| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | uric acid | Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite |
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone | antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug |
triclosan
[no description available] | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols | antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic |
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure | 2.85 | 3 | 0 | aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines | |
corticosterone
[no description available] | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite;
mouse metabolite |
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | 2-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine | antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone |
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups. | 3.01 | 2 | 0 | bisphenol | endocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen |
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872) | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols | antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent |
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes | antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant |
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | naphthol | antinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger |
perfluorooctane
perfluorooctane: used in the treatment of giant retinal tears with proliferative vitreoretinopathy | 2.82 | 2 | 0 | fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon | |
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid. | 8.6 | 62 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic |
perfluorodecanoic acid
perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid. | 6.02 | 30 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic |
perfluorobutane
perfluorobutane: component of the echo contrast agent, BR14, which consists of perfluorobutane gas microbubbles. perflubutane : A fluorocarbon that is butane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. Microbubbles of preflubutane are used in the ultrasound contrast agent BR14. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
gas molecular entity | ultrasound contrast agent |
perflexane
perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. | 4.79 | 9 | 0 | fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
volatile organic compound | non-polar solvent;
radioopaque medium |
perfluorobutyric acid
perfluorobutyric acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid. | 3.01 | 4 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | chromatographic reagent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic |
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form. | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | dialdehyde | biomarker |
decabromobiphenyl ether
decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | polybromodiphenyl ether | neurotoxin |
octyltrichlorosilane
[no description available] | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | | |
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom | Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient |
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom | neurotoxin |
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom | |
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom | |
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity | NMR chemical shift reference compound |
1-octanesulfonic acid
1-octanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | organosulfonic acid | local anaesthetic |
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | gadolinium coordination entity | TRP channel blocker |
5-methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | methylcytosine;
pyrimidines | human metabolite |
perfluorohexanoic acid
perfluorohexanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated hexanoic acid. | 3.3 | 5 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic |
perfluorododecanoic acid
perfluorododecanoic acid: a synthetic perfluorinated chemical containing 12 carbons, has broad industrial applications and has been detected in sera from humans and other animals. perfluorododecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is dodecanoic acid in which all of the hydrogens attached to carbon atoms are replaced by fluorines. It is a highly persistent, bioaccumulative breakdown product of stain- and grease-proof coatings on food packaging, soft furnishings and carpets. | 2.58 | 2 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | environmental contaminant |
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is hexane-1-sulfonic acid in which all thirteen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons have been replaced by fluorines. | 6.29 | 30 | 0 | perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid | |
perfluorobutane sulfonate
perfluorobutanesulfonic acid: a surfactant; structure in first source. perfluorobutanesulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is butane-1-sulfonic acid in which all of the hydrogens of the butyl group have been replaced by fluorines. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid | surfactant |
perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid
perfluoroheptanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated heptanoic acid. | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic |
perfluorooctanesulfonamide
perfluorooctanesulfonamide : A perfluorinated compound that is perfluorooctane in which one of the terminal fluorines has been replace by a sulfamoyl group. | 2.61 | 2 | 0 | perfluorinated compound;
sulfonamide | persistent organic pollutant |
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines. | 8.05 | 58 | 0 | perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid | antilipemic drug;
persistent organic pollutant |
perfluoropentanoic acid
perfluoropentanoic acid: an ion-pairing agent. perfluoropentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated pentanoic acid. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic |
perfluoroundecanoic acid
perfluoroundecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated undecanoic acid. | 4.01 | 12 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic |
sulfluramid
sulfluramid: delayed-action insecticide against the cockroach Dyctyoptera; Blattelidae germanica. sulfluramid : A sulfonamide obtained by the formal condensation of perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid with ethylamine. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | acaricide;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic |
rosiglitazone
[no description available] | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones | EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug |
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether
[no description available] | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether;
organobromine compound | |
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis. | 6.68 | 47 | 0 | fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion | human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | | |
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid | anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical |
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid | antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite |
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb. | 2.55 | 2 | 0 | carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom | neurotoxin |
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | metalloid atom;
pnictogen | micronutrient |
deoxyguanosine
[no description available] | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | guanosines | biomarker |
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage. | 3.09 | 1 | 0 | | |