huperzine a profile

huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Related Flora

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Huperzia	genus	A plant genus of the family LYCOPODIACEAE. Members contain huperzine, one of the CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS.[MeSH]	Lycopodiaceae	The club-moss plant family of the order Lycopodiales, class Lycopodiopsida, division Lycopodiophyta, subkingdom TRACHEOPHYTA. The common name of clubmoss applies to several genera of this family. Despite the name this is not one of the true mosses (BRYOPSIDA ).[MeSH]
Huperzia serrata	species	[no description available]	Lycopodiaceae	The club-moss plant family of the order Lycopodiales, class Lycopodiopsida, division Lycopodiophyta, subkingdom TRACHEOPHYTA. The common name of clubmoss applies to several genera of this family. Despite the name this is not one of the true mosses (BRYOPSIDA ).[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	1253
CHEMBL ID	3184073
MeSH ID	M0143991
PubMed CID	854026
CHEMBL ID	395280
CHEBI ID	78330
CHEBI ID	94624
SCHEMBL ID	136368
MeSH ID	M0143991

Synonym
120786-18-7
CBIOL_001885
huperzine a
fordine
BIO2_000882
BIO2_000402
BIO1_001149
BIO1_000171
BIO1_000660
BSPBIO_001143
selagine
(-)-huperzine a ,
bdbm10441
(+)-huperzine a
(13e)-1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-azatricyclo[7.3.1.0^{2,7}]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
(1r,13e)-1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-azatricyclo[7.3.1.0^{2,7}]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
(5s,11e)-5-amino-11-ethylidene-7-methyl-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1h)-one
(1s,13e)-1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-azatricyclo[7.3.1.0^{2,7}]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
(+/-)huperzine a
IDI1_002157
(+/-)-huperzine a
NCGC00163246-01
KBIO2_003051
KBIOSS_000483
KBIO2_000483
KBIO3_000885
KBIO2_005619
KBIOGR_000483
KBIO3_000886
102518-79-6
HMS1990I05
103735-86-0
huperzine-a
FT-0642946
5,9-methanocycloocta(b)pyridin-2(1h)-one,5-amino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrah
CHEMBL3184073
(-)-huperzine a-d5 (major)
1290113-17-5
AKOS032962044
Q27163539
lsm-1581
BCP31534
fordine; (+/-)-huperzine a
1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-azatricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
(1r,9r)-1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-azatricyclo[7.3.1.0^{2,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
(1r,9r,13e)-1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-azatricyclo[7.3.1.0^{2,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
(13e)-1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-azatricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
BRD-K62240499-001-02-6
SDCCGMLS-0066755.P001
hup a
cerebra
5,9-methanocycloocta(b)pyridin-2(1h)-one, 5-amino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-, (5r-(5-alpha,9-beta,11e))-
5,9-methanocycloocta(b)pyridin-2(1h)-one, 5-amino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-, (5r,9r,11e)-
HUP ,
huperaine a
1VOT
SPECTRUM1505255
1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-azatricyclo[7.3.1.0~2,7~]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one((+/-)-huperzine a)
(+-)-ha
bdbm50199522
(huperazine a)(-)-1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
(r)-1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one((-)-huperzine a)
(-)-huperazine a
1-amino-13-eth-(e)-ylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
(-)1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one( (-)-huperzine a)
1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
1-amino-13-eth-(z)-ylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
hyperazzine a
(-)-1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one(huperzine a)
(r)-1-amino-13-eth-(e)-ylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
(1r,9r)-1-amino-13-eth-(e)-ylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
chebi:78330 ,
CHEMBL395280 ,
l-huperzine a
tox21_111603
dtxcid6026038
cas-102518-79-6
dtxsid8046038 ,
CCG-40292
kimpukan a
0111871i23 ,
unii-0111871i23
huperzine a [who-dd]
(5r,9r,11e)-5-amino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta(b)pyridin-2(1h)-one
huperzine a [vandf]
huperzine a [mi]
DB04864
SCHEMBL136368
NCGC00263655-01
tox21_111603_1
H1700
(5r,9r,11e)-5-amino-11-ethylidene-7-methyl-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1h)-one
(5r,9r,e)-5-amino-11-ethylidene-7-methyl-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1h)-one
Q-100029
5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1h)-one, 5-amino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-, (5r,9r,11e)-
CHEBI:94624
huperzin a
1369-64-8
Q425198
AS-15723
AKOS016842839
(-)-huperazinea
(1r,9r,13e)-1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-azatricyclo[7.3.1.0,2,7]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one
EN300-33171546

