artery disease.
Cooke, JP; Gunawan, F; Jacobi, J; Robbins, RC; Sydow, K; Tanaka, M; Tsao, PS, 2005)		0.33
" When neutrophils were pretreated with superoxide dismutase, nitrite release by neutrophils did not differ between normal pregnancy and preeclampsia, suggesting that excess superoxide anion in preeclampsia could reduce bioavailability of nitric oxide through neutrophil autocrine function."( Generation of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils and endothelial cell injury in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies.
Fukushima, K; Nakano, H; Tsukimori, K; Tsushima, A, 2005)		0.33
" The role of renal immune cell infiltration, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide bioavailability in the pathogenesis was investigated."( Kidney immune cell infiltration and oxidative stress contribute to prenatally programmed hypertension.
Jung, FF; Manning, J; Stewart, T; Vehaskari, VM, 2005)		0.33
" Nitric oxide bioavailability does not appear impaired."( Kidney immune cell infiltration and oxidative stress contribute to prenatally programmed hypertension.
Jung, FF; Manning, J; Stewart, T; Vehaskari, VM, 2005)		0.33
" The protective effects may be attributable to restoration of NO bioavailability in the circulation."( Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine restores systemic nitric oxide availability and corrects depressions in arterial blood pressure and heart rate in diabetic rats.
Guo, Z; McNeill, JH; Nagareddy, PR; Xia, Z; Zhang, W, 2006)		0.33
"Our results, obtained in healthy women in recent menopause, indicate that the ratio between vasodilator (NOx and prostacyclin) and vasoconstrictor (ET) bioavailability shifted towards the previous ones after O-ET, while it remained unchanged after T-ET; moreover, catecholamines levels were reduced by both treatments already from 1 month of therapy."( Estrogen therapy effects on different vasoactive factors in recent postmenopausal healthy women.
Maffei, S; Mercuri, A; Vassalle, C; Zucchelli, GC, 2006)		0.33
" Plasma RXNOs may be diagnostically useful markers of NO bioavailability and a surrogate index of endothelial function."( Plasma nitroso compounds are decreased in patients with endothelial dysfunction.
Dejam, A; Feelisch, M; Hamada, S; Heiss, C; Kelm, M; Kleinbongard, P; Lauer, T; Matern, S; Rassaf, T, 2006)		0.33
"Dietary CQA reduces oxidative stress and improves nitric oxide bioavailability by inhibiting excessive production of reactive oxygen species in the vasculature, and leads to the attenuation of endothelial dysfunction, vascular hypertrophy, and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats."( Chlorogenic acid attenuates hypertension and improves endothelial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Fujii, A; Jokura, H; Saito, I; Suzuki, A; Tokimitsu, I; Yamamoto, M; Yamamoto, N, 2006)		0.33
" bioavailability and protect against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury in type 2 diabetes mellitus."( eNOS gene therapy exacerbates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetes: a role for eNOS uncoupling.
Champion, HC; Dugas, TR; Duranski, MR; Elrod, JW; Greer, JJ; Kevil, CG; Langston, W; Lefer, DJ; Tao, L, 2006)		0.33
" The effect of earthworm presence was not very large, but it does show that multispecies tests might give information about metal toxicity or bioavailability that cannot be predicted from single-species tests."( Functional and community-level soil microbial responses to zinc addition may depend on test system biocomplexity.
Frostegård, S; Hagen, SB; Linjordet, R; Strømman, G; Sverdrup, LE; Sørheim, R; van Gestel, CA, 2006)		0.33
" Dose-response curves of the probucol groups showed an improvement in endothelium-dependent relaxations, associated with increased nitric oxide bioavailability and decreased angiotensin II and hydroperoxide levels."( Role of probucol on endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries associated with left ventricular hypertrophy.
Aubin, MC; Carrier, M; Perrault, LP; Shi, YF; Tardif, JC, 2006)		0.33
" These findings suggest that the T-786C polymorphism modulates the effects of atorvastatin on NO bioavailability and oxidative stress."( eNOS gene T-786C polymorphism modulates atorvastatin-induced increase in blood nitrite.
Bem, AF; Metzger, IF; Nagassaki, S; Rocha, JB; Sertório, JT; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2006)		0.33
" Here we have tested this high NO bioavailability hypothesis in the setting of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), but find instead that low NO bioavailability contributes to the genesis of ECM."( Low nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to the genesis of experimental cerebral malaria.
Contreras, R; Frangos, JA; Gramaglia, I; Intaglietta, M; Meays, D; Nolan, JP; Sobolewski, P; van der Heyde, HC, 2006)		0.33
" Moreover, upregulation of NADH oxidase leads to increased presence of superoxide and peroxynitrite and thereby to a reduction of the bioavailability and compensatory effects of NO, as such influencing post-infarction remodelling."( Time-dependent expression pattern of nitric oxide and superoxide after myocardial infarction in rats.
Berges, A; Timmermans, JP; Van Nassauw, L; Vrints, C, 2007)		0.34
" In the light of betanin bioavailability and post-absorbtion distribution in humans, present findings may suggest favourable in vivo activity of this phytochemical."( Betanin inhibits the myeloperoxidase/nitrite-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins.
Allegra, M; Livrea, MA; Tesoriere, L, 2007)		0.34
" These results indicate that dietary nitrite is effective in the prevention of early diabetic glomerular injury in which NO bioavailability is impaired."( Dietary nitrite inhibits early glomerular injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats.
Ishiyama, Y; Kobayashi, J; Muraki, E; Ohtake, K; Uchida, H, 2007)		0.34
"Impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and low levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are correlated to an increased risk for development of cardiovascular diseases."( Growth hormone treatment improves markers of systemic nitric oxide bioavailability via insulin-like growth factor-I.
Bauersachs, J; Fleissner, F; Jakob, M; Klink, I; Stichtenoth, DO; Thum, T; Tsikas, D, 2007)		0.34
" Before and after GH treatment, we analyzed markers of NO bioavailability and EPC levels."( Growth hormone treatment improves markers of systemic nitric oxide bioavailability via insulin-like growth factor-I.
Bauersachs, J; Fleissner, F; Jakob, M; Klink, I; Stichtenoth, DO; Thum, T; Tsikas, D, 2007)		0.34
"GH treatment induced markers of increased NO bioavailability and enhanced circulating EPC numbers in healthy volunteers."( Growth hormone treatment improves markers of systemic nitric oxide bioavailability via insulin-like growth factor-I.
Bauersachs, J; Fleissner, F; Jakob, M; Klink, I; Stichtenoth, DO; Thum, T; Tsikas, D, 2007)		0.34
" We report for the first time that CYP 2C inhibition reduces oxidative stress (measured as plasma levels of 8-isoprostane), increases NO bioavailability (measured as NO(2)(-)) and restores endothelial function in db/db mice without affecting plasma glucose levels."( Sulfaphenazole treatment restores endothelium-dependent vasodilation in diabetic mice.
Elmi, S; Granville, DJ; Hunter, AL; Khazaei, M; Laher, I; Moien-Afshari, F; Rahman, MM; Sallam, NA; Teng, X, 2008)		0.35
"In the present study, we have constructed a bioluminescent bioreporter for the assessment of nitrate/nitrite bioavailability in wastewater."( Detection of nitrate/nitrite bioavailability in wastewater using a luxCDABE-based Klebsiella oxytoca bioluminescent bioreporter.
Abd-El-Haleem, D; Ripp, S; Sayler, GS; Zaki, S, 2007)		0.34
" Therefore, the increased bioavailability of NO reported in the literature after in vivo or in vitro treatments with apocynin might depend, at least partly, on the drug-elicited induction of iNOS, and not only on the inhibition of NADPH oxidase and the subsequent decreased scavenging of NO by oxidase-derived ROS, as it is often supposed."( The NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin induces nitric oxide synthesis via oxidative stress.
Bosia, A; Costamagna, C; Doublier, S; Ghigo, D; Miraglia, E; Polimeni, M; Riganti, C, 2008)		0.35
"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension have been associated with decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelial dysfunction."( Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine, l-arginine, and nitrite/nitrate concentrations in cats with chronic kidney disease and hypertension.
Elliott, J; Jepson, RE; Syme, HM; Vallance, C, )		0.13
" We examined aortic endothelial cell function, NO bioavailability and various biomarkers of oxidative stress."( Exercise restores endothelial function independently of weight loss or hyperglycaemic status in db/db mice.
Brownsey, RW; Elmi, S; Ghosh, S; Khazaei, M; Kieffer, TJ; Laher, I; Moien-Afshari, F; Rahman, MM; Sallam, N, 2008)		0.35
" Importantly, both exercise protocols improved endothelial-dependent vasodilatation and NO bioavailability without altering hyperglycaemic status in db/db mice."( Exercise restores endothelial function independently of weight loss or hyperglycaemic status in db/db mice.
Brownsey, RW; Elmi, S; Ghosh, S; Khazaei, M; Kieffer, TJ; Laher, I; Moien-Afshari, F; Rahman, MM; Sallam, N, 2008)		0.35
" Our aim in this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects, absorption, and bioavailability of Artepillin C in mice."( Anti-inflammatory effects of a bioavailable compound, Artepillin C, in Brazilian propolis.
Abreu, SR; Bretz, WA; Dirsch, VM; Hori, H; Koyama, D; Nagasawa, H; Paulino, N; Scremin, A; Uto, Y; Vollmar, AM, 2008)		0.35
" Furthermore, hyp-OxLDL lead to the generation of peroxynitrite, thereby also reducing bioavailability of NO."( Hypochlorite-oxidized low density lipoproteins reduce production and bioavailability of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 macrophages by distinct mechanisms.
Koller, E; Lee, A; Schmid, W; Son, J; Volf, I, 2008)		0.35
" Since up to 80-85% of dietary nitrate intake comes from vegetables, the aim of this study was to determine the absolute bioavailability of nitrate from three nitrate-rich vegetables."( The oral bioavailability of nitrate from nitrate-rich vegetables in humans.
Lambers, AC; Meulenbelt, J; Schothorst, RC; Sips, AJ; van Velzen, AG, 2008)		0.35
"Metabolic syndrome (MetS) denotes a clustering of risk factors that may affect nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and predispose to cardiovascular diseases, which are delayed by exercise training."( Enhanced concentrations of relevant markers of nitric oxide formation after exercise training in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Casella-Filho, A; Chagas, AC; Gomes, VA; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2008)		0.35
"The ability of the antioxidants in the mulberry leaves to protect Sprague-Dawley rats from injuries caused by immobilization stress was studied as an indicator of the tissue bioavailability of antioxidants."( Mulberry leaves protect rat tissues from immobilization stress-induced inflammation.
Cheng, HM; Lee, CY; Sim, SM, 2007)		0.34
" This rapid post-ischemic decrease in NO bioavailability appears to be due to decreased synthesis of NO, enhanced inactivation of NO by the overproduction of superoxide or both."( Hepatocellular protection by nitric oxide or nitrite in ischemia and reperfusion injury.
Abe, Y; Grisham, MB; Hines, I; Zibari, G, 2009)		0.35
" The flow reversal causes the production of superoxides (O(2)(-)), which scavenge nitric oxide (NO), leading to a decrease in NO bioavailability and endothelial dysfunction."( NADPH oxidase has a directional response to shear stress.
Godbole, AS; Guo, X; Kassab, GS; Lu, X, 2009)		0.35
"A hemolysis-linked subphenotype of sickle cell disease (SCD), characterized by pulmonary hypertension, stroke, priapism and leg ulcers, is associated with decreased nitric oxide bioavailability and vasculopathy."( Novel small molecule therapeutics for sickle cell disease: nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrite, and apolipoprotein A-I.
Kato, GJ, 2008)		0.35
"Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) are able to reduce the formation of the potent vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 and increase nitric oxide bioavailability in human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs)."( Different effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on endothelin-1 and nitric oxide balance in human vascular endothelial cells: evidence of an oxidant-sensitive pathway.
Bocale, R; Croce, G; Desideri, G; Di Orio, F; Evangelista, S; Ferri, C; Grassi, D; Necozione, S; Tiberti, S, 2008)		0.35
" Our data support the effects of statins in vivo that have been demonstrated on the endothelium ex vivo, suggesting a beneficial effect by acting on the initial processes that trigger the disease, reducing oxidative stress (increase in the bioavailability of nitric oxide as peroxynitrite levels decrease) and curtailing the inflammatory processes which perpetuate the disease."( In vivo confirmation of the role of statins in reducing nitric oxide and C-reactive protein levels in peripheral arterial disease.
Aguilar, EM; Casariego, CV; García, FA; González, AF; Miralles, Jde H; Moreno, SB, 2009)		0.35
" Transpulmonary loss of plasma nitrite indicates either less pulmonary nitric oxide (NO) production, which contributes to higher PASP, or increased NO bioavailability arising from nitrite reduction, which may oppose ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction."( Transpulmonary plasma ET-1 and nitrite differences in high altitude pulmonary hypertension.
Bailey, DM; Bärtsch, P; Berger, MM; Castell, C; Dehnert, C; Faoro, V; Luks, AM; Mairbäurl, H; Menold, E; Schendler, G; Swenson, ER, 2009)		0.35
" The cell-based assay provides more information than in vitro assays regarding the bioavailability of NOS inhibitors, and it is suitable for high-throughput screening."( A cellular model for screening neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors.
Fang, J; Silverman, RB, 2009)		0.35
"Pathogenesis of many of diabetes-related vascular complications is associated with endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, which is reduced bioavailability of EC-released nitric oxide (NO)."( NO/peroxynitrite dynamics of high glucose-exposed HUVECs: chemiluminescent measurement and computational model.
Kavdia, M; Potdar, S, 2009)		0.35
" In conclusion, while NO bioavailability in mTALs is reduced during diabetes, free radical scavenging with tempol unmasks increased NO production that involves PP2B-dependent activation of NOS1 and NOS2."( PP2B-dependent NO production in the medullary thick ascending limb during diabetes.
Carmines, PK; Foster, JM; Pollock, JS, 2009)		0.35
" Females tended to increase their nitric oxide (NO) levels further, while MDA levels did not reach those of males, thus retaining significantly higher NO bioavailability than in males."( Sex differences in oxidant/antioxidant balance under a chronic mild stress regime.
Chatzigeorgiou, A; Dalla, C; Kamper, EF; Kamper, M; Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Z; Pitychoutis, PM; Tsimpoukidi, O, 2009)		0.35
" Likely arachidonic acid reducing NO bioavailability through all these mechanisms could potentiate its platelet aggregating power."( The arachidonic acid effect on platelet nitric oxide level.
Leoncini, G; Segantin, A; Signorello, MG, 2009)		0.35
"Inhibition of arginase protects from myocardial infarction by a mechanism that is dependent on NOS activity and bioavailability of NO by shifting arginine utilization from arginase towards NOS."( Arginase inhibition mediates cardioprotection during ischaemia-reperfusion.
Gonon, AT; Jung, C; Lundberg, JO; Pernow, J; Sjöquist, PO, 2010)		0.36
" Our data suggest that the effect of the sex of the animal on NOS activity and expression is different in the three regions of the SHR kidney and supports the hypothesis that male SHR have lower NO bioavailability compared with females."( Renal NOS activity, expression, and localization in male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Hyndman, KA; Pardieck, JL; Pollock, JS; Sullivan, JC, 2010)		0.36
"In CF airways MPO acts as a phagocyte-derived NO oxidase that diminishes NO bioavailability at airway surfaces, possibly identifying this peroxidase as a potential target for therapeutic intervention."( Myeloperoxidase-dependent oxidative metabolism of nitric oxide in the cystic fibrosis airway.
Chapman, AL; Cross, CE; Eiserich, JP; Houghton, JS; Juarez, MM; Li, CS; Morrissey, BM; Vasu, VT, 2010)		0.36
"Ezetimibe ameliorated the status of metabolic syndrome and microalbuminuria, reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, and increased nitric oxide bioavailability in a LDL-chol reduction-dependent and -independent manner."( Ezetimibe ameliorates metabolic disorders and microalbuminuria in patients with hypercholesterolemia.
Aihara, K; Akaike, M; Dagvasumberel, M; Hirata, Y; Ishikawa, K; Iwase, T; Koshiba, K; Kusunose, K; Matsumoto, T; Niki, T; Sata, M; Soeki, T; Sumitomo-Ueda, Y; Taketani, Y; Tomita, N; Wakatsuki, T; Yagi, S; Yamada, H; Yamaguchi, K; Yoshida, S, 2010)		0.36
"Hypercholesterolemia is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and endothelial dysfunction, a phenomenon thought to have a major role in the altered cerebral blood flow evident in stroke."( Alterations in nitric oxide and endothelin-1 bioactivity underlie cerebrovascular dysfunction in ApoE-deficient mice.
Ahluwalia, A; Duchene, J; Hattori, N; Milsom, AB; Panayiotou, C; Urabe, T; Yamashiro, K, 2010)		0.36
" The aim of the present study was to investigate a potential link between NO synthesis and bioavailability and oxidative stress in the circulation of subjects performing high-intensive endurance exercise."( Positive correlation between plasma nitrite and performance during high-intensive exercise but not oxidative stress in healthy men.
Dreissigacker, U; Maassen, N; Tsikas, D; Wendt, M; Wittke, T, 2010)		0.36
"Contrasting with increased nitric oxide (NO) formation during healthy pregnancy, reduced NO bioavailability plays a role in preeclampsia."( Increased circulating cell-free hemoglobin levels reduce nitric oxide bioavailability in preeclampsia.
Cavalli, RC; Metzger, IF; Montenegro, MF; Palei, AC; Sandrim, VC; Sertorio, JT; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2010)		0.36
" In conclusion, similar to the effects of increased dietary NO(3)(-) intake, elevating NO bioavailability through dietary L-Arg supplementation reduced the O(2) cost of moderate-intensity exercise and blunted the VO(2) slow component and extended the time to exhaustion during severe-intensity exercise."( Acute L-arginine supplementation reduces the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise and enhances high-intensity exercise tolerance.
Bailey, SJ; Blackwell, JR; DiMenna, FJ; Jones, AM; Vanhatalo, A; Wilkerson, DP; Winyard, PG, 2010)		0.36
" We have found that the beneficial effects of dipyridamole therapy are due to its ability to increase tissue nitric oxide bioavailability that corrects tissue redox imbalance."( Reperfusion of chronic tissue ischemia: nitrite and dipyridamole regulation of innate immune responses.
Fang, K; Kevil, CG; Pattillo, CB; Terracciano, J, 2010)		0.36
"These results suggest that KPE, acutely in vitro or after 4 weeks administration in vivo, reduces oxidant stress, increases NO bioavailability and preserves endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortae from diabetic rats."( Effects of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker on endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Ingkaninan, K; Malakul, W; Sawasdee, P; Thirawarapan, S, 2011)		0.37
" These findings raise the interesting possibility that low intensity light exerts a beneficial effect on cells and tissues by increasing NO synthesis catalyzed by Cco and offer a new explanation for the increase in NO bioavailability experienced by tissue exposed to light."( Low intensity light stimulates nitrite-dependent nitric oxide synthesis but not oxygen consumption by cytochrome c oxidase: Implications for phototherapy.
Ball, KA; Castello, PR; Poyton, RO, 2011)		0.37
" In contrast, nitrite reductase activity in tissue is much more effective in increasing NO bioavailability in the vascular wall and contributes progressively more NO as tissue hypoxia becomes more severe."( Modeling O₂-dependent effects of nitrite reductase activity in blood and tissue on coupled NO and O₂ transport around arterioles.
Barbee, KA; Buerk, DG; Jaron, D, 2011)		0.37
" Nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is essential for vascular health and function."( Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances exercise performance in peripheral arterial disease.
Allen, JD; Ham, KL; Johnson, JL; Kenjale, AA; Kraus, WE; Privette, G; Robbins, JL; Stabler, T; Vanbruggen, M; Yim, E, 2011)		0.37
" We evaluated the antihypertensive effects of sodium nitrite given in drinking water for 4 weeks in two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats and the effects induced by nitrite on NO bioavailability and oxidative stress."( Sodium nitrite downregulates vascular NADPH oxidase and exerts antihypertensive effects in hypertension.
Amaral, JH; Ferreira, GC; Marçal, DM; Montenegro, MF; Pereira, RP; Pinheiro, LC; Reis, RI; Sakamoto, EK; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2011)		0.37
"Impaired wound healing in diabetes is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in wound tissue."( Azelnidipine, a new calcium channel blocker, promotes skin wound healing in diabetic rats.
Amirghofran, Z; Bagheri, M; Jahromi, BM; Mirkhani, H; Noorafshan, A; Solhjou, Z; Zamani, A, 2011)		0.37
" A role for nitrite and nitrate in nitric oxide biosynthesis and/or in improving nitric oxide bioavailability may eventually provide a rationale for using dietary nitrite and nitrate supplementation in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases."( Dietary nitrite and nitrate: a review of potential mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits.
Machha, A; Schechter, AN, 2011)		0.37
" NO bioavailability was assessed using cyclic guanosine monophosphate quantification."( Atorvastatin worsens left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries in normocholesterolemic porcine with left ventricular hypertrophy.
Aubin, MC; Carrier, M; Forcillo, J; Maltais, S; Perrault, LP; Shi, YF; Tardif, JC, 2011)		0.37
"8 mgkg(-1)day(-1), sc) and Atorvastatin (30 mgkg(-1)day(-1), po Positive Control) for one week markedly improved vascular endothelial dysfunction due to increase in nitric oxide bioavailability perhaps by inhibiting caveolin-1 and activation of PI3K-AKT pathway."( Ameliorative effect of daidzein: a caveolin-1 inhibitor in vascular endothelium dysfunction induced by ovariectomy.
Sharma, PL; Sharma, S; Singh, M, 2012)		0.38
"Vascular ischemic diseases, hypertension, and other systemic hemodynamic and vascular disorders may be the result of impaired bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO)."( Dermal application of nitric oxide releasing acidified nitrite-containing liniments significantly reduces blood pressure in humans.
Bozkurt, A; Fritsch, T; Grieb, G; Hemmrich, K; Mürtz, M; Opländer, C; Paunel-Görgülü, A; Suschek, CV; van Faassen, EE; Volkmar, CM; Windolf, J, 2012)		0.38
" A potential reason for this is reduced nitric oxide bioavailability in African Americans, resulting in increased prevalence of factors that contribute to ventricular dysfunction."( Vascular effects of nebivolol added to hydrochlorothiazide in African Americans with hypertension and echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction: the NASAA study.
Bhaheetharan, S; Ferdinand, KC; Haque, T; Harris, J; Khan, BV; Merchant, N; Rahman, ST; Umar, K; Wahi, J, 2012)		0.38
" Furthermore, improvement in endothelial function and increased nitric oxide bioavailability suggests a potential mechanism of efficacy of nebivolol in these patients."( Vascular effects of nebivolol added to hydrochlorothiazide in African Americans with hypertension and echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction: the NASAA study.
Bhaheetharan, S; Ferdinand, KC; Haque, T; Harris, J; Khan, BV; Merchant, N; Rahman, ST; Umar, K; Wahi, J, 2012)		0.38
" These chemical differences underlie the differences in pharmacokinetic properties allowing for different modalities of administration, particularly of organic nitrates, due to the differences in their bioavailability and metabolic profiles."( A comparison of organic and inorganic nitrates/nitrites.
Artime, E; Omar, SA; Webb, AJ, 2012)		0.64
" Plasma nitrite, plasma nitrate and hemoglobin-mediated nitrite reduction were elevated compared with mammalian standards, suggesting that increased nitric oxide bioavailability and nitrite-derived nitric oxide could play important roles in diving physiology."( Respiratory properties of blood in the harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena.
Brahm, J; Hansen, MN; Jensen, FB; Soegaard, LB; van Elk, C, 2012)		0.38
" Impaired bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), which is a critical regulator of vascular homeostasis, in the vasculature is thought to be a major problem in cardiovascular disease."( Inorganic nitrate: a major player in the cardiovascular health benefits of vegetables?
Machha, A; Schechter, AN, 2012)		0.38
" Nitrite administration to CS rats restored nitric oxide bioavailability by enhancing nitrite levels of the muscle, resulting in a reduction of rhabdomyolysis markers such as potassium, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase."( Nitrite reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced muscle damage and improves survival rates in rat crush injury model.
Inoue, Y; Kanamoto, I; Kimura, S; Kobayashi, J; Morimoto, Y; Murata, I; Nakano, G; Nozaki, R; Ohtake, K; Ooi, K; Sonoda, K; Uchida, H; Ueda, H, 2012)		0.38
" The quantification of relevant NO metabolites in multiple biological compartments provides valuable information with regards to in vivo NO production, bioavailability and metabolism."( Analytical techniques for assaying nitric oxide bioactivity.
Bryan, NS; Jiang, H; Mian, A; Parthasarathy, D; Torregrossa, AC, 2012)		0.38
"To compare the circulating levels of adiponectin and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in eutrophic, eutrophic hypertensive, obese, and obese hypertensive children and adolescents, and to assess whether adiponectin is associated with increased NO bioavailability in these children and adolescents."( Adiponectin associates positively with nitrite levels in children and adolescents.
Belo, VA; Carmo, VP; Lacchini, R; Lanna, CM; Sertório, JT; Souza-Costa, DC; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2013)		0.39
" A multiple linear regression analysis showed that NO bioavailability was positively associated with adiponectin concentrations (P<0."( Adiponectin associates positively with nitrite levels in children and adolescents.
Belo, VA; Carmo, VP; Lacchini, R; Lanna, CM; Sertório, JT; Souza-Costa, DC; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2013)		0.39
"Our findings suggest that adiponectin increases NO bioavailability in children and adolescents."( Adiponectin associates positively with nitrite levels in children and adolescents.
Belo, VA; Carmo, VP; Lacchini, R; Lanna, CM; Sertório, JT; Souza-Costa, DC; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2013)		0.39
"The aim of this study was to measure plasma nitrite, the biochemical marker of endothelial nitric oxide ((•)NO) synthesis, before and after hyperoxia, in order to test the hypothesis that hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction is a consequence of reduced bioavailability of (•)NO caused by elevated oxidative stress."( Plasma nitrite concentration decreases after hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress in healthy humans.
Dujic, Z; Kokic, V; Krnic, M; Kukoc-Modun, L; Modun, D; Tsikas, D; Vukovic, J, 2012)		0.38
"Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator in the lung, whose bioavailability and signaling pathway are impaired in PAH."( Nitrite signaling in pulmonary hypertension: mechanisms of bioactivation, signaling, and therapeutics.
Bueno, M; Gladwin, MT; Mora, AL; Wang, J, 2013)		0.39
" In eight young sedentary (23 ± 1 years; Y), eight older lifelong sedentary (66 ± 2 years; OS) and eight older lifelong physically active subjects (62 ± 2 years; OA), we studied the effect of ROS on systemic and skeletal muscle NO bioavailability and leg blood flow by infusion of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC)."( Lifelong physical activity prevents an age-related reduction in arterial and skeletal muscle nitric oxide bioavailability in humans.
Blackwell, JR; Damsgaard, R; Hellsten, Y; Jones, AM; Mortensen, SP; Nyberg, M, 2012)		0.38
" A single dose of Q aglycone reduces BP in hypertensive men through a mechanism that is independent of changes in ACE activity, ET-1, or nitric oxide bioavailability and without affecting vascular reactivity."( Acute, quercetin-induced reductions in blood pressure in hypertensive individuals are not secondary to lower plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity or endothelin-1: nitric oxide.
Bruno, RS; Guo, Y; Ives, S; Jalili, T; Larson, A; Richardson, RS; Symons, JD; Witman, MA, 2012)		0.38
" Among the causative factors of BBB disruption are accelerating peroxynitrite formation and the resultant decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO)."( The inhibitory effect of S-nitrosoglutathione on blood-brain barrier disruption and peroxynitrite formation in a rat model of experimental stroke.
Dhammu, TS; Gilg, AG; Khan, M; Sakakima, H; Shunmugavel, A; Singh, AK; Singh, I, 2012)		0.38
" During limb ischemia, decreased NO bioavailability occurs secondary to increased oxidant stress, decreased L-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin."( Tetrahydrobiopterin, L-arginine and vitamin C act synergistically to decrease oxidant stress and increase nitric oxide that increases blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia in the rat.
Messina, LM; Tie, G; Yan, J, 2012)		0.38
"These results suggest that a key element in vascular NO-homeostasis mechanisms is the distribution of RBC ages across the physiological spectrum (0-120 days) and suggest a novel mechanism for inhibited NO bioavailability in diseases which are characterized by a shift to an older RBC phenotype."( Effects of erythrocyte aging on nitric oxide and nitrite metabolism.
Honavar, J; Owusu, BY; Patel, RP; Stapley, R, 2013)		0.39
"Older RBC inhibit NO bioavailability by increasing NO- and nitrite scavenging."( Effects of erythrocyte aging on nitric oxide and nitrite metabolism.
Honavar, J; Owusu, BY; Patel, RP; Stapley, R, 2013)		0.39
"The unilateral, permanent femoral artery ligation model of hind-limb ischemia was performed in C57BL/6J wild-type and endothelial NO synthase-knockout mice to evaluate exogenous H(2)S effects on NO bioavailability and ischemic revascularization."( Hydrogen sulfide stimulates ischemic vascular remodeling through nitric oxide synthase and nitrite reduction activity regulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis.
Bir, SC; Kevil, CG; Kolluru, GK; McCarthy, P; Pardue, S; Pattillo, CB; Shen, X, 2012)		0.38
"These data demonstrate that H(2)S differentially regulates NO metabolism during chronic tissue ischemia, highlighting novel biochemical pathways to increase NO bioavailability for ischemic vascular remodeling."( Hydrogen sulfide stimulates ischemic vascular remodeling through nitric oxide synthase and nitrite reduction activity regulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis.
Bir, SC; Kevil, CG; Kolluru, GK; McCarthy, P; Pardue, S; Pattillo, CB; Shen, X, 2012)		0.38
" Chronic and persistent depletion of plasma and salivary nitrite and nitrate probably reduces NO bioavailability and may explain in part the increased cardiovascular mortality in the dialysis patient."( Acute effects of hemodialysis on nitrite and nitrate: potential cardiovascular implications in dialysis patients.
Berkson, DL; Bryan, NS; Mian, AI; Moncrief, JW; Torregrossa, AC; Westby, CM, 2013)		0.39
" We investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in mediating these effects."( Altered nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to diesel exhaust inhalation-induced cardiovascular dysfunction in man.
Barath, S; Blackwell, S; Blomberg, A; Bosson, J; Langrish, JP; Megson, IL; Mills, NL; Muala, A; Newby, DE; Pourazar, J; Sandström, T; Söderberg, S; Treweeke, A; Unosson, J, 2013)		0.39
" The data also suggest that concomitant treatment with NAR can restore NO bioavailability through either its metal-chelating properties or its antioxidant activity."( Erythrocyte nitric oxide synthase as a surrogate marker for mercury-induced vascular damage: the modulatory effects of naringin.
Abo-Salem, OM; Attiaa, SM; Harisa, GI; Mariee, AD, 2014)		0.4
"Nitrite anion is bioactive nitric oxide (NO) species circulating in blood, and represents the NO bioavailability and endothelial function."( Decreased nitrite levels in erythrocytes of children with β-thalassemia/hemoglobin E.
Chuansumrit, A; Fucharoen, S; Sibmooh, N; Sirachainan, N; Srihirun, S; Suvachananonda, T; Tanratana, P; Unchern, S; Wankham, A, 2013)		0.39
" However, it is not known whether low NO bioavailability and oxidative stress affect the responsiveness of ED patients to sildenafil."( Low nitric oxide bioavailability is associated with better responses to sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction.
Jordão, AA; Lacchini, R; Martins, AC; Muniz, JJ; Nobre, YT; Sertório, JT; Tanus-Santos, JE; Tucci, S, 2013)		0.39
"Increasing nitric oxide bioavailability via supplementation with nitrate-rich beetroot juice (BR) has been shown to attenuate the negative effect of hypoxia on peripheral oxygen saturation and exercise tolerance."( A single dose of beetroot juice enhances cycling performance in simulated altitude.
Easton, C; Howe, CC; James, PE; Muggeridge, DJ; Pedlar, C; Spendiff, O, 2014)		0.4
" The increased NO bioavailability occurred in the absence of NO synthase activity (due to global anoxia) and may involve mobilization of internal/external nitrite reservoirs."( Nitric oxide metabolites during anoxia and reoxygenation in the anoxia-tolerant vertebrate Trachemys scripta.
Hansen, MN; Jensen, FB; Montesanti, G; Wang, T, 2014)		0.4
"Various potential molecules with putative positive role in stroke pathology have failed to confer neuro-protection in animal models due to their insufficient bioavailability in brain."( Verapamil augments the neuroprotectant action of berberine in rat model of transient global cerebral ischemia.
Chopra, K; Singh, DP, 2013)		0.39
" This suggests that T2D maybe associated with an inability to endogenously increase vascular NO bioavailability to SET."( Diabetes status differentiates endothelial function and plasma nitrite response to exercise stress in peripheral arterial disease following supervised training.
Allen, JD; Annex, BH; Duscha, BD; Ham, KL; Kenjale, AA; Kraus, WE; Robbins, JL; Stabler, T, )		0.13
" Inorganic nitrite is a promising precursor molecule for augmenting circulating and tissue NO bioavailability because it requires only a one-step reduction to NO."( Inorganic nitrite supplementation for healthy arterial aging.
Devan, AE; Fleenor, BS; Seals, DR; Sindler, AL, 2014)		0.4
" Under normoxic conditions, the majority of these nitrite reductases also scavenge NO, or diminish its bioavailability via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, suggesting an intricate balance."( Nitrite reduction and cardiovascular protection.
Omar, SA; Webb, AJ, 2014)		0.4
" The decrease in NO bioavailability and in erythrocyte deformability might contribute to explain the increased cardiovascular risk in OSAS subjects."( Nitric oxide metabolites and erythrocyte deformability in a group of subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Caimi, G; Calandrino, V; Canino, B; Hopps, E; Lo Presti, R; Montana, M, 2015)		0.42
" Maintenance of good levels of training status, in carriers of C allele for T-786C polymorphism, combined with ASP allele for Glu298Asp polymorphism, may result in an increase in the NO2 plasma concentrations, which may reflect improved NO bioavailability in older adult normotensive individuals."( Influence of training status and eNOS haplotypes on plasma nitrite concentrations in normotensive older adults: a hypothesis-generating study.
Amaral, SL; da Silva, RF; Lacchini, R; Rush, JW; Sertório, JT; Tanus-Santos, JE; Trapé, AA; Zago, AS, 2014)		0.4
" These data suggest that NAR can restore NO bioavailability in a situation of Pb-induced cellular damage."( Mitigation of lead-induced neurotoxicity by the naringin: erythrocytes as neurons substitute markers.
Harisa, GI, 2014)		0.4
"Aging is associated with erectile dysfunction (ED), in which nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and NO bioavailability are reduced due to deficiencies of NOS cofactor (tetrahydrobiopterin, BH(4)) and substrate (L-arginine)."( L-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin, but not sodium nitrite partially restored erectile dysfunction in aged rats.
Bayatli, N; Gur, S; Kaya, E; Un, O; Yilmaz, D, 2014)		0.4
" Acute exposure to ultraviolet (UV)-A light also increases NO bioavailability and reduces BP."( Acute whole body UVA irradiation combined with nitrate ingestion enhances time trial performance in trained cyclists.
Easton, C; Grace, FM; James, PE; Muggeridge, DJ; Sculthorpe, N; Thornhill, L; Weller, RB; Willis, G, 2015)		0.42
" In summary, HO-1-induced restoration of endothelial function in diabetic mice is most likely mediated by bilirubin, which preserves NO bioavailability through the Akt/eNOS/NO cascade, suggesting bilirubin as a potential therapeutic target for clinical intervention of diabetic vasculopathy."( Unconjugated bilirubin mediates heme oxygenase-1-induced vascular benefits in diabetic mice.
Chen, ZY; Han, QB; Ho, HM; Huang, Y; Liu, J; Liu, L; Ng, CF; Tian, XY; Wang, L; Wang, N; Wong, SL; Wong, WT; Yao, X; Yu, J; Zhang, Y, 2015)		0.42
"Nitrite secures essential nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in hypoxia at low endogenous concentrations, whereas it becomes toxic at high concentrations."( Metabolic fates and effects of nitrite in brown trout under normoxic and hypoxic conditions: blood and tissue nitrite metabolism and interactions with branchial NOS, Na+/K+-ATPase and hsp70 expression.
Gerber, L; Hansen, MN; Jensen, FB; Madsen, SS, 2015)		0.42
" A polymorphism in the antioxidant Haptoglobin (Hp) gene has been shown to regulate the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), a major mediator of pulmonary vascular tone."( Interaction between the Haptoglobin 2 Phenotype and Diabetes Mellitus on Systolic Pulmonary Arterial Pressure and Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Hemodialysis Patients.
Awawde, M; Basu, S; Dahan, I; Farber, E; Francis, A; Kim-Shapiro, DB; Levy, AP; Nakhoul, F; Nakhoul, N; Thauho, N, 2015)		0.42
" Individuals with diseases that impair NOS activity, and thus vascular function, may benefit from a NO2 (-)-based therapy in which NO bioavailability is elevated in an NOS-independent manner."( Skeletal Muscle Vascular Control During Exercise: Impact of Nitrite Infusion During Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in Healthy Rats.
Allen, JD; Colburn, TD; Fees, AJ; Ferguson, SK; Glean, AA; Holdsworth, CT; Jones, AM; Musch, TI; Poole, DC; Stabler, T; Wright, JL, 2016)		0.43
" This iNOS increase occurs apparently in parallel to a reduction of the bioavailability of NO."( Collagen-induced arthritis increases inducible nitric oxide synthase not only in aorta but also in the cardiac and renal microcirculation of mice.
Carlos, CP; Chies, AB; de Assis, MR; Girol, AP; Marabini Filho, P; Palma Zochio Tozzato, G; Spadella, MA; Taipeiro, EF, 2016)		0.43
" Dysfunction in the production and/or the bioavailability of NO characterizes endothelial dysfunction, which is associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis."( Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS.
Leung, SW; Vanhoutte, PM; Zhao, Y, 2015)		0.42
" A decrease in the production and bioavailability of NO is a hallmark of many major chronic diseases including hypertension, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis and diabetes."( Therapeutic effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
Lundberg, JO; Omar, SA; Webb, AJ; Weitzberg, E, 2016)		0.43
"Nitric Oxide (NO) bioavailability is essential for vascular health."( A stepwise reduction in plasma and salivary nitrite with increasing strengths of mouthwash following a dietary nitrate load.
Allen, JD; Smoliga, JM; Stabler, T; Tarzia, B; Van Bruggen, M; Woessner, M, 2016)		0.43
"Here we have collected evidence suggesting that chronic changes in the NO homeostasis and the rise of reactive oxygen species bioavailability can contribute to cell dysfunction in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients."( Evidence for Detrimental Cross Interactions between Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Cells.
Arese, M; Buscarinu, MC; Chessa, L; Coarelli, G; Falabella, M; Forte, E; Giuffrè, A; Magnifico, MC; Mechelli, R; Radić, K; Salvetti, M; Santini, P; Sarti, P, 2016)		0.43
"In the present study, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of NO3- and NO2- from amaranth extract (2 g as single dose) was studied in 16 healthy individuals and compared with placebo in a crossover design."( Pharmacokinetic study of amaranth extract in healthy humans: A randomized trial.
Gupta, S; Subramanian, D, )		0.13
" Increases in antiangiogenic soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and reductions in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability have been observed in preeclamptic women."( Sodium nitrite attenuates hypertension-in-pregnancy and blunts increases in soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and in vascular endothelial growth factor.
Dias-Junior, CA; Gonçalves-Rizzi, VH; Nascimento, RA; Possomato-Vieira, JS; Sales Graça, TU, 2016)		0.43
" In this clinical study, we investigated whether PD-mediated impairment of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and signaling, in patients with persistently low systolic blood pressure (SBP), can explain the occurrence of cerebral ischemia."( Peritoneal dialysis impairs nitric oxide homeostasis and may predispose infants with low systolic blood pressure to cerebral ischemia.
Bárány, P; Békássy, Z; Cananau, C; Carlström, M; Checa, A; Hansson, S; Krmar, RT; Lundberg, JO; Sartz, L; Svensson, A; Weitzberg, E; Westphal, S; Wheelock, CE; Wide, K, 2016)		0.43
" Reduced NO bioavailability can induce hypertension via multiple mechanisms."( Effects of Dietary l-Arginine on Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Obese Normotensive and Obese Hypertensive Subjects.