Research Excerpts

Overview

Huperzine A (Hup A) is a purified alkaloid compound extracted from a club moss called Huperzia serrata. It is an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted great interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Huperzine A (Hup A) is a purified alkaloid compound extracted from a club moss called Huperzia serrata."	( A Synopsis of Multitarget Potential Therapeutic Effects of Huperzine A in Diverse Pathologies-Emphasis on Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Govitrapong, P; Shukla, M; Wongchitrat, P, 2022)	1.69
"Huperzine A (HpzA) is a natural sesquiterpene alkaloid found in"	( Mechanistic Insight into Binding of Huperzine A with Human Serum Albumin: Computational and Spectroscopic Approaches. Abdullaev, B; Al Abdulmonem, W; Alhumaydhi, FA; Alsagaby, SA; Khan, MS; Shahwan, M; Shamsi, A; Yadav, DK, 2022)	1.72
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a plant-derived lycopodium alkaloid used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease due to its inhibition against acetylcholinesterase. "	( Delineating biosynthesis of Huperzine A, A plant-derived medicine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Li, W; Li, X; Tan, T; Tian, P, 2022)	2.46
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) with the advantages of high efficiency, selectivity as well as reversibility and can exhibit significant therapeutic effects against certain neurodegenerative diseases. "	( Huperzine-A Improved Animal Behavior in Cuprizone-Induced Mouse Model by Alleviating Demyelination and Neuroinflammation. Sun, J; Wang, D; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Wu, S; Zhang, H, 2022)	2.16
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's disease. "	( The Optimization Design Of Lactoferrin Loaded HupA Nanoemulsion For Targeted Drug Transport Via Intranasal Route. Ding, Z; Han, T; Jiang, Y; Liu, C; Zhai, W; Zhuang, N, 2019)	1.96
"Huperzine A (Hup A) is an important drug for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mainly extracted from the Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis. "	( Five novel and highly efficient endophytic fungi isolated from Huperzia serrata expressing huperzine A for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Fei, L; Han, Z; Li-Bin, Y; Lu, H; Min, J; Ning, Z; Wei-Ze, L; Wen-Xia, H; Xiao-Feng, L; Zhong-Wen, H, 2020)	2.22
"Huperzine A (HupA) is an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted great interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease. "	( Research on endophytic fungi for producing huperzine A on a large-scale. Sang, X; Su, J; Yang, M, 2020)	2.26
"Huperzine A (HupA) is an anti-Alzheimer's therapeutic and a dietary supplement for memory boosting that is extracted mainly from Huperziacae plants. "	( Response surface methodology-mediated improvement of the irradiated endophytic fungal strain, Alternaria brassicae AGF041 for Huperzine A-hyperproduction. Ahmed, AS; Al-Hagar, OEA; El-Shatoury, EH; Zaki, AG, 2021)	2.27
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) that has been used treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD)."	( Huperzine A alleviates neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and improves cognitive function after repetitive traumatic brain injury. Mei, Z; Situ, B; Tan, X; Wang, Y; Zheng, P, 2017)	2.62
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with newly discovered potent GABA-mediated antiepileptic capacity, which is reliably detected by ppTMS."	( Alterations in the Timing of Huperzine A Cerebral Pharmacodynamics in the Acute Traumatic Brain Injury Setting. Collins, S; Damar, U; Gersner, R; Johnstone, JT; Kapur, K; Rotenberg, A; Schachter, S, 2018)	1.49
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor of a great consideration as a prospective drug candidate for Alzheimer's disease treatment. "	( Production and enhancement of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, huperzine A, from an endophytic Alternaria brassicae AGF041. Ahmed, AS; Al-Hagar, OEA; El-Shatoury, EH; Zaki, AG, 2019)	2.19
"Huperzine A (Hup-A) is a natural compound, which might have potential in treating neurological disorders including epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease."	( The potential role of human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) in the transport of Huperzine A Baum, L; Fei, Z; Hong, T; Hu, M; Kwan, P; Zhang, C, 2020)	1.48
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a kind of Lycopodium alkaloid with potential disease-modifying qualities that has been reported to protect against β-amyloid (Aβ)-mediated mitochondrial damage in Alzheimer's disease. "	( ABAD/17β-HSD10 reduction contributes to the protective mechanism of huperzine a on the cerebral mitochondrial function in APP/PS1 mice. Chen, Q; Wang, Y; Xiao, X; Zhu, X, 2019)	2.19
"Huperzine A (Hup A) is a lycopodium alkaloid from Huperzia serrata, which has been used as a therapeutic agent in several neurological disorders. "	( Huperzine A promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Gong, K; Gong, Y; Ma, T; Tang, P; Yan, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2013)	3.28
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a plant alkaloid that is of great interest as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. "	( Ethanol and methanol can improve huperzine A production from endophytic Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ES026. Ahn, YJ; Hu, X; Shu, SH; Wang, M; Wang, WJ; Wang, ZQ; Xu, HJ; Zhao, XM, 2013)	2.11
"Huperzine A is a Chinese herb extract used for Alzheimer's disease. "	( Huperzine A for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Liu, JP; Tian, J; Wang, Y; Yang, G, 2013)	3.28
"Huperzine A (HupA) is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese folk medicine huperzia serrate, which has possessed diverse pharmacological actions."	( The protective effect of huperzine A against hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. Jiang, Q; Yang, J; Yang, Y, 2014)	1.43
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a naturally occurring compound found in the firmoss Huperzia serrata. "	( Huperzine A prophylaxis against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats is associated with increased cortical inhibition. Dhamne, SC; Ekstein, D; Gersner, R; Rotenberg, A; Schachter, SC, 2015)	3.3
"Huperzine A (HupA) is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor extracted from Huperzia Serrata, a firmoss, which has been used for various diseases in traditional Chinese medicine for fever and inflammation. "	( Huperzine A as a neuroprotective and antiepileptic drug: a review of preclinical research. Damar, U; Gersner, R; Johnstone, JT; Rotenberg, A; Schachter, S, 2016)	3.32
"Huperzine A is a well-tolerated drug that could significantly improve cognitive performance and ADL in patients with AD."	( Efficacy and safety of natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an updated meta-analysis. Chen, HZ; Song, YY; Wang, BS; Wang, H; Wei, ZH; Zhang, L, 2009)	1.31
"Huperzine A (HupA) is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata and has been used for improving memory, cognitive and behavioral function in patients with Alzheimer's disease in China. "	( Intrathecal huperzine A increases thermal escape latency and decreases flinching behavior in the formalin test in rats. Park, P; Schachter, S; Yaksh, T, 2010)	2.18
"Huperzine A is a reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, its administration results in regionally specific increases in acetylcholine levels in the brain."	( The effects of huperzine A and IDRA 21 on visual recognition memory in young macaques. Gale, K; Kozikowski, AP; Malkova, L, 2011)	1.44
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a reversible and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and it has multiple targets when used for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy. "	( Huperzine A activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and enhances the nonamyloidogenic pathway in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse model. Teng, WP; Wang, CY; Wang, SL; Wang, T; Wang, ZY; Xie, JW; Zhao, BL; Zheng, W, 2011)	3.25
"Huperzine A is a natural cholinesterase inhibitor derived from the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata that may compare favorably in symptomatic efficacy to cholinesterase inhibitors currently in use for Alzheimer disease (AD)."	( A phase II trial of huperzine A in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Aisen, PS; Behan, K; Jin, S; Little, JT; Rafii, MS; Reynolds, B; Thomas, R; Walsh, S; Ward, C, 2011)	2.14
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). "	( Huperzine A alleviates synaptic deficits and modulates amyloidogenic and nonamyloidogenic pathways in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice. Tang, XC; Wang, Y; Zhang, HY, 2012)	3.26
"Huperzine A is an important compound that is used to treat Alzheimer's disease."	( Chiral separation of Huperzine A using CE - method validation and application in pharmaceutical formulations. Kapnissi-Christodoulou, CP; Moore, L; Nicolaou, IN; Tsioupi, DA, 2012)	1.42
"Huperzine A is a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine plant Qian Ceng Ta (Huperzia serrata), and was found to have multiple neuroprotective effects. "	( Examining the interactome of huperzine A by magnetic biopanning. Gao, G; Guo, W; Liu, S; Peng, J; Qiu, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, P; Wei, X; Xu, Y, 2012)	2.11
"[-]-Huperzine A ([-]-Hup A), is a naturally occurring potent reversible AChE inhibitor that penetrates the blood-brain barrier."	( A combination of [+] and [-]-Huperzine A improves protection against soman toxicity compared to [+]-Huperzine A in guinea pigs. Doctor, BP; Nambiar, MP; Oguntayo, S; Wang, Y; Wei, Y, 2013)	1.16
"Huperzine A (HupA) is a selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and has been shown to significantly reduce cognitive impairment in animal models of dementia."	( Huperzine A, but not tacrine, stimulates S100B secretion in astrocyte cultures. Abib, R; Gonçalves, CA; Guerra, MC; Leite, MC; Lunardi, P; Nardin, P, 2013)	2.55
"Huperzine A is a reversible and selective cholinesterase inhibitor approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. "	( Identification of cytochrome P450 1A2 as enzyme involved in the microsomal metabolism of Huperzine A. Ma, X; Tu, Z; Wang, H; Xin, J; Zhang, T, 2003)	1.98
"(-) Huperzine A is an inhibitor of AChE and is being considered for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease."	( Enantiomer effects of huperzine A on the aryl acylamidase activity of human cholinesterases. Darvesh, S; Martin, E; Walsh, R, 2003)	1.11
"Huperzine A is a potent, reversible red cells acetylcholinesterases (AChE) inhibitor, which shows high specificity for AChE preserving scavenger capacity of plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) for OP agents, and cross the blood-brain barrier smoothly preventing the AChE in CNS, so the CNS damages induced by the acute OP poisoning were prevented."	( [Advances on study of organophosphate poisoning prevented by Huperzine A]. Liu, L; Sun, JX, 2005)	1.29
"Huperzine A is a potent, reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. "	( Simple determination of huperzine A in human plasma by liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method. Jiang, XH; Lan, K; Li, YX; Wang, L, 2007)	2.09
"Huperzine A is an anticholinesterase and cognitive enhancer, which is able to alleviate the symptoms of memory dysfunction in the mouse. "	( Prolonged effects of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microsphere-containing huperzine A on mouse memory dysfunction induced by scopolamine. Fu, F; Liu, J; Liu, K; Ma, H; Wang, C; Zhang, T, 2007)	2.01
"Huperzine A is a natural cholinesterase inhibitor derived from the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata. "	( An update on huperzine A as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Aisen, PS; Little, JT; Walsh, S, 2008)	2.16
"Huperzine A is a linearly competitive, reversible inhibitor of acetyl cholinesterase that is said to have both central and peripheral activity with the ability to protect cells against hydrogen peroxide, beta-amyloid protein (or peptide), glutamate, ischemia and staurosporine-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis."	( Huperzine A for Alzheimer's disease. Dong, BR; Li, J; Liu, GJ; Wu, HM; Zhou, RL, 2008)	2.51
"Huperzine A (HUP) is a naturally-occurring, potent, reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that crosses the blood-brain barrier. "	( Huperzine A as a pretreatment candidate drug against nerve agent toxicity. Ashani, Y; Doctor, BP; Grunwald, J; Raveh, L, 1994)	3.17
"Huperzine A (HUP) is a potent reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that crosses the blood-brain barrier. "	( Efficacy of huperzine in preventing soman-induced seizures, neuropathological changes and lethality. Aubriot, S; Baubichon, D; Burckhart, MF; Lallement, G; Masqueliez, C; Veyret, J, 1997)	1.74
"Huperzine A is a strong inhibitor of cholinesterases with high selectivity to acetylcholinesterase and in China is developed as therapeutic against Alzheimer's disease."	( Huperzine A--an interesting anticholinesterase compound from the Chinese herbal medicine. Patocka, J, 1998)	2.46
"Huperzine A is an alkaloid isolated from a chinese club-moss. "	( [Huperzine a: an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with high pharmacological potential]. Masson, P; Pilotaz, F, 1999)	2.66
"Huperzine A is an alkaloid which was first isolated from Huperzia serrata (Thumb) Trev by Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences. "	( [Drug evaluation of huperzine A in the treatment of senile memory disorders]. Han, YY; Ma, YX; Sang, GW; Tang, XC; Yang, RM; Zhang, CL; Zhang, RW; Zhang, YD, 1991)	2.05
"Huperzine A (Hup-A) is a new alkaloid extracted from Huperzia serata in China. "	( [Effects of huperzine A on electroencephalography power spectrum in rabbits]. Chen, SS; Guan, LC; Lu, WH; Tang, XC, 1989)	2.1

Effects

Huperzine A has been shown to be useful in the treatment of symptoms of dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Huperzine A has been identified as a potent natural product against Alzheimer's disease."	( Natural Products as Bioactive Agents in the Prevention of Dementia. Asif, M; Hussain, A; Nawaz, F; Rasool, M; Ullah, H, 2023)	1.63
"Huperzine A (Hup A) has attracted considerable attention as an effective therapeutic candidate drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease. "	( Diversity of endophytic fungal community in Huperzia serrata from different ecological areas and their correlation with Hup A content. He, A; Jia, Q; Liang, Z; Liu, Q; Ma, N; Pang, B; Qiu, L; Shen, H; Wang, D; Yin, D; Zhai, Y, 2022)	2.16
"Huperzine A has been used for improving symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. "	( Abcb1a but not Abcg2 played a predominant role in limiting the brain distribution of Huperzine A in mice. Li, J; Wang, M; Yue, M; Zhang, H; Zhou, D, 2017)	2.12
"Huperzine A has been shown to be useful in the treatment of symptoms of dementia of the Alzheimer type. "	( Natural and synthetic Huperzine A: effect on cholinergic function in vitro and in vivo. Hanin, I; Kindel, GL; Kozikowski, AP; Tang, XC, 1993)	2.04

Actions

Huperzine A can inhibit cholinesterase in the brain to improve the cognitive function of rats recovering from general anesthesia.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Huperzine A can inhibit cholinesterase to increase Ach, which has a positive effect on cerebral cholinergic system in elderly patients during recovery from general anesthesia."	( [Effect of huperzine A on cerebral cholinesterase and acetylcholine in elderly patients during recovery from general anesthesia]. Wang, G; Zhan, H; Zhang, SQ, 2006)	2.17
"Huperzine A can inhibit cholinesterase in the brain to improve the cognitive function of rats recovering from general anesthesia."	( [Effects of huperzine A on cognitive function of rats recovering from general anesthesia]. Chen, HW; Luo, GJ; Wang, G; Zhan, H; Zhang, SQ, 2008)	2.17

Treatment

Huperzine A treatment (0.1 mg/kg) resulted in significant protection against both HI-induced brain tissue losses and spatial memory impairments. Treatment also reduced glutamate-induced calcium mobilization, but did not affect elevations in intraneuronal free Ca2+ caused by KCl or (-)Bay K 8644.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Huperzine A treatment was shown to significantly attenuate the neurotoxicity of oligomeric Aβ(42), as demonstrated by increased neuronal viability."	( Involvement of Intracellular and Mitochondrial Aβ in the Ameliorative Effects of Huperzine A against Oligomeric Aβ42-Induced Injury in Primary Rat Neurons. Jiang, HL; Lei, Y; Qin, MY; Tang, XC; Yang, HY; Yang, L; Ye, CY; Zhang, HY, 2015)	1.36
"Huperzine A treatment significantly ameliorated all these phenomena."	( Huperzine a improves chronic inflammation and cognitive decline in rats with cerebral hypoperfusion. Tang, XC; Wang, J; Zhang, HY, 2010)	2.52
"Huperzine A treatment (0.1 mg/kg) resulted in significant protection against both HI-induced brain tissue losses and spatial memory impairments (mean escape latency: 34 s vs 44 s, P < 0.05, probe time: 35 s vs 14 s,P < 0.01)."	( [Huperzine A attenuates cognitive deficits and brain injury after hypoxia-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats]. Shao, XM; Tang, XC; Wang, LS; Zhou, J, 2003)	1.95
"Huperzine A pretreatment also reduced glutamate-induced calcium mobilization, but did not affect elevations in intraneuronal free Ca2+ ([Ca]i) caused by KCl or (-)Bay K 8644."	( Huperzine A, a potential therapeutic agent for dementia, reduces neuronal cell death caused by glutamate. Dave, JR; Doctor, BP; Koenig, ML; Ved, HS, 1997)	2.46
"Treatment with Huperzine A, a compound isolated from Chinese club moss with NMDA receptor blocking activity, anticholinesterase activity, and anticonvulsant properties, produced useful suppression of the abnormal behavior for more than months."	( Clinical use of an herbal-derived compound (Huperzine A) to treat putative complex partial seizures in a dog. Dodman, NH; Faissler, D; Ogata, N; Schneider, BM, 2009)	0.95

Toxicity

Huperzine A is toxic at higher doses due to potent AChE inhibition which limits the utilization of its neuroprotective properties. Mild and transient adverse events (edema of bilateral ankles and insomnia) were observed in 3% of huperzine Alpha treated patients.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" LD50 of soman was determined at various time intervals after pretreatment."	( Huperzine A as a pretreatment candidate drug against nerve agent toxicity. Ashani, Y; Doctor, BP; Grunwald, J; Raveh, L, 1994)	1.73
" Mild and transient adverse events (edema of bilateral ankles and insomnia) were observed in 3% of huperzine Alpha treated patients."	( [Clinical efficacy and safety of huperzine Alpha in treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease, a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial]. Chen, Q; Shan, G; Shu, L; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, Z, 2002)	0.81
"A safe and effective medicine, huperzine Alpha remarkably improves the cognition, behavior, ADL,and mood of AD patients."	( [Clinical efficacy and safety of huperzine Alpha in treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease, a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial]. Chen, Q; Shan, G; Shu, L; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, Z, 2002)	0.88
" Our data show that a combination of HUP with IMI is a prophylactic, potent, and safe therapeutic strategy to overcome DFP toxicity."	( The combination of huperzine A and imidazenil is an effective strategy to prevent diisopropyl fluorophosphate toxicity in mice. Auta, J; Costa, E; Guidotti, A; Kadriu, B; Kozikowski, AP; Pibiri, F; Pinna, G, 2008)	0.67
" Most adverse events were cholinergic in nature and no serious adverse events occurred."	( Efficacy and safety of natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an updated meta-analysis. Chen, HZ; Song, YY; Wang, BS; Wang, H; Wei, ZH; Zhang, L, 2009)	0.59
"Galantamine, a centrally acting cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor and a nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligand used to treat Alzheimer's disease, is an effective and safe antidote against poisoning with nerve agents, including soman."	( Effectiveness of donepezil, rivastigmine, and (+/-)huperzine A in counteracting the acute toxicity of organophosphorus nerve agents: comparison with galantamine. Adler, M; Akkerman, M; Albuquerque, EX; Aracava, Y; Pereira, EF, 2009)	0.6
" However, [-]-Huperzine A is toxic at higher doses due to potent AChE inhibition which limits the utilization of its neuroprotective properties."	( [+]-Huperzine A protects against soman toxicity in guinea pigs. Doctor, BP; Jensen, N; Nambiar, MP; Oguntayo, S; Wang, Y; Wei, Y, 2011)	1.29
" The synthetic stereoisomer, [+]-Hup A, is less toxic due to poor AChE inhibition and is suitable for both pre-/post-exposure treatments of nerve agent toxicity."	( A combination of [+] and [-]-Huperzine A improves protection against soman toxicity compared to [+]-Huperzine A in guinea pigs. Doctor, BP; Nambiar, MP; Oguntayo, S; Wang, Y; Wei, Y, 2013)	0.68
"Huperzine A was safe and well-tolerated and compared with placebo, treatment with huperzine A did not cause significant changes in any cocaine pharmacokinetic parameters (all P>."	( Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Huperzine A as a Treatment for Cocaine Use Disorder. De La Garza, R; Mahoney, JJ; Newton, TF; Thompson-Lake, DG; Verrico, CD, 2015)	2.09
" The elevations of p-Akt and p-mTOR were abrogated under toxic conditions after blockade of TrkB by TrkB IgG."	( Huperzine A Alleviates Oxidative Glutamate Toxicity in Hippocampal HT22 Cells via Activating BDNF/TrkB-Dependent PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Li, X; Liu, ZQ; Mao, XY; Zhou, HH, 2016)	1.88
" Huperzine is safe with mild side effects."	( [Efficacy and safety of huperzine A in treating patients with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and Meta-analysis]. Feng, S; Guo, YH; Hu, J; Huang, P; Li, B; Liu, QQ, 2019)	0.82

Pharmacokinetics

Huperzine A, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients in China, exhibits different pharmacokinetic features in elderly and young healthy subjects. After single-dose administration of ZT-1, the mean tmax of Hup A was 0.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with a 3P87 program by computer."	( Pharmacokinetics of tablet huperzine A in six volunteers. Chen, GS; Chen, K; Qian, BC; Wang, M; Zhou, RR; Zhou, ZF, 1995)	0.59
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: T 1/2ka = 12."	( Pharmacokinetics of tablet huperzine A in six volunteers. Chen, GS; Chen, K; Qian, BC; Wang, M; Zhou, RR; Zhou, ZF, 1995)	0.59
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of huperzine A in dogs following single intravenous and oral administrations. Chu, D; Gu, J; Li, P; Li, Y; Liu, K; Liu, W, 2006)	0.66
" The method facilitated a clinical pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of a single dose of matrine soft gelatin capsules (100, 200 and 400mg) in a three-period crossover design."	( Matrine determination and pharmacokinetics in human plasma using LC/MS/MS. Chen, WL; Chu, NN; Li, XN; Liu, GY; Xu, HR; Yu, C; Zhang, XL, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of huperzine A (Hup A) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after intranasal administration (0."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of huperzine A in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid after intranasal administration in rats. Chen, G; Wang, Q, 2009)	0.88
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, AUC0-72 h and AUC0-∞ were calculated."	( Phase I study on the pharmacokinetics and tolerance of ZT-1, a prodrug of huperzine A, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Gui, YZ; Hong, Z; Jia, JY; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Yu, C; Zhao, QH; Zhu, DY, 2013)	0.62
"Our preliminary results show that huperzine A, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients in China, exhibits different pharmacokinetic features in elderly and young healthy subjects."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of huperzine A in elderly Chinese subjects. Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, XN; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Qu, Y; Sheng, L; Wang, HY; Wang, WL; Wang, YJ; Xu, HR; Yan, J; Yu, C; Zhang, MQ, 2016)	0.96
"A total of 341 serum huperzine A concentration records was obtained from 2 completed clinical trials (14 elderly healthy subjects in a phase I pharmacokinetic study; 35 elderly AD patients in a phase II study)."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of huperzine A in elderly Chinese subjects. Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, XN; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Qu, Y; Sheng, L; Wang, HY; Wang, WL; Wang, YJ; Xu, HR; Yan, J; Yu, C; Zhang, MQ, 2016)	1
" The optimized hup A-M-TPISG formulation was further evaluated by in vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies via microdialysis."	( A Nasal Temperature and pH Dual-Responsive In Situ Gel Delivery System Based on Microemulsion of Huperzine A: Formulation, Evaluation, and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study. Chen, S; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Fang, W; Gao, S; Hu, R; Lu, W; Nie, X; Shen, Q; Sun, C; Wang, B; Xia, H, 2019)	0.73
" This study aimed to prepare nanoemulsions (NEs) of HupA to investigate their potential "nose-to-brain" pathways and to evaluate their pharmacokinetic and brain-targeting parameters."	( Investigation of the "Nose-to-Brain" Pathways in Intranasal HupA Nanoemulsions and Evaluation of Their in vivo Pharmacokinetics and Brain-Targeting Ability. Ding, Z; Jiang, Y; Yu, Q, 2022)	0.72
" Immunohistochemistry, pharmacokinetic and targeting index analyses were performed to investigate the in vivo effects of HupA-NE and Lf-HupA-NE."	( Investigation of the "Nose-to-Brain" Pathways in Intranasal HupA Nanoemulsions and Evaluation of Their in vivo Pharmacokinetics and Brain-Targeting Ability. Ding, Z; Jiang, Y; Yu, Q, 2022)	0.72
" The findings of this study showed that NEs (especially Lf-HupA-NE) had better pharmacokinetic profiles and a better nose-to-brain drug transport efficiency than free HupA."	( Investigation of the "Nose-to-Brain" Pathways in Intranasal HupA Nanoemulsions and Evaluation of Their in vivo Pharmacokinetics and Brain-Targeting Ability. Ding, Z; Jiang, Y; Yu, Q, 2022)	0.72