Giam, B; Head, GA; Kaye, DM; Kuruppu, S; Rajapakse, NW, 2016)		0.43
"This study tested the hypothesis that watermelon juice supplementation would improve nitric oxide bioavailability and exercise performance."( Two weeks of watermelon juice supplementation improves nitric oxide bioavailability but not endurance exercise performance in humans.
Bailey, SJ; Blackwell, JR; Jones, AM; Vanhatalo, A; Williams, E; Winyard, PG; Wylie, LJ, 2016)		0.43
" NO bioavailability in adult rats was reduced by systemic administration of L-NAME via tap water."( Effect of nitric oxide deficiency on the pulmonary PTHrP system.
Bencsik, P; Brockhoff, B; Ferdinandy, P; Forst, S; Heger, J; Kiss, K; Schlüter, KD; Schreckenberg, R; Schulz, R, 2017)		0.46
" Our aim was to assess whether a high-nitrate diet increases nitric oxide bioavailability and to evaluate the effects of this nutritional intervention on exercise performance."( Effects of a Short-Term High-Nitrate Diet on Exercise Performance.
Bonato, M; La Torre, A; Marzorati, M; Montorsi, M; Pavei, G; Porcelli, S; Pugliese, L; Rasica, L; Rejc, E, 2016)		0.43
" This NO synthase (NOS)-independent pathway for NO generation is of particular importance during certain conditions when NO bioavailability is diminished due to reduced activity of endothelial NOS (eNOS) or increased oxidative stress, including aging and cardiovascular disease."( Enhanced XOR activity in eNOS-deficient mice: Effects on the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway and ROS homeostasis.
Carlström, M; Hezel, M; Holmdahl, R; Lundberg, JO; Montenegro, MF; Peleli, M; Persson, EG; Weitzberg, E; Zhong, J; Zollbrecht, C, 2016)		0.43
"Reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) is associated with pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes."( Nitrite increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and islet insulin content in obese type 2 diabetic male rats.
Bakhtiarzadeh, F; Farrokhfall, K; Ghasemi, A; Gheibi, S; Jeddi, S; Zardooz, H, 2017)		0.46
"Resveratrol (RVT) is a stilbene with a protective effect on the cardiovascular system; however, drawbacks including low bioavailability and fast metabolism limit its efficacy."( Synthesis, antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of resveratrol derivatives with NO-donor properties.
Chin, CM; Dos Santos, JL; Dutra, LA; Guanaes, JFO; Johmann, N; Lopes Pires, ME; Marcondes, S, 2017)		0.46
" Additionally, in the SHRtr group, superoxide levels were significantly decreased, nitric oxide bioavailability was improved, and the levels of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase subunit isoform 4 protein were decreased compared to the SHRsd group."( Aerobic Swim Training Restores Aortic Endothelial Function by Decreasing Superoxide Levels in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.
Bechara, LRG; de Sousa, LGO; Fernandes, T; Jordão, CP; Oliveira, EM; Ramires, PR; Tanaka, LY, 2017)		0.46
" Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability is a feature of obesity and diabetes that links these two pathologies."( Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of nitrate and nitrite.
Ghasemi, A; Jeddi, S, 2017)		0.46
"Aging is associated with a vasoconstrictive, pro-coagulant, and pro-inflammatory profile of arteries and a decline in the bioavailability of the endothelium-derived molecule nitric oxide."( Acute Effects of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice on Blood Pressure, Hemostasis and Vascular Inflammation Markers in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study.
Allen, JD; Briskey, D; Fassett, R; Hickey, D; Kerr, G; Leveritt, M; Neubauer, O; Ortiz de Zevallos Munoz, J; Parker, TJ; Peake, JM; Pecheniuk, NM; Raubenheimer, K, 2017)		0.46
"HIIT may reduce central arterial stiffness via the increase in aortic nitric oxide bioavailability despite it being done in a short time and short term and has the same effects as AT."( Effects of Different Exercise Modes on Arterial Stiffness and Nitric Oxide Synthesis.
Fujie, S; Hamaoka, T; Hasegawa, N; Horii, N; Iemitsu, M; Miyamoto-Mikami, E; Tabata, I; Tsuji, K; Uchida, M, 2018)		0.48
" These results show that transient reduction in NO bioavailability does not modify thromboresistance in healthy mice after exercise."( Vascular Nitric Oxide-Superoxide Balance and Thrombus Formation after Acute Exercise.
Chlopicki, S; Czarny, J; Proniewski, B; Przyborowski, K; Sitek, B; Smeda, M; Zakrzewska, A; Zoladz, JA, 2018)		0.48
" We examined here whether NOS3 polymorphisms (rs2070744, 4b/4a VNTR, rs3918226 and rs1799983) and haplotypes affect the changes in blood pressure and NO bioavailability induced by propofol."( Endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms affect the changes in blood pressure and nitric oxide bioavailability induced by propofol.
Ferreira, GC; Garcia, LV; Garcia, WNP; Lacchini, R; Luizon, MR; Oliveira-Paula, GH; Pinheiro, LC; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2018)		0.48
"Nitrate and polyphenols from the diet may enhance the production and bioavailability of nitric oxide, a radical signaling molecule critical for cardiovascular health."( Storage Stability of Dietary Nitrate and Phenolic Compounds in Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and Arugula (Eruca sativa) Juices.
Corleto, KA; Jayaprakasha, GK; Patil, BS; Singh, J, 2018)		0.48
" Conversely, reduced NO bioavailability is a central feature during natural ageing and in many cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension."( Mechanisms underlying blood pressure reduction by dietary inorganic nitrate.
Carlström, M; Lundberg, JO; Weitzberg, E, 2018)		0.48
"To establish whether phytoextract ingestion modified in a sex-dependent manner the phenolic bioavailability and redox response in liver and kidney."( [Bioavailability of phenolic compounds and redox state of murine liver and kidney as sex-dependent responses to phytoextracts.]
Albrecht, C; Canalis, AM; Cittadini, MC; Guzmán, ML; Olivera, ME; Soria, EA; Valentich, MA, 2017)		0.46
" Mechanistically, oxidative stress and compromised function of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) system leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability have been widely implicated and associated with development and progression of disease."( Therapeutic value of stimulating the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway to attenuate oxidative stress and restore nitric oxide bioavailability in cardiorenal disease.
Carlstrom, M; Montenegro, MF, 2019)		0.51
" Obtained findings suggested that CLE was able to enhance nitric oxide bioavailability that might dampen the vasoconstriction effect of phenylephrine."( Effects of citrus leaf extract on aortic vascular reactivity in hypertensive rats fed repeatedly heated vegetable oil.
Jaarin, K; Kamisah, Y; Mohamed, S; Siti, HN, 2019)		0.51
" Correlation analysis showed in the overall population that the less NO and EETs bioavailability increases during heating, the more flow-mediated dilatation is reduced."( Altered bioavailability of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids is associated with conduit artery endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients.
Bellien, J; Cailleux, AF; Duflot, T; Iacob, M; Joannidès, R; Lamoureux, F; Leuillier, M; Li, D; Moreau-Grangé, L; Morisseau, C; Prévost, G; Rémy-Jouet, I; Renet, S; Richard, V; Roche, C; Wils, J, 2019)		0.51
"These results demonstrate that an increased EETs degradation by sEH and altered NO bioavailability are associated with conduit artery endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients independently from their hypertensive status."( Altered bioavailability of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids is associated with conduit artery endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients.
Bellien, J; Cailleux, AF; Duflot, T; Iacob, M; Joannidès, R; Lamoureux, F; Leuillier, M; Li, D; Moreau-Grangé, L; Morisseau, C; Prévost, G; Rémy-Jouet, I; Renet, S; Richard, V; Roche, C; Wils, J, 2019)		0.51
" In this study, the hypothesis that inorganic nitrite attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress in mice and in macrophage cells by modulating NADPH oxidase activity and NO bioavailability were investigated."( NADPH oxidase is a primary target for antioxidant effects by inorganic nitrite in lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress in mice and in macrophage cells.
Lu, N; Sui, Y; Tian, R, 2019)		0.51
"Insufficient nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability plays an important role in endothelial dysfunction, and increased NO has the potential to enhance cerebral blood flow (CBF)."( Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances cerebrovascular CO
Croft, K; Fan, JL; Gray, CL; Koch, H; Noakes, AK; O'Donnell, T; Tzeng, YC, 2019)		0.51
"Curcumin, the major bioactive constituent of turmeric, has been reported to have a wide range of pharmacological benefits; however, the low solubility in water has restricted its systemic bioavailability and therapeutic potential."( Effect of
Oh, S; Yong, CC; Yoo, HS; Yoon, Y, 2019)		0.51
"The hypothesis of decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in sickle cell disease (SCD) proposes that multiple factors leading to decreased NO production and increased consumption contributes to vaso-occlusion, pulmonary hypertension, and pain."( Sickle cell disease subjects and mouse models have elevated nitrite and cGMP levels in blood compartments.
Almeida, LEF; Darbari, DS; de Souza Batista, CM; Finkel, JC; Kamimura, S; Nettleton, MY; Quezado, ZMN; Smith, ML; Spornick, N; Wakim, P; Walek, E, 2020)		0.56
" Bornesitol reduced the blood pressure by a mechanism involving an increased production or bioavailability of NO, inhibition of ACE, and by an endothelium- and NO-dependent vasodilator effect."( The Cyclitol L-(+)-Bornesitol as an Active Marker for the Cardiovascular Activity of the Brazilian Medicinal Plant Hancornia speciosa.
Braga, FC; Câmara, DV; Cortes, SF; Lemos, VS; Moreira, LN; Pádua, RM; Silva, GC, 2019)		0.51
"Endothelial dysfunction is associated with a reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO)."( Long-term nitric oxide synthase inhibition prevents 17β-estradiol-induced suppression of cyclooxygenase-dependent contractions and enhancement of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization-like relaxation in mesenteric arteries of ovariectomized rats.
Leung, SWS; Shi, Y, 2020)		0.56
"Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability in skin contributes to impaired wound healing in type 2 diabetes (T2D)."( Acidified nitrite improves wound healing in type 2 diabetic rats: Role of oxidative stress and inflammation.
Afzali, H; Ghasemi, A; Jeddi, S; Kashfi, K; Khaksari, M; Norouzirad, R, 2020)		0.56
" Besides these proteases, several investigations have demonstrated that reduced endogenous NO bioavailability is a central pathological event in hypertension."( Nitrate and nitrite-based therapy to attenuate cardiovascular remodelling in arterial hypertension.
Batista, RIM; Guimaraes, DA; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2021)		0.62
"Aging is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and signalling."( Dietary nitrite extends lifespan and prevents age-related locomotor decline in the fruit fly.
Carlström, M; Larsen, FJ; Lundberg, JO; Montenegro, MF; Moretti, CH; Samakovlis, C; Schiffer, TA; Tsarouhas, V; Weitzberg, E, 2020)		0.56
" The only orally bioavailable drug miltefosine is toxic, whereas liposomal amphotericin B (AmpB) is expensive."( Lupeol and amphotericin B mediate synergistic anti-leishmanial immunomodulatory effects in Leishmania donovani-infected BALB/c mice.
Bhattacharjee, S; Das, A; Das, MC; Ghosh, C; Jawed, JJ; Majumdar, S; Parveen, S; Saha, B, 2021)		0.62
" Nitric oxide is essential in multiple physiological processes, and a reduction in nitric oxide bioavailability is associated with the occurrence or worsening of pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and sepsis."( Antiseptic mouthwash, the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway, and hospital mortality: a hypothesis generating review.
Blot, S, 2021)		0.62
" We examined here whether ARG1 and ARG2 genotypes and haplotypes affect the changes in blood pressure and NO bioavailability in response to propofol."( Arginase II polymorphisms modify the hypotensive responses to propofol by affecting nitric oxide bioavailability.
Coeli-Lacchini, FB; Ferezin, LP; Ferreira, GC; Garcia, LV; Lacchini, R; Oliveira-Paula, GH; Paula-Garcia, WN; Pinheiro, LC; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2021)		0.62
" However, no previous study has examined whether variations in ARG1 and ARG2 genes affect NO bioavailability and the risk of preeclampsia."( Effects of arginase genetic polymorphisms on nitric oxide formation in healthy pregnancy and in preeclampsia.
Cavalli, RC; Coeli-Lacchini, F; Lacchini, R; Luizon, MR; Pinto-Souza, CC; Sandrim, VC, 2021)		0.62
"L-arginine supplementation increases nitric oxide (NO) formation and bioavailability in hypertension."( Antiseptic mouthwash inhibits antihypertensive and vascular protective effects of L-arginine.
Batista, RIM; Damacena-Angelis, C; Ferreira, GC; Nogueira, RC; Oliveira-Paula, GH; Pinheiro, LC; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2021)		0.62
" Lower plasma nitrite and FeNO concentrations were found in older subjects, confirming the impact of ageing on NO bioavailability across different systems."( Pharmacokinetic Profile of Incremental Oral Doses of Dietary Nitrate in Young and Older Adults: A Crossover Randomized Clinical Trial.
Capper, TE; Clifford, T; Iqbal, W; Siervo, M; Stevenson, EJ; Taylor, G; West, D, 2022)		0.72
" As low levels of nitric oxide (NO) may contribute to increased BP, we determined if increasing NO bioavailability via eight weeks of supplementation with beetroot juice containing inorganic nitrate/nitrite (4."( Dietary Inorganic Nitrate/Nitrite Supplementation Reduces Central and Peripheral Blood Pressure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Bock, JM; Casey, DP; Feider, AJ; Hanada, S; Hughes, WE; Ueda, K, 2022)		0.72
" Dietary nitrate's beneficial effect on oral health may further improve its bioavailability and promote overall systemic well-being."( Positive feedback loop between dietary nitrate intake and oral health.
Qin, L; Zhang, H, 2023)		0.91
"Adult patients with ADHD, who are not treated with MPH (-MPH), showed varied Arg/NO pathway, but Arg bioavailability seemed to be consistent over the groups."( l-Arginine/nitric oxide pathway and oxidative stress in adults with ADHD: Effects of methylphenidate treatment.
Beckmann, B; Böhme, P; Emons, B; Hanusch, B; Juckel, G; Lücke, T; Sinningen, K; Tsikas, D, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" There is increasing evidence that certain orally administered nitrates at larger than usual dosage can further increase the tolerance to effort."( Pharmacotherapy of myocardial ischemia.
Gorlin, R, 1976)		0.26
" Dose-response experiments with intraperitoneal injection of N-nitroso-ETU revealed an apparent no-effect level of about 15--18 mg/kg."( Nitrosation in vitro and in vivo by sodium nitrite, and mutagenicity of nitrogenous pesticides.
Seiler, JP, 1977)		0.26
" The implications of these observations with respect to nitrosation theory, the general carcinogenicity of nitroso compounds, and methapyrilene dosage formulation are discussed."( In vitro nitrosation of methapyrilene.
Green, L; Mergens, WJ; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR; Vane, FM, 1979)		0.26
" These elements were divided into 4 general categories: design, including selection of test animals, basal diet, dosage form and doses of test substance, route of administration, and duration of exposure; observations, including gross observations during life and at necropsy, clinical tests, and histopathology; performance, including conduct of the test and animal husbandry; and analytical procedures, including chemical and statistical analyses."( Comparison of studies on saccharin and sodium nitrite.
Morgenroth, VH; Taylor, JM, 1979)		0.26
" Fragmentation of the intact DNA was observed significantly shortly after combined treatment with aminopyrine and nitrite when no liver necrosis occurred yet and the damaged DNA at the lower dosage level of aminopyrine with nitrite was found to be repaired in contrast to the increased activity of serum aminotransferase."( Damage and repair of rat liver DNA by simultaneous oral administration of amines and nitrite.
Hosokawa, S; Miyamoto, J, 1976)		0.26
"Twenty-four hours following injection of a single dose of the herbicide dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) in C57Bl/6 mice a steep dose-response curve for the histopathological toxicity in the olfactory mucosa was observed."( Effects of glutathione-modulating agents on the covalent binding and toxicity of dichlobenil in the mouse olfactory mucosa.
Brandt, I; Brittebo, EB; Eriksson, C, 1992)		0.28
" The results are presented of nitrate dosage in milk collected from cows provided with drinking water containing 0-180 mg/l nitrate."( [Content of nitrate in milk. Relationship with its concentration in the water supply for livestock].
Kammerer, M; Pinault, L; Pouliquen, H, 1992)		0.28
" The lipopeptides N-palmitoyl-(S)-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)- propyl]-(R)-cysteinylalanylglycine, N-palmitoyl-(S)-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)- (2RS)-propyl]-(R)-cysteinylseryl-lysyl-lysyl-lysine and (S)-(1,2- dicarboxyhexadecyl)ethyl-N-palmitoylcysteinylseryl-lysyl-lys yl-lysine stimulated both parameters, but the maximal effects on nitrite formation and the shape of the dose-response curves did not parallel the effects on [Ca2+]i."( Induction and activity of NO synthase in bone-marrow-derived macrophages are independent of Ca2+.
Bessler, W; Busse, R; Hauschildt, S; Kohler, J; Lückhoff, A; Mülsch, A, 1990)		0.28
" A single NN introduction in a toxic dosage decreases the force of the blood's thioldisulfide and ascorbate systems (AOS)."( [State of oxidation-reduction systems of the body in acute and chronic sodium nitrite poisoning].
Baskovich, GA; Burbello, AT; Dpobrokhotova, EG; Kiseleva, NN; Kovshik, AO, 1990)		0.28
" Additional prior dosing with Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae (100/animal) induced inflammatory and proliferative changes in the livers of infected hamsters and was associated with a significant increase in yields of hepatocellular and cholangiocellular preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions."( Generation of high yields of Syrian hamster cholangiocellular carcinomas and hepatocellular nodules by combined nitrite and aminopyrine administration and Opisthorchis viverrini infection.
Hiasa, Y; Ito, N; Moore, MA; Thamavit, W, 1988)		0.27
" Dose-response relations with regard to guanylate cyclase stimulation of organic nitrates and sodium nitrite were compared in the presence of cysteine and its closely related methylester."( Guanylate cyclase activation by organic nitrates is not mediated via nitrite.
Kukovetz, WR; Romanin, C, 1988)		0.27
"Prolonged administration of nitroglycerin and its derivatives results in pharmacodynamic tolerance: although the dosage of these drugs is kept at the same level, their therapeutic effects decrease in amplitude."( [Comparative course of maintenance of the effects of nitrite derivatives and molsidomine after prolonged administration].
Degeorges, M; Weber, S, 1988)		0.27
" In clinical practice, angina from tachyphylaxis may be due to a variety of causes, including lack of compliance (often difficult to diagnose), untimely drug administrations, insufficient dosage or habituation."( [The tolerance phenomenon in the therapeutic management of angina pectoris].
Delaye, J, 1988)		0.27
" The methanol-insoluble 14C-labelled residues in the gut of rats dosed orally with 14C-SDTFB and 14C-sulmet + nitrite were partially converted to 14C-labelled desaminosulmet, sulmet, N4-acetylsulmet and other unidentified products when fed to recipient rats."( Formation of a diazonium cation intermediate in the metabolism of sulphamethazine to desaminosulphamethazine in the rat.
Feil, VJ; MacGregor, JT; Paulson, GD, 1987)		0.27
" the total 14C-residues in the gastrointestinal tract six hours after dosing increased, but decreased in other tissues."( The effect of nitrite on 14C-sulphathiazole (4-amino-N-2-thiazolyl[U-14C]benzenesulphonamide) metabolism in the rat.
Feil, VJ; Nelson, PA; Paulson, GD, 1987)		0.27
" The hepatic microsomal metabolizing activity for nitriles was at a maximum 13 h after ethanol dosing (4."( Influence of ethanol on the in vivo and in vitro metabolism of nitriles in mice.
Hashimoto, K; Tanii, H, 1986)		0.27
"Animals dosed orally with nitrite (1."( Nitrosation of quaternary ammonium compounds in vivo in the Wistar rat.
Maduagwu, EN, 1985)		0.27
" Dose-response experiments with oxytetracycline and with the combination of the antibiotic with nitrite revealed an apparent no-effect level at 2 X 50 to 2 X 500 mg/kg."( Mutagenicity of oxytetracycline.
Blitek, D; Gajcy, H; Koziorowska, J; Pieńkowska, K, 1983)		0.27
" Plasma levels of NPA and inorganic nitrite were higher after dosing with NPOH than with NPA indicating a more rapid rate of uptake of the aglycone."( Absorption of 3-nitropropanol and 3-nitropropionic acid from the digestive system of sheep.
Majak, W; Muir, AD; Pass, MA; Yost, GS, 1984)		0.27
" A dose-response relationship was established for the formation of NPRO in rats in vivo, after concurrent administration of various concentrations of the precursors, L-proline and sodium nitrite."( Monitoring endogenous nitrosamine formation in man.
Bartsch, H; Ohshima, H, 1984)		0.27
"A dose-response study on the endogenous formation of N-nitrosoproline in rats was carried out by feeding various doses of L-proline in the diet and sodium nitrite in the drinking water."( Dose-response study of N-nitrosoproline formation in rats and a deduced kinetic model for predicting carcinogenic effects caused by endogenous nitrosation.
Bartsch, H; Mahon, GA; Ohshima, H; Wahrendorf, J, 1983)		0.27
" In animals dosed with NPOH, the observed NPA decayed at a slower rate than NPOH."( Conversion of 3-nitropropanol (miserotoxin aglycone) to 3-nitropropionic acid in cattle and sheep.
Majak, W; Muir, AD; Pass, MA; Yost, GS, 1984)		0.27
"Various amounts of lyophilized beer were administered to rats dosed with proline and sodium nitrite."( Inhibition of endogenous nitrosation of proline in rats by lyophilized beer constituents.
Bartsch, H; Descotes, G; Pignatelli, B; Scriban, R, 1983)		0.27
" There was no positive dose-response relationship either in the incidence or in the induction time of tumours in either of the studies."( Carcinogenicity studies of sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate in F-344 rats.
Furuta, K; Maekawa, A; Matsuoka, C; Odashima, S; Ogiu, T; Ohno, Y; Onodera, H, 1982)		0.26
" However, the combined dosing resulted in the elimination of almost all the anomalies."( Reduction of teratogenic effects of ethylenethiourea in rats by interaction with sodium nitrite in vivo.
Khera, KS, 1982)		0.26
" A dosage of 9 to 12 mg of NO1/kg body weight intravenously or of 30 mg of NO2/kg body weight orally to the dam caused much higher MHb percentages and NO2 contents in the maternal blood than in the foetal blood."( Nitrate poisoning in cattle. 4. The effect of nitrite dosing during parturition on the oxygen capacity of maternal blood and the oxygen supply to the unborn calf.
Geurink, JH; Kemp, A; Malestein, A; Schotman, AJ; Schuyt, G; van 't Klooster, AT, 1980)		0.26
" It is a quantitative potency ranking study utilizing linear regression analysis of dose-response data for comparative purposes."( Potency ranking of methemoglobin-forming agents.
Baldwin, LA; Calabrese, EJ; French, CL; Leonard, DA; Yaun, SS; Zhao, XQ, )		0.13
" dosing schedule) oral treatment with isosorbide-5-mononitrate (IS-5-MN; 5 mg kg-1) indicative of the induction of tolerance to GTN but not to SIN-1."( Release of nitric oxide from glyceryl trinitrate by captopril but not enalaprilat: in vitro and in vivo studies.
Mollace, V; Pistelli, A; Salvemini, D, 1993)		0.29
" A pre- versus postimplantation dosing regimen indicated that implantation is vulnerable to ADN effects during the preimplantation period (GDs 1-3)."( Dose- (and time-) dependent blockade of pregnancy in Sprague-Dawley rats administered ammonium dinitramide in drinking water.
Feldmann, ML; Kinkead, ER; Wolfe, RE, )		0.13
" NOS activity as measured by the amount of [3H]-arginine converted to [3H]-citrulline, did not reveal any difference between controls (rats dosed with water) and animals dosed with L-CPA at either 6 or 48 h following dosing."( Evidence for mediation of L-2-chloropropionic acid-induced delayed neuronal cell death by activation of a constitutive nitric oxide synthase.
Dunn, D; Farnworth, M; Moore, RB; Widdowson, PS; Wyatt, I, 1996)		0.29
" The dose-response curves were completely different for NO and TNF-alpha, implying different regulatory mechanisms."( Relationship between NO-synthase activity and TNF-alpha secretion in mouse macrophage lines stimulated by a muramyl peptide entrapped in nanocapsules.
Appel, M; Barratt, G; Devissaguet, JP; Legrand, P; Seyler, I, )		0.13
" Dose-response curves for the three drugs on the inhibition of nitrite accumulation in macrophage cultures were obtained."( Evidence that nitric oxide inhibits steroidogenesis in cultured rat granulosa cells.
Dave, S; Farrance, DP; Whitehead, SA, 1997)		0.3
" L-Arginine was infused at a dosage of 500 mg/kg body weight into the donor pigs (30 min before liver explantation) and also into the recipients (over a period of 3 hr from the beginning of the reperfusion period)."( Improvement of cardiac output and liver blood flow and reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance by intravenous infusion of L-arginine during the early reperfusion period in pig liver transplantation.
Benditte, H; Grünberger, T; Längle, F; Mittlböck, M; Mühlbacher, F; Roth, E; Schindl, M; Soliman, T; Steininger, R; Waldmann, E; Windberger, U, 1997)		0.3
" After administration of CPPS in drinking water to C57BL/6 mice at a dosage of 10 mg/L for 4 weeks, the splenocytes exhibited lowered mitogenic responses to Concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)."( Immunomodulatory effect of a polysaccharide-enriched preparation of Codonopsis pilosula roots.
Ng, TB; Wang, ZT; Xu, GJ; Yeung, HW, 1996)		0.29
" Enzyme dosage ranged from 120 to 480 U/kg of body weight/month."( Prospective study of neurological responses to treatment with macrophage-targeted glucocerebrosidase in patients with type 3 Gaucher's disease.
Aerts, JM; Barton, NW; Brady, RO; Dambrosia, JM; DeGraba, T; Heyes, MP; Oliver, K; Parker, CC; Patterson, MC; Schiffmann, R; Tedeschi, G; Zirzow, GC, 1997)		0.3
" Treatment of cells with the chloride channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) showed a dose-response inhibition of NO2- expression."( Potential role of the JNK/SAPK signal transduction pathway in the induction of iNOS by TNF-alpha.
Chan, ED; Riches, DW, 1998)		0.3
" Our results indicated that selected in vivo dosage regimens of DETC (intraperitoneal: at -2, -1, 3, 6, and 10 h or at -2, -1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 h relative to lipopolysaccharide administration, 180 mg/kg, at t = 0) in endotoxic mice were effective in increasing survival time when compared with untreated animals and DETC pretreatment was more effective than methylprednisolone (p<."( Diethyldithiocarbamate prolongs survival of mice in a lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock model: evidence for multiple mechanisms.
Fung, HL; Kishnani, NS; Tabrizi-Fard, MA, 1999)		0.3
" The 27- and 38-amino-acid forms of PACAP were equipotent and their dose-response curves were U-shaped."( Reduction of lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity in mixed cortical neuron/glia cultures by femtomolar concentrations of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.
Hong, JS; Jeohn, GH; Kong, LY; Maderdrut, JL, 1999)		0.3
" Two experiments were carried out to determine whether oral dosing with L-arginine during coccidia infections could influence the associated pathology or the development of the parasites."( Effects of daily oral doses of L-arginine on coccidiosis infections in chickens.
Allen, PC, 1999)		0.3
" The research and the dosage of the organichlorine pesticide residues, nitrites and nitrates and microbiologic analysis have been done on 19 wells chosen after a drawning of lots."( [Well water pollution in the Khombole district: research on the contamination by organochlorine pesticide residues and organic substances (feces)].
Ba, D; Boye, CS; Ciss, M; Diop, A; Diop, Y; Diouf, A; Diouf, S; Fall, M, 1998)		0.53
"Native Cu,Zn-SOD and synthetic SOD mimics sometimes demonstrate an apparently anomalous bell-shaped dose-response relationship when protecting various biological systems from oxidative stress."( The pro-oxidative activity of SOD and nitroxide SOD mimics.
Offer, T; Russo, A; Samuni, A, 2000)		0.31
" In these cells at low dosage (from 1 to 6 microg/ml of medium) ET-18-OCH(3) stimulates maturation and protective responses, whereas at increasing dosages (from 8 to 20 microg/ml) it shows cytotoxic effects."( ET-18-OCH(3)-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in rat astrocytes.
Cardile, V; Palumbo, M; Renis, M; Russo, A, 2000)		0.31
" Dose-response was evaluated both categorically and continuously using polynomial and quadratic spline regression."( Maternal cured meat consumption during pregnancy and risk of paediatric brain tumour in offspring: potentially harmful levels of intake.
Pogoda, JM; Preston-Martin, S, 2001)		0.31
"Clearances of inulin and PAH decreased progressively after CsA dosage while renal vascular resistance increased."( Pathophysiology of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in humans: a role for nitric oxide?
Bernemann, A; Bickeböller, R; Gossmann, J; Raab, HP; Radounikli, A; Schellinski, O; Scheuermann, EH, 2001)		0.31
" The effect of pH on the rate and products of nitrite reduction was investigated with a fixed dosage of metallic iron powder (12 mol-Fe/mol-N, size of the powder: 80 mesh)."( Effect of pH on the reduction of nitrite in water by metallic iron.
Fujie, K; Goto, N; Hu, HY, 2001)		0.31
" These results suggest that at the Pb dosage employed, the embryo may be more sensitive to the full range of Pb-induced immunotoxic effects with late gestational Pb exposure, and the effects of Pb on DTH function are more pronounced in females."( Exposure to lead during critical windows of embryonic development: differential immunotoxic outcome based on stage of exposure and gender.
Bunn, TL; Dietert, RR; Kao, E; Parsons, PJ, 2001)		0.31
" Kinase assays demonstrated dose-response relationships between dietary salt intake and the activities of p38 MAP kinase and p42/44 MAP kinase."( Increased dietary salt activates rat aortic endothelium.
Sanders, PW; Ying, WZ, 2002)		0.31
" After preconstriction with methoxamine (10(-4) mol/L), a dose-response study was performed using 6 cumulative doses of NTG or SNAP (10(-7) to 3 x 10(-5) mol/L)."( Bioactivation of nitroglycerin and vasomotor response to nitric oxide are impaired in cirrhotic rat livers.
Cadelina, GW; Dudenhoefer, AA; Groszmann, RJ; Gupta, T; Loureiro-Silva, MR, 2002)		0.31
" Ferrous iron at the same dosage resulted in large coherent flocs."( Changes in the microbiology of activated sludge upon the addition of iron salts with or without nitrite or nitrate.
Philips, S; Verstraete, W, 2002)		0.31
" The potent therapeutic effect of low dosage MTX therapy in combination with lyophilized EFSe on adjuvant arthritis in rats was shown."( Treatment of experimental adjuvant arthritis with the combination of methotrexate and lyophilized Enterococcus faecium enriched with organic selenium.
Ebringer, L; Ferencík, M; Istok, R; Rovenský, J; Stancíková, M; Svík, K, 2002)		0.31
" These results show that, at these dosage levels, provision of substrate for NO production or provision of an NO donor were beneficial to the recovery of myocardial and pulmonary vascular function."( Effect of L-arginine or nitroglycerine during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in neonatal lambs.
Hatsuoka, S; Mayer, JE; Nagashima, M; Sakamoto, T; Stock, UA, 2003)		0.32
" The accumulation of NO2/NO3 in HMEC exposed to increasing concentrations of more intensively oxidized-LDLs showed a nonlinear dose-response curve."( The effect of lipoproteins on endothelial nitric oxide synthase is modulated by lipoperoxides.
Baldi, S; Blandizzi, C; Del Tacca, M; L'Abbate, A; Lubrano, V; Natali, A; Palombo, C; Vassalle, C, 2003)		0.32
" Consuming water at the factory increased the attack rate and a dose-response effect was identified (chi(2)(trend) = 79."( [Investigation on acute nitrite poisoning in Yangjiang city, Guangdong province, China].
Fan, Z; Lu, X; Luo, H; Song, Q; Yu, H, 2002)		0.31
" The cells show a clear dose-response relationship concerning the formation of ROS with regard to the mass of particles applied."( Formation of reactive oxygen species in rat epithelial cells upon stimulation with fly ash.
Diabaté, S; Krug, HF; Voelkel, K, 2003)		0.32
" The optimum experimental conditions were investigated in detail, including the selection of measuring wave-length and catalytic reactive medium, the dosage of indicator and oxidizer, the influence of temperature and reactive time, and the interference of co-existent ions with the assay."( [Determination of nitrate and nitrite by catalytic spectrophotometry of potassium bromate-methylene blue system].
Deng, J; Xu, JS; Yuan, YL, 2002)		0.31
"A flow injection method is proposed for the determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical dosage forms."( Flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol in tablets and oral solutions.
Giglio, J; Knochen, M; Reis, BF, 2003)		0.32
" Although the dosage should be determined on an individual basis, the administration of a chewing tablet, containing 4 mg."( Anginal syndrome. Treatment with a long-acting nitrate (itramin tosylate).
BATTERMAN, RC; MOURATOFF, GJ, 1963)		0.24
" Similar dose-response curves were obtained for inactivation by formamide of native and renatured DNA, but the residual-active material was much more resistant."( RESIDUAL ACTIVITY OF THERMALLY DENATURED TRANSFORMING DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE.
BARNHART, BJ, 1965)		0.24
" L-NAME treatment, applied at the dosage of 50 mg/kg/day, does not have any protective effect on the colonic injury."( Effects of intrarectal and intraperitoneal N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester treatment in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid induced colitis in rats.
Angin, K; Dundar, E; Inal, M; Saricam, T; Vardareli, E, 2003)		0.32
" Meanwhile, a most appropriate match of prescription dosage for curing vascular disease was got, which was based on NO value of pharmacodynamics experimental data and the endothelial cells configuration which would changed in a degree when damaged by hydration diamine."( A new experimental design for screening Chinese medicine formula.
Bo-Chu, W; Chun-Hong, T; Li, Z; Qi, C; Shao-Xi, C, 2004)		0.32
" The dose-effect relationships for nitrite and viability were modeled as a power function (Fold change = [Dose+1]beta), where beta represents the slope of the dose-response curve."( Effects of ambient air particles on nitric oxide production in macrophage cell lines.
Breznan, D; Brook, JR; Chauhan, V; Goegan, P; Karthikeyan, S; Nadeau, D; Vincent, R, 2004)		0.32
" Intraperitoneal injection of 20% water solution of L-arginine in dosage 200 mg per 100 g of an animal body mass have had aggravated an acute pancreatitis course; intravenous injection of 1% water solution of methylene blue in dosage 1 mg per 100 g of an animal body mass caused pancreatoprotective effect."( [Role of nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation in pathogenesis of acute experimental pancreatitis].
Fedorovich, AA; Krivoruchko, IA, 2005)		0.33
"The anti-inflammatory potential of azithromycin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients was explored following a standard oral dosing regimen."( Modulation of neutrophil and inflammation markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by short-term azithromycin treatment.
Barisić, K; Bosnar, M; Brajsa, K; Cepelak, I; Culić, O; Cuzić, S; Eraković, V; Glojnarić, I; Manojlović, Z; Munić, V; Novak-Mircetić, R; Oresković, K; Parnham, MJ; Pavicić-Beljak, V; Popović-Grle, S; Radosević, S; Sucić, M, 2005)		0.33
" It was shown that even without dosing of an external carbon source, denitrification rates (DNR) much above endogenous rates could be obtained in post-denitrification systems."( Enhanced post-denitrification without addition of an external carbon source in membrane bioreactors.
Adam, C; Gnirss, R; Kraume, M; Lesjean, B; Vocks, M, 2005)		0.33
" Dose-response curves with increasing GTN infusions after 24 h GTN-patch pretreatment revealed a significant attenuation of the MAP decrease compared to placebo."( Nitroglycerin-patch induced tolerance is associated with reduced ability of nitroglycerin to increase exhaled nitric oxide.
Agvald, P; Gustafsson, LE; Hammar, L, 2005)		0.33
" Methanol dosing is not only un-sustainable in the long term, but the cost of methanol is also becoming increasingly important."( Evaluation of separate urine collection and treatment to augment existing wastewater treatment works.
de Been, P; van Bragt, WP; van Loosdrecht, MC; Wilsenach, JA, 2005)		0.33
" Both configurations included an anaerobic zone ahead of the biological reactor, and differed by the position of the anoxic zone: standard pre-denitrification, or post-denitrification without dosing of carbon source."( Outcomes of a 2-year investigation on enhanced biological nutrients removal and trace organics elimination in membrane bioreactor (MBR).
Buisson, H; Gnirss, R; Keller, S; Lesjean, B; Luck, F; Tazi-Pain, A, 2005)		0.33
" With the aerobic-anoxic sequence, three parallel SBRs achieving complete nitrification-denitrification are dosed by a certain concentration of NaCI to influent."( Achieving biological nitrogen removal via nitrite by salt inhibition.
Cui, YW; Gan, XQ; Peng, CY; Peng, YZ; Ye, L, 2006)		0.33
" Dose-response curves of the probucol groups showed an improvement in endothelium-dependent relaxations, associated with increased nitric oxide bioavailability and decreased angiotensin II and hydroperoxide levels."( Role of probucol on endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries associated with left ventricular hypertrophy.
Aubin, MC; Carrier, M; Perrault, LP; Shi, YF; Tardif, JC, 2006)		0.33
" A U-inverted dose-response curve was found with either compound when given subcutaneously (1-100 microg/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (0."( PIP3EA and PD-168077, two selective dopamine D4 receptor agonists, induce penile erection in male rats: site and mechanism of action in the brain.
Argiolas, A; Enguehard-Gueiffier, C; Gmeiner, P; Gueiffier, A; Hubner, H; Mascia, MS; Melis, MR; Melis, T; Sanna, F; Succu, S, 2006)		0.33
" Log dose-response curve was obtained for each drug along with the corresponding ED(25)."( Interaction between inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase in adjuvant-induced arthritis in female albino rats: an isobolographic study.
Bhat, AS; Krishna, V; Kumar, D; Prakash, VR; Tandan, SK, 2007)		0.34
"Therapeutic or pharmacologic doses of arginine are used to enhance blood flow and immune function despite the lack of dose-response studies and the potential for adverse effects."( Pharmacologic levels of dietary arginine in CB6F1 mice increase serum ammonia in the healthy state and serum nitrite in endotoxemia.
Herrlinger-Garcia, KA; Langkamp-Henken, B; Nieves, C; Sitren, HS, )		0.13
" Five systems of each type were dosed once with 5, 20, 80, 200 and 500 microgL(-1) metazachlor and three ponds and three streams served as controls."( Effects of the herbicide metazachlor on macrophytes and ecosystem function in freshwater pond and stream mesocosms.
Berghahn, R; Feibicke, M; Meinecke, S; Mohr, S; Ottenströer, T; Schmidt, R; Schmiediche, R; Schmiedling, I, 2007)		0.34
" However, on the basis of the dose-response relationship between EE2 concentration and estrogenic activity in the yeast two-hybrid assay, it was surmised that the estrogenic activity in the culture medium of NAS may have been produced mostly by the remaining EE2 and not by its degradation intermediates and products."( Estrogenic activity removal of ethynylestradiol by nitrifying activated sludge and microorganisms involved in its degradation.
Fujisawa, S; Hosomi, M; Nakai, S; Nishikawa, M; Shi, J; Takada, M, 2007)		0.34
"Monosomy 21 is a rare human disease due to gene dosage errors disturbing a variety of physiological and morphological systems including brain, skeletal, immune and respiratory functions."( Modeling the monosomy for the telomeric part of human chromosome 21 reveals haploinsufficient genes modulating the inflammatory and airway responses.
Besson, V; Bizot, JC; Brault, V; Duchon, A; Hérault, Y; Quesniaux, VF; Ryffel, B; Togbe, D, 2007)		0.34
" Nevertheless, thiocyanate degradation and nitrification processes were actually inhibited by the free ammonia form (NH3) in place of the ionized NH4 form (NH4+) currently dosed and often unproperly named "ammonia" [IUPAC, 1997."( New approach to optimize operational conditions for the biological treatment of a high-strength thiocyanate and ammonium waste: pH as key factor.
Drakides, C; Lay-Son, M, 2008)		0.35
"001), with a dose-response pattern."( Ambient levels of air pollution induce goblet-cell hyperplasia in human conjunctival epithelium.
Berra, A; do Nascimento Saldiva, PH; Kara-José, N; Macchione, M; Matsuda, M; Novaes, P; Racca, L, 2007)		0.34
" Sampling of venous blood for chemiluminescence plasma NOx dosage was achieved at the following time points: (1) before anesthesia induction; (2) after anesthesia induction; (3) before heparin infusion; (4) after heparin infusion; (5) CPB-30 minutes; (6) CPB-60 minutes; (7) before protamine infusion; (8) after protamine infusion; and (9) on return to the recovery area."( Plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx) is not a useful biomarker to predict inherent cardiopulmonary bypass inflammatory response.
Baldo, CF; Bassetto, S; Capellini, VK; Celotto, AC; Evora, PR; Rodrigues, AJ; Viaro, F, )		0.13
"5-10 microg) microinjected into the VTA induces penile erection with an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve; the maximal effective dose being 3 microg."( Oxytocin induces penile erection when injected into the ventral tegmental area of male rats: role of nitric oxide and cyclic GMP.
Argiolas, A; Boi, A; Cocco, C; Ferri, GL; Melis, MR; Melis, T; Sanna, F; Succu, S, 2008)		0.35
" Nitrite was continuously dosed in the reactor for 25 days at concentrations of 20-140mgN/L."( Nitrite effectively inhibits sulfide and methane production in a laboratory scale sewer reactor.
Gutierrez, O; Meyer, RL; Mohanakrishnan, J; Yuan, Z, 2008)		0.35
" Furthermore, CRC2811-1 exhibited outstanding application potential with high removal efficiency and low dosage over a wide range of pH."( Improvement of chromium biosorption by UV-HNO(2) cooperative mutagenesis in Candida utilis.
He, B; Lu, X; Peng, H; Yang, F; Ye, J; Yin, H, 2008)		0.35
" The aim of this study was to determine the immediate effects of dosing different types of industrial wastewater on the denitrification capability of process biomass originating from the "Wschod" WWTP in Gdansk (northern Poland)."( Industrial wastewater as an external carbon source for optimization of nitrogen removal at the Wschod WWTP in Gdansk (Poland).
Chrzanowska, M; Czerwionka, K; Makinia, J; Swinarski, M, 2009)		0.35
" Pregnant dams were dosed with nitrate in the drinking water from gestational day (GD) 7 to GD21 at the following dose levels 17."( Evaluation of endocrine disrupting effects of nitrate after in utero exposure in rats and of nitrate and nitrite in the H295R and T-screen assay.
Axelstad, M; Boberg, J; Christiansen, S; Hansen, PR; Hass, U; Kiersgaard, MK; Nellemann, C; Taxvig, C, 2009)		0.35
"A nitrifying sequential batch reactor operated under 2-day cyclic aerobic and anoxic conditions was pulse dosed with incremental sulfide concentrations during anoxic conditions."( Partial nitrification achieved by pulse sulfide doses in a sequential batch reactor.
Boon, N; Erguder, TH; Verstraete, W; Vlaeminck, SE, 2008)		0.35
" Transient systemic nitrite elevations resulted in: (1) rapid formation of nitroso and nitrosyl species; (2) moderate short-term changes in cardiac redox status; (3) a pronounced increase in selective manifestations of long-term oxidative stress as evidenced by cardiac ascorbate oxidation, persisting long after changes in nitrite-related metabolites had normalized; (4) lasting reductions in glutathione oxidation (GSSG/GSH) and remarkably concordant nitrite-induced cardioprotection, which both followed a complex dose-response profile; and (5) significant nitrite-induced protein modifications (including phosphorylation) revealed by mass spectrometry-based proteomic studies."( Mechanistic insights into nitrite-induced cardioprotection using an integrated metabolomic/proteomic approach.
Ashrafian, H; Bauer, SM; Bryan, NS; Costello, CE; Feelisch, M; Fernandez, BO; Garcia-Saura, MF; Infusini, G; Lim, CC; McComb, ME; Perlman, DH, 2009)		0.35
"Artificial dosage of nitrate in sewer networks is considered as one of the most effective methods for odor and corrosion control."( Effect of temperature on anoxic sulfide oxidation and denitrification in the bulk wastewater phase of sewer networks.
Aivasidis, A; Mathioudakis, VL, 2009)		0.35
") injection of 55 mg/kg STZ and a nicotinamide group (1g/kg/day) which were dosed orally for 3 days followed by (i."( Effect of nicotinamide on experimental induced diabetes.
Alenzi, FQ, 2009)		0.35
" annua infusion before infection in HFF cells showed a dose-response inhibitory curve that reached up to 75% of inhibition, similarly to the results observed when parasites were treated with sulfadiazine."( Toxoplasma gondii: effects of Artemisia annua L. on susceptibility to infection in experimental models in vitro and in vivo.
Béla, SR; de Oliveira, TC; Ferro, EA; Magalhães, PM; Mineo, JR; Rostkowska, C; Silva, DA, 2009)		0.35
" Compare to the pulse-feed SBR with fixed time control, the dosage of carbon source and energy consumption in pulsed-feed SBR with process control were saved about 30% and 15% respectively."( Advanced nitrogen removal via nitrite from municipal wastewater in a pilot-plant sequencing batch reactor.
Gu, SB; Liu, XH; Peng, YZ; Sun, HW; Wang, SY; Yang, Q, 2009)		0.35
"The aerobic sludge granules cultivated at high organic loading rates could effectively convert 100-700 mg l(-1) nitrite to nitrogen gas with 400 or 1,200 mg l(-1) dosed acetate."( Microbial community of acetate utilizing denitrifiers in aerobic granules.
Adav, SS; Lai, JY; Lee, DJ, 2010)		0.36
"Nitrite dosing is a promising technology to prevent sulfide and methane formation in sewers, due to the known inhibitory/toxic effect of nitrite on sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic Archaea (MA)."( Effects of nitrite concentration and exposure time on sulfide and methane production in sewer systems.
Gutierrez, O; Jiang, G; Sharma, KR; Yuan, Z, 2010)		0.36
"A preliminary dosing study identified 20 ppm ethyl nitrite as a concentration that produced a 4-fold increase in S-nitrosylated hemoglobin concentration with no increase in methemoglobin."( Pharmacologically augmented S-nitrosylated hemoglobin improves recovery from murine subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Auten, RL; Demchenko, IT; Piantadosi, CA; Reynolds, JD; Sheng, H; Stamler, JS; Warner, DS, 2011)		0.37
" When combined at a dosage either positively or negatively skewed from each optimal dosage, however, co-treatment caused synergistic neuroprotection."( Melatonin protects against transient focal cerebral ischemia in both reproductively active and estrogen-deficient female rats: the impact of circulating estrogen on its hormetic dose-response.
Chen, HY; Chen, TY; Huang, SY; Hung, YC; Lee, AC; Lee, EJ; Lee, MY; Shen, CC; Tai, SH; Wu, TS, 2011)		0.37
"Several recent studies showed that nitrite dosage to wastewater results in long-lasting reduction of the sulfate-reducing and methanogenic activities of anaerobic sewer biofilms."( The strong biocidal effect of free nitrous acid on anaerobic sewer biofilms.
Gutierrez, O; Jiang, G; Yuan, Z, 2011)		0.37
" Catechin (50 mg/Kg) was co-supplemented after 4 weeks of alcohol treatment till the end of the dosing period."( Catechin suppresses an array of signalling molecules and modulates alcohol-induced endotoxin mediated liver injury in a rat model.
Bharrhan, S; Chopra, K; Koul, A; Rishi, P, 2011)		0.37
" Oral administration of veratric acid at the dosage of 40 mg/kg considerably decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid peroxidation products; increased plasma nitric oxide levels and showed no toxicity which was measured using hepatic and renal function markers when compared to other doses of veratric acid (20, 80 mg/kg)."( Veratric acid, a phenolic acid attenuates blood pressure and oxidative stress in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats.
Raja, B; Saravanakumar, M, 2011)		0.37
" The intermittent dosing of FNA as a measure for controlling sulfide and methane productions in sewers is investigated."( Optimization of intermittent, simultaneous dosage of nitrite and hydrochloric acid to control sulfide and methane productions in sewers.
Gutierrez, O; Jiang, G; Keller, J; Sharma, KR; Yuan, Z, 2011)		0.37
" Moreover, other valuable information such as the amount of ammonia nitrified, failures in DO measurements, excessive stirring during the anoxic stage and methanol dosage in the aerobic phase was also provided by the pH and ORP profiles."( Monitoring pH and ORP in a SHARON reactor.
Aguado, D; Claros, J; Ferrer, J; Seco, A; Serralta, J, 2011)		0.37
" Our primary objective was to investigate the dose-response of nitrate intake on nitric oxide status and nitrate reduction in the mouth."( Nitrate causes a dose-dependent augmentation of nitric oxide status in healthy women.
Bondonno, CP; Considine, MJ; Croft, KD; Hodgson, JM; Puddey, IB; Ward, NC; Yang, X, 2012)		0.38
" We first determined the ventilatory dose-response curves during intravenous injections of H(2)S."( Inhibitory effects of hyperoxia and methemoglobinemia on H(2)S induced ventilatory stimulation in the rat.
Haouzi, P; Van de Louw, A, 2012)		0.38
" However, the pre-treatment of Quercetin in a dose-response manner prevented these changes and restored the expansion of neurospheres preferably by neutralizing the oxidative conditions and thereby reducing peroxynitrite formation, protein nitration and PK-M2 depletion."( Quercetin prevents protein nitration and glycolytic block of proliferation in hydrogen peroxide insulted cultured neuronal precursor cells (NPCs): Implications on CNS regeneration.
Arora, R; Khan, HA; Sajad, M; Sharma, J; Umar, S; Zargan, J; Zargar, MA, 2013)		0.39
" The loss and the subsequent slow recovery of biological activity in biofilm reactors subjected to FNA and H2O2 dosing confirmed that the chemical combination could achieve higher microbial inactivation than with FNA alone."( Synergistic inactivation of anaerobic wastewater biofilm by free nitrous acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Jiang, G; Yuan, Z, 2013)		0.39
" Melamine was dosed continuously from day 125 in both activated sludge treatment systems at an influent concentration of 3 mg/L for about 100 days."( Fate and toxicity of melamine in activated sludge treatment systems after a long-term sludge adaptation.
Bernards, M; Hu, Z; Sims, A; Xu, S; Zhang, Y, 2013)		0.39
" However, the dose-response relationship between the volume of BR ingested and the physiological effects invoked has not been investigated."( Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships.
Bailey, SJ; Blackwell, JR; Jeukendrup, AE; Jones, AM; Kelly, J; Skiba, PF; Vanhatalo, A; Winyard, PG; Wylie, LJ, 2013)		0.39
"Little data exist on the dose-response relationship between the partial pressure of inspired oxygen (PiO2) and the cellular oxidative stress response in humans."( Oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses and nitric oxide production following hyperoxic exposures.
Fothergill, DM; Gasier, HG, )		0.13
" The oxygen monitoring provided information about the temperature-dependent time delay between the dosage of NH4(+)-N or ATU and reaching its characteristic level of effect."( The adaptation of nitrifying microorganisms to inhibiting substances at meso- and psychrophilic temperature conditions.
Ahnert, M; Krebs, P; Kühn, V; Marx, C, 2013)		0.39
" It is hard to distinguish whether a specific nitrite group triggers the maculopathy or whether it is the dose level, thus suggesting the existence of a cumulative dose-response relationship."( [Poppers-associated maculopathy].
Draghici, S; Mehrinfar, BM; Merinfhar, BM; Pahlitzsch, M, 2013)		0.39
" After one year of hydraulic dosing with a synthetic wastewater, soil total carbon and nitrogen concentrations increased, but no increase in soil total phosphorus concentration was observed."( Impact of a real-time controlled wastewater subsurface drip disposal system on the selected chemical properties of a vertisol.
AbdelGadir, AH; Arriaga, FJ; Dougherty, M; Hea, J, )		0.13
" Both L-cysteine and ODQ shifted (but did not abolish) the dose-response curve of each of these effects to the right, implying contributions from HNO and sGC in both the vasodilator and inotropic actions."( The concomitant coronary vasodilator and positive inotropic actions of the nitroxyl donor Angeli's salt in the intact rat heart: contribution of soluble guanylyl cyclase-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Cao, N; Chin, KY; Kemp-Harper, BK; Qin, C; Ritchie, RH; Woodman, OL, 2014)		0.4
" If the data extrapolated to humans, a higher than the commonly tested 1500 mg/kg dosage regimen may provide more clear treatment outcomes."( Glucosamine dose/concentration-effect correlation in the rat with adjuvant arthritis.
Aghazadeh-Habashi, A; Asghar, W; Jamali, F; Kohan, MH, 2014)		0.4
" During anoxic conditions 20mgNO3(-)-NL(-1) were dosed into IFAS-1 and 20mgNO2(-)-NL(-1) were dosed into IFAS-2."( Selection of denitrifying phosphorous accumulating organisms in IFAS systems: comparison of nitrite with nitrate as an electron acceptor.
Jabari, P; Munz, G; Oleszkiewicz, JA, 2014)		0.4
" In this study, the effect of the dosage of MSWI bottom ash as well as the variation of the landfill environmental parameters including pH, anions and organic matter on the nitrite retention and leaching behavior was investigated by batch experiments."( Retention and leaching of nitrite by municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash under the landfill circumstance.
Kong, Q; Long, Y; Shen, D; Yao, J; Zhu, H, 2015)		0.42
" The effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in a continuous process was investigated by progressively increasing the alkalinity dosage ratio (amount of alkalinity to ammonia ratio, mol/mol)."( Effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in treatment of coal chemical industry wastewater using moving bed biofilm reactor.
Han, H; Hou, B; Jia, S; Xu, P; Zhao, Q; Zhuang, H, 2014)		0.4
" Questions remain relating to the precise concentration of nitrite and the exact dose-response relations between nitrite and myoglobin under hypoxia."( Crosstalk between nitrite, myoglobin and reactive oxygen species to regulate vasodilation under hypoxia.
Hendgen-Cotta, UB; Kelm, M; Rassaf, T; Totzeck, M, 2014)		0.4
" The recommended application dosage is 200 mg kg(-1) and further studies are needed to clarify the action model of CGA efficiency."( Effects of dietary chlorogenic acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under normal condition and combined stress of low-salinity and nitrite.
Duan, YF; Huang, Z; Li, J; Li, Z; Lin, HZ; Niu, J; Wang, J; Wang, Y, 2015)		0.42
" Repeated CORT dosing caused depression-like behavior in mice as indicated by increased despair effects in forced swim test (FST) and anhedonia in sucrose preference test."( Effect of a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist 4i, in corticosterone-induced depression-like behavior and oxidative stress in mice.
Gupta, D; Kurhe, Y; Radhakrishnan, M, 2015)		0.42
" Further studies evaluating longer-duration nitrite therapy and/or additional nitrite dosing strategies are warranted to more fully evaluate the therapeutic potential of nitrite therapy in peripheral vascular disease."( Therapeutic potential of sustained-release sodium nitrite for critical limb ischemia in the setting of metabolic syndrome.
Bradley, JM; Brewster, LP; Calvert, JW; Chang, CC; Goodchild, TT; Islam, KN; Lefer, DJ; Pipinos, II; Polhemus, DJ; Tao, YX, 2015)		0.42
" Furthermore, stable nitrogen and organics removal were achieved by one-time dosing of enriched bacteria in a sequencing batch reactor."( Nitrogen removal characteristics of a heterotrophic nitrifier Acinetobacter junii YB and its potential application for the treatment of high-strength nitrogenous wastewater.
Liang, X; Ren, YX; Wang, JP; Xia, ZH; Yang, L; Zhao, SQ, 2015)		0.42
"1 g N/L nitrite dosage and pH 10."( Hydrolysis and volatile fatty acids accumulation of waste activated sludge enhanced by the combined use of nitrite and alkaline pH.
Han, W; Huang, C; Li, J; Li, R; Liu, C; Liu, X; Shen, J; Sun, X; Sun, Y; Wang, L, 2015)		0.42
" The dose-response analysis indicated similar results as well."( Dietary Nitrates, Nitrites, and Nitrosamines Intake and the Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.
Guan, W; Song, P; Wu, L, 2015)		0.75
" Phenylephrine (Phe) and acetylcholine (Ach) dose-response curves were performed by venous infusion with simultaneous venous and arterial blood pressure monitoring."( Acute but not chronic metabolic acidosis potentiates the acetylcholine-induced reduction in blood pressure: an endothelium-dependent effect.
Albuquerque, AA; Capellini, VK; Celotto, AC; Evora, PR; Ferreira, LG; Rodrigues, AJ, 2016)		0.43
" However, at the dosing used in this protocol achieving micromolar plasma concentrations of nitrite, exercise capacity was not enhanced, as opposed to other reports using lower dosing."( Increased consumption and vasodilatory effect of nitrite during exercise.
Gladwin, MT; Hon, YY; Lin, EE; Machado, RF; Sun, H; Swenson, ER; Taveira-Dasilva, AM; Tian, X; Yang, Y, 2016)		0.43
"86 times, respectively, suggesting long-term dosing FNA may facilitate the denitrifying of polyphosphate in organisms utilizing nitrite as electron acceptor."( [Long-Term Inhibition of FNA on Aerobic Phosphate Uptake and Variation of Phosphorus Uptake Properties of the Sludge].
Chen, YZ; Li, L; Ma, J; Sun, HW; Sun, LJ; Yu, XJ, 2015)		0.42
" The effects of carbon-to-sulfur (C/S) mass ratio and nitrate (N) dosage were investigated through two batch tests to reveal the role of wastewater compositions in DS-EBPR performance."( Effects of carbon-to-sulfur (C/S) ratio and nitrate (N) dosage on Denitrifying Sulfur cycle-associated Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (DS-EBPR).
Chen, GH; Hao, X; Lu, H; Meng, F; Wang, Y; Wu, D; Yu, M; Zhao, Q, 2016)		0.43
" Based on these results, ARG6' and ARG9' were selected at a dosage of 40 mg/kg to evaluate their antitumour activity."( Synthesis and antitumour activity of arctigenin amino acid ester derivatives against H22 hepatocellular carcinoma.
Cai, E; Gao, X; Guo, S; Han, M; Wang, Y; Xia, J; Yang, L; Zhao, Y, 2018)		0.48
"Most commonly used methods for sewer sulfide control involves dosing chemical agents to wastewater, which incurs high operational costs."( Nitrite production from urine for sulfide control in sewers.
Cui, Y; Dong, Q; Huang, X; Liu, Y; Yuan, Z; Zhang, Y; Zheng, M; Zuo, Z, 2017)		0.46
" feeding, carbon dosing and illuminating mode, light intensity, influent ammonium concentration), which might serve as a powerful tool for optimizing the novel algal-bacterial nitrogen removal processes."( A novel mechanistic model for nitrogen removal in algal-bacterial photo sequencing batch reactors.
Guo, WS; Liu, Y; Nghiem, LD; Ngo, HH; Ni, BJ; Peng, L; Song, S; Wang, D; Wei, W, 2018)		0.48
"CSM cells obtained from 8 to 10 week old Sprague-Dawley rats were grown in Dulbecco media with 20% fetal calf serum and then incubated with or without l-arginine (L-ARG) or l-citrulline (L-CIT) in a time course and dose-response manner."( Exogenous l-ARGININE does not stimulate production OF NO or cGMP within the rat corporal smooth muscle cells in culture.
Abraham, A; Artaza, JN; Ferrini, MG; Flores, M; Graciano, L; Luna, R; Nguyen, S; Rajfer, J, 2019)		0.51
"Biological denitrification process in mainstream wastewater treatment often needs dosing supplemental electrons, consequently adding a remarkable operating cost."( Biological nitrogen removal from wastewater using sulphur-driven autotrophic denitrification.
Biswal, BK; Chen, GH; Cui, YX; Deng, YF; Guo, G; Huang, H; Wu, D, 2019)		0.51
" sieboldii for the first time, and all three compounds showed cytotoxicity against a panel of cancer cell lines and brine shrimps in a dose-response manner."( Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory resorcinol and alkylbenzoquinone derivatives from the leaves of Ardisia sieboldii.
Halim, MA; Hossain, MA; Ishii, T; Islam, MT; Shahinozzaman, M; Tawata, S, 2019)		0.51
" To conduct a dose-response (DR) analysis, studies presenting risk estimates over a series of categories of exposure were selected."( The relationship between consumption of nitrite or nitrate and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Hu, C; Jin, J; Li, C; Qian, S; Yu, M, 2020)		0.56
"In anesthetized piglets, dose-response experiments of iv PDNO at normal pulmonary arterial pressure (n=10) were executed."( A Comparative Study of Inhaled Nitric Oxide and an Intravenously Administered Nitric Oxide Donor in Acute Pulmonary Hypertension.
Dogan, EM; Nilsson, KF; Stene Hurtsén, A; Zorikhin Nilsson, I, 2020)		0.56
"The purpose of this study was to assess the effects and acute dosage of different flavanol concentrations in a dark chocolate bar on physiological parameters during steady state (SS) and incremental exercise."( The influence of different concentrations of flavanol chocolate bars under acute supplement conditions on exercise and performance.
Allgrove, JE; Brouner, J; Patel, RK; Spendiff, O, 2020)		0.56
" Therefore, we performed a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies."( Nitrate-nitrite exposure through drinking water and diet and risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Djafarian, K; Hosseini, F; Majdi, M; Naghshi, S; Shab-Bidar, S; Sheikhhossein, F, 2021)		0.62
" The mechanisms involved in NOC formation are studied in regard with the dose-response relationship of added nitrite and its interaction with ascorbate on NOC formation in a cured and cooked meat model."( Chemical reactivity of nitrite and ascorbate in a cured and cooked meat model implication in nitrosation, nitrosylation and oxidation.
Bonifacie, A; Gatellier, P; Nassy, G; Promeyrat, A; Santé-Lhoutellier, V; Théron, L, 2021)		0.62
"  This work demonstrates, for the first time, that the inhibition of nitrosamine formation in oral solid dosage forms is indeed feasible with suitable inhibitors."( Inhibition of N-Nitrosamine Formation in Drug Products: A Model Study.
Allain, LR; Clancy, J; D'Addio, SM; Marota, MJ; Nanda, KK; Tignor, S, 2021)		0.62
" Microbes were killed within 30 min of dosing chlor(am)ine, likely due to shock or compounds formed during chloramine formation reactions; however, microbes regrew (or survive) to a different degree in all samples despite the prolonged presence of chloramine (large CxT), defying the CxT concept."( Factors controlling the effectiveness of rechlor(am)ination to recover chloramine from nitrification.
Bal Krishna, KC; Karthik, NB; Sathasivan, A, 2022)		0.72
" Dosage and timing regimens for supplemental beetroot juice should be avenues for further inquiry."( No effect of nitrate-rich beetroot juice on microvascular function and blood pressure in younger and older individuals: a randomised, placebo-controlled double-blind pilot study.
Aguilar Mora, FA; Klonizakis, M; Rogerson, D; Young, JS, 2022)		0.72
" Moreover, the enhancement of potential DAMO rates is positively correlated with the dosage of QNs."( Quinolone antibiotics enhance denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation in Wetland sediments: Counterintuitive results.
Jiang, H; Liu, C; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2022)		0.72
" So, time of exposure as well as the amount of exposure (total dosage administered) is critical in determining the magnitude of the damage in germ cell risk assessment."( Juvenile exposure and adult risk assessment with single versus repeated exposure of melphalan in the germ cells of male SD rat: Deciphering the molecular mechanisms.
Jena, G; Panghal, A; Sahu, C; Singla, S, 2022)		0.72
" Subsequently, when FA dosage was over 120 mg/L, Anaerolineae were inhibited and heterotrophic bacteria reduced, resulting in the abundance of AOB recovered."( Metagenomic insights into responses of microbial population and key functional genes to fulvic acid during partial nitritation.
Dou, Q; Hao, S; Lan, S; Peng, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Yang, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, R, 2023)		0.91
"The high-rate partial denitrification (PD) via effluent residual nitrate controlling by carbon dosage optimization was investigated based on the analysis of microbial mechanism of nitrite accumulation in this study."( High-rate partial denitrification via effluent residual nitrate controlling and microbial mechanism of nitrite accumulation by carbon dosage optimization.
Chen, G; Chen, X; Lai, C; Wang, X; Zhang, D, 2022)		0.72
" This may provide a practical means to stabilize ranitidine DS and solid dosage formulations against NDMA formation."( Ranitidine: A Proposed Mechanistic Rationale for NDMA Formation and a Potential Control Strategy.
Harmon, P, 2023)		0.91
" This work focused on solid dosage forms exploring several model amines of varying chemical structure, solubility and pKa which were formulated using common excipients with and without added nitrite."( N-Nitrosamine Formation in Pharmaceutical Solid Drug Products: Experimental Observations.
Ashworth, IW; Harris, L; Hillier, MC; Moser, J; Nanda, KK; Scrivens, G, 2023)		0.91
" All study patients received a randomly allocated supply of a lettuce beverage to be consumed for 14 days, containing either a daily dosage of 200 mg nitrate (test group, n = 20) or being void of nitrate (placebo group, n = 19)."( Impact of Dietary Nitrate on the Recovery of Therapy-related Vascular Health Impairments Following Standard Periodontal Aftercare Therapy: a Hypothesis-generating Subanalysis.
Baulmann, J; Carle, R; Goßner, SK; Haubitz, I; Jockel-Schneider, Y; Petersen, N; Schlagenhauf, U; Stölzel, P, 2023)		0.91
"The sidestream sludge treatment by free ammonium (FA)/free nitrous acid (FNA) dosing was frequently demonstrated to maintain the nitrite pathway for the partial nitrification (PN) process."( Insights on biological phosphorus removal with partial nitrification in single sludge system via sidestream free ammonia and free nitrous acid dosing.
Duan, H; Lu, X; Oehmen, A; Ye, L; Yuan, Z; Zhao, J, 2023)		0.91
" To investigate the mechanism of action, conducted assays of antioxidant activity, measured the dosage of inflammatory cytokines, quantified mucus, treated with inhibitors (IND, L-NAME, glibenclamide, and yohimbine), performed histopathological analysis, and measured gastric acid secretion."( Antiulcer activity and mechanism of action of the hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Terminalia argentea Mart. In different in vivo and in vitro experimental models.
Arunachalam, K; Damazo, AS; Figueiredo, FF; Martins, DTO; Muller, JAI; Oliveira, DM; Serio, BFD; Silva, MJD; Venturini, CL, 2024)		1.44
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (2 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Other1
Desserts, Surgelés, Desserts glacés, Glaces et sorbets, Glaces, Crèmes glacées en pot1

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
nitrogen oxoanion
reactive nitrogen speciesA family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.
monovalent inorganic anionAny inorganic anion with a valency of one.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (60)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Cellular responses to stimuli48356
Cellular responses to stress46954
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species3027
Events associated with phagocytolytic activity of PMN cells213
Nitrogen Metabolism2622
Nitrate Reduction VIII236
Disease1278231
Infectious disease89579
Latent infection of Homo sapiens with Mycobacterium tuberculosis3232
Latent infection - Other responses of Mtb to phagocytosis3233
Tolerance by Mtb to nitric oxide produced by macrophages1121
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway128
Immune System91482
Innate Immune System41475
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes1237
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis7442
Neuroinflammation010
Cellular response to chemical stress16740
Bacterial Infection Pathways12347
nitrate reduction III (dissimilatory)1219
nitrate reduction X (dissimilatory, periplasmic)517
nitrate reduction VIIIb (dissimilatory)411
nitrate reduction VIII (dissimilatory)1915
nitrate reduction VII (denitrification)27
formate to nitrite electron transfer714
nitrate reduction IX (dissimilatory)920
nitrate reduction IV (dissimilatory)38
nitrite reduction (hemoglobin)26
nitrate reduction VI (assimilatory)518
nitrate reduction II (assimilatory)415
nitrate reduction V (assimilatory)426
pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate II625
formate oxidation to CO2417
nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation08
2-nitrotoluene degradation312
nitrobenzene degradation II37
1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene degradation46
2,4-dinitrotoluene degradation720
2,6-dinitrotoluene degradation011
cyanate degradation417
nitrite oxidation411
ammonia oxidation III016
ammonia oxidation IV (autotrophic ammonia oxidizers)724
ammonia oxidation I (aerobic)924
nitrogen fixation I (ferredoxin)619
2-nitrophenol degradation011
4-nitrophenol degradation II713
4-nitrophenol degradation I916
2,4,6-trinitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol degradation310
5-nitroanthranilate degradation314
nitroglycerin degradation17
alkylnitronates degradation350
nitroethane degradation115
nitrifier denitrification1425
ammonia oxidation II (anaerobic)89
nitrate reduction I (denitrification)719
superpathway of parathion degradation08
respiration (anaerobic)-- electron acceptors reaction list021
formate to nitrate electron transfer16
Nitrate assimilation012

Protein Targets (5)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki22,132.24000.00001.372610.0000AID1798763; AID1803484
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki33,052.24000.00000.72369.9200AID1798763; AID1803485
Carbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)Ki25,565.30000.00021.97209.9200AID1798763
Carbonic anhydraseMethanosarcina thermophilaKi8,700.00000.06000.97148.5000AID1803493
Carbonic anhydrase 15Mus musculus (house mouse)Ki25,565.30000.00091.884610.0000AID1798763
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (13)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epitheliumCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reductionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathwayCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
secretionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pHCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
bicarbonate transportCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (6)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
hydro-lyase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (19)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheathCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
rough endoplasmic reticulumCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartmentCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport vesicle membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (8)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1803254CA Inhibition Assay from Article 10.3109/14756366.2011.649268: \\Inhibition of the alpha- and beta-carbonic anhydrases from the gastric pathogen Helycobacter pylori with anions.\\2013Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Inhibition of the alpha- and beta-carbonic anhydrases from the gastric pathogen Helycobacter pylori with anions.
AID1803484ChEMBL_158304 (CHEMBL763189) from Article 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.029: \\Anion inhibition profiles of a-, u00DF- and u00BF-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.\\2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16
Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1803486ChEMBL_158306 (CHEMBL763191) from Article 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.029: \\Anion inhibition profiles of a-, u00DF- and u00BF-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.\\2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16
Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1798763CA Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.082: \\Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the membrane-associated isoform XV is highly inhibited by inorganic anions.\\2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 19, Issue:4
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the membrane-associated isoform XV is highly inhibited by inorganic anions.