Bioavailability

Huperzine A (hup A) is a reversible and highly selective second-generation acetylcholine esterase (AchE) inhibitor for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) But it suffers from low bioavailability in the brain.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The results showed that huperzine A had high bioavailability and more selective inhibition on AChE activity in cortex and hippocampus."	( Comparative studies of huperzine A, E2020, and tacrine on behavior and cholinesterase activities. Cheng, DH; Tang, XC, 1998)	0.91
" The relative bioavailability of huperzine A microspheres over a period of 14 days was 94."	( Preparation and in vivo evaluation of huperzine A-loaded PLGA microspheres. Fu, XD; Gao, YL; Ping, QN; Ren, T, 2005)	0.88
"Huperzine A (hup A), extracted from the Chinese medicinal plant Huperzia serrata, is a reversible and highly selective second-generation acetylcholine esterase (AchE) inhibitor for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it suffers from low bioavailability in the brain."	( A Nasal Temperature and pH Dual-Responsive In Situ Gel Delivery System Based on Microemulsion of Huperzine A: Formulation, Evaluation, and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study. Chen, S; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Fang, W; Gao, S; Hu, R; Lu, W; Nie, X; Shen, Q; Sun, C; Wang, B; Xia, H, 2019)	2.17
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

Huperzine A's permeability characteristics pave the way to the development of its oral extended release dosage form. The improving effects of huperZine A exhibited a bell-shaped dose-response curve. The effect of hSuperZine on memory impairments exhibited an inverted U-shapeddose-response pattern.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The improving effects of huperzine A exhibited a bell-shaped dose-response curve."	( Huperzine A reverses scopolamine- and muscimol-induced memory deficits in chick. Gao, Y; Guan, LC; Kuang, PZ; Tang, XC, 2000)	2.05
" The effect of huperzine A on memory impairments exhibited an inverted U-shaped dose-response pattern."	( Effect of huperzine A on working memory in reserpine- or yohimbine-treated monkeys. Cai, JX; Ou, LY; Tang, XC, 2001)	1.07
" The distributions of Hup A into rat brain tissues following intranasal dosing were compared with those after intravenous and intragastric dosing by tissue homogeneization."	( [Preparation of huperzine A nasal in situ gel and evaluation of its brain targeting following intranasal administration]. Chen, QH; Dong, WX; Tao, T; Yue, P; Zhao, Y, 2006)	0.68
" Tonic-clonic seizures were noticed, but only in highly dosed animals."	( Huperzine induces alteration in oxidative balance and antioxidants in a guinea pig model. Bandouchova, H; Drtinova, L; Hrabinova, M; Pikula, J; Pohanka, M; Zemek, F, 2011)	0.37
" Furthermore, subcutaneous administration of Bis-Mep (10, 100 or 1000 ng/kg) significantly reversed the scopolamine-induced memory deficits in a typical bell-shaped dose-response manner."	( Bis(9)-(-)-nor-meptazinol as a novel dual-binding AChEI potently ameliorates scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in mice. Chen, HZ; Cui, Y; Ge, XX; Li, J; Liu, T; Qiu, ZB; Wang, H; Xia, Z; Xie, Q; Xu, J; Xu, JR; Zhang, WW, 2013)	0.39
" Huperzine A's permeability characteristics pave the way to the development of its oral extended release dosage form."	( Transepithelial transport of a natural cholinesterase inhibitor, huperzine A, along the gastrointestinal tract: the role of ionization on absorption mechanism. Burshtein, G; Friedman, M; Greenberg, S; Hoffman, A, 2013)	1.54
" The existing dosage of HupA lacks brain selectivity and can cause serious side effects in the gastrointestinal and peripheral cholinergic systems."	( The Optimization Design Of Lactoferrin Loaded HupA Nanoemulsion For Targeted Drug Transport Via Intranasal Route. Ding, Z; Han, T; Jiang, Y; Liu, C; Zhai, W; Zhuang, N, 2019)	0.51

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Products

Product Category	Products
Active Lifestyle & Fitness	22
Vitamins & Supplements	2
Weight Management	2