AID1803493ChEMBL_158313 (CHEMBL763370) from Article 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.029: \\Anion inhibition profiles of a-, u00DF- and u00BF-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.\\2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16
Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1803487ChEMBL_158307 (CHEMBL763192) from Article 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.029: \\Anion inhibition profiles of a-, u00DF- and u00BF-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.\\2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16
Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1803485ChEMBL_158305 (CHEMBL763190) from Article 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.029: \\Anion inhibition profiles of a-, u00DF- and u00BF-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.\\2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16
Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1803491ChEMBL_158311 (CHEMBL763368) from Article 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.029: \\Anion inhibition profiles of a-, u00DF- and u00BF-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.\\2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16
Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (19,038)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19904318 (22.68)18.7374
1990's2452 (12.88)18.2507
2000's5626 (29.55)29.6817
2010's5138 (26.99)24.3611
2020's1504 (7.90)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 81.26

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index81.26 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.92 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.65 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index153.09 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (81.26)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials501 (2.51%)5.53%
Reviews739 (3.71%)6.00%
Case Studies157 (0.79%)4.05%
Observational21 (0.11%)0.25%
Other18,503 (92.88%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		2.4720O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
monoisopropanolamine
monoisopropanolamine: possible industrial pollutant; structure. 1-aminopropan-2-ol : Any amino alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.0210amino alcohol;
secondary alcohol		Escherichia coli metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		3.1350C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.0310chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		3.150dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-hydroxyglutarate
2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.17102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.		1.9710bisphosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative		human metabolite
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.		2.0410aminobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-hydroxykynurenine
3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.		2.420hydroxykynureninehuman metabolite
acetoacetic acid
acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.		2.39203-oxo fatty acid;
ketone body		metabolite
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.4620non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid
cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids		2.7430
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		4.54230amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		3.79110monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.38204-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		2.4520hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.0110ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		5.06390monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		4.95120aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		1.9410acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		4.18170ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		7.713116-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		5.0390guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		3.0850imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
aminoacetone
aminoacetone: RN given refers to parent cpd. aminoacetone : A propanone consisting of acetone having an amino group at the 1-position.		2.0410methyl ketone;
propanones		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		16.91,2694azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
anthranilic acid
anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.		2.8740aminobenzoic acidhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		2.9640arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.940acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzene
[no description available]		10.44200aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		3.2660benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		4.4951amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		6.28470halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.		2.1310gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		3.78110alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.9640fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine
[no description available]		4.7390alkane-alpha,omega-diamineDaphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		4.36210amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		9.34861carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		5.82290monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		2.0710amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		5.12101amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		3.690catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		12.982773alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		4.15170cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		5.9571tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		10.861893halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		4.73300chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.7830coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		3.5380monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
3-methylcatechol
3-methylbenzene-1,2-diol: structure in first source. dihydroxytoluene : Any hydroxytoluene that has two hydroxy substituents. 3-methylcatechol : A methylcatechol carrying a methyl substituent at position 3. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by some bacteria capable of degrading nitroaromatic compounds present in pesticide-contaminated soil samples.		1.9810methylcatecholbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
3-cresol
3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. m-cresol : A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		2.610cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		2.4320benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		3.690trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		2.0510medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
2-nitropropane
2-nitropropane: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitropropane : A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).		3.5890secondary nitroalkanecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
xenobiotic
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		7.88630gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
dihydrolipoic acid
dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.		2.4120thio-fatty acidantioxidant;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.4120(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
3-chlorobenzoic acid
[no description available]		210monochlorobenzoic aciddrug metabolite
n(1)-methylnicotinamide
N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.		2.1110pyridinium ionalgal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		4.2970guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
methylmalonic acid
Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		2.4920C4-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine		13.768117alpha-amino acid
propionaldehyde
propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.		2.1110alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite
cyanic acid
[no description available]		2.1310one-carbon compound;
pseudohalogen oxoacid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		3.0340catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		1.9610dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
creatine
[no description available]		6.24192glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		5.75170aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanylalanine
alanylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		2.0410dipeptide
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		12.0585132-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		3.1410alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone
[no description available]		1.9810ketotriose;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antifungal agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylglycine
dimethylglycine: metabolic product of calcium pangamate; mutagen when mixed with nitrite; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethylglycine : An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents.		2.3720amino acid zwitterion;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		4.07150methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		4.33200sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.4620ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		8.01470aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide
formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.		1.9410carboximidic acid;
formamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		solvent
glycine
[no description available]		6.3371alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		2.4420aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		7.71301alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
glycolaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0310glycolaldehydesfundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		2.01102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbonic acid
Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.1310carbon oxoacid;
chalcocarbonic acid		mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		5.35110hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		6.73450carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4320
histamine
[no description available]		8.9461aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
homogentisic acid
Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.		1.9310dihydroxyphenylacetic acid;
hydroquinones		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
thiocyanic acid
thiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.		2.1310hydracid;
one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		10.11981elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		3.4270benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		8.51020hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		2.9640imidazole
indole
[no description available]		3.2260indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.3420indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		6.79270diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		3.3470hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
racepinephrine
Racepinephrine: A racemic mixture of d-epinephrine and l-epinephrine.. 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol : A catecholamine in which the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted at C-1 and methylated on nitrogen.		2.610catecholamine
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		3.6390aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		5.4220dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		2.7130alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
methylmercaptan
methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210alkanethiolhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		3.14502-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		12.49530alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		3.2160inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		3.65100cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		10.8586acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
n-acetylserotonin
N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.		2.3920acetamides;
N-acylserotonin;
phenols		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
naphthalene
[no description available]		2.4220naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		4.34190metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		5.47210pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.1960pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		29.517,193373monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		7.52232nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		7.43870nitrogen oxoacid
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		16.723340gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylaniline
N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		1.9710dimethylaniline;
tertiary amine
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.7130octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		3.470oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4420alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxamic acid
Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.		1.9910dicarboxylic acid monoamideEscherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		3.0550aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		2.15102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		human metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		3.741004-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4220acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		7.9440long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		2.8640C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		2.3320aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene
phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'		3.1650ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon;
phenanthrenes		environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		4.57250phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		3.1150benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
phenethylamine
phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.1510alkaloid;
aralkylamine;
phenylethylamine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		3.3660phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		210phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		1.9710benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		1.9810pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen
[no description available]		2.3110aralkylamino compound;
dicarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diphosphoric acid
diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.		2.5220acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid		Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		5.751glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.0550propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.4920saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pteridines
[no description available]		6.59210azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		3.1960purine
putrescine
[no description available]		4.3860alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.3720monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyrazole
1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.		2.0710pyrazole
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		4.0140azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal
[no description available]		1.9510hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.8940methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.5690hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		3.4980benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		3.59902-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		6.05101pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide
dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.		2.1510aliphatic sulfidealgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
marine metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		7.27800divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
dithionite
Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.		3.99140sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		4.8581N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenic acid
Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.		3.4570selenium oxoacid
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		1.9710selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		8.44850divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sulfurous acid
[no description available]		2.1310sulfur oxoacid
spermidine
[no description available]		3.690polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		4.54240polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		4.23170alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		3.6390sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		9.19282sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		4.16160amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.75110primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		4.4370pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		6.1240methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine
trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.		3.3870tertiary amine oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
osmolyte
trimethylamine
[no description available]		1.9810methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine
[no description available]		2.4120aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		4.83110pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		9.48711uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		10.81501isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		5.54161xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.7630non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin
7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210tetralins
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.730non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		2.0310benzenes;
organic amino compound
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.4220benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		2.36202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.6330p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		1.9910hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.4520oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0210
s,s'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea
S,S'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea: structure in first source		2.0310
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.4120isoquinolinolEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		2.0210aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse		2.4420imidazoles
1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		1.9910
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		3.8110aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		3.6790methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		2.4220glycerophosphocholine
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine
N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.		4.97370aralkylamine;
carboxamidine;
primary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		4.62260oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.6930bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		2.730chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		3.99140dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.		2.0810imidazopyridine;
primary amino compound		carcinogenic agent;
mutagen
2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4h-1,3-thiazine
2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine: a selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; structure given in first source		2.71301,3-thiazine
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		8.71231alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.		1.9910benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		2.0110amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.8840aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		3.2660benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-methoxymorphinan
3-methoxymorphinan: dextromethorphan metabolite; RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source		2.0410
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.4580ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		4.43220C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
cgp 52411
4,5-dianilinophthalimide: structure given in first source. 4,5-dianilinophthalimide : Phthalimide substituted at the 4- and 5-positions by anilino groups.		2.0810phthalimidesgeroprotector;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.7430aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.4120guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-nonylphenol
4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.		2.4920phenolsenvironmental contaminant
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		3.51801-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.3520imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride
5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.		1.9910aromatic amine;
azepanes;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
odorant receptor antagonist;
sodium channel blocker
5-hydroxydecanoate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd		2.4420medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		4.2970indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.		1.9810aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
tryptamines		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
serotonergic agonist
phenanthridone
phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.		2.0110lactam;
phenanthridines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mutagen
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		4.48220
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		2.0410
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		1.9910oxopurine
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		1.9510monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
abt 702
[no description available]		2.110bipyridines
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		4.58250acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
salophen
salophen: structure given in first source		2.0510carbonyl compound
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		4.6761monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.7130acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		1.9610acridines
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea
beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.		1.9910
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.3741phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		2.0410organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		1.9710aluminium coordination entity
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.8730adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.6930aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		1.9810acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.0210dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		7.411470guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		210N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
ampyrone
Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.		2.3620primary amino compound;
pyrazolone		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline
[no description available]		10.68270dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.07101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		3.411carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.1110monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		5.1101dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		3.0450barbiturates
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		4.5680pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		5.45141acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		1.9310aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		5.7310benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.7330ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
atrazine
[no description available]		340chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		1.9910monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
aztreonam
Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.		2.420
baclofen
[no description available]		2.4120amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
benzethonium
Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.		2.7220alkylbenzene
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		4.89110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		1.9510benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		6.24101benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
berberine
[no description available]		3.1650alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
diminazene
Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.		2.2510carboxamidine;
triazene derivative		antiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
propiolactone
Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.		2.3520propan-3-olide
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		210carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.0210
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		2.1510secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.8840organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0310nitro compound
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		4.3711aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		2.0510azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		2.1110methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		4.58260purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		7.56181aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		210imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0210bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.4120biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.5220benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cannabinol
Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.		210dibenzopyran
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.2860dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.04101-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.4220N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		3.4511carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		3.1350carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		3.84120hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		1.9710carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.470organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.4220aromatic ketone
cefixime
Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.		2.520
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		3.4370quaternary ammonium ion
cetyl alcohol
cetyl alcohol: has been used for eczema, skin irritations; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of sixteen carbon atoms.. hexadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0610hexadecanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		algal metabolite;
flavouring agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		2.4720pyridinium ion
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.4220benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.3420aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		3.0550benzodiazepine
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.71100aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		5.3441benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.3110monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		2.6530monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.6690organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.7130aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol
[no description available]		2.9440lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		12.25182aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		2.110
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.7430aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cirazoline
cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210aromatic ether
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.0310benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.25102-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0310amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		1.9710monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.1710monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		2.0210aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		4.3141dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.3970clonidine;
imidazoline
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.4220conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		3.1350cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.6830non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		7.8330aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		1.9410piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cystamine
[no description available]		2.3720organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		2.6930hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		3.4170indolesfluorochrome
dapsone
[no description available]		2.9640substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2.01104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		6.74122acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		2.3620dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.2460primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		1.9810alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		3.771001,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.0310organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		4.360benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dichlobanil
2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile : A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.		1.9810dichlorobenzene;
nitrile		agrochemical;
cellulose synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		3.9120amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		3.7530benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen
Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)		2.3110bridged diphenyl fungicide;
diarylmethane
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		1.9710alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethyl pyrocarbonate
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.		3.0510acyclic carboxylic anhydride
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2460pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		2.6330dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethoate
Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		1.9810monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		1.9610ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		3.97130organic cation
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		6.2190piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.260organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		8.1503-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		4.2360branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.5420
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		210N-acyl-amino acid
n(6),n(6)-dimethyladenine
N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenine : A tertiary amine that is adenine substituted at N-6 by geminal methyl groups.		2.0610tertiary amine
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		3.0240aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.3722aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
dsp 4
DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		1.9310oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		3.81110benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.3920dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase		2.0110
embelin
embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.		2.5320dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinonesantimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		210trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		1.9810cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		4.9350
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		2.8740aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		1.9510ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.5420alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		1.9710phenols
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		1.96101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		1.9610aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		3.1750aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.0110resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.0210anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fenthion
Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.		2.0310organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
fenvalerate
fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		210aromatic ether;
carboxylic ester;
monochlorobenzenes		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.1710conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		1.9410aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.4620ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flumequine
flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.		2.08103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolone antibiotic
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.27190nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		3.0240(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.3970fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.4120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		1.9710pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		3.2460chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		2.0710gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		5.0291
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0210N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		3.0650dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.6390monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		1.9510glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.0310
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.73100methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		4.5580azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		2.6830carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
bis(2-guanidinoethyl)disulfide
bis(2-guanidinoethyl)disulfide: bifunctional cation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9910
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide
[no description available]		210isoquinolines;
sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.4620isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.4620isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		3.4270aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.6530haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		1.9310quaternary ammonium salt
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		1.9810organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		3.9640barbiturates
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		3.6390phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		5.64150azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		5.0452benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		2.110aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		6.36121one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.8640hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.76100monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		2.8840benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
idebenone
[no description available]		2.11101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide
[no description available]		2.0710ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		4.6361dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.3920bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.0410indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indirubin-3'-monoxime
indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.0710
indole-3-carbinol
indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.		2.4420indolyl alcoholantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		6.54730aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.110organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		3.2460
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.8540carbohydrazide;
pyridines
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		3.6903-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		6.32111organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		3.7100carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		3.5180secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
propyphenazone
propyphenazone: structure. propyphenazone : A pyrazolone derivative that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by an isopropyl group.		1.9510pyrazolonenon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		6.1410catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
whi p154
WHI P154: an anti-leukemic agent; structure in first source		2.0310
staurosporine aglycone
staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor		1.9910
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		7.26111cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.5220dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		2.6930benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		2.0110amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		9.73100furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		2.7630monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mimosine
Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.		2.0310alpha-amino acid
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		1.9910benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		2.07101,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.4420benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lavendustin a
lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source		210aromatic amine
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.34190biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		3.81110chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.		3.690aminoquinoline;
aromatic amine;
p-quinones;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
edaravone
[no description available]		2.0710pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.82120nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		1.9910aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4720aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		5.8261adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		2.9910ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		2.3720piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		2.8540organic molecular entity
2-mercaptoethylguanidine
2-mercaptoethylguanidine: proposed as a radiation protective agent; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search GUANIDINES (75-83); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.9140
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		2.9540amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline
Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.		3.4520methoxybenzenes;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
primary amino compound		hallucinogen
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		4.3160guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		5.1731benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.3620ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		3.9950polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
methoxychlor
Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.		1.9710organochlorine insecticide
nocodazole
[no description available]		1.9910aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.4320C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		4.6111benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.3520methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.5720beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		2.5220benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		5.0631aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.7671C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		2.6730aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
n-methyl-d-glucamine dithiocarbamate
N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate: antidote for cadmium intoxication; repeated administration can result in reduction in cadmium levels of kidney & liver; structure given in first source		3.88120
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.1510dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		1.9810dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		4.4951imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		1.9910amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.0610dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		2.1510benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		2.420dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		2.5320monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		5.26510ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine
monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.		2.4120aminonaphthalene;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
protective agent
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		2.9440alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.4620benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
w 12
W 12: calmodulin antagonist; W13 analog with Cl deleted from benzene ring		210naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		210naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		3.2560maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		1.9810benzoic acids;
guanidines
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		3.4720quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		1.9310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		2.4220benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		8.22201C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4620aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.1250aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		3.11502-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		210C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.0110C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		14.22589nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.6930nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028
NS 2028: structure in first source		2.0610
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		3.72100aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.47203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olprinone
olprinone: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.0610bipyridines
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		12.22122aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.1310carbazoles
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		2.03101,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		5.29190benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.1710acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		1.9910phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		3.15501,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.0710phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		4.8470endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.2510aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		8.09461benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol
4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.		2.7330monochlorophenol
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.3520aromatic amine
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		3.96130aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.1350aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		8.0550barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		5.21111oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.4920piperidinescardiovascular drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		4.6690acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenmetrazine
Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.		2.3520morpholinesmetabolite;
sympathomimetic agent
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		5.06140barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		2.01102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		4.2960aromatic amine
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		2.520monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		1.9310pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin
[no description available]		2.0710dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		2.7330benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		1.9910benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		210pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		2.3620indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		581aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piperazine
[no description available]		3.2560azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		4.3222pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piromidic acid
Piromidic Acid: Antibacterial against mainly gram negative organisms. It is used for urinary tract and intestinal infections.. piromidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid, substituted at position 2 by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic antibacterial which is used for the treatment of urinary tract and intestinal infections.		1.9610monocarboxylic acid;
pyridopyrimidine;
pyrrolidines;
quinolone antibiotic;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		8.96404inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		3.4680potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		1.9510acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.4120isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		3.2360aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.0550aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		3.2160diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.0310benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.4220dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		4.860benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		3.0350benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.110benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prometryne
Prometryne: A triazine used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). prometryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.		1.9510diamino-1,3,5-triazine;
methylthio-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
pronethalol
pronethalol: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-66); NAPHTHYLISOPROTERENOL was see PRONETHALOL 1977-94; use ETHANOLAMINES to search PRONETHALOL 1966-94		1.9410naphthalenes
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.4320phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		9.02154phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		9.18383naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		2.4920
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.3620pyridines
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.0110aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		4.6732benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.7330benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		3.86211,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ro 31-8220
Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor		2.0310imidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
rofecoxib
[no description available]		3.5480butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.6930pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		2.2510indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		2.6102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
etiron
etiron: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.6930
s-methylisothiopseudouronium
S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source		4.27180
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		5.281001,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
safrole
Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.		440benzodioxolesflavouring agent;
insecticide;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
sarpogrelate
sarpogrelate: structure given in first source		2.4420hemisuccinate;
stilbenoid
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		7.1853ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		3.2260pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
simazine
Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		1.9510chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		5.11440morpholines
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		2.4220fluoride saltmutagen
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		2.730inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		1.9410quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		1.9410pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.4780pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		1.9610sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.6990isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		3.5890substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0410primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		1.9610pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.9240
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		1.97101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		1.98102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		3.9140isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.730benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		2.1710sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		8.2660naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.4110N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tempol-h
TEMPOL-H: hydroxylamine (protonated, reduced) form of TEMPOL; a N-hydroxyl form of LASTAR A; TEMPOL is paramagnetic radical used in NMR as SPIN LABELS whereas TEMPOL-H is not. 4-hydroxy-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4. It is a radical scavenger which exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.		2.4520
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0110phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		1.9410benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		3.0750quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.3260phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		3.0410dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		1.94101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione
thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.5120thiazolidenedione
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		2.4220sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		2.3720phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiram
Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.		7.8840organic disulfideantibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
tiaramide
tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610benzothiazoles
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.9440monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		1.9910N-acyl-amino acid
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3920trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		1.9410pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.3520N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		3.3370imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.0110N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.730triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		2.2510monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		1.9910benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
triclosan
[no description available]		6.9282aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		1.9810N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.9540aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		2.4220dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		1.9510aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.9240chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tyramine
[no description available]		6.21270monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		1.9610alkylbenzenegeroprotector
urethane
[no description available]		3.81120carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.6830organic molecular entity
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		2.3820
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		210aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2101,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.4420aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0710carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		3.1450inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.0410imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		2.6530mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		4.8933011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.245011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.051016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		3.4720ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		5.12150alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.25190imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		5.16150glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		3.690pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		4.58260pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.3520nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		3.19601,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.3520nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		4.442204-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.971302-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine
Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.		2.6330
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		3.92130ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		4.35223-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		2.93403-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		7.8423211beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate
Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.		1.9510tartrate saltantihypertensive agent
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		5.49650non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		3.813011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.673017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
androsterone
[no description available]		2.924017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		4.777117-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		1.97102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.6530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		4.03140pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.4120N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		5.4180organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.52802-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		4.58260nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		2.6630dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		3.89120chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		4.09160alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		5.19190L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.1110corticosteroid hormone
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.		2.6430C-nitro compound;
quinoline N-oxide		carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		4.09160C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		7.05261aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		5.87231amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		6.86641aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		8.781660pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.4680carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sulfamic acid
sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.		3.8110sulfamic acids
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		5.51220glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.125017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
chlordan
Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9810cyclodiene organochlorine insecticideGABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.6530bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.6930ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		3.2660aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		7610pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		2.01103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		5.85231adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0810azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		3.84110tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		3.3370uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.8640kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		5.07140pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		3.97140D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.9640monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		5.35560phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
n-nitrosomorpholine
N-nitrosomorpholine : A nitrosamine that is morpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. A carcinogen and mutagen, it is found in snuff tobacco.		4.22180nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		3.75100amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		6.36520ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-aminoazobenzene
p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.		1.9810
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		2.6430azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		3.83110benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		20.13455amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.1650amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		210aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		3.4680amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		3.0850adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		1.97101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		10.411012organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid
4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.3620arenesulfonic acid;
toluenes
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		1.9410benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		4.21180amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		2.8640methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		4.871quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		3.7100anilines;
primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		8.541120nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		3.155017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		3.3470carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.4220pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		3.5690lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		8.38391aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.0610
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		5.48161amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diethyl sulfate
diethyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. diethyl sulfate : The diethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		3.2310alkyl sulfatealkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		3.629020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		6.55181alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cytidine
[no description available]		2.8940cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-hexanal
[no description available]		1.9710medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		human urinary metabolite
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		1.9410aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		1.9610penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		5.07430antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		3.3770diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
barbituric acid
barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.		2.3420barbituratesallergen;
xenobiotic
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		3.3870chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone
[no description available]		2.0510sulfone
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.9240organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		3.260formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		4.643217beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		1.95104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone
Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.		1.95101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		2.11017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
chlorisondamine
Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.		210isoindoles
tubercidin
Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.		2.0110antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2760beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		5.65260mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.0210beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		2.9640nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		7.44453non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		2.730C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		3.75110amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-thiomalic acid
[no description available]		2.0810C4-dicarboxylic acid
4-aminopropiophenone
4-aminopropiophenone: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9410
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		8.43441amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		3.0550pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.		2.420chloroethanespolar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		5.468220-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		6.56144L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.6530amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		3.4620quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
alizarin
[no description available]		2.1310dihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		8.81611erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		3.5690aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		20.5678651arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		3.5790alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		6.5381alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		5.22160alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		3.85120methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		3.84120alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		3.110chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		3.5580aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.9440chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
difluoromethane
difluoromethane: structure given in first source		2.0310fluoromethanesrefrigerant
carbon disulfide
Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.		2.3720one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
formaldoxime
formaldoxime: structure in first source. nitrone : A nitrogen ylide obtained by oxygenation of any imine.		2.0510
phosgene
Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.		3.7530acyl chloride
iodoform
[no description available]		3.1610iodomethanes
nitromethane
nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.		3.1450primary nitroalkane;
volatile organic compound		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
explosive;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
tetramethylammonium
tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.		2.1310quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		1.9610tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
tert-butylthiol
tert-butylthiol: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
dichlorodifluoromethane
dichlorodifluoromethane: refrigerant,aerosol propellant		1.9810
trimethylchlorosilane
trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.		2.110silyl chloridechromatographic reagent
tert-amyl alcohol
2-methylbutan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is propan-1-ol in which both of the hydrogens at position 1 have been replaced by methyl groups.		1.9610aliphatic alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		protic solvent
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		3.0950alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		3.0650monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chloropicrin
chloropicrin: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED (66-85); Index Medicus search CHLOROPICRIN (66-85). chloropicrin : A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.		4.460C-nitro compound;
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antifungal agrochemical;
fumigant insecticide;
nematicide
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		2.0210C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		3.87120benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.6430primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		3.1650
pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.		7.84342pentaerythritol nitrateexplosive;
vasodilator agent
linalool
linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.		2.0310monoterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		antimicrobial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		2.4620alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
isobutylamine
2-methylpropanamine : An alkylamine having isobutyl as the alkyl group. It has been isolated from Sambucus nigra (Elderberry).		1.9710alkylaminesplant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol
isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isobutyraldehyde
isobutyraldehyde : A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		1.98102-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde;
propanals		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone
methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.		2.4720butanone;
dialkyl ketone;
methyl ketone;
volatile organic compound		bacterial metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.9340chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.6830acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
peracetic acid
Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.		3.0430a peroxy aciddisinfectant;
oxidising agent
nitroethane
nitroethane : A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.		2.6430primary nitroalkane
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.6430pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		3.3160bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide
cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.		2.4420peroxolenvironmental contaminant;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
oxidising agent
alpha-pinene
[no description available]		2.4520pineneplant metabolite
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		1.9910enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		3.1150amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		2.7830organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
1-aminoanthraquinone
[no description available]		2.610
1,5-dichloroanthraquinone
[no description available]		2.0710
quintozene
quintozene: active ingredient of variety of fungicides. pentachloronitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which every hydrogen has been replaced by a chlorine. A fungicide used on a variety of crops, including cotton, rice and seed grains, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		2.3920aromatic fungicide;
C-nitro compound;
pentachlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.3520N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		2.7306-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		3.81110organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
benzo(f)quinoline
[no description available]		1.9610
n-nitrosodiphenylamine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		3.0750phenylhydrazines
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		8.96456glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
phthalide
2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one : A gamma-lactone that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran in which the hydrogens at position 1 are replaced by an oxo group.. isobenzofuranone : A 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.		2.11102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone
gramine
gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.		1.9610aminoalkylindole;
indole alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene
trichlorobenzene: commercial grade of trichlorobenzene containing 70% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene & 30% 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene; see also record for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. trichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.. 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.		2.0410trichlorobenzene
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		210
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.730pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-sulfanilic acid
2-aminobenzenesulfonic acid : An aminobenzenesulfonic acid carrying an amino group at position 2.		1.9610aminobenzenesulfonic acid
2-nitrotoluene
nitrotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes bearing one or more nitro substituents on the benzene ring.		2.9640mononitrotoluenecarcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant
1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene
[no description available]		2.2110C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes
2-nitrophenol
nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.		1.97102-nitrophenols
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.6630C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		2.1110arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		2.3520monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
1-naphthol
1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.		2.4120naphtholgenotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite
1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid
1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid: dye and found in industrial waste		2.0510
aminacrine
Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.		2.3520aminoacridines;
primary amino compound		acid-base indicator;
antiinfective agent;
antiseptic drug;
fluorescent dye;
MALDI matrix material;
mutagen
xanthone
xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.		2.0110xanthonesinsecticide
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		1.9510aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether: structure. 2,6-dimethoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.4120dimethoxybenzene;
phenols		plant metabolite
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		8.35391mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline
[no description available]		2.5220azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
isatin
tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;		2.1510indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		5.59230naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		2.6630
pyronine
Pyronine: Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.. pyronin Y : An organic chloride salt having 6-(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium as the cation. Used with methyl green to selectively demonstrate RNA (red) in contrast to DNA (green) with the Unna-Pappenheim method.		2.0210iminium salt;
organic chloride salt		histological dye
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		1.9410aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		6.0790xanthene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		1.9310phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
veratric acid
veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.		2.0610benzoic acidsallergen;
plant metabolite
1-phenylpropanol
1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source		2.1510organic molecular entity
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		4.5140benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzothiophene
[no description available]		2.02101-benzothiophenes;
benzothiophene
2-xylene
2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		210xylene
2-dichlorobenzene
2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.		2.2110dichlorobenzenehepatotoxic agent;
metabolite
1,2-diaminobenzene
1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.		2.4520phenylenediaminehydrogen donor
2-chlorophenol
chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.		2.08102-halophenol;
monochlorophenol
alpha-chlorohydrin
alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.		1.9510chloropropane-1,2-diol
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.3741butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		2.4110aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
benzenearsonic acid
benzenearsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7730arsonic acids;
organoarsonic acid
arsanilic acid
Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.		2.1710organoarsonic acid
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		2.67305-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
cumene
cumene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.		1.9710alkylbenzene
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		3.6290nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
3-toluic acid
3-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210methylbenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
3-hydroxybenzoic acid
3-hydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.		2.3920monohydroxybenzoic acidbacterial metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-nitrotoluene
[no description available]		2.0810mononitrotoluene
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.9840trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.		2.3820trinitrobenzeneexplosive
alpha phellandrene
alpha phellandrene: can be irritating to, & absorbed by the skin; ingestion can cause vomiting, diarrhea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. alpha-phellandrene : One of a pair of phellandrene cyclic monoterpene double-bond isomers in which both double bonds are endocyclic (cf. alpha-phellandrene, where one of them is exocyclic).		1.9910cyclohexadiene;
phellandrene		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
gamma-terpinene
gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.		2.4220cyclohexadiene;
monoterpene		antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
4-nitrotoluene
4-nitrotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6470. mononitrotoluene : A nitrotoluene bearing a single nitro substituent at any position. A "closed class".. 4-nitrotoluene : A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.		2.3720mononitrotoluene
4-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.4220nitroanilinebacterial xenobiotic metabolite
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.		1.9310benzaldehydes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		chromogenic compound
terephthalic acid
terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.		2.4720benzenedicarboxylic acid
tetramethylphenylenediamine
1,4-bis(dimethylamino)benzene: structure in first source		2.3110
1,4-dinitrobenzene
1,4-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene carrying nitro groups at positions 1 and 4.		1.9810dinitrobenzene
2-diethylaminoethanol
2-diethylaminoethanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 2-diethylaminoethanol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.		1.9910ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		2.1510alkylbenzene
benzylamine
aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.		2.0510aralkylamine;
primary amine		allergen;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
benzonitrile
benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.0610benzenes;
nitrile
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		2.420phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		1.9910monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
n-nitrosopiperidine
N-nitrosopiperidine: structure. N-nitrosopiperidine : A nitrosamine that is piperidine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. One of the many carcinogens detected in cigarette smoke, it is found in meat, cheese and spices that have been treated with the preservative sodium nitrite.		2.7230nitrosamine;
piperidine		apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mutagen
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.0610quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid
Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.		5.69110sulfamic acidsenvironmental contaminant;
human xenobiotic metabolite
methylenebis(chloroaniline)
Methylenebis(chloroaniline): Aromatic diamine used in the plastics industry as curing agent for epoxy resins and urethane rubbers. It causes bladder, liver, lung, and other neoplasms.. 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) : A chloroaniline that consists of two 2-chloroaniline units joined by a methylene bridge.		2.0310chloroanilinemetabolite
dicyclohexylamine
dicyclohexylamine: potent inhibitor of spermidine synthase; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9310primary aliphatic amine
triethanolamine
triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.3720amino alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
triol		buffer;
surfactant
dibenzylamine
dibenzylamine: used in detection of cobalt, cyanate, & iron; RN given refers to parent cpd; CAUTION: synonym iminodibenzyl is not unique to this cpd; structure		210aromatic amine
n-methylbenzylamine
N-methylbenzylamine: precursor of carcinogen benzylmethylnitrosamine; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.9840
4-nitrosophenol
4-nitrosophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		1.9710
n-methyldiethanolamine
[no description available]		2.110
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		5.2631caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
4-xylene
p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.		210xylene
4-phenylenediamine
4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.		2.1110phenylenediamineallergen;
dye;
hapten;
reagent
1,3-butadiene
buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.		1.9410butadienecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
acrolein
[no description available]		3.5180enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
propionitrile
propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.		1.9610aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		2.3520aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.0310primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
propargyl alcohol
propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0610propynol;
terminal acetylenic compound;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glyoxal
[no description available]		2.4110dialdehydeagrochemical;
allergen;
pesticide;
plant growth regulator
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		4.3460alkane
isoamylamine
isoamylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. isopentylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butan-1-amine carrying a methyl substituent at position 3.		2.3720primary aliphatic aminebacterial metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-xylene
m-xylene : A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.		2.6930xylene
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		2.5420triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
chlorobenzene
[no description available]		2.2110monochlorobenzenessolvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.5120cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
cyclohexanone
[no description available]		2.1110cyclohexanoneshuman xenobiotic metabolite
3-methylpyridine
3-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 3.		2.1710methylpyridine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
[no description available]		2.0310
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		3.8321alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
allyl cyanide
TL 350: structure given in first source. allyl cyanide : An aliphatic nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an allyl group.		2.0110aliphatic nitrile;
olefinic compound		antifeedant;
neurotoxin;
plant metabolite
diethylamine
[no description available]		2.9240secondary aliphatic amine
ethyl nitrite
[no description available]		9.82222nitroso compound
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		9.05461pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		7.05132mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate
isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure		4.6111fatty acid ester
isoamyl nitrite
isoamyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having isopentyl as the alkyl group.		4.250nitrite estersantihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.0510alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		2.4920cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
piperidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
morpholine
[no description available]		3.76110morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
diisopropanolamine
diisopropanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diisopropanolamine : A secondary amino compound that is diethanolamine substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 1'. It is a versatile chemical used in a variety of personal care, cosmetic and industrial products.		1.9710aminodiol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		buffer;
emulsifier;
surfactant
diethylenetriamine
diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.4951polyazaalkane;
triamine
diethanolamine
diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.		2.7130ethanolamineshuman xenobiotic metabolite
dibutylamine
[no description available]		2.8940
methyl palmitate
[no description available]		2.4620fatty acid methyl estermetabolite
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		3.9640peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
pentaerythritol
pentaerythritol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6904. pentaerythritol : A tetrol that is neopentane in which one of the methyl hydrogens of all four methyl groups are replaced by hydroxy groups. It is a chemical intermediate used in the production of explosives, plastics, paints, appliances, and cosmetics.		1.9310primary alcohol;
tetrol		flame retardant;
laxative
linalyl acetate
linalyl acetate: structure in first source; RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation. linalyl acetate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-linalyl acetate. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.. 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-yl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of linalool. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.		2.9130acetate ester;
monoterpenoid
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		4.48230trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.8940aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
2,4-dinitroanisole
2,4-dinitroanisole : A member of the class of dinitroanisoles that is 2-nitroanisole in which the hydrogen para to the methoxy group is replaced by a second nitro group.		2.110dinitroanisolesexplosive
efloxate
efloxate: structure		1.9310organic molecular entity
scoparone
scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.		2.0310aromatic ether;
coumarins		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antilipemic drug;
immunosuppressive agent;
plant metabolite
anthracene
acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.		2.3920acene;
anthracenes;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
clorophene
[no description available]		2.3110
sulfoxide
sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).		2.0710benzodioxoles
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.0310dichlorophenol
2,4-dinitrotoluene
2,4-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.		3.2660dinitrotoluene
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.8830methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
cyclonite
cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.		5.221501,3,5-triazinanes;
N-nitro compound		explosive
3-nitrobenzoic acid
3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.4320anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
1-nitroso-2-naphthol
[no description available]		1.9610naphthols
captan
Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.		1.9510isoindoles;
organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		3.2260naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		5.39110naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
2-aminothiophenol
2-aminothiophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-aminothiophenol : An aryl thiol that is thiophenol substituted at position 2 by an amino group.		2.2510aryl thiol;
substituted aniline		plant metabolite
2,5-dimethyl-4-benzoquinone
[no description available]		2.1510
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		1.9510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrosodimethylaniline
4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position.		210dimethylaniline;
nitroso compound;
tertiary amino compound
dimethyldodecylbenzylammonium
dimethyldodecylbenzylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzododecinium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N-benzyl-N-methyldodecan-1-amine.		1.9610quaternary ammonium ion
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		3.150NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
diphenylcarbazide
Diphenylcarbazide: Used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine.		2.1110phenylhydrazines
monuron
monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.		7.07103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.7230acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		3.150cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
tetraphenylborate
Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.		1.9510
pregnenolone
[no description available]		2.11020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		4.660methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
acridine mustard
acridine mustard: ICR 170 was heading 1975-95 (see under NITROGEN MUSTARD COMPOUNDS 1975-90); ACRIDINE MUSTARD was see ICR 170 1981-95; use ICR-170 (NM) to search ICR 170 1975-95		1.9610acridinesintercalator
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.6830purine nucleoside
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		4.14160dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.7330organic molecular entity
dulcin
dulcin: structure		1.9510ureas
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		5.1140cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		3.411120-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		9.5474catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		1.9510organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
homoarginine
L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.		5.2662homoarginine;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
fluoranthene
fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.		2.420ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
cinnoline
cinnoline: structure in first source. cinnoline : An azaarene that is the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of cinnolines.		1.9310azaarene;
cinnolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.9440azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		8.15430acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		4.56240indazole
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		5.28311,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
indolizine
[no description available]		2.1710indolizines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
azulene
[no description available]		1.9710azulenes;
mancude carbobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.0710adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.7430cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.4170isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		4.77711,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		9.227411,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		4.8100diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		3.150organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		2.9440organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.		2.6530azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
phenazines
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		1.9510calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.0450phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diiodotyrosine
Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.		1.9410diiodotyrosine;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allylbenzene