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
ABE Ultimate Pre-Workout - 30 Servings Baddy Berry -- 13.75 oz	ABE	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, Huperzine A, Niacin, Taurine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ABE Ultimate Pre-Workout - 30 Servings Blue Razz -- 13.75 oz	ABE	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, Huperzine A, Niacin, Taurine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ABE Ultimate Pre-Workout - 30 Servings Red Hawaiian -- 13.75 oz	ABE	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, Huperzine A, Niacin, Taurine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ABE Ultimate Pre-Workout - 30 Servings Sour Gummy Bear -- 13.75 oz	ABE	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Choline, Huperzine A, Niacin, Taurine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Muscle Max Boost- Advanced Pre-Workout Formula Cherry Lemonade -- 60 Servings	Amazing Muscle	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, Folic Acid, L-Glutamine, Huperzine A, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Muscle Max Boost- Advanced Pre-Workout Formula Fruit Punch -- 60 Servings	Amazing Muscle	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Caffeine Anhydrous, Folic Acid, L-Glutamine, Huperzine A, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Muscle Pre Boost Extreme- Pre-Workout with Caffeine Watermelon -- 20 Servings	Amazing Muscle	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, Caffeine Anhydrous, L-Citrulline Malate, Huperzine A, L-Arginine Alpha Ketoglutarate, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bear Balanced Creatine Gummies Blueberry -- 90 Gummies	Bear Balanced	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Huperzine A	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bear Balanced Creatine Gummies Peach Mango -- 90 Gummies	Bear Balanced	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Huperzine A, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bear Balanced Creatine Gummies Watermelon Burst -- 90 Gummies	Bear Balanced	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Huperzine A, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition ENGN Focus Pre-Workout Engine Watermelon -- 9.52 oz - 30 Servings	Evlution Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, Caffeine Anhydrous, Chloride, Choline, Folate, Huperzine A, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Havasu Nutrition NeuroIgnite™ -- 30 Capsules	Havasu Nutrition	Vitamins & Supplements	DMAE, Huperzine A	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech Burn iQ Smart Thermo - 50 servings Mango Chili Lime -- 7.58 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, acesulfame-potassium, acesulfame-potassium, beta-carotene, Citric acid, Huperzine A, Vitamin B6, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech Burn iQ Smart Thermo - 50 servings Sweet Heat -- 7.58 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, citric acid, Huperzine A, Malic acid, Vitamin B6, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech EuphoriQ Pre-Workout - 20 Servings Boogieman Punch -- 12.06 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, acesulfame-potassium, acesulfame-potassium, Beta-alanine, Betaine anhydrous, Choline, Citric acid, Huperzine A, malic acid, Vitamin B6, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech EuphoriQ Pre-Workout - 20 Servings Icy Snow Cone -- 11.99 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Beta-alanine, beta-carotene, Betaine anhydrous, Choline, Citric acid, Huperzine A, malic acid, Vitamin B6, rebaudioside A, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech EuphoriQ Pre-Workout - 20 Servings Watermelon Candy -- 12.06 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, acesulfame-potassium, acesulfame-potassium, Beta-alanine, Betaine anhydrous, Choline, Citric acid, Huperzine A, malic acid, Vitamin B6, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech EuphoriQ Pre-Workout - 20 Servings Yuzu Lemonade -- 11.99 oz	MuscleTech	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, acesulfame-potassium, acesulfame-potassium, Beta-alanine, beta-carotene, Betaine anhydrous, Choline, Citric acid, Huperzine A, malic acid, Vitamin B6, Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natrol Memory Complex -- 60 Tablets	Natrol	Vitamins & Supplements	dicalcium phosphate, Folate, glycerin, Huperzine A, Microcrystalline cellulose, maltodextrin, methylcellulose, Vitamin B3, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, stearic acid, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals HGH Surge -- 150 Tablets	Source Naturals	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	5-HTP, Acetyl L-Carnitine, Chromium, DMAE, GABA, L-Glutamine, Glycine, Huperzine A, microcrystalline cellulose, Niacin, Ornithine Ketoglutarate, stearic acid	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Titan Nutrition Enlite Mai Tai -- 30 Servings	Titan Nutrition	Weight Management	Vitamin C, Chromium, DMAE, Huperzine A, malic acid, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Vitamin B6, L-Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Titan Nutrition Enlite Peach Sangria -- 30 Servings	Titan Nutrition	Weight Management	Vitamin C, Chromium, DMAE, Huperzine A, malic acid, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Niacin, Vitamin B6, L-Taurine, sucralose, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Titan Nutrition Kickin Pineapple Mango -- 25 Servings	Titan Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, citric acid, Dimethylethanolamine, Huperzine A, malic acid, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Titan Nutrition Kickin Pink Lemonade -- 25 Servings	Titan Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, citric acid, Dimethylethanolamine, Huperzine A, malic acid, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Titan Nutrition Pump Cherry Luau -- 20 Servings	Titan Nutrition	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Citric acid, Vitamin C, Betaine Anhydrous, Citric acid, Huperzine A, malic acid, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Type Zero Clean Phosphatidyl Serine + -- 400 mg - 90 Capsules	Type Zero	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	dicalcium phosphate, cellulose, Huperzine A	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Role	Description
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor	An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), which helps breaking down of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.
neuroprotective agent	Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
plant metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
nootropic agent	Any compound that improves mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention, and concentration.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
quinolone
sesquiterpene alkaloid
pyridone
primary amino compound	A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.
organic heterotricyclic compound	An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
EWS/FLI fusion protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.0321	0.0013	10.1577	42.8575	AID1259253; AID1259255; AID1259256
acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.3647	0.0025	41.7960	15,848.9004	AID1347395; AID1347397; AID1347398; AID1347399
Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	Potency	39.8107	0.0096	10.5250	35.4813	AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Acetylcholinesterase	Tetronarce californica (Pacific electric ray)	Ki	1.1743	0.0000	0.7671	4.3000	AID1796454; AID1796488
Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	4.4288	0.0000	1.5599	10.0000	AID1796478; AID1796482; AID1796572; AID1801945
Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5235	0.0000	1.5173	9.7300	AID1796481
Acetylcholinesterase	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Ki	0.0046	0.0000	1.4282	9.3000	AID1800423
Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	4.4288	0.0000	0.9332	10.0000	AID1796478; AID1796482; AID1796572; AID1801945
Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.3505	0.0000	1.2786	9.7300	AID1796481; AID1800423
Acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	35.1362	0.0002	0.5259	7.2000	AID1796569
Acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.1110	0.0002	1.6401	10.0000	AID1796454
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase	Tetronarce californica (Pacific electric ray)	Ki	0.2500	0.2500	0.2500	0.2500	AID977610
Acetylcholinesterase	Electrophorus electricus (electric eel)	IC50 (µMol)	8.0850	0.0000	0.9453	9.9400	AID1666849; AID1781505
Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	5,050.0000	0.0000	1.5599	10.0000	AID1537270; AID1862259
Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.1200	0.0001	1.7536	10.0000	AID1495954
Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	2.1226	0.0000	0.9332	10.0000	AID1273850; AID1386641; AID1537269; AID1639003; AID1862258
Acetylcholinesterase	Bos taurus (cattle)	IC50 (µMol)	0.1000	0.0000	0.6106	8.7000	AID1697408
Cholinesterase	Canis lupus familiaris (dog)	IC50 (µMol)	10,000.0000	6.2700	6.2700	6.2700	AID1666848
Acetylcholinesterase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0955	0.0002	0.5259	7.2000	AID1319286; AID1347958; AID1495954; AID1682335
Carboxylic ester hydrolase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	49.0767	0.0004	1.4811	9.8700	AID1347959; AID1495955; AID1682163
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0170	0.0080	1.7750	5.3000	AID1756683
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
learning	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast differentiation	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone processing	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to alkaloid	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cocaine metabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to glucocorticoid	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to folic acid	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
choline metabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleft	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of receptor recycling	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
osteoblast development	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesion	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse assembly	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor internalization	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid precursor protein metabolic process	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein secretion	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
retina development in camera-type eye	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
learning	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast differentiation	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone processing	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to alkaloid	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cocaine metabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to glucocorticoid	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
response to folic acid	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
choline metabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid hydroxylation	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid catabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
androgen metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid catabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
calcitriol biosynthetic process from calciol	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D catabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
aflatoxin metabolic process	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylation	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleft	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of receptor recycling	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
osteoblast development	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesion	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse assembly	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor internalization	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid precursor protein metabolic process	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein secretion	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
retina development in camera-type eye	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
amyloid-beta binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
catalytic activity	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholinesterase activity	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinesterase activity	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
choline binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholinesterase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinesterase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
serine hydrolase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
laminin binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
catalytic activity	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholinesterase activity	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinesterase activity	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
choline binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid binding	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion binding	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hydroxylase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen binding	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
heme binding	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
caffeine oxidase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
quinine 3-monooxygenase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone 6-beta-hydroxylase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 23-hydroxylase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholinesterase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinesterase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
serine hydrolase activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
laminin binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Bos taurus (cattle)
protein binding	Acetylcholinesterase	Bos taurus (cattle)
acetylcholinesterase activity	Cholinesterase	Canis lupus familiaris (dog)
cholinesterase activity	Cholinesterase	Canis lupus familiaris (dog)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular region	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope lumen	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
blood microparticle	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
basement membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junction	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic cleft	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
side of membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope lumen	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
blood microparticle	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Cholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Cytochrome P450 3A4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
basement membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junction	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic cleft	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
side of membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Acetylcholinesterase	Bos taurus (cattle)
side of membrane	Acetylcholinesterase	Bos taurus (cattle)
extracellular region	Cholinesterase	Canis lupus familiaris (dog)
virion membrane	Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (121)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1796569	Enzyme Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm0496178: \\Bis-huperzine B: highly potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.\\	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 48, Issue:3	Bis-huperzine B: highly potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
AID1796454	Enzyme Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/ja021111w: \\Acetylcholinesterase complexed with bivalent ligands related to huperzine a: experimental evidence for species-dependent protein-ligand complementarity.\\	2003	Journal of the American Chemical Society, Jan-15, Volume: 125, Issue:2	Acetylcholinesterase complexed with bivalent ligands related to huperzine a: experimental evidence for species-dependent protein-ligand complementarity.
AID1796482	Cholinesterase Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm050578p: \\Inhibition of human acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase by novel carbamates of (-)- and (+)-tetrahydrofurobenzofuran and methanobenzodioxepine.\\	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-06, Volume: 49, Issue:7	Inhibition of human acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase by novel carbamates of (-)- and (+)-tetrahydrofurobenzofuran and methanobenzodioxepine.
AID1800423	Assay of Substrate Hydrolysis from Article 10.1021/bi401043w: \\The natural product dihydrotanshinone I provides a prototype for uncharged inhibitors that bind specifically to the acetylcholinesterase peripheral site with nanomolar affinity.\\	2013	Biochemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:42	The natural product dihydrotanshinone I provides a prototype for uncharged inhibitors that bind specifically to the acetylcholinesterase peripheral site with nanomolar affinity.
AID1796478	Enzyme Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm0496741: \\Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of huprine-tacrine heterodimers: subnanomolar dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.\\	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of huprine-tacrine heterodimers: subnanomolar dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
AID1796488	Enzyme Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/bi020151+: \\X-ray structures of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase complexed with (+)-huperzine A and (-)-huperzine B: structural evidence for an active site rearrangement.\\	2002	Biochemistry, Sep-03, Volume: 41, Issue:35	X-ray structures of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase complexed with (+)-huperzine A and (-)-huperzine B: structural evidence for an active site rearrangement.
AID1796572	Cholinesterase Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm010491d: \\Anticholinesterase activity of compounds related to geneserine tautomers. N-Oxides and 1,2-oxazines.\\	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17	Anticholinesterase activity of compounds related to geneserine tautomers. N-Oxides and 1,2-oxazines.
AID1796481	Enzyme Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm060257t: \\Discovery of huperzine A-tacrine hybrids as potent inhibitors of human cholinesterases targeting their midgorge recognition sites.\\	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 49, Issue:11	Discovery of huperzine A-tacrine hybrids as potent inhibitors of human cholinesterases targeting their midgorge recognition sites.
AID1801945	AChE and BuChE Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.07.013: \\Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of coumarin derivatives as novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that attenuate H2O2-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells.\\	2016	Bioorganic chemistry, 10, Volume: 68	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of coumarin derivatives as novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that attenuate H2O2-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).	2014	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1537271	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human BuChE to IC50 for human AChE	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID1682151	Neuroprotective activity against Bay-K8644-induced calcium mobilization in rat forebrain derived neurons assessed as calcium elevation at 100 nM (Rvb = 521 nM)	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1756684	Binding affinity to CM5 sensor chip immobilized recombinant human AChE assessed as on rate constant at 298.15 K by surface plasmon resonance assay	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-25, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Kinetics-Driven Drug Design Strategy for Next-Generation Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors to Clinical Candidate.
AID1682157	In vivo inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in rat at 0.066 micromol/kg, icv relative to control	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1537276	Inhibition of GSK3B (unknown origin) at 10 uM relative to control	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID1682152	Neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced calcium mobilization in rat forebrain derived neurons assessed as calcium elevation at 100 nM (Rvb = 811 nM)	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1347960	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for BuChE in rat serum to IC50 for AChE in rat cortex homogenate	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Discovery of novel propargylamine-modified 4-aminoalkyl imidazole substituted pyrimidinylthiourea derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1319289	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for rat serum BuChE to IC50 for rat cortex AChE	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-22, Volume: 59, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional Pyrimidinylthiourea Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer Agents.
AID1666848	Inhibition of dog serum BChE using butrylthiocholine iodide as substrate by spectrophotometry based Ellman's method	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 30, Issue:6	Design, synthesis and evaluation of new 4-arylthiazole-2-amine derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
AID1682148	Neuroprotective activity against NMDA-induced cell death in rat neurons assessed as cell survival pretreated for 45 mins followed by NMDA stimulation and measured after 30 mins by MTT assay (Rvb = 35%)	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1682158	Potency index, ratio of in vivo inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in Sprague-Dawley rat cortex by tacrine to in vivo inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in Sprague-Dawley rat cortex by compound	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1862259	Inhibition of BuChE (unknown origin) using butyrylthiocholine iodide as substrate by DTNB reagent based Ellman's method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 72	Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2-(2-oxoethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
AID1495953	Agonist activity at human 5-HT1A receptor expressed in HEK293 cells after 60 mins by Eu-cAMP solution based ultra LANCE assay	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 26, Issue:12	Design, synthesis and evaluation of vilazodone-tacrine hybrids as multitarget-directed ligands against depression with cognitive impairment.
AID1386641	Inhibition of AChE (unknown origin) using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 10 mins by Ellman's method	2018	Journal of natural products, 09-28, Volume: 81, Issue:9	Colocynthenins A-D, Ring-A seco-Cucurbitane Triterpenoids from the Fruits of Citrullus colocynthis.
AID1682162	In vivo inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in Sprague-Dawley rat cortex at 1 micromol/kg, IG administered once daily for 8 days and measured 30 mins post 8th dose by spectrophotometric method relative to control	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1862258	Inhibition of AChE (unknown origin) using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate by DTNB reagent based Ellman's method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 72	Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2-(2-oxoethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
AID1273850	Inhibition of human acetylcholinesterase after 30 mins by microplate reader-based Ellman's method	2015	Journal of natural products, Dec-24, Volume: 78, Issue:12	Avertoxins A-D, Prenyl Asteltoxin Derivatives from Aspergillus versicolor Y10, an Endophytic Fungus of Huperzia serrata.
AID1319304	Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 100 uM measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-22, Volume: 59, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional Pyrimidinylthiourea Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer Agents.
AID1682150	Displacement of [3H]MK-801 from Guinea pig synaptosomal plasma membrane NMDA receptor	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1682156	Potency index, ratio of in vivo inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in rat by tacrine to in vivo inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in Sprague-Dawley rat cortex by compound	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1756683	Binding affinity to CM5 sensor chip immobilized recombinant human AChE assessed as dissociation constant at 298.15 K by surface plasmon resonance assay	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-25, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Kinetics-Driven Drug Design Strategy for Next-Generation Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors to Clinical Candidate.
AID1756685	Binding affinity to CM5 sensor chip immobilized recombinant human AChE assessed as off rate constant at 298.15 K by surface plasmon resonance assay	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-25, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Kinetics-Driven Drug Design Strategy for Next-Generation Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors to Clinical Candidate.
AID1666849	Inhibition of Electric eel AChE using acetylcholine iodide as substrate by spectrophotometry based Ellman's method	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 30, Issue:6	Design, synthesis and evaluation of new 4-arylthiazole-2-amine derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
AID1682153	Neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced cell death in rat forebrain derived neurons assessed as neuron death at 100 nM incubated for 45 mins (Rvb = 55%)	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1537269	Inhibition of human AChE using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate measured for 1 min by Ellman's method	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID1319287	Inhibition of rat serum BuChE using butyrylthiocholine as substrate measured after 20 mins by Ellman's method	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-22, Volume: 59, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional Pyrimidinylthiourea Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer Agents.
AID1319286	Inhibition of rat cortex AChE using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate measured after 20 mins by Ellman's method	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-22, Volume: 59, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional Pyrimidinylthiourea Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer Agents.
AID1781504	Inhibition of equine serum BuChE at 100 uM using butylthiocholine chloride as substrate incubated for 20 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 20 mins by Ellman's method	2021	Journal of natural products, 08-27, Volume: 84, Issue:8	Pd-Catalyzed Direct Diversification of Natural Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Drug: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of
AID1697408	Inhibition of bovine erythrocytes AChE using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate incubated for 15 to 20 mins by Ellman's methods
AID1682146	Toxicity in male rat	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1537277	Permeability of the compound after 2.45 hrs by PAMPA	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID1682163	Inhibition of rat cortex homogenate BuChE by spectrophotometric method	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1347958	Inhibition of AChE in rat cortex homogenate using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate after 20 mins by Ellman's method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Discovery of novel propargylamine-modified 4-aminoalkyl imidazole substituted pyrimidinylthiourea derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1639003	Inhibition of AChE (unknown origin) using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate after 5 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2019	Journal of natural products, 04-26, Volume: 82, Issue:4	Bialternacins A-F, Aromatic Polyketide Dimers from an Endophytic Alternaria sp.
AID1781505	Inhibition of electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine chloride as a substrate incubated for 20 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 20 mins by Ellman's method	2021	Journal of natural products, 08-27, Volume: 84, Issue:8	Pd-Catalyzed Direct Diversification of Natural Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Drug: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of
AID1495955	Inhibition of rat serum BChE using butyrylthiocholine iodide as substrate after 20 mins by by Ellman's method	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 26, Issue:12	Design, synthesis and evaluation of vilazodone-tacrine hybrids as multitarget-directed ligands against depression with cognitive impairment.
AID1300690	Inhibition of ACAT in human monocyte derived macrophages assessed as reduction in foam cell formation by measuring acetyl LDL-induced cholesterol ester accumulation at 30 uM after 24 hrs in presence of cholesteryl-[3H]oleate	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-01, Volume: 26, Issue:11	Serralongamines B-D, three new Lycopodium alkaloids from Lycopodium serratum var. longipetiolatum, and their inhibitory effects on foam cell formation in macrophages.
AID1682147	Toxicity in female rat	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1319290	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of AAPH radical scavenging activity preincubated for 10 mins followed by AAPH challenge measured every min for 180 mins by ORAC-FL assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-22, Volume: 59, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional Pyrimidinylthiourea Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer Agents.
AID1682149	Displacement of [3H]TCP from NMDA receptor in Guinea pig synaptosomal plasma membrane	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1682335	Inhibition of rat cortex homogenate acetylcholinesterase by spectrophotometric method	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1319303	Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 10 and 30 uM measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-22, Volume: 59, Issue:18	Development of Multifunctional Pyrimidinylthiourea Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer Agents.
AID1495954	Inhibition of rat cortex AChE using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate after 20 mins by by Ellman's method	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 26, Issue:12	Design, synthesis and evaluation of vilazodone-tacrine hybrids as multitarget-directed ligands against depression with cognitive impairment.
AID1347959	Inhibition of BuChE in rat serum using butyrylthiocholine iodide as substrate after 20 mins by Ellman's method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Discovery of novel propargylamine-modified 4-aminoalkyl imidazole substituted pyrimidinylthiourea derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1537270	Inhibition of human BuChE using butyrylthiocholine iodide as substrate measured for 1 min by Ellman's method	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris as Potential Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID1682159	Potency index, ratio of in vivo inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in Sprague-Dawley rat cortex by donepezil to in vivo inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in Sprague-Dawley rat cortex by compound	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID977610	Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Ki) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB	1997	Nature structural biology, Jan, Volume: 4, Issue:1	Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with the nootropic alkaloid, (-)-huperzine A.
AID1811	Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB	1997	Nature structural biology, Jan, Volume: 4, Issue:1	Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with the nootropic alkaloid, (-)-huperzine A.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	12 (2.54)	18.7374
1990's	57 (12.08)	18.2507
2000's	182 (38.56)	29.6817
2010's	160 (33.90)	24.3611
2020's	61 (12.92)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	15 (3.21%)	5.53%
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	58 (12.39%)	6.00%
Reviews	1 (4.17%)	6.00%
Case Studies	2 (0.43%)	4.05%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	393 (83.97%)	84.16%
Other	23 (95.83%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Evaluation of Three Potential CNS Pretreatments for Soman Exposure - Huperzine A, Donepezil, and Galantamine - on Human Performance [NCT01194336]		84 participants (Actual)	Observational	2012-02-29	Completed
Effects of Huperzine A on Presbycusis-related Subjective Tinnitus and Cognitive Impairment [NCT03101722]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-05-15	Enrolling by invitation
An Open-label, Three-period, Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers to Evaluate the Relative Bioavailability of Two Different Release Rate Controlled Release Formulations of Huperzine A (0.4mg)Compared to the Equivalent Dose of an Immediate Release Formula [NCT01136551]		8 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Not yet recruiting
A Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Placebo- and Active-Controlled, Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Huperzine A Sustained-Release Tablets in Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease [NCT01282619]	Phase 2/Phase 3	390 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Recruiting
Huperzine for Cognitive and Functional Impairment in Schizophrenia [NCT00963846]	Phase 2	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
Huperzine-A for Cognitive Dysfunction and Functional Status in Schizophrenia [NCT01012830]	Phase 4	15 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Rivastigmine and Huperzine A as Treatments for Cocaine Dependence [NCT01030692]	Phase 1	72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Completed
Early Diagnosis and Early Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Senile Plaque Imaging [NCT02931136]	Phase 4	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-11-30	Not yet recruiting
A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Study of Huperzine A Injection in Reducing Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Non-cardiac Surgery [NCT05242419]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-10	Recruiting
Effect of Huperzine A on Cognitive Function and Perception of Effort During Exercise [NCT03445104]	Early Phase 1	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-16	Completed
Brain Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography and Quantitative Electroencephalography In Former NFL Players: A Single-Site Exploratory Pilot Study [NCT01515839]		100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-05-31	Completed
A Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Therapeutic Trial to Determine Whether Natural Huperzine A Improves Cognitive Function [NCT00083590]	Phase 2	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2004-04-30	Completed
The Effect of Huperzine A Injection on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: a Pilot Study [NCT05560373]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-30	Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of BIS-001-ER for the Treatment of Adult Focal Impaired Awareness Seizures [NCT03474770]	Phase 1/Phase 2	16 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-04-10	Active, not recruiting
RENAISSANCE Study: A Phase 2, Multicenter, Open Label Safety and Tolerability Study of SPN-817 in Adult Patients With Treatment Resistant Epilepsy [NCT05518578]	Phase 2	35 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-07	Recruiting
Huperzine A for the Treatment of Cognitive, Mood, and Functional Deficits After Moderate and Severe TBI [NCT01676311]	Phase 2	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient accrual rate: 14 participants enrolled (target of 30).)
A Single-Center, Randomized, Open-label, Multiple-Dose, Single-Sequence Crossover Study, Evaluating the Safety and Relative Bioavailability of Three SPN-817 Treatments (A, B and C) in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT05102552]	Early Phase 1	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-10-19	Completed
Evaluation of the Bioavailability, Safety, and Tolerability of BIS-001 ER Following Multiple Dose Administration in Healthy Subjects [NCT03156439]	Phase 1	8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-22	Completed
A Randomized, Controlled, Single-center Clinical Study of Huperzine A in the Treatment of Brain Injury in Patients With Hypertensive Cerebral Hemorrhage [NCT04509323]	Phase 4	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-03	Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT01676311 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experienced Post-traumatic Seizure During 12-week Treatment Window
NCT01676311 (5) [back to overview]	Amplitude of Event Related Potentials (ERPs) P50 and P300
NCT01676311 (5) [back to overview]	California Verbal Learning Test- 2nd Edition (CVLT-II): Learning and Memory
NCT01676311 (5) [back to overview]	Latency of Event Related Potentials (ERPs) P50 and P300
NCT01676311 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Self-reported Side Effects During 12-week Treatment Window