[no description available]		2.0310
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		8.16850azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate
thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.		6.97370pseudohalide anion;
sulfur molecular entity		human metabolite
perfluorodecalin
perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.		210fluorocarbonblood substitute;
solvent
dexamethasone 21-phosphate
dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		3.3870organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		3.1650pyrrolizidine alkaloid
opipramol
Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.		1.9710dibenzoazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		4.98130mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		1.9510N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
6-aminonicotinamide
6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.		2.0310aminopyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary amino compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
teratogenic agent
diazomethane
Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.		1.9410diazo compoundalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
poison
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		2.0610benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		2.1310steroid ester
kynuramine
Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.		2.7330kynurenamines;
primary amino compound		metabolite
cuprizone
[no description available]		210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		19.9215312amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		5.93110diarylmethane
cyanamide
Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.		4.6280nitrile;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		210haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		1.991020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.42017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate
Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.		1.9610
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd		4.3360alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid;
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antidote;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		2.35202-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.8740imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		3.73100monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
n-pentyl nitrite
Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.		9.05671nitrite estersvasodilator agent
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		1.95101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
chlorfenvinphos
Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.		2.3720dichlorobenzene;
organic phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		4.69110guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		3.5580calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
hopane
hopane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.1710terpenoid fundamental parent;
triterpene
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.3920bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		5.16150
boldine
[no description available]		2.1710aporphine alkaloid
rhein
[no description available]		2.0410dihydroxyanthraquinone
nitramine
nitramine : Amines substituted at N with a nitro group (a contracted form of N-nitroamines); they are thus amides of nitric acid, and the class is composed of nitramide, O2NNH2, and its derivatives formed by substitution.. N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine : A nitramine that is methylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a nitro group while the other is substituted by a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl group. A yellow crystalline powder, it is a high explosive, capable of being detonated by friction, shock, or a spark.		3.96140nitramineexplosive
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		1.9510thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
phthalimidine
phthalimidine: structure given in first source. isoindolin-1-one : A member of the class of isoindoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole in which the hydrogens at positon 1 are replaced by an oxo group.		2.1710gamma-lactam;
isoindoles
cepharanthine
cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.		2.4520bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
aloe emodin
aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.		2.4320aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
imperatorin
imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.2510psoralensEC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
metabolite
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.0410phthalazines
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		3.1250benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		3.6790dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone
thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.		3.16501,4-benzoquinonesadjuvant;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite
pamaquine
pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110aminoquinoline
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		1.9810amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
methyl red
methyl red: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methyl red : An azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group.		2.110
melarsoprol
Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.		2.0410triazines
dithiol
dithiol: structure		2.4110
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		3.2760carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		2.2110botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
indophenol
Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.		2.3720quinone iminedye
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.7230phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
phloretic acid
phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.		210hydroxy monocarboxylic acidplant metabolite
phorone
phorone: an industrial solvent; structure		2.3820dialkenyl ketone
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		3.2460
1,3-propanediol
propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.		1.9310propane-1,3-diolsmetabolite;
protic solvent
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		5.46120thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.2510ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
hexacosanoic acid
hexacosanoic acid: a C(26) saturated acid. hexacosanoic acid : A 26-carbon, straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.		2.4720fatty acid 26:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.9440hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
tetranitromethane
[no description available]		2.3720organonitrogen compound
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		2.0210organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		4.881003'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.411117alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		2.934017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		4.3370
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		3.260organic molecular entity
2,3,4,5,6-pentachloroaniline
[no description available]		2.0510
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		3.2660C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
1,2-dinitrobenzene
[no description available]		2.3820dinitrobenzene
cellobiose
beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.		2.0610cellobioseepitope
herniarin
herniarin: methoxy analog of umbelliferone; structure. herniarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a methoxy group at position 7.		2.1310coumarinsfluorochrome
hydroxyhydroquinone
benzene-1,2,4-triol : A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.		2.6830benzenetriolmouse metabolite
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		2.1110methoxybenzenes;
phenols
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.0850amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		2.6630carbodiimideATP synthase inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
peptide coupling reagent
cetyl palmitate
palmityl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of palmitic acid with palmityl alcohol. It is used as a thickener and emollient in cosmetics.		2.1510hexadecanoate estermetabolite
aminoacetonitrile
Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.		1.9510
maleimide
[no description available]		2.0310dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
muscone
muscone: structure in first source		4.6111
isobutyl nitrite
isobutyl nitrite: ''recreational'' drug of abuse, sniffed.		7.8730nitrite esters
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		14.7639027dialdehydebiomarker
isobutyl nitrate
[no description available]		1.9710
n-butyl nitrite
n-butyl nitrite: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1570		6.68420nitroso compound
n-hexadecane
n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.		2.4220long-chain alkanenon-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		3.74100arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.4420organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride
Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.		210
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		3.8440organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.0210phenoxazine
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.7830hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl
4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.		2.1110bipyridine
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		3.3911carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
3-nitrophenol
[no description available]		2.02103-nitrophenols
malachite green
malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.		2.0210organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
teratogenic agent
2,6-dinitrophenol
[no description available]		2.1510dinitrophenol
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		4.2260flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
potassium carbonate
potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.		210carbonate salt;
potassium salt		catalyst;
fertilizer;
flame retardant
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		3.150aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
trolnitrate
trolnitrate: synonym Angitrit refers to phosphate; structure #412; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3170nitrate ester
3,5-dichlorophenol
3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.		2.7430dichlorophenol
mercuric cyanide
[no description available]		1.9410mercury coordination entity
allyl sulfide
allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1		2.4420organic sulfide
n-methylhydroxylamine
[no description available]		1.9910
dimethylselenide
dimethylselenide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. dimethylselenide : An organoselenium compound of two methyl groups covalently bound to a selenium.		2.0310organoselenium compoundbacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
methylurea
N-methyl urea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by a methyl group at one of the nitrogen atoms.		3.2260ureas
methyl nitrate
methyl nitrate: C-H3-N-O3		2.0110
2-chloropropionic acid
2-chloropropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified chlorine locant; structure		2.4120
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		2.0310extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
2,6-dinitrotoluene
2,6-dinitrotoluene: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for nitrogen moieties. 2,6-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene carrying nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.0310dinitrotoluenegenotoxin
2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol
2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol: structure in first source		2.0310
1-aminoanthracene
[no description available]		1.9710anthracenamine
phenylglyoxylic acid
phenylglyoxylic acid: styrene metabolite. phenylglyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		1.98102-oxo monocarboxylic acidbiomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite
n-methyl-n-nitrosoaniline
N-methyl-N-nitrosoaniline: structure		1.9710
trimecaine
Trimecaine: Acetanilide derivative used as a local anesthetic.		1.9510amino acid amide
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		10.15755acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate
[no description available]		2.9640oxo carboxylic acid
2-chloro-4-nitrophenol
2-chloro-4-nitrophenol: structure in first source		2.7830
4-nitrobenzonitrile
4-nitrobenzonitrile: structure given in first source		2.0510
n-nitroso(di-n-propyl)amine
[no description available]		1.9610nitroso compound
glycine ethyl ester
glycine ethyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
glycerol-1-nitrate
mononitroglycerol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified nitrate locant		2.6730
methyl nitrite
[no description available]		10.42190
ethylurea
[no description available]		3.0550
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine
Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.9410dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester		hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		3.3670
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid: hypocalcemic action; structure. pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid : A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2.		1.9610pyrrolecarboxylic acidplant metabolite
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		5.45151cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
nitrohexane
nitrohexane: formed by deliberate nitrosation of corn; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified nitro locant; RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index. 1-nitrohexane : A primary nitroalkane that is hexane substituted by a nitro group at position 1.		1.9510primary nitroalkanehuman urinary metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		2.924017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		2.6730organic molecular entity
chromonar
Chromonar: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.6730coumarins
homoserine
homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.		1.9410amino acid zwitterion;
homoserine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrosoguanidines
Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.		5.91340
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		1.9510delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		4.04150N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
diphenyliodonium
diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined		2.730
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.8740N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
4-cyanophenol
4-cyanophenol: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor		2.0310phenolsEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
2-nitropyrene
[no description available]		2.110pyrenes
calcium lactate
[no description available]		2.0710
naphthyl acetate
naphthyl acetate: do not confuse with naphthaleneacetic acid; acetic acid ester of naphthol		3.4110
2-chloroethylamine
[no description available]		1.9210
amaranth dye
Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9510
dibutylnitrosamine
dibutylnitrosamine: structure		3.0850nitroso compound
cyclopentenone
2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.		2.0210alicyclic ketone;
enone		Hsp70 inducer
n-nitrosopyrrolidine
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine: Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism.		2.3620pyrrolidines
nitrosobenzylmethylamine
nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure		5.3870
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		5.2531pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		2.0310nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde
2-pyrrolecarboxaldehyde: structure in first source. pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde : A pyrrole carrying a formyl substituent at the 2-position.		1.96101,3-thiazole-2-carbaldehyde;
pyrroles
ammonium bicarbonate
ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)		2.0710organooxygen compound
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		3.3670ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-acetylpyrrole
2-acetylpyrrole : A pyrrole carrying an acetyl substituent at the 2-position.		1.9610aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
pyrroles
phenylglyoxal
[no description available]		2.0110phenylacetaldehydes
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid: phenyl deriv of GABA; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.1510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine
[no description available]		2.940
nicotinamide mononucleotide
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.		1.9810nicotinamide mononucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzyl viologen
Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.		2.6830bipyridines
n-nitrosodiethanolamine
[no description available]		3.0850nitroso compound
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.0210alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
4-aminothiophenol
[no description available]		3.460
citiolone
citiolone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9910N-acyl-amino acid
carmine
Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.		2.1310
calcium peroxide
[no description available]		2.4920calcium oxides
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		3.1450
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		2.1710cadmium molecular entity
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		4140alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		2.7230manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
sodium peroxide
[no description available]		2.0210
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		4.13130zinc molecular entity
molybdenum disulfide
[no description available]		2.1310sulfide salt
ferrous sulfide
ferrous sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-S; mackinawite & troilite both have MF Fe-S		3.1450
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		2.4520
beta-pinene
beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.		2.2110pineneplant metabolite
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		2.7630hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
calcium silicate
[no description available]		2.0810inorganic calcium saltantacid;
flame retardant;
food anticaking agent
ferrous oxide
[no description available]		210iron oxide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.4420glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.7630enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		13.7810910alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		3.1550
1,2-epoxyhexane
[no description available]		4.6111
isonicotinamide
isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid.		2.0310pyridinecarboxamide
selenomethionine
[no description available]		1.9810selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
selenocystine
selenocystine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4620diselenide;
selenoamino acid
n-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine
N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted ethylenediamine compound having 1-naphthyl as the substituent.		3.2660N-substituted diamine
1-aminopyrene
[no description available]		2.730
methyl tert-butyl ether
methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.		210etherfuel additive;
metabolite;
non-polar solvent
dodecyldimethylamine oxide
dodecyldimethylamine oxide: zwitterionic detergent. dodecyldimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the amino group of dodecyldimethylamine.		1.9610tertiary amine oxidedetergent;
plant metabolite
diphenyldiselenide
diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source		2.2110
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		2.0810cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
2-amino-6-methoxybenzothiazole
2-amino-6-methoxybenzothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide
Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.		1.9610
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		4.34200organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
pristane
pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.		2.5120long-chain alkane;
norterpene		biomarker;
immunological adjuvant
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.1510tertiary amine
nitrapyrin
[no description available]		3.3770chloropyridineagrochemical;
antibacterial agent;
nitrification inhibitor
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4720quaternary ammonium ion
5-hydroxyindole
[no description available]		1.9710hydroxyindoleshuman metabolite
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.2560benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		2.9140methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
n-tetradecylamine
N-tetradecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410alkylamine
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		2.6930aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		2.0610azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
diallyl disulfide
diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.		2.4720organic disulfideantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
phenethyl isothiocyanate
phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.		2.110isothiocyanateantineoplastic agent;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
metabolite
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		3.53802-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
nile blue
Nile Blue: RN given refers to chloride; structure. nile blue A : An organic chloride salt having 5-amino-9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-7-ium as the couterion. fluorescent dye which is also a potent photosensitiser for photodynamic therapy.		2.4620
beta-methylcholine
beta-methylcholine: RN given refers to non-isomeric parent cpd; see also record for methylcholine; do not confuse with alpha-methylcholine		1.9310cholines
dodine
dodine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-dodecylguanidine acetate : An acetate salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of 1-dodecylguanidine and acetic acid. It is used as a fungicide to control black spot and foliar diseases on apples, pears, peaches, nectarines and strawberries.		2.6530acetate salt;
aliphatic nitrogen antifungal agent		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical
acridine red
acridine red 3B : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of acridine red 3B with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride. Used for staining RNA in conjunction with malachite green.		210
c.i. solvent yellow 56
C.I. Solvent Yellow 56: not a carcinogen. Solvent yellow 56 : An azobenzene that is N,N-diethylaniline substituted at position 4 by a phenylazo group.		1.9810azobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		dye;
mutagen
4-nitro-3-cresol
4-nitro-3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitro-m-cresol : A C-nitro compound in which the nitro group is attached at C-4 of m-cresol.		2.15104-nitrophenols
c.i. direct blue 1
[no description available]		2.0110
octogen
octogen: an explosive compound, contaminant in waste water; structure given in third source. octogen : A tetrazocane that is 1,3,5,7-tetrazocane in which the hydrogen atom attached to each of the nitrogens is replaced by a nitro group.		4.0340N-nitro compound;
tetrazocane		explosive
nitrosyl chloride
nitrosyl chloride: a strong oxidizing agent; capable of nitrosylating organic compounds and thereby generating mutagens or promutagens		3.5720
uridine diphosphate galactose
Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.. UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.		2.0410UDP-D-galactosemouse metabolite
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.1310dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
methional
[no description available]		2.4620aliphatic sulfideprostaglandin antagonist
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		3.72100fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		6.48131thujeneplant metabolite
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		3.5790D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		4.061501,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
palmatine
burasaine: structure in first source		2.110berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		plant metabolite
2-tert-butyl-4-quinone
2-tert-butyl-4-quinone: a metabolite of butylated hydroxyanisole ; structure given in first source		1.9710
ecdysone
[no description available]		1.941014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
6-oxo steroid;
ecdysteroid		prohormone
3-phenoxybenzoic acid
3-phenoxybenzoic acid: metabolite associated with exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. 3-phenoxybenzoic acid : A phenoxybenzoic acid in which the phenoxy group is meta to the carboxy group. It is a metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides.		2.0710phenoxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.43230antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
chloric acid
[no description available]		2.4320chlorine oxoacid
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		5.99350carbon oxoanion
Brilliant Blue
brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd		210organic molecular entity
dimethylnitramine
[no description available]		1.9510
n-nitromorpholine
[no description available]		2.110
2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane
2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane: structure in first source. 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane : A branched alkane that is nonane carrying seven methyl substituents at positions 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8 and 8.		210alkane
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.4420
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		2.4320
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0310aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		3.88120diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
carboxin
Carboxin: A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. carboxin : An anilide obtained by formal condensation of the amino group of aniline with the carboxy group of 2-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-3-carboxylic acid. A fungicide for control of bunts and smuts that is normally used as a seed treatment.		1.9510anilide fungicide;
anilide;
enamide;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
secondary carboxamide		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
oxycarboxin
oxycarboxin: structure. oxycarboxin : An anilide obtained by formal condensation of the amino group of aniline with the carboxy group of 2-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4,4-dioxo-1,4-oxathiine-3-carboxylic acid. A fungicide for the control of rust diseases on ornamentals, cereals and nursery trees as well as fairy rings on turf.		1.9510anilide fungicide;
anilide;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
sulfone		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
1-hydroxypyrene
1-hydroxypyrene: pyrene metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.9510pyrenes
diaveridine
diaveridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. diaveridine : An aminopyrimidine in which the pyrimidine ring carries amino substituents at C-2 and C-4 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at C-5. A folic acid antagonist, it is used as a synergist with sulfonamides against the parasitic Eimeria species.		2.0110aminopyrimidineantiparasitic agent;
drug allergen
pentaquine
pentaquine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110
n-nitroso-n-methylcyclohexylamine
[no description available]		2.8840
1-nitrosopiperazine
[no description available]		2.940phytanoyl-CoAs
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		2.3720dioxolane
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.0610N-acylglycine
4-dimethylaminophenol
4-dimethylaminophenol: in combination with SODIUM NITRITE antagonizes experimental cyanide poisoning; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.8840dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		2.5720cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		4.5230amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.		3.75100ammonium salt;
inorganic molecular entity;
inorganic nitrate salt		explosive;
fertilizer;
oxidising agent
sodium metasilicate
sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.		2.0310inorganic sodium salt
tert-nitrosobutane
[no description available]		2.0210
propargyl ether
propargyl ether: structure in first source		2.0610
nitrosomethyl-n-butylamine
nitrosomethyl-N-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
nitrosocarbaryl
nitrosocarbaryl: combination of food additive sodium nitrite with carbaryl (SEVIN) results in formation of acid solution of potent mutagen; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. nitrosocarbaryl : A nitroso compound that is carbaryl in which the amino hydrogen is substituted by a nitroso group.		1.9510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes;
nitroso compound		carcinogenic agent;
mutagen
tert-butyl isocyanide
tert-butylisonitrile: structure in first source		2.0210
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		2.5520cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		4.1750f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		5.97350elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		7.61271elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		8.78540chromium group element atommicronutrient
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		3.1110iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		4.38190metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		3.76100elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
plutonium
Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.		1.9610actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		2.3420manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		2.4720cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		6.1220iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		2.0610d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		12.17261copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		2.110vanadium group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		2.1310f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		2.0810actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		4.6111f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		8.21461titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		5.32180chromium group element atommicronutrient
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		4.4670monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		12.66450cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.9240f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		4.3180chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
erbium
Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.		2.2110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		3.73100f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		6.59590copper group element atom;
elemental gold
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		2.8940monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		6.0381actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		4.78100elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		1.9510monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		2.9140titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		4.9781aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.4120copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		2.3820magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		8.5380mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		1.9810N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
meladrazine
nitrosoproline: RN given refers to 1-nitroso-L-proline		6.06230
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		3.3670D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
titanium tetrachloride
titanium tetrachloride: RN given refers to TiCl4		2.0310
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.0110sodium phosphate
perchloric acid
[no description available]		2.1310chlorine oxoacid
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		11.385015inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		1.9410inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		5.1430chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
zirconium oxychloride
zirconium oxychloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zirconyl chloride : A zirconium coordination entity consisting of zirconium(IV) bound to oxygen via a double bond and to two chlorines.		1.9510
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		3.1650iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		2.0510nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		2.4220iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
sodium pyrophosphate
sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.		2.0710inorganic sodium saltchelator;
food emulsifier;
food thickening agent
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		5.76170diatomic bromine
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		2.1710barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		4.341metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		9.41246inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		1.9610calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride
ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4920iron coordination entity
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		3.94130chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		3.2660metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
tungstate
[no description available]		3.6290divalent inorganic anion;
tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		2.3520inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.5790inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
sodium chromate(vi)
sodium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with (MF) CR-H2-O4.Na. sodium chromate : An inorganic sodium salt consisting of sodium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9810inorganic sodium saltcarcinogenic agent;
diagnostic agent;
oxidising agent;
poison
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		1.9810calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		2.4220potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		3.2760dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		4.4470diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		5.12450diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
nitrous acid
Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		15.72351nitrogen oxoacid
hydrazoic acid
[no description available]		2.0310nitrogen hydride
silver chloride
[no description available]		2.0310inorganic chloride;
silver salt
nickel sulfate
nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.		2.4320metal sulfateallergen
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.4520deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid
perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer		3.1650sulfur oxoacidNMR solvent
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		4.6180divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
methyl demeton
methyl mercaptophos: was MH 1972-91 (see under INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (1975-90, Prov 1972-74))		2.0410
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		6.31121
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		10.45693elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
ferric sulfate
ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.		2.4120iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		astringent;
catalyst;
mordant
hydroiodic acid
hydrogen iodide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and iodine atoms.		2.1310gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		2.4620aluminium sulfate
chlorine dioxide
chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant		2.4420chlorine dioxide
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.5380inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.9740cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate
cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4		2.0310cadmium salt
calcium nitrate
calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.		2.7830calcium salt;
inorganic nitrate salt		fertilizer
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		1.9910benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		1.9310barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		3.79110
rhamnose
[no description available]		2.3520L-rhamnose
nitrogen tetroxide
nitrogen tetroxide: toxic irritant in rocket fuel; structure		2.0410nitrogen oxideoxidising agent
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.42201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
chloramine
[no description available]		3.680halide
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.8840benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
chrysotile
Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)		2.0310
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		4.48240ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
tricalcium silicate
tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement		2.0810
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		1.9410S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
2-nitrofluoranthene
[no description available]		2.110
n-amyl-n-methylnitrosamine
N-methyl-N-pentylnitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has methyl and pentyl substituents. It is a potent oesophageal carcinogen.		2.420nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent
n-nitrososarcosine
N-nitrososarcosine : A nitrosamine that is sarcosine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group.		2.3620nitrosamine;
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative		carcinogenic agent
benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol
benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810pyrenes
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		5.93310titanium oxidesfood colouring
misonidazole
Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.		2.420
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0410anthraquinone
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.4720
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		2.9740selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
urobilinogen
Urobilinogen: A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin.. urobilinogen : A member of the class of bilanes that is a colourless product formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin.		4.93120bilaneshuman metabolite
phytanic acid
Phytanic Acid: A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.. phytanic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.		3.1810branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
methyl-branched fatty acid
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		3.05106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester
carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl		2.110nereistoxin analogue insecticide
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
chlortoluron
chlorotoluron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl group. A herbicide that is non-toxic to honeybees but moderately toxic to mammals, birds, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.0610organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		4.7771glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		2.9540iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
stearoylethanolamide
N-(octadecanoyl)ethanolamine : An N-acylethanolamine 18:0 that is the ethanolamide of octadecanoic acid.		2.1510N-acylethanolamine 18:0
n'-nitrosonornicotine
N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals		2.940pyridines;
pyrrolidines
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		7.79641acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
n,n-dimethylhydroxylamine
N,N-dimethylhydroxylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
sodium bisulfide
sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)		2.4920
fluoroboric acid
[no description available]		2.0210boron fluoride
fluorides
[no description available]		6.21450halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
acridine half-mustard
acridine half-mustard: RN given refers to parent cpd. acridine half-mustard : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 2, chlorine at position 6, and a {3-[(2-chloroethyl)amino]propyl}amino group at position 9.		1.9610aminoacridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		mutagen
18-crown-6
18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.		2.4820crown ether;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		phase-transfer catalyst
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		210aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
benomyl
[no description available]		2.3620aromatic amide;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
anthelminthic drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		3.4570chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
mecysteine
mecysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer. methyl L-cysteinate : An L-cysteinyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of L-cysteine with methanol. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough.		2.0610L-cysteinyl ester;
primary amino compound;
thiol		mucolytic
methabenzthiazuron
[no description available]		2.0210benzothiazoles
4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene
4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene : An amino-nitrotoluene that is 2,6-dinitrotoluene substituted at position 4 by an amino group.		1.9910amino-nitrotolueneexplosive;
fungal xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite
geosmin
geosmin: earthy smelling cpd from sediment in Lake Biwa; structure. (-)-geosmin : The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.		2.4620geosmin
iodine
[no description available]		6360halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.6830aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
metribuzin
metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.		1.96101,2,4-triazines;
cyclic ketone;
organic sulfide		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		2.6930L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
fenamiphos
[no description available]		2.0510organophosphate insecticide;
organophosphate nematicide;
phosphoramidate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		2.0210indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
fenitrothion
Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		8.081270benzenes;
phenyl acetates
phenoxyethanol
phenoxyethanol: structure. 2-phenoxyethanol : An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.3110aromatic ether;
glycol ether;
primary alcohol		antiinfective agent;
central nervous system depressant
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		9.93122chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
4-anisaldehyde
4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.		2.610benzaldehydesbacterial metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
insect repellent;
plant metabolite
myrcene
myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0110monoterpeneanabolic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
methylformamide
N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.		2.0510formamides
tributyl phosphate
tributyl phosphate: a detergent. tributyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.		2.1110trialkyl phosphate
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9910bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.42203-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		3.2860ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
isothiuronium
Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.		4.42210
proquazone
proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure		2.0110pyrimidines
dimethophrine
dimethophrine: proposed cardiovascular stimulant; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search ETHANOLAMINES (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.3720methoxybenzenes;
phenols
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.7130C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
d,d-t80-prallethrin
d,d-T80-prallethrin: structure given in first source		2.0310
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		2.4720
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		1.9910benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		3.881203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
dihydroxyethyldithiocarbamate
dihydroxyethyldithiocarbamate: mobilizes metallothionein-bound cadmium from tissue; increases biliary excretion of cadmium in rats		1.9910
triazophos
triazophos: structure		2.4110organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		3.5180
3-nitro-1-propanol
3-nitro-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; N1 same as NM. 3-nitropropan-1-ol : The nitro compound formed from propan-1-ol by nitration at C-3.		2.8740C-nitro compound
alkenes
[no description available]		4.44220
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		6.92651glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		2.0310glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		1.9510
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		1.9710
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		4.85130inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		8.05790pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		1.9910ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		3.8721penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		2.0110timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.49202-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tetrahydrocannabivarin 9
tetrahydrocannabivarin 9: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1310
nigericin
Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		1.9810polycyclic etherantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
dinitramine
dinitramine: structure		2.0110C-nitro compound
7-ethoxycoumarin
7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.		210aromatic ether;
coumarins
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		6.5351taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p
[no description available]		3.71100peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
methylnitrosocyanamide
methylnitrosocyanamide: structure		2.3620
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.5580catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene
2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene : An amino-nitrotoluene that is 4,6-dinitrotoluene substituted at position 2 by an amino group.		2.420amino-nitrotolueneexplosive;
fungal xenobiotic metabolite
lentinan
[no description available]		2.0710
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.420butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.2530L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
metamitron
metamitron : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, a methyl group at position 3 and a phenyl group at position 6.		1.96101,2,4-triazinesenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
tricyclazole
tricyclazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. tricyclazole : A triazolobenzothiazole that is [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3]benzothiazole which is substituted at position 5 by a methyl group. A fungicide used for the control of rice blast, it is not approved for use within the European Union.		2.0510triazolobenzothiazoleantifungal agrochemical;
melanin synthesis inhibitor
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.4920aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		4.5705-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine
flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		210organoammonium saltantipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		210pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
isoprothiolane
isoprothiolane: structure given in first source. isoprothiolane : A malonate ester that is diisopropyl malonate in which the two methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by a 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene group. An insecticide and fungicide used to control a range of diseases including Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium sigmoideum and Fusarium nivale.		210dithiolanes;
isopropyl ester;
malonate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
n-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine
N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine: reactive arylating intermediate from acetaminophen & N-hydroxyacetaminophen; structure given in first source		2.3920ketoimine;
quinone imine
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		14.334923alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		2.2110cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0710aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.0410pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		5.6292chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
ethylene glycol dinitrate
[no description available]		3.5590
diisopropanolnitrosamine
diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.		1.9710diol;
nitrosamine;
secondary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
lodoxamide ethyl
lodoxamide ethyl: inhibits anaphylactic reactions; structure		1.9910
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine
T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor		3.1240
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.		3.0610epoxideintercalator
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		2.0310aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine
methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in seventh source		1.9610
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.0310organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		1.9910
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		6.45232alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		2.4110cephalosporinantibacterial drug
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke		2.0210nitrosamine;
pyridines
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		3.150nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		4.35200acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
metazachlor
metazachlor: alpha-chloroacetamide herbicide. metazachlor : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.		2.0310aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazoles		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
2-amino-6-methyldipyrido(1,2-a-3',2'-d)imidazole
2-amino-6-methyldipyrido(1,2-a-3',2'-d)imidazole: structure		3.7530imidazopyridine
pimonidazole
pimonidazole: structure given in first source		2.0810
octenidine
[no description available]		3.4511dihydropyridine
n-3-methylbutyl-n-1-methylacetonylnitrosamine
N-3-methylbutyl-N-1-methylacetonylnitrosamine: structure		1.9610nitrosamine
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		3.97140aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
dicarboxydine
dicarboxydine: structure		2.0210
nitrosocimetidine
nitrosocimetidine: possible metabolite of cimetidine		2.8840
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		3.2860delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.		2.3720imidazoquinolinecarcinogenic agent
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		7.32294delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		4.130benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		3.741003-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.4220dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		4.6761hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		1.99103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
gusperimus
gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride		210N-acyl-amino acid
flavone acetic acid
flavone acetic acid: structure given in first source		2.3820
cilazapril, anhydrous
Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		1.9810dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
pyridazinodiazepine		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.7630
1-nitrosoindole-3-acetonitrile
1-nitrosoindole-3-acetonitrile: induces ornithine decarboxylase activity in rats		1.9710
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		2.05103-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.0510imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
zileuton
[no description available]		2.43201-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.7230methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		2.0210pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.9921organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		2.0810aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin
[no description available]		7.35241aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		5.472biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		2.04101,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
simendan
Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.		2.5320
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		2.0310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		8.4422adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
safranal
safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.		2.110monoterpenoid
nitroaniline
nitroaniline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for nitro moiety. nitroaniline : A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.		2.0810
amyl nitrate
[no description available]		2.6230
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		3.4270gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
nitrogen trioxide
[no description available]		3.5880nitrogen oxide
potassium superoxide
[no description available]		2.0610
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.9440trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dolomite
calcium magnesium carbonate: mineral recommended by lay periodicals as a desirable source of calcium & magnesium, but found to be also a source of potentially toxic heavy metals		2.0310
cathinone
cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.		3.18102-aminopropiophenone;
monoamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
psychotropic drug
2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline
2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: strong mutagens found in broiled food; structure given in first source		2.3720aminoquinoline
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.		2.0810aromatic amine;
imidazoquinoxaline		carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		3.0950aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
vanillyl alcohol
vanillyl alcohol: structure. vanillyl alcohol : A monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4.		2.0410benzyl alcohols;
guaiacols		plant metabolite
barium oxide
[no description available]		2.0510
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.		2.0810one-carbon compound;
perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile
1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile: intermediate in the chemical synthesis of phencyclidine; imperfectly synthesized PCP correlated with undue toxic effects; structure		1.9510
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		2.6930inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
rubidium chloride
rubidium chloride : An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.		2.1110inorganic chloride;
rubidium molecular entity		antidepressant;
biomarker
carbogen
carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2		2.0110
octyl glucoside
octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.		210beta-D-glucosideplant metabolite
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.5520hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		5.58230hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
isosorbide-2-mononitrate
isosorbide-2-mononitrate: for prevention & therapy of angina pectoris		1.9610
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.0310acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		6.59630D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.07102-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
cilazaprilat
cilazaprilat: InChIKey: UVAUYSRYXACKSC-ULQDDVLXSA-N		1.9810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.32602-benzofuransfluorochrome
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.2110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		1.9810pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
meglumine antimoniate
Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.		2.2510
norharman
norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.		4.0140beta-carbolines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		fungal metabolite;
marine metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		5.14440organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.8230hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
arctigenin
arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants		2.5520lignan
baicalin
[no description available]		4.9521dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		6.47161flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
homocitrulline
L-homocitrulline : A L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine having a carbamoyl group at the N(6)-position. It is found in individuals with urea cycle disorders.		2.4320amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ureas		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate		3.8440
leucine methyl ester
leucine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L-Leu)-isomer. methyl L-leucinate : The methyl ester of L-leucine.		1.9910alpha-amino acid ester;
L-leucine derivative;
methyl ester
chlorin
chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.		2.1310
bathocuproine
bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd		210
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		3.4580iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.7130
rhodamine 110
rhodamine 110: RN given refers to chloride		2.0110
neocuproine
neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.		210phenanthrolineschelator;
copper chelator
fluorophosphate
fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620fluorine molecular entity;
phosphoric acid derivative
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name		2.420
o-(6)-methylguanine
O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.		2.6830methylguaninemutagen
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		4.26180dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		7.87780nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		5.77201glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylpenicillamine
N-acetylpenicillamine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-acetyl-D-penicillamine : An N-acetyl-D-amino acid where the amino acid is D-penicillamine		210N-acetyl-D-amino acid
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		4.6561cephalosporinfungal metabolite
prenylamine lactate
prenylamine lactate: prenylamine compounded with lactic acid; not a salt		1.9310
erdosteine
[no description available]		3.8221N-acyl-amino acid
milnacipran
Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.		2.0510acetamides
web 2086
WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		2.3920organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
azelnidipine
azelnidipine: structure given in first source		2.0610isopropyl ester
raxofelast
Raxofelast: prodrug of IRFI-005		2.0210
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.5220benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
bergenin
bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure		2.1510trihydroxybenzoic acidmetabolite
nitrogen pentoxide
nitrogen pentoxide: structure		2.9840nitrogen oxide
benzilonium bromide
[no description available]		3.3511
xenon radioisotopes
Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.		1.9510
naphthalimides
Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.		3.0730
anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate
anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate: structure in first source. anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid : A member of the class of anthraquinones that is 9,10-anthraquinone substituted at positions 2 and 6 by sulfo groups.		2.110anthraquinone;
arenesulfonic acid
salicylhydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0210hydroxamic acid;
phenols		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug
benzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.7730boronic acids
porphine
porphine: structure given in first source		2.1310
2-(n-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid
2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid that is cyclohexanamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 2-sulfoethyl group. It is used as a buffer (pH range of 8.6-10.0) for studying pH-dependent processes in enzymology.		2.0410alkanesulfonic acid;
secondary aliphatic amine		Good's buffer substance
acetamidine
acetamidine: bovine trypsin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710carboxamidine
phenoxazine
phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.		2.0310phenoxazineferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		3.77110phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		4.31901,2,3-triazole
carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone
[no description available]		2.3520
apaflurane
[no description available]		3.4311
pinocembrin
pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.		2.110(2S)-flavan-4-one;
dihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
vasodilator agent
1-hexacosanol
1-hexacosanol: RN given for parent cpd. hexacosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-six carbon atoms.. hexacosan-1-ol : A very long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0410hexacosanol;
very long-chain primary fatty alcohol		insecticide;
plant metabolite
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		2.4620anthocyanidin chloride
2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone
2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source		2.3720
sesamol
sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.9340benzodioxoles
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.1110dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
rilmenidine
Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		3.3811isourea
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		1.9910organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.0610dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
cloricromen
cloricromen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220coumarins
cefaloram
cefaloram: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. cefaloram : A cephalosporin derivative with potent antibacterial activity which binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division, inactivation of which interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causing cell lysis.		3.4211cephalosporinantibacterial drug
trithiocarbonic acid
trithiocarbonic acid: RN & Nl from 9th CI; cpd not in Chemline 8/83		2.1310chalcocarbonic acid;
one-carbon compound;
thiocarbonyl compound
piloty's acid
Piloty's acid: structure in first source		4.3960sulfonamide
indole-3-carboxylic acid
indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.		1.9610indol-3-yl carboxylic acidbacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
2,3-diaminonaphthalene
[no description available]		5.55220
3-amino-1,2,4-triazine
[no description available]		1.9810
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.4720cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
atipamezole
[no description available]		1.9810
dapoxetine
[no description available]		4.6111naphthalenes
tyloxapol
tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.		2.0610
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		2.9140nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
a 78773
A 78773: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor		1.9910
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		4.6111conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
nipradilol
[no description available]		2.420organic molecular entity
efaroxan
efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.02101-benzofurans
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		1.9910dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bw 12c79
5-(2-formyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)pentanoic acid: aromatic aldehyde; aldehyde group interacts with N-terminal amino group of both alpha-globin chains		210
hesperetin
[no description available]		3.41103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
[no description available]		2.0510
magnolol
[no description available]		2.4920biphenyls
honokiol
[no description available]		2.4820biphenyls
sesamin
(+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		2.0510benzodioxoles;
furofuran;
lignan		antineoplastic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
leupeptin
[no description available]		2.0210aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
zaluzanin C
zaluzanin C: from Ainsliaea yunnanensis and Zaluzania robinsonii; structure in first source. zaluzanin C : A sesquiterpene lactone that is decahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2(3H)-one substituted by methylidene groups at positions 3, 6 and 9 and a hydroxy group at position 8.		2.0210gamma-lactone;
guaiane sesquiterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
sesquiterpene lactone		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite
bathophenanthroline
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 7.		2.2510benzenes;
phenanthrolines		chelator
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0410bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone
Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.		3.580sulfonic acid derivative
bes
2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.15 at 20 degreeC.		2.6101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
amino sulfonic acid;
BES
nicosulfuron
nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.		2.0310N-sulfonylurea;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
isoalantolactone
isoalantolactone: RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure. isoalantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.		2.4120eudesmane sesquiterpenoid;
sesquiterpene lactone		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
calpeptin
[no description available]		2.0610amino acid amide
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: precursor of mutagenic nitroso cpd in soy sauce; structure given in first source		3.0650harmala alkaloid
corilagin
corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.		2.1710ellagitannin;
gallate ester		antihypertensive agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
maslinic acid
(2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria		2.0310dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
gallocyanine
gallocyanine: structure; gallocyanine-chrome alum is used as a nuclear stain to quantitate nucleic acids. gallocyanin : An organic chloride salt composed of 1-carboxy-7-(dimethylamino)-3,4-dihydroxyphenoxazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A histological dye used in solution with an iron alum mordant as a hematoxylin substitute in the H&E stain.		2.0210
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		2.0110carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		2.0710cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
pentafluorobenzyl bromide
pentafluorobenzyl bromide : A member of the class benzyl bromides that is benzyl bromide in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the phenyl ring are replaced by fluoro groups. It is a versatile derivatization agent in chromatography and mass spectrometry.		3.2760benzyl bromides;
fluorobenzenes
triphenylmethylphosphonium
triphenylmethylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		3.0240
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.0240carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		3.5480aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
fc 75
[no description available]		2.0510alkyltetrahydrofuran;
organofluorine compound
clotiazepam
2-carene: a monoterpene; structure in first source		1.9910monoterpenoid
glyceryl 1,2-dinitrate
dinitroglycerol : A nitroglycerol carrying two nitro groups at unspecified positions.		3.0850dinitroglycerol;
primary alcohol
4-diazoquinone
4-diazoquinone: structure given in first source		1.9710
hydroxyguanidine
N-hydroxyguanidine : A member of the class of guanidines that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.6930guanidines;
one-carbon compound		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent
1,3,6,8-pyrene tetrasulfonate
1,3,6,8-pyrene tetrasulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0610
bistris
Bistris: structure given in first source		1.9610pentolbuffer
methiin
methiin: distributed in Liliaceae(garlic, onions, etc.) & Cruciferae (cabbage, radish, etc.); one of greater sources of sulfur-containing amino acids in Japan; studied for nutritional value; increased splenic iron decrease erythrocyte counts; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610alpha-amino acid
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
sulfamide
sulfamide : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to two amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.		2.7730sulfamides
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure		2.7430catechols;
primary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
hypobromous acid
[no description available]		2.0710bromine oxoacid
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		210macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate
cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym dicobalt edetate refers to di-Na salt		1.9610
nitrosonium ion
nitrosonium ion: a nitric oxide congener. oxidonitrogen(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation resulting from the removal of the unpaired electron from nitric oxide.		2.4920monovalent inorganic cation;
nitrogen oxide
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		5.5200bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.1710adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetyltyrosine, (dl)-isomer
N-acetyltyrosine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyltyrosine : An N-acetyl-amino acid that is tyrosine with an amine hydrogen substituted by an acetyl group.		2.6930N-acetyl-amino acid;
phenols;
tyrosine derivative		human urinary metabolite
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		9.123013-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
niludipin
niludipin: bis(2-propoxyethyl) analog of nifedipine; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		5.09160iditolfungal metabolite
2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
dihydroxybenzaldehyde : Any member of the class of benzaldehydes in which the phenyl ring is substituted by two hydroxy groups.		2.0210dihydroxybenzaldehyde
7-ketocholesterol
7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.		2.03103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
7-oxo steroid;
cholestanoid		neuroprotective agent
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		2.0710
goethite
[no description available]		2.7530
ethylphenylpropiolate
ethylphenylpropiolate: structure		2.0810
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		2.1110catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		8.69385amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyriproxyfen
pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.		2.1710aromatic ether;
pyridines		juvenile hormone mimic
sulcotrione
sulcotrione: a bleaching herbicide. sulcotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted by a 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl group at position 2.		2.0310aromatic ketone;
beta-triketone;
cyclohexanones;
sulfone		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
sarsasapogenin
[no description available]		2.0510sapogenin
succinyl-coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.0310omega-carboxyacyl-CoAEscherichia coli metabolite;
inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
2-nitropropanol
2-nitropropanol: has antimicrobial activity; a cross-linking reagent		2.4720C-nitro compound
fluoromisonidazole
[no description available]		2.110
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd		6.98107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid
2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid: inhibits iron-containing nitrile hydratases		2.3920
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.2110
zofenopril
zofenopril: structure given in first source; SQ 26900 refers to K salt & SQ 26991 to Ca salt. zofenopril : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.		4.6632aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thioester		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug;
vasodilator agent
aluminum maltolate
aluminum maltolate: aluminum cpd, not an aluminum salt		2.0210
lopinavir
[no description available]		5.0121amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
gamma-tocopherol
gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.		2.7630tocopherol;
vitamin E		algal metabolite;
food antioxidant;
plant metabolite
annatto
annatto: coloring matter from seeds of Bixa orellana L., Bixaceae; contains bixin and pigments that give carotene reactions; induces hyperglycemia		7.0710
uvaol
uvaol: from Vauquelinia corymbosa (Rosaceae)		2.2110triterpenoidmetabolite
arginine methyl ester
arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		3.2960alpha-amino acid ester
firefly luciferin
Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.		2.11101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
benzothiazoles;
imidothioate		luciferin
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		4.01140
isohumulone
isohumulone: hop-derived compound		2.0310monoterpenoid
titanium nitride (tin)
titanium nitride: RN given refers to unspecified MF		2.1310
n-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide
[no description available]		2.0510
1-piperonylpiperazine
1-piperonylpiperazine: coadministration of above cpd attenuates neurotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
sesaminol
sesaminol: structure given in first source; RN given from CAS Index Guide 1990; RN given refers to the (1S-(alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/90. sesaminol : A furofuran that is cis-tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by a 6-hydroxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 1S and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 4S. It is metabolite found in sesame seeds.		2.0310benzodioxoles;
furofuran;
organic hydroxy compound		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.7730D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
n-phenethylbenzamide
N-phenethylbenzamide: has antioxidant activity; structure in first source		2.1110
6'-o-methylguanosine
[no description available]		2.0310
2-amino-5,7-dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine
2-amino-5,7-dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine: structure in first source		2.0310
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-methyl-beta-carboline-1-carboxylic acid
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-methyl-beta-carboline-1-carboxylic acid: condensation product of pyruvic acid and tryptamine		2.420
3-methoxybenzamide
[no description available]		1.9910
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline)
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure		2.3620
diosgenin
[no description available]		2.53203beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman: a Vitamin E derivative. chromanol : Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups.		2.420
2-methyl-1,4-dinitropyrrole
2-methyl-1,4-dinitropyrrole: mutagen isolated from reaction mixture of sorbic acid & sodium nitrite; structure in first source		2.6730
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).		2.4420nitrile;
phenols		estrogen receptor agonist
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		5.5670cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.9440aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine
3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine: structure given in first source		2.0810quinoxaline derivative
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.8912017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		3.150sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		2.730polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
tritium oxide
[no description available]		6.9710tritiated compound;
water
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		2.6830
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		6.78340chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
ici 164384
ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.		1.991017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination
[no description available]		2.0210
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.		1.9910heterodetic cyclic peptidedelta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		4.3340aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.4820oligopeptide
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.0310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
sr141716
[no description available]		2.4620amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		6.77571glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.2660primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide
[no description available]		2.730
n-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: found in human urine		3.9940organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		3.4270
u 74389f
U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source		3.0950
sr 48968
SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968		210
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine
1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure		4.6111imidazo[2,1-i]purinemutagen
prolinedithiocarbamate
prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC		2.7130
beauvericin
beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.		210
artesunic acid
[no description available]		1.9910
dihydrorhodamine 123
dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes		3.6390
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		10.96210
indo-1
indo-1: structure given in first source		1.9710indolesfluorochrome
pyridinoline
pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure		2.4220organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline
deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source		2.4220
beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine
beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: glutamate agonist. L-BMAA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.		2.110diamino acid;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		bacterial metabolite;
neurotoxin
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		1.9910monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
((18)O)water
((18)O)water : A form of water consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen-18 atom.. oxygen-18 atom : The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 17.999160 and 0.205 atom percent natural abundance.		2.3110isotopically modified compound;
water
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		4.61111,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
fluorocitrate
fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		1.9910carbonyl compound
s-ethyl glutathione
[no description available]		2.0410oligopeptide
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source		1.98101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.7330N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
22-hydroxycholesterol
[no description available]		2.0210cholanoid
propionylcarnitine
propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		4.3341O-acylcarnitineanalgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cardiotonic drug;
human metabolite;
peripheral nervous system drug
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol
HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer		2.0410
propane-2-nitronate
propane-2-nitronate: structure given in first source; the ionic tautomer of 2-nitropropane		2.3820
beta-hydroxyvaleric acid
3-hydroxypentanoic acid : A short-chain fatty acid that is valeric acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.11103-hydroxy fatty acid;
ketone body;
short-chain fatty acid
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		4.1131alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fr 139317
FR 139317: endothelin receptor A antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9910
hypotaurine
[no description available]		2.9640aminosulfinic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tryptoline
tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0110beta-carbolines
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		4.8471proanthocyanidin
dityrosine
dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.		3.2860biphenyls;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		biomarker
epicatechin gallate
epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.		2.4420catechin;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
deguelin
deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.		2.0210aromatic ether;
diether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
plant metabolite
n-(n-acetylprolyl)-n-nitrosoglycine
N-(N-acetylprolyl)-N-nitrosoglycine: structure given in first source		1.9610
n(g)-iminoethylornithine
[no description available]		3.96130L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide
[no description available]		2.4320diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors		2.0510alpha-amino acid
n-chlorotaurine
N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase		3.0950
s-nitrosomercaptoethanol
S-nitrosomercaptoethanol: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor. It is an anti-infective agent and inhibits Bacillus cereus spore outgrowth.		8.38161
ml 9
[no description available]		2.0110
cafestol
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid;
furans;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.7130germacranolide
kt 5823
KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		2.7130gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
methyl ester;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		3.5802-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.4720
tadalafil
[no description available]		4.541benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
3-chloro-L-tyrosine
3-chloro-L-tyrosine : A chloroamino acid comprising a tyrosine core with a chloro- substituent ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group.		3.1150chloroamino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monochlorobenzenes;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
human metabolite
anserine
Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.		2.0210beta-alanine derivative;
dipeptide;
zwitterion		animal metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine
6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine: compound used in second source was chlorhydrate; has been used as retinoprotector		2.4420
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone: lignan isolated from urine of humans & other mammals; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in second source		3.4111lignan
kahweol
[no description available]		2.4420diterpenoid;
furans;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		2.6930short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
monobromobimane
monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.1510organobromine compound;
pyrazolopyrazole		fluorochrome
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		2.3110organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
liquiritigenin
liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.		2.04104',7-dihydroxyflavanonehormone agonist;
plant metabolite
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.9140
tanshinone
tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent		2.4720abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable		2.0410straight-chain fatty acid
listerine
Listerine: hydroalcohol solution containing thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate & alcohol		2.1310
fe(ii)-edta
Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7630iron coordination entity
brassinolide
brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.411022-hydroxy steroid;
23-hydroxy steroid;
2alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
brassinosteroid		plant growth stimulator;
plant hormone
fr 41565
heptanoyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-L-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanine: synthetic cpd; also immunoactive peptide isolated from Streptomyces active against multiplication of HSV-1 & HSV-2 virus		1.9810
3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate
3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate: structure given in first source		2.4120
estrone-3-glucuronide
[no description available]		1.991017-oxo steroid;
beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline: can duplicate the binding activity of fibronectin vitronectin; RN given refers to ALL-L isomer		2.0410
perospirone
perospirone: structure given in first source		2.0410N-arylpiperazine
nitroaspirin
nitroaspirin: a nitric oxide donor		3.150carbonyl compound
asiatic acid
[no description available]		2.5120monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
triol		angiogenesis modulating agent;
metabolite
1'-acetoxychavicol acetate
1'-acetoxychavicol acetate: antifungal component of Alpinia galanga; structure given in first source. 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate : An acetate ester that is chavicol acetate substituted by an acetoxy group at position 1'.		2.1110acetate ester;
phenylpropanoid		antineoplastic agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
efonidipine
efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.		2.3110C-nitro compound;
carboxylic ester;
dihydropyridine;
tertiary amino compound
lithospermate b
lithospermate B: major biologically active component of dan shen ; improves renal failure		2.0510
ginsenoside rh2
ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.171012beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
cyclo(alanine-(1-amino-1-cyclopentane)carbonyl)
cyclo(alanine-(1-amino-1-cyclopentane)carbonyl): a melanostatin analog		1.9710
nitroflurbiprofen
nitroflurbiprofen: a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. nitroflurbiprofen : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of flurbiprofen with the free hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent showing inhibitory effects against the cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2.		2.9140biphenyls;
carboxylic ester;
nitrate ester;
organofluorine compound		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
vasodilator agent
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.6630fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.		2.0810phosphine derivative;
tricarboxylic acid		reducing agent
argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-o-methyl-tyr(2)-
argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-O-methyl-Tyr(2)-: vasopressin antagonist; RN refers to (L-Tyr-L-Arg)-isomer		2.0210
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0110
mosapride
4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.		2.0710aromatic ether;
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
pentosidine
pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.		2.4820imidazopyridine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
cross-linking reagent
valdecoxib
[no description available]		2.9640isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
hydroquinidine
hydroquinidine: urinary quinine metabolite; RN given refers to (9S)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4703		2.0710cinchona alkaloid
tetranitrotetrazolium blue
[no description available]		1.9610
ly 255283
LY 255283: structure given in UD; leukotriene B4 antagonist		2.0310aromatic ketone
s-nitroso-n-acetylcysteine
S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		3.1750
tenax
tenax: porous polymer based on 2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide; used for trapping volatile organic compounds		2.0410
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole
[no description available]		1.9910
rc 3095
bombesin (6-14), Tpi(6)-Leu(13)-psi(CH2NH)-Leu(14)-: an antagonist of bombesin		2.0510
dx 9065a
(2S)-2-(4-(((3S)-1-acetimidoyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-(7-amidino-2-naphtyl)propanoic acid: structure given in first source		210
pd 142893