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Huperzine A	2
Placebo	1

Intervention	mV (Median)
	P300 Amplitude - Baseline	P300 Amplitude - Week 12	P50 Amplitude - Baseline	P50 Amplitude - Week 12
Huperzine A	13.57	12.69	7.89	5.89
Placebo	9.96	9.69	NA	NA

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	CVLT-II-TL - Baseline	CVLT-II-TL - Week 6	CVLT-II-TL - Week 12	CVLT-II-TL - Week 24	CVLT-II-TL - Week 52	CVLT-II-SDFR - Baseline	CVLT-II-SDFR - Week 6	CVLT-II-SDFR - Week 12	CVLT-II-SDFR - Week 24	CVLT-II-SDFR - Week 52	CVLT-II-LDFR - Baseline	CVLT-II-LDFR - Week 6	CVLT-II-LDFR - Week 12	CVLT-II-LDFR - Week 24	CVLT-II-LDFR - Week 52
Huperzine A	28.57	31.43	38.29	33.29	37.43	3.86	4.14	6.29	4.86	5.43	5.00	4.43	6.00	4.29	6.14
Placebo	34.40	45.00	49.60	44.60	49.40	5.80	7.83	10.40	10.00	9.80	7.00	8.33	10.00	8.40	10.00

Intervention	ms (Median)
	P300 Latency - Baseline	P300 Latency - Week 12	P50 Latency - Baseline	P50 Latency - Week 12
Huperzine A	309	311	50	49

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Behavioral side effects	Cardiac-respiratory side effects	Dematological side effects	Gastrointestinal side effects	Genitourinary/neurological side effects	Hematological side effects	Musculoskeletal side effects	Neurological side effects
Huperzine A	5	6	2	3	1	6	3	7
Placebo	4	4	0	1	1	6	2	5