PD 142893: functional antagonist of endothelin-stimulated vasoconstriction		210
saclofen
saclofen: GABA-A receptor antagonist		210organochlorine compound
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
benzoyl-coenzyme a
benzoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.6830
vasotocin, 1-(beta-mercapto-(beta, beta-cyclopentamethylene)propionic acid)-tyr(om3)(2)-orn(8)-
[no description available]		2.0210
dansylglutamyl-glycyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone
dansylglutamyl-glycyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone: inactivates bovine factor Xa		210
saccharolactone
saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		2.0310aldarolactone;
delta-lactone
celastrol
[no description available]		2.110monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
phenoxy radical
phenoxy radical : An organic radical generated from phenol.		2.9440organic radical
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		2.0110carbene;
methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		11.661573nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate
perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.		3.3260chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		3.0540fullerenegeroprotector
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		4.6111methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.0310bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.6111aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
rhod-2
rhod-2: calcium indicator		2.2110
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		1.9910adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline: potent agonist at dopamine receptors mediating neuronal inhibition; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in UD indicates phenyl-imino group		1.9810
kf 17837s
KF 17837: adenosine A(2a) receptor antagonist; KF17837S is the equilibrium mixture of (E)- and (Z)-isomers		1.9910
cgp 42112a
CGP 42112A: a hexapeptide analog of angiotensin II; activation of Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 results in vasodilation. CGP-42112A : A hexapeptide consisting of L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-histidine, L-proline and L-isoleucine amino acid residues coupled in sequence and in which the amino group of the L-tyrosyl residue is substituted by a (pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)nitrilo group and in which the L-lysyl side chain amino group is substituted by a {N(2)-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-L-arginyl}nitrilo group. It is a potent angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2 receptor) agonist.		2.4320benzyl ester;
oligopeptide;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiotensin receptor agonist;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
vasodilator agent
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine
N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.		1.9810L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antigen
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)-
Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.		3.8740amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin		vasodilator agent
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine
2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors		2.0710
angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)-
angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist		1.9810organic molecular entity
n,n-dimethylarginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.		13.768117dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
interleukin-1beta (163-171)
interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity		2.0210
rmi 12330a
RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure		2.4420
n(omega)-hydroxyarginine
N(omega)-hydroxyarginine: can cause vasorelaxation of bovine intrapulmonary artery; structure given in first source. N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine : An N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine in which the double bond has Z-configuration.		4.2170amino acid zwitterion;
N(5)-[(E)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[(hydroxyamino)(imino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine;
N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine;
N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine
bq 610
BQ 610: endothelin A receptor antagonist; endothelin-1 antagonist		1.9910
galactose-1-phosphate
alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate : A D-galactopyranose 1-phosphate having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.0810alpha-D-hexose 1-phosphate;
D-galactopyranose 1-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		1.9910diarylmethane
6-methoxy-n-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium
6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium: structure given in first source		1.9910
gamma-glutamylcysteine
L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.		2.0510gamma-glutamylcysteineEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vadimezan
vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.		1.9910monocarboxylic acid;
xanthones		antineoplastic agent
nitrosylprotoheme
nitrosylprotoheme: from reaction of nitrite & heme; structure in first source		4.0350
n(g)-aminoarginine
N(G)-aminoarginine: potent antagonist of L-arginine-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation		2.3920arginine derivative
4'-amino-6-hydroxyflavone
4'-amino-6-hydroxyflavone: a p53/56(lyn) inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0610flavones
ectoine
[no description available]		3.89211,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
monocarboxylic acid;
zwitterion		osmolyte
1,3-dimethyl-2-cyano-1-nitrosoguanidine
1,3-dimethyl-2-cyano-1-nitrosoguanidine: structure given in first source		1.9710
l 012
L 012: used as a chemiluminescent probe for the assay of human fibroblast growth factor; structure given in first source		2.9410
4-(2-amino-6-chloro-9h-purin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol
4-(2-amino-6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol: RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710
methotrexate
[no description available]		4.21170dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
n-nitrosoarginine
N-nitrosoarginine: may play role in nitric oxide synthesis		2.420
salvinorin a
salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum		2.5520organic heterotricyclic compound;
organooxygen compound		metabolite;
oneirogen
n-nitrosopropranolol
N-nitrosopropranolol: structure for (E)-isomer & RN given in first source		2.3820
dihydroethidium
dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer		3.1550
n-nitrosothioproline
N-nitrosothioproline: found in normal human urine		1.9710
cyanidin
cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.		2.25105-hydroxyanthocyanidinantioxidant;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
s-nitrosocaptopril
S-nitrosocaptopril: manifests nitrovasodilatory activity, inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme activity & inhibits platelet aggregation		2.4520
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.4110penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		2.0210biphenyls
cornuside
cornuside: a bisiridoid glucoside from Cornus officinalis Sieb et Zucc; structure given in first source		2.0610
4-nitrophenyl myo-inositol-1-phosphate
4-nitrophenyl myo-inositol-1-phosphate: structure given in first source; a chromogenic substrate for phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C; RN given refers to monoammonium salt		2.2510
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		12.692615amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
nitrofenac
nitrofenac: a diclofenac-derivative containing the nitric oxide group; structure given in first source		1.9810
zm 230487
ZM 230487: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor		210
ml-3000
[no description available]		2.4620
2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman
2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman: natriuretic metabolite of gamma-tocopherol; structure in first source		2.0110benzopyranantioxidant
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		2.57201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
carbapenems
[no description available]		2.0310
triiodothyronine
L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.		2.0510tetrahydrothiophenes;
thiolactone		human metabolite
aspartame
[no description available]		9.7750carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
calcium borate
calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7		4.6111
pomalidomide
3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source		2.4110aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
lanthanum hydroxide
lanthanum hydroxide: RN given refers to unspecified lanthanum hydroxide		2.0710
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		3.260D-xylose
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: identified in the convulsive period of cobalt-induced seizures from cat cerebral cortex; RN given for cpd with unspecified guanidino-locant		1.9810L-glutamic acid derivative
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		4.4920beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
m 8218
M 8218: structure given in first source		2.0610
perrhenate
perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re		2.5120monovalent inorganic anion;
rhenium oxoanion
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		6.62410amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.		2.0310
methylisoamylnitrosamine
methylisoamylnitrosamine: structure given in first source		1.9610
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.6111secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
3-bromotyrosine
3-bromotyrosine: RN refers to DL-Tyr isomer; structure in first source		210monocarboxylic acid
1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-nitroso-2-phenylhydrazine
1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-nitroso-2-phenylhydrazine: formed by reaction of sulpyrine with nitrite; structure given in first source		1.9610
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.0510azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
benzoyl l-arginine methyl ester
benzoyl L-arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L-Arg)-isomer		1.9710
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		2.0310amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0110
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0110
diaminoguanidine
diaminoguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
3,17-diacetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2-carboxylic acid
3,17-diacetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source		210
n(w)-nitroarginine benzyl ester
N(w)-nitroarginine benzyl ester: potent irreversible inhibitor of endothelium dependent relaxation		1.9810
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin
[no description available]		2.9740
4-methoxyhonokiol
4-methoxyhonokiol: an NSAID isolated from Magnolia obovata; structure in first source		2.0410
kolaviron
kolaviron: antihepatotoxic fraction of biflavonones from Garcinia kola seeds; phalloidine antagonist. kolaflavanone : A biflavonoid isolated from the seeds of Garcinia kola that has been shown to exhibit hepatoprotective activity.		2.17104'-methoxyflavanones;
biflavonoid;
dihydroflavonols;
ring assembly;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
schizandrin a
schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities		2.2110
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.73100methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		6.59630oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
atazanavir sulfate
Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.		2.1110organic sulfate salt
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		3.7330biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
calcium aluminate
[no description available]		2.0810
atrasentan
Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.		2.4520pyrrolidines
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		3.4670chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.7830
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, hexadecanol, tyloxapol drug combination
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, hexadecanol, tyloxapol drug combination: protein-free, synthetic surfactant containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, hexadecanol & tyloxapol; used in treatment of respiratory distress syndrome		210
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		2.3920carbodiimide
4-fluorocatechol
4-fluorocatechol: structure given in first source		3.1410catechols
3,5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxystilbene
[no description available]		2.4110
zirconium phosphate
zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio		2.610
zinc hematoporphyrin
[no description available]		2.4920
ampelopsin
ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0710dihydromyricetin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
glycyrrhetyl 3-monoglucuronide
glycyrrhetyl 3-monoglucuronide: RN given for (3beta,20beta)-isomer. glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-glucuronide : A triterpenoid saponin that is the 3-O-beta-glucuronide of glycyrrhetic acid. It is a metabolite of glycyrrhizin contained in licorice and potentially a causative agent in the pathogenesis of pseudoaldosteronism.		2.0210beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
enone;
monosaccharide derivative;
oxo dicarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
triterpenoid saponin		anti-allergic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sweetening agent
xanthenone-4-acetic acid
xanthenone-4-acetic acid: structure given in first source		2.3820
potassium ferrate
potassium ferrate: oxidizing agent		2.4110
monodesmethylcitalopram
monodesmethylcitalopram: metabolite of citalopram		2.2510benzenes;
organic amino compound
tetracyanonickelate
tetracyanonickelate: RN given refers to parent cpd; probes the active site of sulfur-free rhodanese		2.0210
citrulline malate
citrulline malate: an anti-fatigue cpd		6.2343
1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)propane
[no description available]		2.9610
n-palmitoyl-5,6-dipalmitoylcysteinyl-alanyl-glycine
N-palmitoyl-5,6-dipalmitoylcysteinyl-alanyl-glycine: structure given in first source		2.3820
tartrazine
Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.		2.4620
tetraphenylphosphonium
tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.		2.0110heteroorganic entity;
phosphorus molecular entity;
polyatomic cation
uric acid riboside
[no description available]		1.9610(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)uric acid
arginine glutamate
[no description available]		2.110glutamic acid derivative
cysteinesulfenic acid
cysteinesulfenic acid: a protein-sulfenic acid with diverse roles in enzyme catalysis, redox regulation and signal transduction. S-oxy-L-cysteine : A cysteine derivative consiting of L-cysteine carrying an S-oxy-substituent.. S-hydroxy-L-cysteine : A cysteine derivative consisting of L-cysteine carrying an S-hydroxy-substituent.		2.0510L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
triphenanthrolinecobalt(iii)
triphenanthrolinecobalt(III): redox reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd with Co integral part of molecule		1.9710
symmetric dimethylarginine
N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions		4.7461amino acid zwitterion;
dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.3620dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
pregnane-20-one
pregnane-20-one: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; progesterone metabolite		210
cinnamophilin
cinnamophilin: a lignan isolated from Cinnamomum philippinense; thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.9610
farglitazar
farglitazar: a non-thiazolidinedione insulin sensitiser and PPARgamma agonist		2.0110
n-acetyl-n-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine
N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source		2.0210aromatic ketone
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		3.3570biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		10.18881amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
campesterol
campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure		4.45113beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C28-steroid;
phytosterols		mouse metabolite
3-n-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide
3-N-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide: from seeds of Apium graveolens Linn.; RN given refers to (-)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0610
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.59270
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		3.470
mesotrione
mesotrione: brandname is after the Callistemon (MYRTACEAE) plant it was found in; structure in first source. mesotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(methanesulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl group.		2.0310aromatic ketone;
beta-triketone;
C-nitro compound;
sulfone		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
sb 203580
[no description available]		3.97130imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
zm 241385
ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor		2.4220diamino-1,3,5-triazine
adelmidrol
adelmidrol: Antiinflammatory Agent		2.0510
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		210divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
antalarmin
antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).		2.0510pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
thaxtomine a
thaxtomine A: a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabies; RN given for (3R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0210
psyllium
Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.		1.9610very long-chain fatty acid
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		2.4420glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
dibromodiphenyl ether
dibromodiphenyl ether: structure in first source		2.2510
ergolide
ergolide: a potent cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactone from Inula sp.; structure given in first source. ergolide : A sesquiterpene lactone that is decahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 4a and 8, a methylidene group at position 3 and an acetyloxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Inula hupehensis.		210acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
gamma-lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
propargylglycine
propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0510
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		3.4920aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210
desaminosulfamethazine
desaminosulfamethazine: metabolite of sulfamethazine		1.9710
manganese(iii) porphyrin
manganese(III) porphyrin: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index		2.3110
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		3.4110corticosteroid hormone
calcium aluminate ferrite
[no description available]		2.0810
3-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate
3-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate: structure given in first source; isomeric probe		2.610
oxodihydrothiochrome
oxodihydrothiochrome: RN from Toxlit; inhibits thiamine diphosphate dependent enzymes		2.0710
chlorite
[no description available]		3.86110chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
fe(iii)-edta
Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7130iron coordination entity
4-methoxyphenylboronic acid
4-methoxyphenylboronic acid: structure in first source		2.1310
anabasine
Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.		1.9510anabasine
prizes
acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.		2.4110carboxamidine;
monochloropyridine;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
n,n'-bis(3-propionaldehyde)-1,4-diaminobutane
N,N'-bis(3-propionaldehyde)-1,4-diaminobutane: structure given in first source		1.9810aldehyde
alanyl-glutamyl-aspartyl-glycine
epithalamin: epiphysial polypeptoid extract		1.9910
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.0510bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
cortisone
[no description available]		2.382011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		13.8824042-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sodium sulfide
sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae		2.0710
lanosterol
[no description available]		2.051014alpha-methyl steroid;
3beta-sterol;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nsc 74859
NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.		2.0810amidobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
tosylate ester		STAT3 inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		4.79100
potassium bromide
potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.0110potassium salt
sodium bromide
sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.		2.0510bromide salt;
inorganic sodium salt
lupeol
[no description available]		3.0140pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin b
23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin B: from the leaves of Morierina montana Vieill; structure in first source. 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin B : A 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at position 5; a hydroxy function at C-25 is acetylated.		2.031023,24-dihydrocucurbitacin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
allylpyrocatechol
allylpyrocatechol: extracted from leaves of Piper betel; has healing properties against indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration; structure in first source		2.0510
wortmannin
[no description available]		3.3970acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole
2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.		2.5720gamma-lactam;
indolinone
withanolides
Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.		2.110
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		4.4420
5-methylxanthen-9-one-4-acetic acid
5-methylxanthen-9-one-4-acetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		1.9710
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		2.110bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetyl-5-methoxy kynurenamine
N-acetyl-5-methoxy kynurenamine: melatonin brain metabolite		2.4420kynurenamines
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		5.01211,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		4.5251
lanatosides
Lanatosides: Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)		3.0410
methylmercuric chloride
methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0510chlorine molecular entity;
mercury coordination entity;
one-carbon compound
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		2.1510
permanganate
[no description available]		4.6111manganese oxoacid
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		3.6390
carboplatin
[no description available]		4.6111
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		3.2760inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.		2.0310adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide		cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		8.01372
sorbose
sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.		1.9410L-sorbose;
sorbopyranose
arabinose
[no description available]		2.6530L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.4420N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		2.6730peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		6.08390oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		3.2460amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
amylopectin
Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.		2.4110
hexacyanoferrate iii
hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.5190
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		10.39240D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
elastin
[no description available]		2.9340oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		3.1750amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		2.43203,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		3.470raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		3.6630(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.9440
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		4.62100heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
laminaran
beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.		2.4320
d-tagatose
D-tagatopyranose : The pyranose form of D-tagatose.		2.0410D-tagatose
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		1.9810myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine
cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.		2.110dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		3.7611011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		2.6430puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		3.1150alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		7.6730tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		1.9410amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.110bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		5.931010guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
mannosamine
mannosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. D-mannosamine : The D-enantiomer of mannosamine.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose : A D-mannosamine in cyclic pyranose form.		1.9410D-mannosamine
l-bornesitol
L-bornesitol: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic from Hancornia speciosa; structure in first source. 1D-3-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1S,2R,3R,4S,5S,6R-isomer).		2.2110
dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.		3.4170dehydroascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
mouse metabolite
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		1.9710deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
eriodictyol
eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.08103'-hydroxyflavanones;
tetrahydroxyflavanone
pelargonidin
pelargonidin: influences flower phenotype. pelargonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'.		2.13105-hydroxyanthocyanidinplant metabolite
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.4620cellotriose
iduronate
Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.		210idopyranuronic acid;
L-iduronic acid
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.8840monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		5.480cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.73301-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		1.9910cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
tetranactin
tetranactin: from Streptomyces strain S-3466; miticidal; structure		1.9910macrotetrolide
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		2.0810beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		3.4420cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.0810L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		3.451111beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
perseitol
perseitol: RN given refers to (D-glycero-D-galacto)-isomer. perseitol : A heptitol that is heptane-1,2,3,4,5,6,7-heptol that has R-configuration at positions 2, 3, 4 and 5, and S-configuration at position 6.		1.9410
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		2.3110homodetic cyclic peptide
indican
[no description available]		1.9410beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
ruscogenin
ruscogenin: basic sapogenin of Ruscus sp.; RN given refers to (1 beta,3 beta,25R)-isomer		2.0710triterpenoid
ginsenoside rg1
[no description available]		21012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		neuroprotective agent;
pro-angiogenic agent
beta-hederin
beta-hederin: derived from beta-amyrin; other hederigenin based saponins are available		2.0110triterpenoid
carnosol
carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata		2.4220diterpenoid
stevioside
stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.		2.5320beta-D-glucoside;
bridged compound;
diterpene glycoside;
ent-kaurane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sweetening agent
decursin
decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.2110coumarins
farrerol
farrerol: expectorant principle isolated from leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L; structure		2.1110organic molecular entitymetabolite
genipin
[no description available]		3.1750iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin
[no description available]		4.8671(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
isonaringin
isonaringin: structure in first source. narirutin : A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0510(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		2.4920isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
vicenin ii
vicenin: isolated from the leaves of the Indian plant Ocimum sanctum were tested for their radioprotective effect in mice. isovitexin 8-C-beta-glucoside : A C-glycosyl compound that is isovitexin in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.		2.0610C-glycosyl compound;
trihydroxyflavone		metabolite
gingerol
gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.		2.0310beta-hydroxy ketone;
guaiacols		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
securinine
securinine: a quinolizine pseudoalkaloid (not from amino acid) from Securinega suffurutiosa or Securinini nitras		2.1510indolizines
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		7.68171
acriflavine
Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.		2.7630
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.		3.1250aldehyde;
tripeptide		cysteine protease inhibitor
bq 485
BQ 485: an endothelin ET(A)receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.420peptide
bq 123
cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		4.4951cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		3.7100tripeptide
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		3.4470arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
actinonin
actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure		2.0310
temocapril hydrochloride
temocapril hydrochloride: structure given in first source		2.0210dipeptide
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		1.9310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.5120alkaloidgeroprotector
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		4.653217beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.9440cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.6730acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.0410antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		6.45131retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		5.96251icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.420butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
phosphoramidon
phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.		2.420deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.		2103-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA;
3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		7.3311resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		7.44231retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		4.670microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.470octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		5.47151macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferric hydroxide
ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9		2.610
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		3.6490ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		2.3920D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		4.3141dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		14.68302benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		3.5480icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist. (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.		1.9910non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidmetabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.6930butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.96402-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
dihydrorhodamine 6g
[no description available]		2.0110
lycopene
[no description available]		3.3360acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.1910epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		5.2443macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.		2.0210geranylgeranyl diphosphatemouse metabolite
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		3.2960aromatic amide
cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid
Cytidine Monophosphate N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: A nucleoside monophosphate sugar which donates N-acetylneuraminic acid to the terminal sugar of a ganglioside or glycoprotein.. CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid : A nucleotide sugar used as a donor by glycosyltransferases for the synthesis of sugar chains		1.9910CMP-N-acyl-beta-neuraminic acidmouse metabolite
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		2.4220adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
benzoylecgonine
benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.		1.9910benzoate ester;
tropane alkaloid		epitope;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		3.95130prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		3.9640olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.4120retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
roflumilast
[no description available]		2.0210aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.6930N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
imidazolidines
[no description available]		3.3811azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		3.4470
kt 5720
KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		2.0310carboxylic ester;
gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
laminaran
laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan		2.4220
pa 824
pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source		2.0510
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		4.5240actinomycinmutagen
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.6330carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.9140L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		2.7130pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.9440amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
schizandrin
schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name		2.0410
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		2.0410hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.97140flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
likviriton
liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
flavanone glycoside;
monohydroxyflavanone;
monosaccharide derivative		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
plant metabolite
m40401
M40401: structure in first source		210
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide
conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source		4.6111
ammonium metavanadate
[no description available]		2.0310
sodium thiocyanate
sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.		2.8940organic sodium salt
potassium thiocyanate
potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.		2.4220potassium salt
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		3.4780
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.2860one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium nitrite
[no description available]		6.08281
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		3.4770organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		2.4420acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		3.3670organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
sodium perchlorate
sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.		2.0110inorganic sodium salt
potassium fluoride
potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.		2.0110fluoride salt;
potassium salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
poison
oxazolidine
oxazolidine: structure given in first source		2.0310oxazolidine
desmethylclomipramine
desmethylclomipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2110dibenzoazepine
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.42204-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
anethole
anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.		2.830anetholeflavouring agent
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		3.6730diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
glycosides
[no description available]		4.86110
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		3.470chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid
sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.		2.7430sinapic acidMALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		4.11160isomethyleugenol
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		3.2350benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		7.57411stilbene
2'-hydroxychalcone
2'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2'.		2.0310chalcones;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		2.9140
curvularin
curvularin: from Penicillium Baradicum Baghdadi; structure		2.0110
picibanil
Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.		2.730penicillinate anion
cardamonin
cardamonin: found in Zingiberaceae; structure in first source		2.7530chalcones
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		6.26200alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		5.39240flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.7130olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		2.610morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		1.9510cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		6.35121vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		3.1350diphosphate ion
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.4520benzamides
s 1033
[no description available]		2.520(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.		2.0110tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
amygdalin
[no description available]		2.3620
omapatrilat
omapatrilat: structure in first source		210dipeptide
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.5120indolyl carboxylic acid
benidipine
benidipine: RN refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer		4.0931
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.7130inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		4.131oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.0410pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
physostigmine salicylate
[no description available]		2.1710azaheterocycle salicylate salt;
salicylates
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		5.57220
ag-213
tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;		2.3920
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.9440catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
7,8,3'-trihydroxyflavone
7,8,3'-trihydroxyflavone: a potent small molecule TrkB receptor agonist that protects spiral ganglion neurons from degeneration both in vitro and in vivo		2.2510
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		4.29180caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
ethyl ferulate
ethyl ferulate: structure in first source		2.1310
isoeugenol
trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.		2.0310isoeugenolplant metabolite
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		4.0150N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
dieldrin
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.		2.6630epoxide;
organochlorine compound;
organochlorine insecticide		carcinogenic agent;
xenobiotic
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		6.28450aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		3.9540nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
thiohydantoins
Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.		2.1310
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.71301,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		1.9610diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		3.5280capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide
Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.		2.3720imidazoles
allylthiourea
[no description available]		3.4170thioureasmetabolite
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		2.0210
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		5.28121cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		1.97102-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		4.5351barbituratesallergen;
reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea
[no description available]		2.9640
ethylenethiourea
Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.		3.0550imidazolidines
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		4.59260one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
safranine t
safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.		2.4620organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
histological dye
indigo carmine
Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.		2.8940
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		4.47230cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		3.360thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate
triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate: a trialkyloxonium salt (Meerweins' reagents)		2.4920
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		3.4770aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		2.3110
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		1.9910dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.9740cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
buthionine
buthionine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.4420benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source		4.17160benzoic acid;
imidazolines;
organic radical		apoptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist		5.14140
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.6490stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
tocopherylquinone
tocopherylquinone: RN refers to (3R-(3R*,7R*,11R*))-isomer; structure		2.0110
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
[no description available]		2.0710
nadp
[no description available]		7.071090
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		4.01130
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		21011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		2.610carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
nabam
mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.		2.0210dithiocarbamic acids
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		3.4680cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.420barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		10.08101C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
thiamine disulfide
thiamine disulfide: structure		2.0710aminopyrimidine;
formamides;
homoallylic alcohol;
organic disulfide
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.1550aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
l 783281
L 783281: structure in first source		2.0310
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		1.9610
oxalomalic acid
oxalomalic acid: structure		2.0310
n-bromotaurine
N-bromotaurine: cpd able to kill the schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni		2.4220
2-(allylthio)pyrazine
2-(allylthio)pyrazine: structure given in first source		1.9910
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		5.15111alkali metal atom
zineb
Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.		2.3820dithiocarbamate salt;
macromolecule;
zinc coordination entity		antifungal agrochemical
goitrin
goitrin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. (R)-goitrin : A 5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione that has R-configuration. It is a constituent of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Radix isatidis.		2.01105-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thioneantiviral agent;
plant metabolite
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.7830cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		12.91755nitrogen oxide
maneb
Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.		2.4420
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		2.4620amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		2.110beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		2.6630cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
kaurenoic acid
kaurenoic acid: isolated from leaves of Montanoa tomentosa; structure given in first source. ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is ent-kauran-19-oic acid in which a double bond is present at position 16(17); exhibits anticancer and anti-HIV 1 activity.		2.1710
3-hydroxy-1-nitrosopyrrolidine
[no description available]		1.9610pyrrolidines
3-diazotyramine
[no description available]		3.7630
rtki cpd
RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors		2.0210
gea 3162
GEA 3162: structure given in first source; a nitric oxide-releasing compound		2.6830
bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(iv)
bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV): a hypoglycemic agentt; structure given in first source		2.4320
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
[no description available]		210
cystine
[no description available]		3.2460
u-50488
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine		1.9910dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		analgesic;
antitussive;
calcium channel blocker;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.0510benzazepine
carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone
carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone: inhibitor of ATP synthesis; inhibits iron-containing nitrile hydratases		2.110
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		2.0810
dipyrromethene
dipyrromethene: structure in first source. dipyrrin : A dipyrrin that consists of pyrrole bearing a pyrrol-2-ylidenemethyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.3110dipyrrins
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.520
phosphonic acid
phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.		2.1510
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		3.360
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.		2.9340adenosines;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
monocarboxylic acid		adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
anti-inflammatory agent
phosphothreonine
Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.		2.7630L-threonine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		2.4320naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		5.15170
anthraquinone sulfonate
anthraquinone sulfonate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified acid locant		3.0240
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		3.4680organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
4-nitrocatechol
4-nitrocatechol : A member of the class of catechols that is benzene-1,2-diol substituted by a nitro group at position 4.It is the by-product of the hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol.		2.9240C-nitro compound;
catechols		human xenobiotic metabolite;
lipoxygenase inhibitor
crocin
crocin: a free radical scavenger		3.7930
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.9440
pd 168,077
N-((4-(2-cyanophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)methyl)-3-methylbenzamide: a D4 dopamine receptor agonist		2.0310piperazines
flavan-3-ol
flavan-3-ol: structure in first source		2.4520hydroxyflavonoid
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		2.0210quinoxaline derivative
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		3.95120
ocotillol
ocotillol: cardioprotective agent; structure in first source		2.1110
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		1.9910quinoxaline derivative
metanil yellow
metanil yellow: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. metanil yellow : An organic sodium salt having 3-[(4-anilinophenyl)diazenyl]benzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used in one variant of Masson's trichrome to stain collagen yellow in contrast to the red muscle, but is not in common used.		1.9610organic sodium salthistological dye
alizarin red s
Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organosulfonate salt		histological dye
homoserine lactone
homoserine lactone: a putative signal for starvation in E. coli; structure in first source. homoserinium lactone : The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.. homoserine lactone : A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.		2.1110ammonium ion derivative;
organic cation
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		4.4370
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		1.9510
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		3.3670
d 609
[no description available]		210
2',3'-dialdehyde atp
2',3'-dialdehyde ATP: RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*))-isomer; OATP also stands for organic anion-transporting polypeptides		210
jhw 015
[no description available]		2.7530indolecarboxamide
am 630
iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0710N-acylindole
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7230inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.4720long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g
Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.		210
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor		2.0510benzamides;
benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyridines		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		1.9910organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		3.2860
palladium oxide
palladium oxide: RN given refers to PdO		2.2510
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610monocarboxylic acid anion
erbium oxide
[no description available]		2.2110
2-nitrobenzoate
2-nitrobenzoate: structure in first source		2.110nitrobenzoate
mercurophylline
mercurophylline: combination of Na salt of mercamphamidum & theophylline		1.9310
diethyl maleate
diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.		2.9140ethyl ester;
maleate ester		glutathione depleting agent
quercetin 3-o-glucuronide
quercetin 3-O-glucuronide: structure in first source. miquelianin : A quercetin O-glycoside that consists of quercetin attached to a beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Salvia and Phaseolus vulgaris, it exhibits antioxidant and antidepressant activities.		4.1631beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
quercetin O-glycoside		antidepressant;
antioxidant;
metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		9.384757-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2
Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0310ubiquinones
bilirubin
[no description available]		8.31512biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		11.442102prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		11.716110monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene a4
Leukotriene A4: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-Tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. An unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-HPETE via the stereospecific removal of a proton at C-10 and dehydration. Its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., LEUKOTRIENE B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Alternatively, leukotriene A4 is converted into LEUKOTRIENE C4 by glutathione-S-transferase or into 5,6-di-HETE by the epoxide-hydrolase. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene A4 : A leukotriene that is the (5S,6S)-epoxy derivative of (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid.		210epoxy fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid;
oxylipin;
polyunsaturated fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
sterigmatocystin
[no description available]		2.0110sterigmatocystinsmetabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane
arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group		210fatty acid derivative;
ketone;
olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		3.1450trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		4.48803'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.1350octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.821D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
psychosine
[no description available]		3.3811glycosylsphingoidhuman metabolite
quercitrin
[no description available]		2.0810alpha-L-rhamnoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antileishmanial agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		3.74110
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		5.9132carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		4.36200dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		2.730leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		3.88120epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		210hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		2.0410fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
luteolin-7-glucoside
luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0210beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
furylfuramide
Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.		3.5120acrylamides;
C-nitro compound;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
primary carboxamide
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.0210prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		4.6111D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		3.6190disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.72307-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin d2
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2: has potent antineoplastic & weak smooth muscle contracting activities; structure given in first source. prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that consists of prosta-5,9,13-trien-1-oic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 11 and a hydroxy group at position 15 (the 5Z,13E,15S stereoisomer).		1.9910prostaglandins Jhuman metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		7.2353prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2
11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.		210thromboxanehuman metabolite
zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.		2.1110carotenolantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
cofactor
lipoxin a4
lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.		3.420hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
lipoxin;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		2.4420linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		210linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1
prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		2.0310prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		3.7630harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		5.551617-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.4370antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.422011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		2.1110dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.4420aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
butein
[no description available]		2.0210chalcones;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		3.1750carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.		2.0710carotenonebiological pigment;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fungal metabolite
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		2.4620carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
capillarisin
capillarisin: from Artemisiae capillaris Herba.; structure		2.0510coumarins
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.		3.4820harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
esculin
[no description available]		2.0310beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxycoumarin		antioxidant;
metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin
7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.		2.110hydroxycoumarinfluorescent probe;
food component;
plant metabolite
budlein a
budlein A: anti-inflammatory and analgesic sesquiterpene lactone from Viguiera robusta; structure in first source		2.0510sesquiterpenoid
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		2.4120alpha-humulene
oleuropein
oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		2.7730beta-D-glucoside;
catechols;
diester;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		2.0110macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
amentoflavone
[no description available]		2.4620biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone;
ring assembly		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
baicalein
[no description available]		5.4641trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
diosmin
[no description available]		340dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
fisetin
[no description available]		2.15103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
galangin
5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.		2.17107-hydroxyflavonol;
trihydroxyflavone		antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
hyperoside
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.		2.4320beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
mangiferin
shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source		3.1750C-glycosyl compound;
xanthones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		3.87217-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.07107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
myricetin
[no description available]		2.51207-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
wogonin
wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.		2.4320dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		3.66907-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
pterostilbene
[no description available]		340diether;
methoxybenzenes;
stilbenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
neurotransmitter;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
platyphylline
platyphylline: from Senecio platyphyllus; RN given refers to (1 alpha)-isomer; structure		1.9610macrolide
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		3.2860alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		2.7830rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a
salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia		2.0610stilbenoid
shogaol
shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source		2.4110enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols
ellagic acid
[no description available]		2.7230catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
cyhalothrin
cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.1510aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		5.1152ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		4.5250endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
ethyl linoleate
ethyl linoleate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linoleic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.		210long-chain fatty acid ethyl esteranti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite
geranylgeranylacetone
geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).		2.4120
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.420amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
10-nitro-9,12-octadecadienoic acid
10-nitro-9,12-octadecadienoic acid: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source		2.0610nitro fatty acid;
octadecadienoic acid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		11.36479F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate
glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.		3.82202-acylglycerol 20:4;
endocannabinoid		human metabolite
tocotrienol, alpha
alpha-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis.		2.110tocotrienol;
vitamin E		ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
tocotrienol, delta
delta-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.		2.0610tocotrienol;
vitamin E		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		210
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.4320cinnamic acids
pibutidine hydrochloride
IT 066: structure in first source. pibutidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of pibutidine. It is a H2 receptor antagonist which was developed for the treatment of peptic ulcers and duodenal ulcers. It was in phase III clinical trials in Japan (now discontinued).		1.9910hydrochlorideanti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		2.1310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate
9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid: toxic metabolite of leukocytes; causes cardiac failure in dogs; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810medium-chain fatty acid
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.		2.1110ketone;
prostaglandins Falpha		metabolite
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		6.2321thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2,3-dinor-thromboxane b2
[no description available]		210thromboxane
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.		3.8521HETE;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		6.491614-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
oleylamide
oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.		2.1710primary fatty amidehuman metabolite;
plant metabolite
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		5.8161
codeine
[no description available]		2.4120morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
methyl linoleate
[no description available]		1.9810fatty acid methyl esterplant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		5.0231hydrochloride
beta-nitrostyrene
beta-nitrostyrene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0110
3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole
3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure		3.4620pyridoindole
3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole
3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure		3.7530pyridoindole
diminazene aceturate
diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.		2.2510N-acetylglycinate saltantiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.4820sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
erythrityl tetranitrate
Erythrityl Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1020). erythrityl tetranitrate : Erythritol in which each of the hydroxy groups has been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to nitroglycerin. It is usually used diluted with lactose or other suitable inert excipients, in order to minimise the risk of explosion; undiluted erythrityl tetranitrate can be exploded by percussion or excessive heat.		3.4480nitrate esterexplosive;
vasodilator agent
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.0310pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		5.18150morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		6.0581antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
6-methylpurine
6-methylpurine : Purine bearing a methyl substituent at position 6.		1.9710purinesEC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
menaquinone 7
menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.		5.0121menaquinonebone density conservation agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.4120macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
lobeline
Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.		2.3420
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		4.85340morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
trans-metanicotine
metanicotine: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0610
2-methylthio-atp
2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source		1.9910
a 192621
A 192621: ET(B) receptor antagonist		2.7230
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.8220medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		3.431111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin
herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.		2.42201,4-benzoquinones;
lactam;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
apoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin
Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.		3.0410peptide
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		4.8642carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
l 745870
3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first source		2.0310piperazines
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		210benzodiazepine
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.		3.71100prostaglandins Jelectrophilic reagent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
metabolite
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.7301-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
magnesium trisilicate
magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.610
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.420cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		210
ono 3708
ONO 3708: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist		210
pd 123319
PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively		2.4220imidazopyridineangiotensin receptor antagonist;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
sq 29548
SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist		2.730
onapristone
onapristone: induces vaginal bleeding and luteal regression in monkeys; structure given in first source; progesterone antagonist		2.910
biliverdine
[no description available]		2.0110
bisdemethoxycurcumin
curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.		2.1110beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
metabolite
andrographolide
[no description available]		2.420carbobicyclic compound;
gamma-lactone;
labdane diterpenoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
isomangiferin
isomangiferin: structure given in first source. isomangiferin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 and a 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol moiety at position 1.		2.110C-glycosyl compound;
polyphenol;
xanthones		anti-HSV-1 agent;
plant metabolite
licochalcone b
licochalcone B: isolated from Glycyrrhiza inflata; inhibits phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65 in LPS signaling pathway; structure in first source		2.110chalcones
ligustilide
ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source		2.0610butenolidemetabolite
methyl linolenate
[no description available]		1.9810fatty acid methyl esterinsect attractant;
plant metabolite
pd 166866
PD 166866: structure in first source. PD-166866 : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by an amino group at position 2, 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group at position 6, and by a (tert-butylcarbamoyl)nitrilo group at position 7. It is a selective ATP competitive inhibitor of the human fibroblast growth factor-1 receptor (FGFR1) tyrosine kinase with an IC50 of 52.4 nM.		2.0310biaryl;
dimethoxybenzene;
primary arylamine;
pyridopyrimidine;
ureas		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
erbstatin
erbstatin: from actinomycetes; an inhibitor of EGF-receptor kinase & other protein-tyrosine kinases; structure in first source		210
tyrphostin ag-494
AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source		210
ag 556
AG 556: structure given in first source		210
ag-490
[no description available]		2.4320catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		2.0510guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
ergothioneine
ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.88401,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
amino-acid betaine;
L-histidine derivative;
sulfur-containing amino acid		antioxidant;
chelator;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		8.7361carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		2.4420carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7082
(E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.		3.1550nitrile;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.05101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		3.96130
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		2.1310metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		3.2160alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		4.4370alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine
8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanine: structure given in first source		2.0210
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.6830alkali metal atom
trimethyltin
trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.		2.4520
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		5.31170boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		2.2110alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		6.4881metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		3.7430boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		8.73271metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		2.4820boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.84110cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.4920morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		2.44206-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		210phenanthrenes
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.1331dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.1150azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		2.4420dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		9.08990chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.4420
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		210benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
sorbicillin
sorbicillin: RN given for (E,E)-isomer; structure in first source		2.2110phenols
vitamin mk 8
vitamin MK 8: isoprenoid acetone-soluble lipid. menaquinone-8 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 8 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.		2.110menaquinoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
diphenylhexatriene
Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.		2.0510alkatrienefluorochrome
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		210alkaloid
puerarin
[no description available]		2.0310C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		6.39153dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
3,7-dihydroxyflavone
3,7-dihydroxyflavone: structure in first source. 7-hydroxyflavonol : Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent.		2.0310hydroxyflavan
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.3420
deoxyribose
[no description available]		1.9810deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		5.15180butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
[no description available]		2.0210alpha-amino-acid radical
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		8.511131cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
isophthalate
isophthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.5820dicarboxylic acid dianion
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		3.2860carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		10.122261monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		3.3560boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		3.150morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		2.6930dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
6-o-monoacetylmorphine
6-O-monoacetylmorphine: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0710morphinane alkaloid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		4.4680
ramiprilat
ramiprilat : A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.		2.6930azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		3.3811dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
demethoxycurcumin
demethoxycurcumin: corresponds to curcumin with one methoxy group replaced by hydrogen; isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa. demethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.		2.0510beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
artepillin c
artepillin C: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0410
pepstatin
pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin		2.0510pentapeptide;
secondary carboxamide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		210cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
monodehydroascorbate
semidehydroascorbic acid: structure		2.0510organic radicalmouse metabolite
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.8121dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0810morphinane alkaloid
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		1.9910
oxyfedrine
Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.		1.9510aromatic ketone
oxyhyponitrite
oxyhyponitrite: nitrosating agent; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent acid		7.86960
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.5220monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
z-val-ala-asp(ome)-fluoromethylketone
z-Val-Ala-Asp(Ome)-fluoromethylketone: confuse with Z-VAD-FMK. Z-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-CH2F : A tripeptide consisting of Z-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe) in which the C-terminal OH group has been replaced by a fluoromethyl group. An irreversible pan-caspase inhibitor.		2.0410carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
tripeptide		apoptosis inhibitor;
protease inhibitor
docosapentaenoic acid
docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.		2.4110docosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
human metabolite
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		4.38602-trans-abscisic acid
salubrinal
salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).		2.1310aminal;
organochlorine compound;
quinolines;
secondary carboxamide;
thioureas
semapimod
semapimod: macrophage-deactivating agent used to treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice; prevents postoperative ileus in mice independently of anti-inflammatory vagus nerve signaling		2.9140
cinidon-ethyl
Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.		2.4620ethyl ester;
isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins		2.0410
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2		2.0210naphthalenes
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		4.26190ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
bisabolol
bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation		2.4720
ajmaline
Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.		2.3520
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		2.9340
am-356
methanandamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (all-Z)-(+-)-isomer		2.0510fatty amide
monorden
monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II		2.7130cyclic ketone;
enone;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antifungal agent;
metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0610acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
mastoparan
[no description available]		2.0210mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antimicrobial agent
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		2.0810carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		9.59432chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		1.9910
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		3.9840chalcogen;
metalloid atom
selenourea
[no description available]		2.3110
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		3.85120
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd		3.82110organic anion
clinoptilolite
clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF		2.9440
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		3.4170(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
selenocyanic acid
[no description available]		2.1310organic radical
fk 409
FK 409: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces griseoporeus		3.7100
pyruvatoxime
pyruvatoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.9440
dihydroergotoxine
Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.		2.3520
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		4.16160maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		5.07140amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol
[no description available]		1.9910
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		2.940cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
falcarindiol
falcarindiol: from leaves of Schefflera digitata (Araliaceae) and in carrots; inhibits germination of spores of most common dermatophyte fungi		2.0210organic molecular entitymetabolite
myxothiazol
myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.		3.1150
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound		2.0810cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
plastochromanol 8
plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol		2.9310
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-glucopyranoside
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucopyranoside: isolated from dried root tubers of Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source		2.0510
rooperol
rooperol: structure given in first source; the deglucosidated product of P2A (hypoxoside); RN given for (E)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/93		1.9910
yakuchinone b
yakuchinone B: structure in first source		2.0310
bacteriochlorophylls
Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.		1.9710
nuezhenide
nuezhenide: from Ligustrum lucidum; structure given in first source; RN refers to trans-isomer		2.3110saccharolipid
axitinib
[no description available]		4.6111aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
indazoles;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide
Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.		210galactosylceramide sulfate;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
cyclosporin g
cyclosporin G: similar immunosuppressive actions as cyclosporin, but without nephrotoxic side effects; cyclosporin A analog; MW 1217		1.9810
isoacteoside
isoacteoside: a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Indian paintbrush (Verbenaceae) Castilleja linariaefolia; also in other plants; structure given in first source		2.1510hydroxycinnamic acid
cyclosporin h
cyclosporin H: non-immunophilin-binding cyclosporin; RN given for (D)-Val		1.9810
tanespimycin
CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A		2.03101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0310
aurone
[no description available]		2.1510aurones;
cyclic ketone
beta-escin
[no description available]		4.6180
4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.4420
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		6.31580nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.9640imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
am 404
[no description available]		2.0310anilide
tehranolide
tehranolide: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Artemisia diffusa; structure in first source		2.610
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.0110nitrofuran antibiotic
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		2.5220gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
corrole
corrole: structure in first source. corrole : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is the octadehydro drivative of corrin.		2.110
thiotaurine
thiotaurine: structure in first source		2.0810
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).		210nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.9240cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		1.9910enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
vofopitant
[no description available]		210
beta-elemene
beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.		2.4620beta-elemeneantineoplastic agent
jwh-133
1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.		2.110benzochromene;
dibenzopyran;
organic heterotricyclic compound		analgesic;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
CB2 receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
vasodilator agent
rebaudioside a
rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.		3.2710beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
diglycyl-histidine
diglycyl-histidine: tripeptide complexed with cupric ion designed to mimic specific Cu(II) transport site of ascorbate on albumin molecule; glycylglycylhistamine is An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine		2.1710oligopeptide
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		3.5180ammonium ion derivative
chloralose
Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.		2.0610
4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal
4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal: structure in first source		2.1110
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.7330penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		8.4193phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ursane
ursane: structure in first source		2.3110terpenoid fundamental parent;
triterpene
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		9165biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		3.2860
triacsin c
triacsin C: from Streptomyces No. 1228; structure given in first source; an acyl-CoA synthetase antagonist. triacsin C : A nitroso compound that is N-undecylnitrous hydrazide carrying double bonds at positions 1,2,4, and 7. It is a long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase inhibitor and interferes with lipid metabolism by inhibiting the de novo synthesis of glycerolipids and cholesterol esters.		2.0210hydrazone;
nitroso compound;
olefinic compound		antimalarial;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.64 (retinoid isomerohydrolase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
sin 1c
SIN 1C: a metabolite of molsidomine		1.9910
naltrexazone
naltrexazone: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source		210
ferrihydrite
ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O		2.7830
s-nitrosocysteine
S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.		4.37200L-cysteine derivative;
nitrosothio compound		hematologic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone
clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone: active metabolite of lactacystin; inhibits 20 S proteasome; structure in first source		210
disilver oxide
[no description available]		2.5820
beta-sitosterone
beta-sitosterone: from Torreya jackii		2.1110
8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
(Sp)-8-bromo-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having 8-bromoadenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).		2.420
sch 351591
SCH 351591: a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; structure in first source. SCH-351591 : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 8-methoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine 1-oxide. It is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase IV (PDE4).		2.0410
ggti 298
GGTI 298: inhibits geranylgeranyltransferase-I; structure in first source		1.9910leucine derivative
acanthoic acid
acanthoic acid: from root bark of Acanthopanax koreanum; structure given in first source		2.0210
kb r7943
2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source		2.0110
midostaurin
midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.		2.0210benzamides;
gamma-lactam;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide: a proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptide; SL-NH2 is NOT Ser-Leu-NH2 here		2.0510
davunetide
davunetide: AL-108 is a nasal systemic formulation; AL-208 is an intravenous formulation; associated with glial proteins regulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide, are shown now to provide protective intervention in a model of fetal alcohol syndrome		2.4220oligopeptide
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		210oligopeptide
ci 1044
CI 1044: inhibits PDE4; structure in first source		2.4820
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.110bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
paliperidone palmitate
Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		2.1101,2-benzoxazoles;
fatty acid ester;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		2.3620organic molecular entity
tetraborate
tetraborate: RN given refers to ion(2-). borate ion : Any inorganic anion that is formally derived from boric acid. The term includes polymeric anions containing chains of BO3 structural units sharing one oxygen atom (e.g. di-, tri-, and tetraborates) as well as chains or rings sharing two oxygen atoms (e.g. metaborates).		2.5120
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		13.12665aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
sc 236
4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: SC58236 = SC236 re email from Harris, Ray 		2.7230
carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal
carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal: structure given in first source		2.0110peptide
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		4.4280dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
naproxen-n-butyl nitrate
naproxen-n-butyl nitrate: a nitric oxide-releasing NSAID derivative. naproxcinod : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of naproxen with the hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. A cyclooxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donator that is metabolised to naproxen and a nitric oxide donating moiety, effective in treatment of osteoarthritis.		2.4120carboxylic ester;
methoxynaphthalene;
nitrate ester		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sr 59230a
3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source		2.0610
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		2.0810ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate
[no description available]		210
ginsenoside rg3
ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.0810ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
sorbitan monooleate
[no description available]		4.6111fatty acid ester
tocotrienols
tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.		2.7530diterpenoid
s 5682
S 5682: a purified flavonoid fraction composed of 90% diosmin 7-rhamnoglucoside and 10% hesperidin 7-rhamnoglucoside		2.4520
zeolites
[no description available]		4.21160
pitolisant
pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source		4.6111organochlorine compound
3,4-dihydro-5-(4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy)-1(2h)-isoquinolinone
[no description available]		2.0810
1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride
SA 4503: a sigma(1) receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.0710
ubiquinol
ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.		3.5420polyprenylhydroquinone;
ubiquinol		biomarker;
metabolite
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		2.0410alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
diaminorhodamine-4m
diaminorhodamine-4M: fluorescent probe used to measure reactive nitrogen species		2.2510
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		3.6990
methionine sulfoxide
methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.		210amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine S-oxide		Escherichia coli metabolite
delta-viniferin
delta-viniferin: resveratrol dehydrodimer, an isomer of epsilon-viniferin; isolated from grapevine leaves; structure in first source. (2S,3S)-trans-delta-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (2S,3S)-trans-stereoisomer of delta-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.		2.13101-benzofurans;
polyphenol;
stilbenoid
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		2.1310aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin
heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I		210
act 058362
1-(2-(4-benzyl-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(2-methylquinolin-4-yl)urea: a urotensin-II receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0410
dimethylarginine
dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.		7.81153
bibw 2992
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
enamide;
furans;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
m 40403
imisopasem manganese: a superoxide dismutase mimetic; structure in first source		210
pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid)
pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid): structure in first source		210
ammonium dinitramide
ammonium dinitramide: a class 1.1 explosive oxidizer		3.4670
struvite
Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.		2.4520hydrate;
phosphate mineral		fertilizer
ys 49
YS 49: structure given in first source		210
anomalin
anomalin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/90		2.0810
dibudipine
dibudipine: structure in first source		2.0510
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		3.4570
8-nitroxanthine
8-Nitroxanthine: structure in first source		2.4120
mebudipine
mebudipine: structure in first source		2.0510
1-(hexylthio)-2-(hexanoylamino)-1,2-dideoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1-(hexylthio)-2-(hexanoylamino)-1,2-dideoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: structure given in first source; an inhibitor of cobra venom phospholipase A2		2.0210
substance p
[no description available]		2.0310
kmup 1
KMUP 1: a potassium channel opener and stimulator of the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway; structure in first source		2.4720
2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde
2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde: induces apoptosis in cancer cells; possible antineoplastic agent		2.0710
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		5.04400
apicularen b
apicularen B: isolated from Chondromyces; structure in first source		2.0210
4,5-diaminofluorescein
4,5-diaminofluorescein: structure in first source		2.9440
apicularen a
apicularen A: isolated from Chondromyces; structure in first source		2.0210
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		2.4120
6-nitrodopamine
6-nitrodopamine: structure in first source		210catecholamine
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		2.6330D-ribose;
ribopyranose
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.6430alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		2.0510
2,5-anhydromannose
2,5-anhydromannose: RN given refers to (D)-isomer		2.1310
mefenoxam
metalaxyl-M : A methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate that is the more active R-enantiomer of metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.		2.0310acylamino acid fungicide;
anilide fungicide;
D-alanine derivative;
methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate		agrochemical
4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)phenol
4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)phenol: a selective estrogen receptor modulator		2.1310pyrazoles;
ring assembly
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.4120
pnu-282987
[no description available]		2.0610
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		2.3520nystatins
mitoquinone
mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity		3.1410
l-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate
[no description available]		3.4511
3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate
3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole phosphate : A phosphate salt obtained by reacting 3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole with one equivalent of phosphoric acid. It is a nitrification inhibitor and when used on crops, it prevents nitrogen loss from soil, increases nitrogen use efficiency, and boosts crop yields.		2.8130phosphate saltnitrification inhibitor
cp 154526
CP 154526: structure in first source		210
pyrazolone
pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.		1.9610
dorsomorphin
dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.		310aromatic ether;
piperidines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
pyridines		bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist;
EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
chlorophyll b
[no description available]		2.0310chlorophyllcofactor
7-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzene)piperazinyl)ethyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine
7-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzene)piperazinyl)ethyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine: vasorelaxant; structure in first source		2.0310
inotilone
inotilone: structure in first source		2.0510
sauchinone
sauchinone: isolated from Saururus chinensis; structure in first source		2.1310
physalin b
physalin B: has immunosuppressive activity; structure in first source. physalin B : A physalin with antimalarial, antitumour and antimicrobial activities isolated from Physalis angulata.		2.4520enone;
lactone;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound;
physalin		antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		5.57270
d-arg-dmt-lys-phe-nh2
[no description available]		3.0610
td-5108
TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source		2.0710
n-acetylmannosamine
N-acetylmannosamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. N-acetylmannosamine : Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent		1.9410
2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)benzeneacetic acid 4-(3h-1,2-dithiol-3-thione-5-yl)phenyl ester
2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)benzeneacetic acid 4-(3H-1,2-dithiol-3-thione-5-yl)phenyl ester: an NSAID; structure in first source		2.0310
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		4.77310benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.4120
ferryl iron
[no description available]		2.7230
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		3.470
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		1.98101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.0950
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		8.63172
nitryl chloride
nitryl chloride : A nitro compound in which the nitrogen of the nitro group is bonded to a chlorine. It is used as a nitrating and chlorinating agent in organic synthesis.		3.99130
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		5.1131
rifamycins
[no description available]		2.0610
ethidium homodimer
ethidium homodimer: structure		2.4120
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.0510
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		4.01140
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		2.4110
aminoethyl-isothiourea
aminoethyl-isothiourea: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and oxygen radical scavenger		2.4320
4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid
4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid: structure in first source		2.3110
ptaquiloside
ptaquiloside: a norsesquiterpene from bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum); not a pteridine; can be activated to alkylate DNA		3.1810
16 alpha-ethyl-21-hydroxy-19-nor-4-pregnene-3,20-dione
[no description available]		1.9910
nodularin
nodularin: cyclic pentapeptide toxin from NODULARIA SPUMIGENA		2.0310ether
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein: nonfluorescent, reduced form of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein		3.1250
oregonin
oregonin: a diarylheptanoid from the bark of Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica; inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression; structure in first source		2.0410diarylheptanoid
icatibant
icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.		3.7100
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside
cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.		2.4420
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		9.881112organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rrx-001
RRx-001: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.2110
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		7.85541
cob(ii)alamin
cob(II)alamin : A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +2.		210cobalamincofactor;
human metabolite
nostoxanthin
nostoxanthin: structure in first source		2.0710xanthophyll
myxol
myxol: structure in first source		2.0710xanthophyll
picogreen
PicoGreen: a DNA-specific dye; has strong affinity for double-stranded DNA and is designed to quantify these molecules in solution; a UV-excitable dye; no further information available 6/96. PicoGreen : A cyanine dye that is 1-phenylquinoline which is substituted at position 2 by a bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino group and at position 4 by a (3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)methylene group. The counter ion is not stated. A fluorochrome that selectively binds double-stranded DNA and has characteristics similar to that of SYBR-Green I.		2.1110benzothiazoles;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		2.0210
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		2.3520
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		3.2660oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		210
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		9.4263polypeptide
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.610tannin
thrombin receptor peptide (42-55)
thrombin receptor peptide (42-55): tethered ligand exposed by cleavage of platelet thrombin receptor by thrombin, activates platelets and induces platelet activation; amino acid sequence given in first source; do not confuse with other TRAP (CD40L, MtrB, TRAP protocol, or thrombospondin related anonymous protein)		1.9910
dynorphin (2-17)
dynorphin (2-17): does not have opioid binding potential		210
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		3.3770
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		1.9610
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		5.5651peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		2.4620
thymosin beta(4)
thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity		2.0510
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.730
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		2.9540
bq 3020
[no description available]		1.9810
irl 1620
sovateltide: a potent, specific ligand for the endothelin-B receptor		2.9240
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		3.5480
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		3.73100
complestatin
complestatin: compound extracted from Streptomyces lavendulae mycelia; on acid hydrolysis yields D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine & D-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycine & acidic chromophore; inhibits gp120-CD4 binding. isocomplestatin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide which is a atropisomer of complestatin. It is isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces and has anti-HIV-1 activity.. chloropeptin II : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of N-acylated trytophan, 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycine, 4-hydroxyphenylglycine, 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycyl, tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residues joined in sequence and in which the side-chain of the central 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residue is attached to the side-chain of the tryptophan via a C3-C6 bond and to the side-chain of the tyrosine via an ether bond from C5. It is isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces and has anti-HIV-1 activity.		2.2510cyclic ether;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
indoles;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organochlorine compound;
peptide antibiotic;
polyphenol		anti-HIV-1 agent;
antimicrobial agent;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor;
metabolite
liraglutide
[no description available]		2.5120lipopeptide;
polypeptide		glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		3.250
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		2.5220
natriuretic peptide, c-type
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.		1.9810
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		6.78191glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		19.0111419
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.81101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		4.354121-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		5.16450chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		6.132organotin acaricide
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		1.9810alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
ku 0063794
Ku 0063794: an mTOR inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1510benzyl alcohols;
monomethoxybenzene;
morpholines;
pyridopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
mTOR inhibitor
adenosine kinase
Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.		2.4420
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		2.4220
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		3.0850organic molecular entity
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		9.97214
ethyl glucuronide
ethyl glucuronide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (BETA-D)-isomer. ethyl glucuronide : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the ethyl derivative of beta-D-glucuronic acid.		3.2310beta-D-glucosiduronic acidhuman urinary metabolite
s-nitrosopenicillamine
S-nitrosopenicillamine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase		2.420
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		3.3360
sapogenins
Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.		2.1310
scalaradial
scalaradial: RN refers to the (5alpha,12alpha,17abeta)-isomer; a marine natural product isolated from the sponge Cacospongia sp.; structure given in first source. scalaradial : A scalarane sesterterpenoid with formula C27H40O4. It is a natural product found in the marine sponges Spongia officinalis and Cacospongia mollior, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.		210acetate ester;
carbotetracyclic compound;
dialdehyde;
enal;
scalarane sesterterpenoid		animal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
marine metabolite;
TRP channel blocker
quercetin 3'-sulfate
[no description available]		2.4720
nothofagin
nothofagin: a dihydrochalcone		2.1510
chitosan
[no description available]		7.01221
tris(pyrazolyl)borate
tris(pyrazolyl)borate: structure in first source		2.110
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine
[no description available]		2.0310
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2
15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2		2.0210
n(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine
N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine: from Streptococcus lactis; RN given is for the L isomer. N(6)-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine : A L-lysine derivative formed during the reaction between methylglyoxal and protein. CEL is a homologue of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end-product that is formed on reaction of glyoxal or glycolaldehyde with protein and on oxidative cleavage of fructoselysine, the Amadori adduct formed on glycation of protein by glucose.		2.0410L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor		4.78310
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		1.9710organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		2.4110
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		4.071503',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
osteum
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		2.6530inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium bisulfite
sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.		2.4120inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		allergen;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
mutagen;
reducing agent
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		2.1310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate
[no description available]		1.9810
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		11.113620inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
potassium bromate
potassium bromate: used as bread improver		3.1350bromate salt;
potassium salt		flour treatment agent
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		5.0850monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.0310
cgp 31362
CGP 31362: a synthetic analog of a lipoprotein fragment from the outer wall of gram negative bacteria; RN given refers to the Na-salt; RN for parent compound not available 5/91		1.9810
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		2.6530
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		2.1310
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		2.0310organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		2.4620
madecassoside
[no description available]		2.0410carboxylic ester;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
trisaccharide derivative;
triterpenoid saponin		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
antirheumatic drug;
plant metabolite;
vulnerary
10-nitro-oleic acid
10-nitro-oleic acid: structure in first source. (9E)-10-nitrooctadecenoic acid : A nitro fatty acid that is (9E)-octadec-9-enoic (elaidic) acid substituted by a nitro group at position 10.		2.0310long-chain fatty acid;
monounsaturated fatty acid;
nitro fatty acid		human metabolite
1-(beta-naphthylmethyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydroisoquinoline
1-(beta-naphthylmethyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydroisoquinoline: structure in first source		2.0110
intrinsic factor
Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.		1.9410
garcinielliptone fc
garcinielliptone FC: from seeds of Platonia insignis; structure in first source		2.2510
heme o
heme O: hemes of cytochrome o; heme A-like molecule, containing a 17-carbon hydroxyethylfarnesyl side chain but with a methyl residue replacing the formyl group. ferroheme o : A ferroheme having a methyl group at ring position 8 and an isoprenoid chain at position 2.		3.5820
jzl 184
JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source		2.1110benzodioxoles
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		2.730
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.0210BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		2.0410fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		6.76210
trelstar
Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.		2.3110
apelin-13 peptide
apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source. apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.		2.4820oligopeptideantihypertensive agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
biomarker;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
incb-018424
[no description available]		2.4110nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pf 3845
PF 3845: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase		2.1710piperidines
nitrogenase
Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.		4.05150
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.		2.041011,12-EEThuman xenobiotic metabolite
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		3.5890
4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl acetic acid
(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.420monocarboxylic acid anion
cytochromes c1
Cytochromes c1: The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)		5.82280
glycolipids
[no description available]		5.5651
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		8.08431
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		2.0510
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		17.625311
11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid
11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; a major acidic metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol in human urine		2101-benzopyran
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.3620
hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.		3.2260
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine
sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor		4.6111benzoxazole
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		2.0810
endrin
Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.		2.3820
fructose-1,6-diphosphate
fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer		1.9910
3-methoxy-n-p-tolylquinoxalin-2-carboxamide
3-methoxy-N-p-tolylquinoxalin-2-carboxamide: a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that possesses both antidepressant and anxiolytic activities		2.110
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		3.0410
isoquercitrin
[no description available]		2.0410
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		3.4170
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		5.88122polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		13.321992
heme d1
heme d1: extractable heme from Pseudomonas nitrite reductase. ferroheme d1 : A ferroheme having four carboxy groups and oxo groups on two of the pyrrole rings.		2.7930
leukotoxin
leukotoxin: do not confuse with leukotoxin which is 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate		1.9810
3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone
3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone: isolated from Chaga (Inonotus obliquus); structure in first source		2.1710
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.1960
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		3.69100
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		16.7433713ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		3.4580carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		3.580
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.6330
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.9130
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		4.2160
isoascorbic acid
isoascorbic acid: food antioxidant; (L)-isomer is ascorbic acid; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure		2.7430ascorbic acid
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		5.31180monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.9140hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		2.4520benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bactobolin
bactobolin: from Pseudomonas sp. BN-183; has MF C14-H20-Cl2-N2-O6; RN given refers to parent cpd(R*)-isomer		2.4110amino acid amide
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.73301,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0210heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		6.43230benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		2.3520
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		1.9810hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
antimycin
[no description available]		2.0110
4-hydroxycoumarin
2-hydroxychromone: structure		1.9910hydroxycoumarin
teriflunomide
[no description available]		2.4220(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic amide;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		drug metabolite;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tigecycline
[no description available]		2.0810
fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination
Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: A drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		3.4711
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		3.4170
microcystin
microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.		2.9940peptide
calca protein, human
CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741		2.9110
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		3.1250aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		3.79100
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		2.4120
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		6.97701
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		3.4570
antimony potassium tartrate
Antimony Potassium Tartrate: A schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. It has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects.		2.0210
halimane
halimane: Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic cpd from Vellozia kolbekii Alves (Velloziaceae); structure in first source. halimane : A diterpene that consists of decalin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 1, 2, 5 and 5 as well as a 3-methylpentyl substituent at position 1.		2.2510diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
astressin-2b
astressin-2B: a CRF2 receptor antagonist. astressin 2B : A 33-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Leu-Ser-D-Phe-His-alpha-MeLeu-Leu-Arg-Lys-Nle-Ile-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Gln-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Gln-Gln-Ala-Glu-Asn-Asn-Lys-Leu-Leu-Leu-Asp-alpha-MeLeu-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 24 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 27.		2.0510
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.9440ketal
sm 1 peptide
fumigaclavine C: isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus; structure in first source. fumigaclavine C : An ergot alkaloid produced by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus that is ergoline which is substituted by a 2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl group at position 2, methyl groups at the 6 and 8beta positions, and by an acetoxy group at the 9beta position.		2.1510acetate ester;
ergot alkaloid		metabolite
tcv 309
TCV 309: PAF antagonist		210
phosphatidylethanol
phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.		3.2310
brine
brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above		3.83110
sybr green i
SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.		2.0310benzothiazolium ion;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
3-nitrosotyrosine
3-nitrosotyrosine: structure in first source		2.0510
pyrethrins
[no description available]		3.4670
carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman
carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman: structure in first source		2.1110
aquacobalamin
[no description available]		2.7230
siroheme
[no description available]		3.0750
bms 182123
trichodimerol: fungal metabolite isolated from Penicillium chrysogenum; structure in first source. trichodimerol : An organic heterotetracyclic compound found in Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Penicillium chrysogenum.		2.2110
thymic factor, circulating
Thymic Factor, Circulating: A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.		2.4420
kiss1 protein, human
Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.		2.3110
fti 277
FTI 277: a ras CAAX (C - Cys; A - aliphatic amino acid; X - Ser or Met) peptidomimetic; inhibits farnesyltransferase; blocks Ras oncogenic signaling by accumulating Ras/Raf complexes in the cytoplasm; structure given in first source		1.9910
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		5.35190
5-(1-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-pyrazol-4-yl)-2h-tetrazole
5-(1-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2H-tetrazole: structure in first source		2.1510
5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol
5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol: structure in first source		2.1110
greigite
greigite: component of magnetosomes (membrane-bound magnetic crystals) in bacteria that causes them to be oriented in magnetic fields; used as biomarkers. greigite : An iron sulfide mineral with formula Fe3S4.		2.0510iron(2+) sulfides;
iron(3+) sulfides;
sulfide mineral		catalyst
glutaminase
[no description available]		2.730
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.4220
petrosaspongiolide m
petrosaspongiolide m: isolated from the caledonian marine sponge Petrosaspongia nigra; structure in first source		2.0110
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		5.08140
limbrel
flavocoxid: a mixture of baicalin and catechin used as an NSAID		2.1710
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		3.0550
crotamine
crotamine: polypeptide basic toxin isolated from venom of rattlesnake Crotalus durrisus terrificus		2.2510
asbestos, crocidolite
Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.		2.0110
phthalocyanine
phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.		2.7630phthalocyanines;
tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		3.3420
s-nitroglutathione
S-nitroglutathione: structure in first source		3.2960
fsl-1 lipoprotein, synthetic
FSL-1 lipoprotein, synthetic: a synthetic lipoprotein based on the 44-kDa lipoprotein from Mycoplasma salivarium		2.0810
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		5.1440
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		2.7620cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
hydroxytyrosyl acetate
hydroxytyrosyl acetate: structure in first source		2.1110
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		4.2160angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
cobinamide
[no description available]		2.4320
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		4.8840
gastrin i
gastrin I: heptadecapeptide amide, H-Pyr-Gly-Pro-Trp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2		210
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		7.07251
angiotensin iii
Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).		1.9810
5,6-epoxyretinoic acid
5,6-epoxyretinoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid : A retinoid obtained by epoxidation across the 5,6-double bond of retinoic acid.		2.0110
diospyros
Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.		2.0810
nephrin
nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)		2.5220
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		1.9810
neferine
neferine: isolated from green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn		2.1710
gibberellins
[no description available]		3.7730
nor 4
NOR 4: a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing agent		2.4120
tro 40303
3,5-seco-4-norcholestan-5-one oxime-3-ol: a cardioprotective agent; structure in first source		3.0610
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		5.33180
ecallantide
ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic		2.1310
roussin's black salt
Roussin's Black Salt: structure given in first source; a nitric oxide generator		1.9810
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		2.9610
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		2.420
dodecaborate
dodecaborate: RN given for disodium salt; structure in first source		2.0110
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		7.89402
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		4.08160
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		2.9910
2-methylisoborneol
2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).		2.4620
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		4.981
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		2.110
catalpol
catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		4.6111
edetic acid
solasodine: RN given refers to (3beta,22alpha,25R)-isomer; structure. solasodine : An oxaspiro compound and steroid alkaloid sapogenin with formula C27H43NO2 found in the Solanum (nightshade) family. It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of complex steroidal compounds such as contraceptive pills.		2.4110
poncirin
poncirin: isolated from the fructus of Poncirus trifoliata; structure in first source		2.0310
diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate
diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate: structure in first source		2.2510
2-cyclopropylimino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazoline hydrochloride
2-cyclopropylimino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazoline hydrochloride: Hypoglycemic Agent		2.0510
tremolite
tremolite: see also actinolite; structure		2.0310
apyrase
Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.		2.4420
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		5.5961
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		4.06150
cord factors
Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.		2.3920
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		3.4270
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		4.260
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.9440
protopanaxatriol
protopanaxatriol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; acid hydrolysis leads to panaxatriol. protopanaxatriol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.1310
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		2.17102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		17.1388253',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin
sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase		3.69100sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		8.05323purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
7,8-dihydroneopterin
7,8-dihydroneopterin: an antioxidant. 7,8-dihydroneopterin : A neopterin where positions C-7 and C-8 have been hydrogenated.		2.3920dihydropterin;
neopterins		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		5.8142guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.940guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		6.463502-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		4.1560guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate
Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.		2.1710guanosine bisphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		4.8981nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		2.7730inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate
Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.		1.9810inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		8.185425,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		6.95152folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
viomycin
[no description available]		2.3420heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
hyponitrite
hyponitrite: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		9.52240nitrogen oxoacid
7-methylguanine
7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.		2.37207-methylguanine
7,8-dihydrobiopterin
7,8-dihydrobiopterin: RN given refers to (S-(R*,S*))-isomer. 7,8-dihydrobiopterin : A dihydropterin that is biopterin dihydrogenated at positions 7 and 8.. L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin : A 7,8-dihydrobiopterin in which the 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group has (1R,2S)-configuration; naturally occurring form.		2.92107,8-dihydrobiopterin
5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-methanopterin
[no description available]		2.0110tetrahydromethanopterin
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		4.38190
neopterin
[no description available]		8.18235
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		3.2960cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		3.6530benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.3911dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		210purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0310benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
pralidoxime
pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.		2.0210pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.0510pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.940triazolopyrimidines
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one: cypridina luciferin analog		2.0510
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		12.42992nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
noc 7
3-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-propanamine: inhibits the secretion of adrenal catecholamines induced by splanchnic nerve stimulation through activation of BK(Ca) channels		210
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.		5.61171
noc-5
1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-(3-aminopropyl)-3-isopropyl-1-triazene: a nitric oxide donor compound. NOC-5 : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an isopropyl group and a 3-aminopropyl group, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group. It is a nitric oxide donor.		2.4420
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		3.260nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
diazeniumdiolate
diazeniumdiolate: a class of nitric oxide (NO) donors; structure in first source. 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two ethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.		4.7450
2-carboxy-2'-hydroxy-5'-sulfoformazylbenzene
2-carboxy-2'-hydroxy-5'-sulfoformazylbenzene: Raman spectrum probe dye known to from 1:1 complex with zinc. Do not confuse with Pyrithione Zinc with tradename Zincon		2.0110
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.0850hydroxypyrimidine
noc 18
NOC 18: releases nitric oxide; structure in first source		3.580
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		6.26182citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		2.1310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
sulfonazo iii
[no description available]		2.0510
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		4.311903',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		3.0850
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		5.14150nitroso compoundalkylating agent
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid
[no description available]		2.6320cyclic purine dinucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		immunomodulator;
signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		7.96293guanosinesbiomarker
2-naphthol orange
2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2		2.0110
remazol black b
Remazol black B: RN given refers to the tetrasodium salt. remazole black-GR : A bis(azo) compound with two aryldiazenyl moieties placed at positions 2 and 7 of a multi-substituted naphthalene.		2.0510
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-gmp
8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		2.41203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
ribonucleotide		protein kinase agonist
tetrahydropterin
[no description available]		1.9810
dipropylenetriamine-nonoate
[no description available]		2.4320
prodigiosin
Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.		210
cupferron
cupferron: superoxide dismutase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0110
8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate: a signal for protein S-guanylation; structure in first source. 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in which the hydrogen at position 8 on the purine fragment has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.06103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
C-nitro compound		biomarker;
Brassica napus metabolite;
human metabolite;
signalling molecule
8-nitroguanine
[no description available]		3.2760oxopurine
fr 167653
FR 167653: structure given in first source		2.0310
5,6-dihydroxy-8-aminoquinoline
5,6-dihydroxy-8-aminoquinoline: metabolite of primaquine		1.9610
papa nonoate
[no description available]		3.4170alkylamine
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		2.0310imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate
2'-3'-cGAMP : A cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclised via 3',5'- and 2',5'-linkages respectively.		3.0610adenyl ribonucleotide;
cyclic purine dinucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide
defibrotide
defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION		1.9810
dibutyryl cyclic gmp
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.		2.6930
8-nitroguanosine
8-nitroguanosine: structure in first source. 8-nitroguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a nitro group.		2.9610nitroguanosine
8-nitro-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-nitro-2'-deoxyguanosine: a marker of oxidation by reactive nitrogen intermediates in phagocytic neutrophils, generated through the cell-mediated myeloperoxidase pathway; structure in first source		210
molybdenum cofactor
molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.		5.3670Mo-molybdopterin cofactor;
organophosphate oxoanion
alcian blue
Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.		1.9710
malleilactone
malleilactone: a polyketide synthase-derived virulence factor encoded by the cryptic secondary metabolome of Burkholderia pseudomallei group pathogens; structure in first source		2.4110
nitritocobalamin
[no description available]		2.1710
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		3.97130
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		3.7921
eye
[no description available]		4.7110
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		3.4411
molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide
molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide: structure given in first source		1.9910
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		5.2531
apelin-12 peptide
apelin-12 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source		2.0610oligopeptidebiomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.0210
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		4.67280
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		2.3420
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		3.6590
antimony sodium gluconate
Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.		2.4320
factor 420
factor 420: isolated from Methanobacterium strain MOH; mol Wt. about 630; can serve as electron carrier; involved in NADP-linked hydrogenase system		2.4110
vermiculite
[no description available]		1.9710
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		3.71100
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		2.4520
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		4.47220
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		5.99130
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		03.2660
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		03.2660
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		018.4743030
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		023.4743030
Anoxemia
[description not available]		017.4524514
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		017.4524514
Latent Tuberculosis
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.		02.6620
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		06.18160
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		06.18160
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		021.6970585
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.4420
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		011.1269
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		011.13239
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		09.92381
Grippe
[description not available]		04.3170
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		014.581055
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		04.530
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		010.42403
Brugada ECG Pattern
[description not available]		03.320
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		05.9130
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		08.23342
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		09.92381
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		04.3170
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		014.581055
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		014.276814
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		04.530
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		010.42403
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		03.4420
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		011.1269
Brugada Syndrome
An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.		03.320
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		020.65375101
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		06.15190
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		020.65375101
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		014.261028
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		07.28202
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		018.0719613
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		017.69728
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		018.0719613
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		07.44281
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		014.091636
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		05.66171
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		018.3113431
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		012.61295
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		06.23540
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		02.4110
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		06.23540
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		03.7290
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		010.02434
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		010.02434
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.7290
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		010.57354
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		010.57354
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		02.4110
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		08.691551
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		03.6790
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		03.6790
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		012.86727
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		03.2960
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		012.86727
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		03.2960
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		012.371492
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		012.371492
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.63250
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		03.4270
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		04.63250
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		06.86620
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.8330
Absence Status
[description not available]		03.3460
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.8330
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		03.3460
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		04.43220
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		04.43220
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		07.39261
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		012.39261
Recrudescence
[description not available]		08.45282
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		07.6120
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		03.2760
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		03.2760
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		05.19110
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		05.19110
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		08.42312
E coli Infections
[description not available]		07.9402
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		03.2650
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		013.241159
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		02.420
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		08.42312
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		07.9402
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		03.2650
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		013.241159
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		04.5580
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		010.61566
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		010.61566
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		04.5580
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		03.5760
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		03.5760
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		013.439218
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		013.439218
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		011.32470
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		010.251062
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		010.251062
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.9640
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.9640
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		07.75221
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		07.75221
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		010.28422
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		010.28422
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		03.6190
Black Fever
[description not available]		05.17170
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		03.6190
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		05.17170
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		07.65312
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		07.65312
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		07.5471
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		07.5471
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		022.1436122
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		08.9361
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		010.04119
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		05.6550
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		06.01261
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		011.14311
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		06.01261
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		06.44212
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		05.1550
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		05.1550
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		06.36381
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		06.36381
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		08.39421
Barrett Epithelium
[description not available]		02.4920
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		05.8481
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		08.39421
Barrett Esophagus
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.		02.4920
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		05.8481
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		05.16170
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		05.16170
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		05.63170
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		05.63170
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		09.39740
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		04.1760
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		09.39740
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		04.62260
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		04.62260
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		0141663
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		013.312288
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		05.68290
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		05.68290
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		05.0191
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		05.0191
Motor Disorders
Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)		02.4110
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		017.099435
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		017.099435
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		05.32210
Pyrexia
[description not available]		06.73200
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		06.73200
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		03.69100
Pyuria
The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.		07.26210
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		010.06135
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		010.52445
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		02.420
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		010.52445
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		06.62810
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		02.420
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		010.06135
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		014.36663
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		014.36663
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		06.17110
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		012.324211
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		07.64164
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		06.17110
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		012.324211
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		07.64164
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		013.652389
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		09.05165
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		09.05165
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		017.02349
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		012.02349
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		03.0850
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		05.03390
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		03.360
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		03.360
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		07.2351
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		07.2351
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.4620
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.4620
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		04.7132
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		04.7132
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		04.2760
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		04.2760
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		03.4770
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		03.4770
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		06.91161
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		06.91161
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		02.7930
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		010.14140
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		03.84100
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		04.0290
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.43210
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		03.84100
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		04.0290
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		05.14140
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		015.186759
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		015.186759
Pericementitis
[description not available]		03.570
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		03.570
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		011.97678
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		011.97678
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		08.2185
Amentia
[description not available]		05.86130
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		05.86130
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		08.06132
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		04.7932
Parodontosis
[description not available]		03.3360
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		03.3360
Cold Injury
A physical injury caused by exposure of the body to extremely low ambient temperatures that may lead to loss of body parts, or in extreme cases, death. Examples of cold injury are FROSTBITE and CHILBLAINS.		02.610
Myelopathy
[description not available]		02.610
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		04.9130
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		02.610
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		04.9130
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		08.06321
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		08.06321
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.4110
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		04.2560
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		06.17490
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		07.17311
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		04.2560
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		06.17490
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		07.17311
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		03.1630
Autism
[description not available]		0340
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		0340
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		012.951005
Glue Abuse
[description not available]		03.9840
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		012.951005
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		05.01160
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		08.65212
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		010.01160
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		08.65212
HbS Disease
[description not available]		07.28202
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.3920
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		07.28202
ADDH
[description not available]		02.610
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		02.610
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		04.5730
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.9240
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8430
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.9240
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		03.8430
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		06.27131
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		06.27131
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.610
Impotence
[description not available]		05.0991
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		05.0991
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7530
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		02.7530
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.9140
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		09.77393
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		010.02750
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.4670
Allodynia
[description not available]		05.57260
Ache
[description not available]		07.25371
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		03.4670
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		07.25371
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		03.150
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		012.283315
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		03.150
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		012.283315
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		06.77221
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		05.6161
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		05.6161
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		07.16201
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		04.5490
Anasarca
[description not available]		09.28691
Granulomas
[description not available]		04.71110
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		09.28691
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		04.71110
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		02.4920
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		02.7730
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		02.7730
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.		02.2510
Malnourishment
[description not available]		03.7230
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		02.2110
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		03.7230
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		06.98422
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		06.98422
Burnout, Professional
An excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. It may be characterized by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion, coupled with a sense of frustration and failure.		02.1710
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		03.6190
Asystole
[description not available]		05.0991
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		03.6190
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		05.0991
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		06.21121
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		06.21121
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		06.11220
Hemoglobinuria
The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.		03.9950
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		05.1552
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		05.1552
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		02.9340
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		05.15101
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		05.15101
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		03.0340
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		03.0340
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		05.8342
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.8342
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		04.8721
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		04.2840
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		04.8721
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		06.85231
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		06.85231
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		02.4920
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		02.4920
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		04.7571
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		04.7571
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		04.54230
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.7730
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		02.7730
Apoplexy
[description not available]		08.46272
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		013.46272
Pre-Hypertension
[description not available]		012.72626
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.9640
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		02.4120
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.9640
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		02.4120
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		04.63250
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		02.5520
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		06.24131
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		06.24131
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		011.44422
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		011.44422
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		05.2241
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		08.72362
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		08.72362
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		03.0140
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		04.5290
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		04.5290
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		018.191256
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		013.191256
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		03.73100
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		03.73100
Infection
[description not available]		05.83160
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		05.83160
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		06.22330
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		06.22330
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		04.8821
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		06.99291
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		06.99291
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.2510
Urge Incontinence
[description not available]		02.2510
Nycturia
[description not available]		02.2510
Nocturia
Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).		02.2510
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.2510
Urinary Incontinence, Urge
Involuntary discharge of URINE that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. It is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability).		02.2510
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.		02.2510
Bang Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7330
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.7330
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		09.32242
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		09.87900
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		014.87900
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		09.32242
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Progeria
An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.		02.2510
Breathlessness
[description not available]		07.2682
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		03.9321
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		07.2682
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		03.9321
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		05.42141
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		07.61123
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		07.61123
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		016.199250
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		06.31141
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		05.0331
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		04.7521
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		05.0731
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		09.85109
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		04.4311
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		06.13111
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		04.4311
Ductal Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.4311
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.4311
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		08.09213
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		013.744515
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		05.0231
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		04.4311
Atheroma
[description not available]		07.6361
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom
[description not available]		06.2421
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		06.4353
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		04.8321
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic
[description not available]		04.4311
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		04.4311
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.4311
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		013.37283
Amaurosis
[description not available]		04.8121
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		06.2672
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		07.43281
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		04.7821
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		08.3795
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		07.5221
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		04.4311
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		09.53421
Cutis Elastica
[description not available]		04.4311
Exanthem
[description not available]		04.4311
Bleeding
[description not available]		06.08111
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		07.9474
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		09.28254
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		04.9831
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		04.4311
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		04.4311
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		010.42544
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		09.04421
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		05.8481
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		04.821
Metastase
[description not available]		08.39124
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		04.821
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		08.0984
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		010.752610
Prediabetes
[description not available]		05.7441
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		05.0431
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		06.78221
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		06.38151
Blood Clot
[description not available]		06.33141
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		06.3181
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		07.5102
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		06.9741
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		07.18192
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		04.4311
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		08.34114
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		04.7521
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		04.4311
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.4311
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		04.4311
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		09.7499
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		05.7371
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		05.0131
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		07.66223
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		08.37283
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		04.8121
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		07.43281
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		04.7821
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		08.3795
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		04.4311
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		04.7621
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		09.53421
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.		04.4311
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		04.4311
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		06.08111
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		07.9474
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		09.28254
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		04.9831
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		04.4311
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		010.42544
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		09.04421
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		04.821
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		08.02321
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		08.39124
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		04.821
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		08.0984
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		010.752610
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		09.97129
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.7441
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		05.0431
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		06.38151
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		06.33141
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		06.3181
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		07.5102
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		06.2121
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		06.9741
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		07.18192
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		04.4311
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		04.4311
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		08.34114
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		05.0331
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		05.0731
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		09.85109
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		04.4311
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		06.13111
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		04.4311
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		04.7521
Carcinoma, Ductal
Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.		04.4311
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		04.4311
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		013.744515
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		05.0231
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		04.8321
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.		04.4311
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		04.6250
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		09.6250
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		07.93293
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		07.93293
Infarct, Lacunar
[description not available]		02.2510
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.2510
Cardio-embolic Stroke
[description not available]		02.2510
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		02.3820
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.2510
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		02.3820
Suffocation
[description not available]		05.2341
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		05.2341
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		05.1170
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		05.1170
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1750
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		03.1750
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		03.5580
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		03.5580
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		06.08101
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		06.15180
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		04.3360
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		06.08101
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		04.11150
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		04.11150
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		07.46281
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		06.52270
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		03.3460
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		03.3460
Great Pox
[description not available]		04.2460
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		04.2460
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.3110
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.		02.3110
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		05.9451
Hyperandrogenism
A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.		02.3110
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		05.9491
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		04.7732
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		05.9491
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		04.7732
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		04.5151
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		03.6390
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		03.6390
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.6120
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.4120
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.6120
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		03.1750
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		07.03741
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		03.1150
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		03.9821
Lacerations
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.		02.3110
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		05.0391
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		05.0391
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		02.4520
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.4920
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		02.3110
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		03.3970
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		06.27133
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		06.27133
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		08.47770
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		02.5420
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		02.5420
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		05.16170
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		05.16170
Aura
[description not available]		03.83110
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		03.83110
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		04.26180
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		04.26180
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		04.37200
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		04.2170
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		04.37200
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		05.89221
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		011.91525
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		011.91525
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		03.4870
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		04.55240
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.9340
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.4620
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.4620
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		02.1510
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		02.1510
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		06.92261
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		06.92261
Asymptomatic Colonization
[description not available]		05.3740
Atrophic Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina due to thinning of the vaginal wall and decreased lubrication associated with reduced estrogen levels at MENOPAUSE.		03.0610
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		04.7671
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		04.7671
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute
[description not available]		02.1510
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute
A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.		02.1510
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		02.9340
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		02.9340
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		03.4170
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		03.4170
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.9140
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.9140
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		02.4720
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		02.4720
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		03.2860
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		03.2860
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		04.18160
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		02.1510
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		02.1510
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		05.29210
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.29210
Allergic Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		02.7130
Conjunctivitis, Allergic
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.		02.7130
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		04.8521
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		04.8521
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		02.1510
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		04.580
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		04.580
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.1510
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		03.6930
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		03.6930
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		03.250
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		03.250
Nanism
[description not available]		02.1710
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		02.1710
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		02.4420
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		05.1160
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		05.1160
Abdominal Obesity
[description not available]		03.5611
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.9540
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.9540
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		05.3872
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		05.3872
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		03.67100
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		03.3220
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		03.3220
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		07.83271
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		03.1550
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		05.14111
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		05.14111
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		04.52230
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		04.52230
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		04.83320
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		06.6371
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		06.6371
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		05.96260
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		03.0910
Emesis
[description not available]		03.0910
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		05.08100
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		03.0910
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		03.0910
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		03.0910
Crush Syndrome
Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.		03.6630
Post Exercise Hypotension
[description not available]		03.9821
Congenital Fissure of the Abdominal Cavity
[description not available]		02.1710
Embryopathies
[description not available]		03.2260
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		03.150
Gastroschisis
A congenital defect with major fissure in the ABDOMINAL WALL lateral to, but not at, the UMBILICUS. This results in the extrusion of VISCERA. Unlike OMPHALOCELE, herniated structures in gastroschisis are not covered by a sac or PERITONEUM.		02.1710
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		07.29340
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		07.29340
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.1250
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		08.1950
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		03.1250
Anochlesia
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		03.0740
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		03.0740
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		018.2514856
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		03.630
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		03.630
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		03.470
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		05.97142
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		05.97142
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		03.470
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection
[description not available]		02.1710
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.7430
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.7430
Body Weight, Fetal
[description not available]		02.7330
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		03.3360
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		03.3360
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		04.1631
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		015.015958
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		04.63100
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		03.5380
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		03.5380
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		03.6330
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		03.6330
Clonorchiasis
Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.420
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		04.03140
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		04.03140
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		03.0850
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		03.0850
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		03.3670
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.1710
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		03.4880
Kawasaki Disease
[description not available]		03.8440
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.		03.8440
Entamoeba histolytica Infection
[description not available]		02.2110
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		04.12160
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		04.12160
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.5920
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		02.2110
Hemostatic Disorders
Pathological processes involving the integrity of blood circulation. Hemostasis depends on the integrity of BLOOD VESSELS, blood fluidity, and BLOOD COAGULATION. Majority of the hemostatic disorders are caused by disruption of the normal interaction between the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, the plasma proteins (including BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS), and PLATELETS.		02.1310
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		08.0384
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		08.0384
Bacteroidaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.		02.4920
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.83110
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		08.83110
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.9540
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		02.9540
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		02.7230
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		04.58240
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		04.58240
Jet Lag
[description not available]		02.2110
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		04.88130
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.4770
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		03.4770
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.9740
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		02.9440
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.9640
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.9640
Co-infection
[description not available]		02.8330
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		03.5980
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		03.5980
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		04.4210
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		04.4210
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		04.7871
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		04.7871
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		07.38163
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		07.38163
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		04.0150
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		04.0150
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.8120
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		03.4170
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		03.4170
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		04.8120
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.4420
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.4420
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		03.1350
Harelip
[description not available]		02.0810
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		02.4820
Acrania
[description not available]		03.1450
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		02.0810
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		02.4820
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		08.1450
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		04.54240
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.4820
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		02.4820
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		03.5790
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.320
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.320
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.7230
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.7230
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		03.4980
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		03.4980
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		010.11170
Bilophila Infections
[description not available]		02.0810
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		03.6590
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		03.6590
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.4620
Bordetella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.		02.0810
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		02.9540
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		02.9540
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		03.4370
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		03.4370
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		04.1660
MODS
[description not available]		08.81402
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		03.1450
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		08.81402
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		03.1450
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		02.4820
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		02.4820
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		03.8821
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		03.8821
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		05.79120
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		03.8521
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		02.0810
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		02.0810
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		02.4920
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		02.9540
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		02.4920
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		03.4470
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		02.9540
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal
[description not available]		02.4720
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		02.4820
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		02.7430
Inborn Urea Cycle Disorder
[description not available]		02.0810
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		05.4651
Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn
Rare congenital metabolism disorders of the urea cycle. The disorders are due to mutations that result in complete (neonatal onset) or partial (childhood or adult onset) inactivity of an enzyme, involved in the urea cycle. Neonatal onset results in clinical features that include irritability, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, NEONATAL HYPOTONIA; RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS; HYPERAMMONEMIA; coma, and death. Survivors of the neonatal onset and childhood/adult onset disorders share common risks for ENCEPHALOPATHIES, METABOLIC, INBORN; and RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS due to HYPERAMMONEMIA.		02.0810
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		06.42151
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.73100
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		02.9740
Blast Injuries
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4420
Classic Galactosemia
[description not available]		02.0810
Galactosemias
A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)		02.0810
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.7430
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.7430
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.0810
Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle
A heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy that can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. There are many forms (called LGMDs) involving genes encoding muscle membrane proteins such as the sarcoglycan (SARCOGLYCANS) complex that interacts with DYSTROPHIN. The disease is characterized by progressing wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the HIPS and SHOULDERS (the pelvic and shoulder girdles).		02.0810