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
carbamates [no description available]	7.94	4	0	amino-acid anion
choline [no description available]	3.26	6	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.08	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.91	12	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.71	3	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.44	2	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	7.46	2	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
pteridines [no description available]	2.1	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
spermidine [no description available]	7.01	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
taurine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.44	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
bw 284 c 51 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.58	2	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	7.36	37	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ambenonium ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	2.08	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.08	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.91	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
berberine [no description available]	3.58	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
caffeine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.04	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.42	1	1	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.03	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.11	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
decamethonium decamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. decamethonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.	2.08	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	6.83	26	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2.44	2	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
profenamine profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.	2.43	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic antagonist; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
huprine x huprine X: structure in first source	8.42	7	0
idra 21 IDRA 21: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; structure given in first source	7.06	1	0	benzothiadiazine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.25	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.02	1	0
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.55	2	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.73	3	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.96	4	0	primary aliphatic amine
memantine [no description available]	3.66	2	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium : An organic cation that is phenothiazin-5-ium substituted by dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 7. The chloride salt is the histological dye 'methylene blue'.	2.08	1	0	organic cation
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	7	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3.1	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.47	2	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.01	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.91	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.	2.6	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.72	3	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	3.42	1	1	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.17	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.	2.47	2	0	phosphoramide
3-hydroxyaspartic acid 3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy-amino acid
m-(n,n,n-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone m-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	7	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.4	2	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	7.11	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.04	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.04	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.81	3	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	12.21	20	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.06	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.82	3	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	6.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	2.1	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	2.02	1	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.07	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.02	1	0	xanthene
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	5.57	16	1	phosphonic ester
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	8.72	10	0	pyridinium salt
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.03	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	2.41	2	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
piperidine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
octadecyltrichlorosilane [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ambenonium chloride Ambenonium Chloride: A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112). ambenonium chloride : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium salt having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	2.11	1	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotransmitter agent
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	7	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	7.45	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	3.66	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
thiazoles [no description available]	2.76	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.77	3	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
paraoxon [no description available]	2.7	3	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	1.96	1	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	8.02	20	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
cuprizone [no description available]	2.41	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
lumazine lumazine: structure. 2,4-dihydroxypteridine : Any dihydroxypteridine in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 2 and 4.. lumazine : A 2,4-dihydroxypteridine.	2.1	1	0	2,4-dihydroxypteridine
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.4	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.64	9	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.08	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.77	3	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.17	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	3.35	1	0
thioflavin t thioflavin T cation : A benzothiazolium ion obtained by methylation of the thiazole nitrogen of 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-6-methyl-1,3-benzothiazole; the cationic component of thioflavin T.	2.08	1	0	benzothiazolium ion
butyrylcholine butyrylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	acylcholine
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-methylacridine N-methylacridine: RN given refers to acridinium parent cpd	2.08	1	0
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.71	3	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	7.79	3	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.01	1	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.45	2	0
chloroprene Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.	2.11	1	0	chloroolefin
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	4.19	6	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.08	1	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	1.99	1	0	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
meptazinol Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.	2.08	1	0	azepanes
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	2.39	2	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.02	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
3-n-butylphthalide 3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source	3.12	1	0	benzofurans
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
baicalin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.45	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
geneserine geneserine: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	indoles
physostigmine heptyl physostigmine heptyl: RN given for (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; possible use in therapy of Alzheimer's disease	2.42	2	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.03	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
4-methoxypyridine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
magnolol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	biphenyls
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.25	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
propionylcholine propionylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	acylcholine
rivastigmine [no description available]	5.44	11	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.81	3	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
bay 93820 isocarbophos: an organophosphorus insecticide	2.46	2	0	isopropyl ester; organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester; salicylates	agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fangchinoline fangchinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; limacine is the (1'beta)-isomer; 7-O-demethyltetrandrine is the (1S,1'S)-isomer. fangchinoline : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.	2.25	1	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.02	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.03	1	0
triptolide [no description available]	3.12	1	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
territrem b territrem B: tremorgenic mycotoxin from Aspergillus terreus; RN given refers to (4aR-(4aalpha,6abeta,12aalpha,12bbeta))-isomer	2.08	1	0
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	3.23	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
imidazenil imidazenil: partial positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid action at GABA(A) receptors; structure given in first source	7.04	1	0
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	7.31	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
anisodine anisodine: structure in first source	1.97	1	0
clausenamide clausenamide: Chinese drug isolated from leaves of Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels; used in treatment of viral hepatitis; structure given in first source	3.12	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
evodiamine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	beta-carbolines
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.29	6	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.08	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
phenserine phenserine: a carbamate analog of physostigmine; a long-acting inhibitor of cholinesterase	2.01	1	0
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.31	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.12	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	7.11	1	0
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
physovenine physovenine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	indoles
pulegone pulegone: component of peppermint oil; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck. (+)-pulegone : The (5R)-enantiomer of p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one.	2.49	2	0	p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one
3-deoxyvasicine 3-deoxyvasicine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0	quinazolines
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.55	2	0
tapi-2 TAPI-2: analog of TAPI inhibitor with the naphthyl-alanine side chain replaced by a tert-butyl group	2.03	1	0
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	8.5	1	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.04	1	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	3.7	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	2.05	1	0
physostigmine salicylate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	azaheterocycle salicylate salt; salicylates
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	17.82	427	14
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	8.65	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
tacrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.02	1	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.08	1	0
rasagiline [no description available]	7.31	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
cyclanoline cyclanoline: RN given refers to (7S-cis)-isomer. cyclanoline : A charged berberine alkaloid obtained by N-methylation of (S)-scoulerine.	2.25	1	0	berberine alkaloid; quaternary ammonium ion	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	4.09	2	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.31	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
quercetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.25	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	2.57	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
icariin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	7.25	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
huperzine b huperzine B: Chinese drug isolated from Huperzia serrata; structure given in first source; also isolated from Phlegmariurus fordii	4.03	14	0	phenanthrol
lycopodine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	quinolizidine alkaloid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	1.99	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.69	3	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
asteltoxin asteltoxin: polyenic alpha-pyrone mycotoxin closely related to aurovertins isolated from Aspergillus stellatus; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	furofuran
stepholidine stepholidine: protoberberine alkaloid isolated from opium; dual D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist	3.12	1	0
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.08	1	0	borneol
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	7.43	2	0	ammonium ion derivative
bis(7)-tacrine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	secondary amino compound	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
phoxim phoxim: structure	2.46	2	0
ganstigmine ganstigmine: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
ap 2238 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.08	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
cymserine cymserine: butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
tolserine tolserine: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
huprine y huprine Y: structure in first source	8.12	5	0
Dihydrotanshinone I dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae	2.08	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
palmitoylcarnitine Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).	2.08	1	0	O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	4.47	22	0
decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid: contains GABA moiety; RN given refers to HCl, (4a alpha,5 alpha,8a alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.21	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.05	1	0	glycoside
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.07	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.02	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	7.17	1	0
mannans [no description available]	2.02	1	0
lycojapodine a lycojapodine A: isolated from Lycopodium japonicum; structure in first source. lycojapodine A : An alkaloid isolated from the club moss Lycopodium japonicum and has been shown to exhibit acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and anti-HIV-1 activity.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound	anti-HIV-1 agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	6.61	21	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.46	1	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.73	3	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.03	1	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	3.11	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	2.41	2	0
oridonin [no description available]	7.1	1	0
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	2.13	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	7.59	2	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.72	3	0
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	3.42	1	1	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
kinamycin a kinamycin A: isolated from Streptomyces muragamaensis; RN in Chemline for Kinamycin B: 35303-13-0; RN for Kinamycin C: 35303-08-3; RN for Kinamycin D: 35303-14-1; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.31	1	0	kinamycin
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.12	1	0
nornicotine nornicotine: agricultural or horticultural insecticide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure	3.35	1	0
3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2.	3.35	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridine alkaloid; pyrrolidine alkaloid
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	3.35	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
epibatidine [no description available]	3.35	1	0	alkaloid
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.71	2	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.58	2	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
berberine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
caffeine [no description available]	2.58	2	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.17	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.55	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.58	2	0	clonidine; imidazoline
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.13	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.58	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	4.21	4	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.58	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	3.35	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	2.58	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.17	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amine
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.35	1	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
corticosterone [no description available]	2.58	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.35	1	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	3.35	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	3.73	2	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
cytisine [no description available]	3.35	1	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
jkl 1073a 8-oxoberberine: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
anatabine anatabine: alkaloid found in tobacco; structure	3.35	1	0	bipyridines
anabaseine anabaseine: structure given in first source	3.35	1	0	bipyridines
palmatine burasaine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	plant metabolite
etoposide [no description available]	2.11	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
rivastigmine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	3.35	1	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
acromelic acid a acromelic acid A: isolated from poisonous mushroom Clitocybe acromelaga; structure given in first source. acromelic acid A : A pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid that is siolated from the poisonous mushroom Clitocybe amoenolens.	3.35	1	0	pyridone; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	fungal metabolite; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor agonist
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole 3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole: structure in first source	3.35	1	0
n-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal N-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal: inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidase	2.21	1	0
acromelic acid b acromelic acid B: structure in first source	3.35	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.35	1	0
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	3.35	1	0	anabasine
23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin b 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin B: from the leaves of Morierina montana Vieill; structure in first source. 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin B : A 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at position 5; a hydroxy function at C-25 is acetylated.	2.17	1	0	23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
berbamine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
gentianine gentianine: from Gentiana macrophylla	3.35	1	0	lactone; pyranopyridine; pyridine alkaloid
aromoline aromoline: from roots of Stephania cepharantha; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
obamegine obamegine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.21	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	3.35	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
cucurbitacin b [no description available]	2.17	1	0	cucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
nsc 106399 cucurbitacin E: RN refers to (9beta,10alpha,16alpha,23E)-isomer; structure given in first source. cucurbitacin E : A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 1, 5 and 23.	2.17	1	0	cucurbitacin; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	3.35	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
huperzine b huperzine B: Chinese drug isolated from Huperzia serrata; structure given in first source; also isolated from Phlegmariurus fordii	2.13	1	0	phenanthrol
lycopodine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	quinolizidine alkaloid
asteltoxin asteltoxin: polyenic alpha-pyrone mycotoxin closely related to aurovertins isolated from Aspergillus stellatus; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	furofuran
vilazodone vilazodone : A 1-benzofuran that is 5-(piperazin-1-yl}-1-benzofuran-2-carboxamide having a (5-cyanoindol-3-yl)butyl group attached at position N-4 on the piperazine ring. Used for the treatment of major depressive disorder.	2.17	1	0	1-benzofurans; indoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; nitrile	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
piroxicam [no description available]	2.58	2	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
militarinone a militarinone A: Structure in first source. militarinone A : A pyridine alkaloid that is 1,4-dihydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one substituted by a cis-1,4-dihydroxycyclohexyl group at position 5 and a (2E,4E,6E,8R,10R)-6,8,10-trimethyldodeca-2,4,6-trienoyl moiety at position 3. It is isolated from the mycelium of the entomogenous fungus, Paecilomyces militaris and has been found to induce pronounced neurite sprouting.	3.35	1	0
donecopride donecopride: a dual serotonin subtype 4 receptor agonist/acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with potential interest for Alzheimer's disease treatment; structure in first source	2.41	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.1	1	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.81	32	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.66	2	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	14.84	113	6
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	14.84	113	6
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	4.15	2	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	4.15	2	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	3.43	7	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.55	2	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	2.41	1	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.6	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.76	2	0
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Aura [description not available]	4.27	3	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	4.27	3	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.57	5	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.57	5	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.6	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	6.66	7	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	6.66	7	1
Postoperative Cognitive Complications COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.	2.25	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	7.25	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	5.22	18	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	2.58	2	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	2.25	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	3.85	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	3.85	2	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	3.17	1	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	2.31	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	6.5	7	1
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	11.5	7	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	7.57	2	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	7.15	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.57	2	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.81	3	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	6.64	6	1
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	6.64	6	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	7.13	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	5.35	13	1
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	8.28	6	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	10.35	13	1
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	4.51	5	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	4.51	5	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.08	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.1	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.9	2	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	2.5	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	9.91	8	1
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.11	1	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	3.5	1	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	3.83	11	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	8.83	11	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.17	1	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	7.11	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.11	1	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.11	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	4.78	2	1
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	4.78	2	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.71	3	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	7.04	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.05	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.53	8	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	2.05	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	4.18	6	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.05	1	0
Ache [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	7.47	2	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Bends [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.08	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.01	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.7	3	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.41	2	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.69	3	0
Fasciculation Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)	2.02	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.03	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.94	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.03	1	0
Rida [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.42	2	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.04	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	1.99	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.38	2	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	2.92	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	2	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2	1	0
Dementia Multi-Infarct [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.13	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	3.17	1	0

huperzine a

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Research Demand Index: 50.20

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Number of Participants Who Experienced Post-traumatic Seizure During 12-week Treatment Window

California Verbal Learning Test- 2nd Edition (CVLT-II): Learning and Memory

Number of Participants With Self-reported Side Effects During 12-week Treatment Window

huperzine a

Description

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (106)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (26 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (5)

Protein Targets (14)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (43)

Molecular Functions (36)

Ceullar Components (20)

Bioassays (121)

Research

Studies (472)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 50.20

Study Types

Clinical Trials (19)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants Who Experienced Post-traumatic Seizure During 12-week Treatment Window

Amplitude of Event Related Potentials (ERPs) P50 and P300

California Verbal Learning Test- 2nd Edition (CVLT-II): Learning and Memory

Latency of Event Related Potentials (ERPs) P50 and P300

Number of Participants With Self-reported Side Effects During 12-week Treatment Window

Related Drugs (267)

Related Conditions (139)