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		014.0519810
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		014.0519810
Lassitude
[description not available]		05.4851
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		05.4851
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		04.0350
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		04.0350
Back Ache
[description not available]		02.3620
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		02.6630
Autonomic Hyperreflexia
[description not available]		02.0810
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		02.3620
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		02.6630
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		02.4220
Autonomic Dysreflexia
A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)		02.0810
Dysuria
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.		02.4820
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		07.26340
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		05.3872
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		05.3872
Fibroid
[description not available]		02.3920
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.940
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		02.3920
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.940
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		02.0810
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		03.87120
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		03.87120
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		05.08160
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		05.08160
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.7630
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		02.7630
Central Nervous System Syphilis
[description not available]		02.110
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		04.260
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		02.5120
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.5120
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.5120
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		03.6830
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		03.2160
Marasmus
[description not available]		02.9440
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		03.2160
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		02.9440
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		03.87120
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		03.87120
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.9140
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		05.12170
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		05.12170
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		06.71210
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		06.71210
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		03.8110
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.5220
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		04.97140
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		04.97140
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.110
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		05.2362
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		05.2362
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		08.62154
Allergy, Peanut
[description not available]		02.110
Peanut Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.		02.110
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.3920
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		02.3920
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		04.59100
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		04.59100
Fatigue, Mental
[description not available]		02.110
Dry Eye
[description not available]		02.110
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		02.110
Francisella tularensis Infection
[description not available]		03.3260
Tularemia
A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.		03.3260
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		03.4570
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
A multifactorial disease of CATTLE resulting from complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors, and pathogens. The environmental factors act as stressors adversely affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM and other host defenses and enhancing transmission of infecting agents.		02.110
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.4920
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.4920
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		02.7230
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		05.1101
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		05.1101
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		08.19124
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		08.19124
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		02.520
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		02.110
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		03.8140
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		03.8140
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		03.4811
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		03.4811
Vascular Injuries
[description not available]		02.4820
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		05.08100
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		05.08100
Binge Alcohol Consumption
[description not available]		03.921
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		09.53373
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.0550
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		04.4180
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		04.4180
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		02.3720
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4320
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		02.4320
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		04.65100
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		04.59100
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		04.5290
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		04.5290
Systemic Vasculitis
A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls.		03.4811
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		04.03140
Vision, Diminished
[description not available]		02.110
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.4620
Retrolental Fibroplasia
[description not available]		02.110
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.4620
Retinopathy of Prematurity
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		03.2760
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		03.2760
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		03.84120
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.84120
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.110
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		04.04140
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		04.04140
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		06.32141
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		06.32141
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		04.6160
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		04.6160
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		03.95130
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		03.95130
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		05.86221
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		05.86221
Gas Poisoning
Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.		02.8840
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		05.01160
Haemonchiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.		02.110
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		04.13160
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		03.97140
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		08.97140
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.4820
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		06.5441
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.7130
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.9440
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.7130
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		02.9440
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		07.95261
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		07.95261
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		04.1531
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		04.1531
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		04.1360
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		04.1360
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		06.21121
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		06.21121
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		02.1110
Acute Renal Colic
[description not available]		02.1110
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.0750
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		03.0750
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		02.1110
Renal Colic
A severe intermittent and spasmodic pain in the lower back radiating to the groin, scrotum, and labia which is most commonly caused by a kidney stone (RENAL CALCULUS) passing through the URETER or by other urinary track blockage. It is often associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, restlessness, dull pain, frequent urination, and HEMATURIA.		02.1110
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		02.7130
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		02.7130
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		03.0310
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		02.1110
Hepato-Pulmonary Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1350
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by the clinical triad of advanced chronic liver disease, pulmonary vascular dilatations, and reduced arterial oxygenation (HYPOXEMIA) in the absence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. This syndrome is common in the patients with LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		03.1350
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		07.41275
Devic Disease
[description not available]		03.511
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		07.41275
Neuromyelitis Optica
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.		03.511
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced
[description not available]		03.0310
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.5380
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		03.5380
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.1110
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		02.4620
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).		02.1110
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.5320
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		07.4192
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		07.4192
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		03.360
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		02.7130
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		02.7130
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		02.7330
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		03.6390
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
[description not available]		02.1110
Macular Holes
[description not available]		02.4420
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.6390
Retinal Perforations
Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.		02.4420
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.4720
Cervix Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.4720
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.4520
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		02.9440
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		02.9440
CADASILM
A subvariety of CADASIL characterized by the high frequency of MIGRAINE. The acronym stands for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts, Leukoencephalopathy, and Migraine.		02.1310
Scotoma
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.		02.1310
CADASIL
A familial, cerebral arteriopathy mapped to chromosome 19q12, and characterized by the presence of granular deposits in small CEREBRAL ARTERIES producing ischemic STROKE; PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY; and multiple subcortical infarcts (CEREBRAL INFARCTION). CADASIL is an acronym for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. CADASIL differs from BINSWANGER DISEASE by the presence of MIGRAINE WITH AURA and usually by the lack of history of arterial HYPERTENSION. (From Bradley et al, Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2000, p1146)		02.1310
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		06.3751
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		06.3751
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		07.06321
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		07.06321
Acid-Base Imbalance
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.		02.4420
Gingival Overgrowth
Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)		02.7430
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		06.3380
Hay Fever
[description not available]		02.4520
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		02.4520
Deficiency, Riboflavin
[description not available]		02.1110
Fra(X) Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Fragile X Syndrome
A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)		02.1310
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		06.53340
Johne Disease
[description not available]		02.4620
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		04.6260
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas
[description not available]		02.4420
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.		02.4420
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy
[description not available]		02.1310
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber
A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))		02.1310
Light Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.1310
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		03.2560
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		03.2560
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		04.3841
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		03.7430
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		03.7430
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		08.681030
Cretinism
[description not available]		02.1310
Congenital Hypothyroidism
A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.		02.1310
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.4420
Marfan Syndrome, Type I
[description not available]		02.1310
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		02.4420
Marfan Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.		02.1310
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.1310
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		02.4620
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		02.4620
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		02.1310
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.7430
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.4820
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.4820
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		02.4820
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		03.5830
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.4920
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.4920
ARC
[description not available]		02.1310
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.		02.1310
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.1310
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		03.89120
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		03.89120
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.4520
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		02.4420
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		02.4420
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		02.4520
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
[description not available]		09.21110
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.		09.21110
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		04.91140
Right Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.4420
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		03.0950
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		03.0950
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		03.8721
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		04.1431
Mouth, Edentulous
Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.		02.1310
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		04.1431
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		03.8721
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.0610
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		04.480
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		03.0610
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		06.02101
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		06.02101
Itching
[description not available]		02.1510
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.1510
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		03.5311
Hives
[description not available]		02.420
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.420
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7130
Cephalgia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.1510
Headache Disorders
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.1510
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.0410
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.0410
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		02.7330
Amnesia, Anterograde
Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)		02.0410
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		011.59191
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.6930
Dementia Multi-Infarct
[description not available]		02.4220
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		04.31190
4 Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Tyrosinemias
A group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. Type I tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. Type II tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE. Type III tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3)		02.0510
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.4320
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.4520
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		02.7330
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.4520
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.7530
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.7530
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		03.2660
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		03.2660
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		03.3670
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4320
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		02.7230
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8521
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0631
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		03.8521
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		04.0631
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		02.6330
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		02.6230
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		02.6230
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
[description not available]		02.9240
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)		02.9240
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.690
Inhalation Injury, Smoke
[description not available]		05.19111
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.4520
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram
[description not available]		04.1131
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.4520
Anoxia, Fetal
[description not available]		03.1450
Fetal Hypoxia
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.		03.1450
Equine Infectious Anemia
Viral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV; INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS, EQUINE). It is characterized by intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. Chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions.		02.0510
Hypocapnia
Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.0510
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		05.5663
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.940
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		05.5663
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.940
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		03.5690
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		03.5990
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		02.0410
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		02.0410
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		09.39205
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		09.39205
Abortion, Veterinary
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.		05.5290
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.		05.14110
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.7130
Adenocystic Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		03.840
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		02.4220
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		02.0510
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		04.9140
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		03.6230
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		03.630
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		03.3520
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		03.6230
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		03.630
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		03.3520
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		03.4580
Cerebral Malaria
[description not available]		06.01101
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		03.5680
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.		03.7100
Abortion, Septic
Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.		03.3720
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.		02.0510
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.4520
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).		02.4520
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder
A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)		02.0510
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.6830
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.6830
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		06.21182
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		06.21182
Primate Diseases
Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.		02.0510
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		03.580
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		02.7430
Insect Bites
[description not available]		02.0510
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		02.0510
Acute Onset Aura Migraine
[description not available]		02.4620
Common Migraine
[description not available]		02.4220
Migraine with Aura
A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.4620
Migraine without Aura
Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.4220
Exfoliation Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.4420
Exfoliation Syndrome
The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)		02.4420
Acne
[description not available]		02.0510
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		03.2660
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.0510
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		03.2660
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		02.0510
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.6730
Rubeola
[description not available]		02.0510
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		02.0510
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.6730
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		02.0510
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		02.0510
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		02.0510
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		02.0510
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		02.9240
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		02.7330
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		04.7871
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		04.7871
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		04.6461
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.4420
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		03.9850
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		03.9850
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		03.2960
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		03.2960
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.8840
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		02.4520
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		02.4520
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		03.3220
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3220
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.9540
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		03.4170
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		04.1160
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		04.1160
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.0510
Heatstroke
[description not available]		03.1450
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.		03.1450
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		02.0510
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4120
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.8940
Opisthorchis felineus Infection
[description not available]		03.2360
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.8940
Opisthorchiasis
Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.		03.2360
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		02.4120
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		04.91140
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		02.7230
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		04.1260
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		04.1260
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		02.7130
Bigfoot Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		02.0510
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		03.72100
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		05.240
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.0510
Pneumoperitoneum
A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.		02.0510
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		03.8540
Toxocariasis
Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.		02.0510
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		02.4320
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		02.4320
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.8940
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		02.8940
Sickle Cell Trait
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.		03.6530
Asialia
[description not available]		02.0510
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		02.0510
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.6730
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.6730
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.551
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		04.551
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		03.8540
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		03.8540
Heat Collapse
[description not available]		02.0610
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.4220
Acute Chest Syndrome
Respiratory syndrome characterized by the appearance of a new pulmonary infiltrate on chest x-ray, accompanied by symptoms of fever, cough, chest pain, tachypnea, or DYSPNEA, often seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA. Multiple factors (e.g., infection, and pulmonary FAT EMBOLISM) may contribute to the development of the syndrome.		03.4411
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4520
No-Reflow Phenomenon
Markedly reduced or absent REPERFUSION in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery.		02.0510
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.0510
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		03.470
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		03.470
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		02.0610
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		02.0610
Achalasia
[description not available]		04.2541
Esophageal Achalasia
A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).		04.2541
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		02.8540
Gall Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.3320
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		02.4720
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.0610
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		04.78120
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		03.2760
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		03.150
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		03.150
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3820
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.3820
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		03.630
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		03.630
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		07.32270
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		07.32270
Aspiration, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.0610
Amnionitis
[description not available]		07.0610
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		07.0610
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.6730
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		02.6730
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.0610
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		03.2920
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		03.2920
Azoospermia
A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).		02.0610
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		02.4320
Bilirubin Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.0610
Kernicterus
A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)		02.0610
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		02.0610
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		02.0610
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		04.9690
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System
Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.		02.0610
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6830
Plasmodium vivax Malaria
[description not available]		02.730
Malaria, Vivax
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.		02.730
Pink Eye
[description not available]		02.4120
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.4120
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		03.79110
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		03.79110
Birnaviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.		02.0610
Reticulocytosis
An increase in circulating RETICULOCYTES, which is among the simplest and most reliable signs of accelerated ERYTHROCYTE production. Reticulocytosis occurs during active BLOOD regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain types of ANEMIA, particularly CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA.		02.0610
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.0610
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		02.0610
Animal Diseases
Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.6530
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		03.9850
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		02.0610
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		03.9850
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		05.63181
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		05.63181
Teratocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4420
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		02.0610
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		02.0610
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		02.0610
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		02.0610
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.4320
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.4320
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		03.5280
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		03.5280
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.5930
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		02.9810
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.5930
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		02.9810
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.0610
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		02.0610
Diathesis
[description not available]		06.61191
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		02.0710
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		02.4720
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		02.4720
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		05.86100
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		05.86100
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		03.2660
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.0610
Carcinoma, Colloid
[description not available]		02.0710
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		02.0710
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0710
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		02.0710
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)		02.4820
Keratoconus
A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9810
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		02.7130
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.4420
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.4520
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		02.4520
Arginino Succinase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.9810
Argininosuccinic Aciduria
Rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle which leads to the accumulation of argininosuccinic acid in body fluids and severe HYPERAMMONEMIA. Clinical features of the neonatal onset of the disorder include poor feeding, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, tachypnea, coma, and death. Later onset results in milder set of clinical features including vomiting, failure to thrive, irritability, behavioral problems, or psychomotor retardation. Mutations in the ARGININOSUCCINATE LYASE gene cause the disorder.		02.9810
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.0710
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.0710
Uterine Atony
[description not available]		02.0710
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		04.1160
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).		02.0710
Uterine Inertia
Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.		02.0710
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		02.4420
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		02.4420
Cancer of Sigmoid
[description not available]		02.0710
Cardio-Renal Syndrome
Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).		02.0710
Carditis
[description not available]		02.9540
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.9540
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		02.9910
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		02.9910
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0710
Alcohol-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0710
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		02.4720
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		02.4720
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		04.341
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		04.341
Asthma, Occupational
Asthma attacks caused, triggered, or exacerbated by OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE.		02.0710
Diastolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		03.4611
Heart Failure, Diastolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.		03.4611
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		04.75120
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.8740
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.8740
CBS Deficiency
[description not available]		02.4520
Homocystinuria
Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)		02.4520
Brain Dead
[description not available]		03.1250
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		02.4520
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.7130
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		03.3870
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		03.3870
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		02.0710
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		05.47150
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		05.47150
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		02.3720
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.0710
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.4420
Angiitis
[description not available]		05.8142
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		05.8142
Hypernutrition
[description not available]		02.0810
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		03.3620
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		03.3620
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		02.4220
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		02.7230
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		02.7230
Headache, Tension
[description not available]		02.4420
Tension-Type Headache
A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.4420
Indigestion
[description not available]		02.6930
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		02.6930
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.0710
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.4320
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.4520
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		02.4320
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.4520
Candida Infection
[description not available]		03.2660
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.2660
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.9910
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		02.9910
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		03.3620
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.0810
Flank Pain
Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.		02.0710
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.7330
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.7330
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		05.26121
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		05.26121
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		04.42220
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		04.42220
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		04.9991
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).		03.821
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.3720
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.3720
Pleural Effusion, Malignant
Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.		02.4120
Axon Reaction
[description not available]		02.0110
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.		04.57100
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.0110
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		02.0110
Placental Insufficiency
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.		02.4220
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.420
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		07.420
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.7621
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		04.0831
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		03.2660
Cortical Lewy Body Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Lewy Body Disease
A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)		02.0110
Encephalitis, Viral
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.		02.0110
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		02.7130
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.4120
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease
[description not available]		02.4220
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease
Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.		02.4220
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.4120
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.730
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		012.64320
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		02.9310
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		07.64320
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		02.9310
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		02.0110
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3220
Salivary Gland Diseases
Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.		02.9310
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		03.3220
Convulsions, Febrile
[description not available]		02.0110
Seizures, Febrile
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)		02.0110
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.0110
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.0110
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.0110
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.0110
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.0110
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.3970
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		03.3970
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		02.3820
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		02.3820
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		03.6230
Myoma
A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0110
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		02.0110
Infections, Reoviridae
[description not available]		02.0110
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		02.0110
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		02.0110
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		02.0110
Sporotrichosis
The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.		02.0110
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		02.9240
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		02.9240
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		03.2560
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		03.2560
ADPKD
[description not available]		02.4220
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		02.4220
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.7130
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		04.4951
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		02.9310
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		02.9310
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		02.0110
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		02.0110
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.0110
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		02.0110
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		05.4680
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		05.4680
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		08.62135
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		02.0110
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		02.730
Leprosy, Cutaneous
[description not available]		02.4320
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		02.730
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		02.6430
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		02.6430
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		03.1350
Cerebro-Hepato-Renal Syndrome
[description not available]		03.411
Zellweger Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder due to defects in PEROXISOME biogenesis which involves more than 13 genes encoding peroxin proteins of the peroxisomal membrane and matrix. Zellweger syndrome is typically seen in the neonatal period with features such as dysmorphic skull; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; visual compromise; SEIZURES; progressive degeneration of the KIDNEYS and the LIVER. Zellweger-like syndrome refers to phenotypes resembling the neonatal Zellweger syndrome but seen in children or adults with apparently intact peroxisome biogenesis.		03.411
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		04.341
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		04.341
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.0110
IgA Vasculitis
A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.		02.0110
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		03.92130
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.3720
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.3720
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0210
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.		02.0210
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.82120
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		03.82120
Tuberculosis, Renal
Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.		01.9310
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		01.9310
Insulin Coma
Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused.		01.9310
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		04.64110
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		04.64110
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.3620
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		08.4680
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		03.4680
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		03.2360
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		08.1120
Icterus
[description not available]		02.6430
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		08.1120
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		02.6430
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		02.3520
Buerger Disease
[description not available]		02.6330
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		02.3420
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		02.3420
Ejection Murmurs
[description not available]		02.3420
Cardiac Murmurs
[description not available]		03.1960
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		02.6430
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.6430
Toxemia
A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.		01.9310
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		01.9310
Pulmonary Stenoses
[description not available]		01.9310
Gallbladder Dyskinesia
[description not available]		02.3420
Biliary Dyskinesia
A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.		02.3420
Foot and Mouth Disease
[description not available]		01.9310
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		01.9310
Newcastle Disease
An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.		01.9310
Cardiac Septal Defect
[description not available]		03.5530
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		01.9310
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		01.9310
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		01.9310
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		01.9310
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		05.0460
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.6330
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.6330
Absence of Brain, Congenital
[description not available]		02.8640
Coronary Occlusion
Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		01.9310
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		02.3620
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		02.3620
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		02.3620
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		02.3620
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		03.0650
Erythremia
[description not available]		01.9310
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		03.0650
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		01.9310
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		01.9310
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		01.9310
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		05.54280
Dysphagia
[description not available]		01.9410
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9410
Deficiency, Factor II
[description not available]		01.9410
Infant Malnutrition
Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		02.3720
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		05.0470
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		05.0470
Corneal Dystrophies
[description not available]		01.9410
Infarct
[description not available]		01.9410
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		01.9410
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		01.9410
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		01.9310
Neuroses
[description not available]		01.9310
Neurotic Disorders
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.		01.9310
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3520
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		02.8840
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		04.0831
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		04.0831
Acute Cholecystitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		02.0110
Alcoholic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Cholecystitis, Acute
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.		02.0110
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		02.0110
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		03.3770
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Adrenoleukodystrophy
An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).		02.0210
Abdominal Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.		02.4120
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis
[description not available]		03.8121
Familial Mediterranean Fever
A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.		03.8121
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		02.0110
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		02.0110
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6930
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		02.6930
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		04.2770
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.0210
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.0210
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		02.0210
Hyperlipoproteinemia
[description not available]		02.0210
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.		02.0210
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		03.6190
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		02.0210
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		03.0550
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0210
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		03.0550
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		04.1460
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		04.1460
Dementias, Transmissible
[description not available]		02.0210
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		03.411
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		03.411
Infections, Yersinia
[description not available]		02.0210
Pleuropneumonia
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.		02.0210
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		01.9210
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		01.9210
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		01.9210
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		01.9210
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		01.9210
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		02.3820
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.0210
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		02.3820
Aphthae
[description not available]		02.0210
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		02.0210
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		02.4220
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		02.0210
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		02.4220
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		02.0210
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		02.0210
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.0210
Berger Disease
[description not available]		02.6930
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		02.6930
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		02.0110
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.0210
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.0210
Ciliophora Infections
Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.		02.0210
Wounds, Stab
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.		02.0210
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		02.6830
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		02.6830
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm
Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.		02.0210
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.0850
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
[description not available]		02.0210
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative
Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.		02.0210
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.4320
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		02.4320
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.0210
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.0210
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.3420
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		03.3420
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.730
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.730
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		03.0950
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		03.0950
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		02.9140
Aging, Premature
Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.		02.0210
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4120
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		02.0210
Adult Neuroaxonal Dystrophy
[description not available]		01.9210
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		02.0210
Abscess, Amebic
[description not available]		02.0210
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		02.4320
Amebiasis
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.		02.0210
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		02.4220
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		02.4220
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		02.0210
Balkan Endemic Nephropathy
[description not available]		02.3920
Corynebacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.		02.420
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		05.06101
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		010.06101
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.4170
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		03.4170
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		02.0210
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		02.0210
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		02.4320
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		02.0210
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		03.4111
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		03.4111
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.4320
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.4320
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		02.3720
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		02.6730
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.3720
Varices
[description not available]		03.4111
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		03.4111
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		02.0210
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		02.420
Ascariasis
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.		02.0210
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.0210
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		03.6130
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		03.6130
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		02.0310
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		02.0310
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		02.4320
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		05.8891
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Limited Scleroderma
[description not available]		02.0310
Scleroderma, Diffuse
A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.		02.0310
Scleroderma, Limited
The least progressive form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with skin thickening restricted to the face, neck and areas distal to the elbows and/or knees, sparing the trunk. The CREST SYNDROME is a form of limited scleroderma.		02.0310
Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic
Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to CATTLE recently transported. The major agent responsible for the disease is MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA and less commonly, PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or HAEMOPHILUS SOMNUS. All three agents are normal inhabitants of the bovine nasal pharyngeal mucosa but not the LUNG. They are considered opportunistic pathogens following STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL and/or a viral infection. The resulting bacterial fibrinous BRONCHOPNEUMONIA is often fatal.		02.0310
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.4220
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		02.4220
Infections, Hantavirus
[description not available]		02.0310
Hantavirus Infections
Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.		02.0310
Joint Pain
[description not available]		02.0310
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		02.0310
Leanness
[description not available]		02.4220
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		02.0210
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		02.4120
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		02.4320
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		02.4320
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		02.0310
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		02.0310
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		03.3420
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.4220
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		03.5930
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		03.5930
Common Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		02.0310
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0310
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.0310
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.0310
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		02.6930
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		02.0310
Interstitial Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.4220
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.3920
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.3920
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		02.0310
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		02.0310
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		02.0310
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia
[description not available]		02.0310
Atelectasis
[description not available]		02.0310
Analgesic Overuse Headache
[description not available]		04.8940
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.6530
Spondylisthesis
[description not available]		02.0310
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.0310
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.4220
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.4220
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.420
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.3920
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.3920
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		02.0310
Cecal Diseases
Pathological developments in the CECUM.		02.0310
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		02.0310
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		02.0310
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		02.0310
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		02.0310
Periapical Diseases
Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.		02.0310
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		02.0310
Deficiency, Vitamin B
[description not available]		02.0310
Vitamin B Deficiency
A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.		02.0310
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.9240
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.9240
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		04.3980
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		04.3980
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.4420
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		02.0310
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.940
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.4120
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.4120
Leprosy, Macular
[description not available]		02.0310
Leprosy, Borderline
A form of LEPROSY in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and tuberculoid). The disease may shift toward one of these two polar or principal forms.		02.0310
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		02.0310
Monosomy
The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.		02.0310
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.6630
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		02.7130
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		02.7130
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.4220
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.4220
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		02.0310
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		03.320
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		03.320
Albinism
General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.		02.0310
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		02.0310
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		02.0310
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		02.0310
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0310
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		02.0310
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		02.0310
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0410
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.0410
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		02.0310
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction
Functional obstruction of the COLON leading to MEGACOLON in the absence of obvious COLONIC DISEASES or mechanical obstruction. When this condition is acquired, acute, and coexisting with another medical condition (trauma, surgery, serious injuries or illness, or medication), it is called Ogilvie's syndrome.		02.0410
Arnold-Chiari Deformity
[description not available]		04.8940
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		02.9510
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		03.3420
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		07.4250
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		07.4250
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.0410
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.6430
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.6430
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		02.0410
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.730
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		02.0410
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		02.0410
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.0310
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.0310
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		03.4980
Arthus Phenomenon
[description not available]		02.4120
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.3620
Abetalipoproteinemia
An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.		01.9410
Infections, Trichomonas
[description not available]		01.9410
Trichomonas Infections
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.		01.9410
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		01.9410
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		03.5630
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		02.8810
Human Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		02.8810
Adenovirus Infections, Human
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.		02.8810
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		02.8810
Cholangioma
[description not available]		03.2160
Adenoma, Bile Duct
A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.		03.2160
Prinzmetal Angina
[description not available]		03.5630
Angina Pectoris, Variant
A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.		03.5630
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.6530
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		07.6530
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.3820
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).		01.9510
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8940
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		02.8940
Avian Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.3620
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		03.4780
Cyst
[description not available]		02.3820
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		02.6530
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		02.3620
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		02.3620
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		02.6530
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		03.0550
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.0550
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		02.8740
Duodenal Reflux
[description not available]		02.6630
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		02.3620
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		02.3620
Addison's Anemia
[description not available]		03.3570
Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Agammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.		01.9610
Botulism, Infantile
[description not available]		05.6100
Botulism
A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)		010.6100
Ergot Poisoning
[description not available]		02.8710
Sore Throat
[description not available]		01.9610
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		01.9610
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		01.9610
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		02.6530
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.74120
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		04.74120
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.3520
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		01.9510
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		02.8740
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8740
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		02.3620
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		02.3620
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.05150
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		02.3820
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		02.3820
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		01.9610
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.3720
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9610
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.3820
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		01.9510
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		03.0950
Male Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Female Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		02.420
Endothelioma, Vascular
[description not available]		02.6530
Hemangioendothelioma
A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)		02.6530
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.3820
Angiostrongylus Infections
[description not available]		01.9810
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9810
Cerebral Arterial Diseases
Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.		01.9810
ACD-MPV
[description not available]		03.3711
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome
A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).		03.3711
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		01.9810
E chaffeensis Infection
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets
[description not available]		01.9810
HELLP Syndrome
A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.		01.9810
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.3920
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		02.3920
Mast Cell Activation Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Mastocytosis
A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).		01.9810
Schistosoma haematobia Infection
[description not available]		02.3920
Schistosomiasis haematobia
A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.		02.3920
Infections, Rickettsia
[description not available]		01.9810
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		01.9810
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		02.3720
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		02.3720
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		01.9810
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		02.420
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral
[description not available]		01.9810
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		02.420
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		01.9910
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		01.9910
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		01.9910
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		01.9910
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change
[description not available]		02.420
Nephrosis, Lipoid
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.420
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		02.420
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		02.420
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		03.3711
Ocular Hypotension
Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).		01.9910
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		03.7721
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		03.7721
Elaeophoriasis
[description not available]		02.6830
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.		02.6830
Tuberculosis, Bovine
An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.		01.9910
Ataxias, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.3920
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous
[description not available]		01.9910
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.		06.9910
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		01.9910
Esophageal Dysmotility
[description not available]		01.9910
Osteophytosis, Spinal
[description not available]		01.9910
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B
[description not available]		01.9910
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		01.9810
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		01.9810
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		07.3920
AIDS, Murine
[description not available]		01.9910
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		01.9910
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		03.5930
Shock, Traumatic
Shock produced as a result of trauma.		01.9910
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9910
Carcinosarcoma
A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3920
Armstrong Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.9240
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.9240
Leukoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		01.9910
Corneal Edema
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.		03.3120
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Deafness, Sudden
Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.		01.9910
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		01.9910
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		03.2920
Fibrosis, Radiation
[description not available]		01.9910
Radiation Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		01.9910
Aneurysm, Coronary
[description not available]		01.9910
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9910
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		01.9910
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		01.9910
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		01.9910
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		01.9910
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		01.9910
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.420
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.420
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		02.420
Facial Spasm, Unilateral
[description not available]		01.9910
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		01.9910
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		01.9910
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		02.3620
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		02.3620
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.		01.9910
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		01.9910
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		03.3811
Gaucher Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.		03.3811
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.420
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.420
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		02.420
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		02.420
Manganese Poisoning
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)		01.9910
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		01.9910
Aseptic Meningitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		01.9910
Meningitis, Aseptic
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)		01.9910
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		01.9910
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		02.3920
Athlete's Foot
[description not available]		03.3811
Tinea Pedis
Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.		03.3811
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative
[description not available]		01.9910
Periapical Periodontitis
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.		01.9910
Actinomycetales Infections
Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.		01.9910
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		01.9910
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		01.9910
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Lung Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).		01.9910
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		0210
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Acrodermatitis
Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.		0210
Granuloma, Respiratory Tract
Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.		0210
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		0210
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		0210
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		0210
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		0210
Thrombocytopathy
[description not available]		0210
Blood Platelet Disorders
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.		0210
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		0210
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.6530
Anti-GBM Disease
[description not available]		02.420
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.		02.420
Inferior Dislocation
[description not available]		0210
Cannabis Abuse
[description not available]		03.5830
Marijuana Abuse
Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.		03.5830
Air Embolism
[description not available]		0210
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
SC Disease
[description not available]		0210
Hemoglobin SC Disease
One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.		0210
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		03.8310
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)		0210
Tuberculosis, Hepatic
Infection of the LIVER with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. It is characterized by localized small tuberculous miliary lesions or tumor-like mass (TUBERCULOMA), and abnormalities in liver function tests.		0210
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
[description not available]		0210
Keratitis, Herpetic
A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)		0210
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		0210
Cardiovirus Infections
Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.		0210
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		0210
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		0210
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		0210
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		0210
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory
[description not available]		0210
Whooping Cough
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.		0210
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.3720
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		0210
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		02.3720
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		0210
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		0210
Cardiac Edema
[description not available]		0210
Edema, Cardiac
Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).		0210
ACL Injuries
[description not available]		0210
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		0210
Bone Cysts
Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.		0210
Convalescence
The period of recovery following an illness.		0210
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		02.6730
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		02.6730
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms
[description not available]		02.4120
Spasms, Infantile
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)		02.4120
Burns, Inhalation
Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.		0210
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		03.5730
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		03.5730
Infections, Microspora
[description not available]		0210
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		02.3920
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		02.3920
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A
[description not available]		02.4120
Meningitis, Meningococcal
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)		02.4120
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.		02.3920
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		03.2920
Erythrocytosis
[description not available]		0210
Cystadenoma, Serous
A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)		0210
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
[description not available]		0210
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.		0210
Hemosiderosis
Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.		0210
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		0210
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Escherichia coli Meningitis
[description not available]		0210
Meningitis, Viral
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)		0210
Echo Virus Infections
[description not available]		0210
Infections, Rubulavirus
[description not available]		0210
Rubulavirus Infections
Infections with viruses of the genus RUBULAVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE.		0210
Impotence, Arteriogenic
[description not available]		0210
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		0210
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		0210
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		0210
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		0210
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		0210
Schistosoma japonicum Infection
[description not available]		0210
Asthmatic Crisis
[description not available]		0210
Status Asthmaticus
A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.		0210
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		02.4120
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		0210
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		0210
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		0210
Ocular Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		0210
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular
Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.		0210
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)		0210
Rida
[description not available]		0210
Alkalosis, Respiratory
A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		0210
Aspiration, Meconium
[description not available]		02.0110
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.		02.0110
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.0110
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.0110
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		02.0110
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.0110
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		02.0110
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		02.0110
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		02.0110
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		02.0110
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		02.0110
Silo Filler Disease
[description not available]		02.8710
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		02.8610
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		02.8610
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.		01.9510
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3370
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)		03.3370
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		01.9510
Food Poisoning, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		04.1160
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		03.2720
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		02.8710
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		02.8710
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.8710
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		01.9510
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		01.9510
Cardiac Aneurysm
[description not available]		01.9510
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		02.8710
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		01.9510
Neoplasms, Nervous System
[description not available]		01.9510
Aneuploid
[description not available]		01.9510
Water Intoxication
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.		02.8740
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9510
Male Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9510
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		01.9510
Genital Neoplasms, Male
Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.		01.9510
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		01.9510
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		01.9510
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		01.9510
Diverticula
[description not available]		02.8710
Esophageal Hernia
[description not available]		02.8710
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		02.8710
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		01.9510
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		02.3520
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
[description not available]		01.9510
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.8640
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		02.3520
Oligodendroglioma
A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)		01.9510
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		02.8640
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		01.9510
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		01.9510
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		01.9510
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		03.2720
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		03.2720
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		01.9510
Sulfhemoglobinemia
A morbid condition due to the presence of sulfmethemoglobin in the blood. It is marked by persistent cyanosis, but the blood count does not reveal any special abnormality in the blood. It is thought to be caused by the action of hydrogen sulfide absorbed from the intestine. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9510
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		01.9810
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		01.9810
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		01.9810
Dermatophytoses
[description not available]		01.9810
Tinea
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.		01.9810
Mast-Cell Sarcoma
A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.		03.2160
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		01.9810
Paraphilias
[description not available]		01.9810
Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral
[description not available]		02.3820
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		02.3620
Keratosis, Oral
[description not available]		02.8910
Leukoplakia, Oral
A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.8910
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		01.9710
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		01.9710
Bile Reflux
Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.		02.3720
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		02.3620
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		02.3620
Candidiasis, Genital
[description not available]		01.9710
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.		01.9710
Leukemia L5178
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.		01.9710
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		01.9610
Bacterial Conjunctivitides
[description not available]		01.9710
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial
Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.		01.9710
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		01.9710
Mushroom Poisoning
Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.		02.8810
Spider Veins
[description not available]		01.9710
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		01.9710
Parathyroid Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Parathyroid Diseases
Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.		01.9710
Dizzyness
[description not available]		01.9610
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		01.9610
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid
[description not available]		02.3620
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)		02.3620
Genito-urinary Cancer
[description not available]		01.9510
Urogenital Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		01.9510
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		02.6430
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		02.6430
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		01.9410
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		01.9410
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		02.3520
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		02.3520
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		01.9510
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		01.9510
Cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		02.3520
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		02.3520
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.3520
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		02.3520
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		01.9510
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		01.9510
Thoracic Diseases
Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.		01.9410
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of the Vagina
[description not available]		01.9510
Blood Vessel Tumors
[description not available]		01.9510
Vaginal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.		01.9510
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
[description not available]		01.9510
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic
An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.		01.9510
Polyploid
[description not available]		01.9510
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		01.9410
Food Poisoning, Salmonella
[description not available]		03.2720
Salmonella Food Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.		03.2720
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		01.9510
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		01.9410
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9510
Spasmophilia
[description not available]		01.9510
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		01.9510
Tuberculosis, Miliary
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.		01.9510
Cephalgia, Vascular
[description not available]		01.9410
Ventral Hernia
[description not available]		01.9410
Hernia, Ventral
A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.		01.9410
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		01.9410
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		01.9410
Cardiac Cancer
[description not available]		01.9410
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		01.9410
Cystinuria
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.		01.9410
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		01.9410
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