lidocaine

Research Excerpts

Overview

Lidocaine is an anti-arrhythmic and local anesthetic drug, which also acts as a vasodilator at higher concentrations. It is often associated with discomfort during infiltration.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug widely used in clinics."	( Acute myocardial infarction after a local anesthetic procedure in a middle-aged patient. Chen, M; He, S; Li, G; Liu, J; Xiao, L; Zheng, Y, 2022)	1.44
"Lidocaine injection is a common treatment for tendon injuries. "	( Lidocaine Inhibited Tendon Cell Proliferation and Extracellular Matrix Production by Down Regulation of Cyclin A, CDK2, Type I and Type III Collagen Expression. Chang, HN; Chen, JM; Chen, YC; Lin, LP; Pang, JS; Tsai, WC; Yu, TY, 2022)	3.61
"Lidocaine is an amide local anaesthetic commonly used for pain control, however, few studies have investigated the effect of lidocaine on the osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs). "	( Lidocaine inhibits osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells Choi, EJ; Kim, CH; Kim, EJ; Kim, HS; Kim, JY; Yoon, JU; Yoon, JY, 2023)	3.8
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that is sometimes administered in combination with epinephrine. "	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lidocaine HCl 2% with epinephrine in horses following a palmar digital nerve block. Arthur, RM; Blea, J; Katzman, S; Knych, HK; McKemie, DS, 2023)	2.63
"Lidocaine is a common local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug that acts via the local anesthetic effect of blocking voltage-gated sodium channels in peripheral neurons. "	( Effects of 1% Lidocaine Instillation on Overactive Bladder Induced by Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Rats. Han, SW; Kang, HJ; Kim, JH; Kim, SW; Lee, YS, 2020)	2.36
"Lidocaine (LID) is a local anesthetic that is administered either by injection and/or a topical/transdermal route. "	( The Oral Administration of Lidocaine HCl Biodegradable Microspheres: Formulation and Optimization. Alagili, MF; ALQuadeib, BT; Eltahir, EK, 2020)	2.3
"Lidocaine is an anti-arrhythmic and local anesthetic drug, which also acts as a vasodilator at higher concentrations."	( Efficacy of intra-arterial lidocaine infusion in the treatment of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Antkowiak, R; Antkowiak, Ł; Arent, Z; Domosławski, P; Grzegorczyn, S; Kabała, N; Nalik-Iwaniak, K; Stęplewska, K; Warmusz-Reichman, E, 2020)	1.58
"Lidocaine is a well-established local anesthetic used prior to hip joint injections, but it is often associated with discomfort during infiltration."	( Local Anesthesia Prior to Ultrasound-Guided Hip Joint Injections: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Bacteriostatic Saline versus Buffered Lidocaine. Kindle, BJ; Kruse, RC; Presley, J; Sellon, JL; Smith, J; Wisniewski, S, 2021)	1.54
"Lidocaine is a commonly used drug to alleviate neuropathic pain (NP). "	( Lidocaine activates autophagy of astrocytes and ameliorates chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain. Fei, Y; Yuan, J, 2021)	3.51
"Lidocaine is a nonselective inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channels with potential antitussive effects, but randomized placebo-controlled studies evaluating its efficacy in RCC are lacking."	( A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Effect of Lidocaine Administered via Throat Spray and Nebulization in Patients with Refractory Chronic Cough. Abdulqawi, R; Dockry, R; Holt, K; Kanemitsu, Y; Khalid, S; Satia, I; Smith, JA; Woodcock, AA, 2021)	1.59
"The lidocaine/MEGX test is a promising, rapid, and noninvasive blood test that seems helpful to differentiate dogs with closed EHPSS and dogs with persistent shunting after gradual attenuation."	( Evaluation of serum lidocaine/monoethylglycylxylidide concentration to assess shunt closure in dogs with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Croubels, S; de Rooster, H; Devriendt, N; Paepe, D; Serrano, G; Stock, E; Vandermeulen, E; von Luckner, J, 2021)	1.5
"Lidocaine is a vasodilator commonly used in microvascular surgery."	( Wire Myography for Continuous Estimation of the Optimal Concentration of Topical Lidocaine as a Vasodilator in Microsurgery. Hashikawa, K; Kusumoto, J; Nomura, T; Ogawa, H; Sakakibara, S; Terashi, H, 2021)	1.57
"Lidocaine is a common local anesthetic used during minor procedures performed on pediatric patients. "	( Pediatric Toxidrome Simulation Curriculum: Lidocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia. Burns, R; Connelly, S; Davila, U; Hardy, N; Mazor, S; Pearce, J; Rosso, CD; Thomas, A, 2021)	2.33
"Lidocaine is an amino amide with a well-established role as a local anesthetic agent. "	( Lidocaine Infusions for Pain Management in Pediatrics. Anghelescu, DL; Davis, MS; Hall, EA; Sauer, HE, 2021)	3.51
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that wildly used in surgical treatment and postoperative medical care for lung cancers. "	( Lidocaine inhibited migration of NSCLCA549 cells via the CXCR4 regulation. Cui, Y; Xing, B; Yang, L, 2022)	3.61
"Lidocaine spray is a good option for reducing the pain experienced during insertion of an IUD. "	( Lidocaine for pain control during intrauterine device insertion. Cömert, DK; Ergün, Y; Karadağ, B; Karasu, Y, 2017)	3.34
"Lidocaine spray is an effective analgesic of mucous membranes. "	( Lidocaine spray as a local analgesic for intravenous cannulation: a randomized clinical trial. Bekhof, J; Datema, J; Veldhuis, J, 2019)	3.4
"Lidocaine is a well-documented local anesthetic that has been reported to sensitize the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in cancer cells. "	( Lidocaine sensitizes the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouacil in melanoma cells Huang, S; Liu, W; Wang, Y; Xie, J; Xing, Y; Zhang, R, 2017)	3.34
"Lidocaine is an amide anesthetic that inhibits voltage gated sodium channels, and lidocaine metabolism occurs exclusively in the liver. "	( The Use and Method of Action of Intravenous Lidocaine and Its Metabolite in Headache Disorders. Berk, T; Silberstein, SD, 2018)	2.18
"Lidocaine is a potential opioid-sparing analgesic that deserves further study for severe pain in ED patients."	( Intravenous Lidocaine Provides Similar Analgesia to Intravenous Morphine for Undifferentiated Severe Pain in the Emergency Department: A Pilot, Unblinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Clattenburg, EJ; Flores, S; Hailozian, C; Herring, AA; Louie, D; Nguyen, A; Yoo, T, 2019)	1.61
"Lidocaine is an amide local anaesthetic initially used intravenously as an antiarrhythmic agent. "	( Perioperative Use of Intravenous Lidocaine. Beaussier, M; Delbos, A; Ecoffey, C; Maurice-Szamburski, A; Mercadal, L, 2018)	2.2
"Lidocaine is a conventional local anesthetic which is shown antiproliferative of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients. "	( Lidocaine inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells by upregulating mir-520a-3p and targeting EGFR. Qu, X; Shi, Q; Wang, D; Wang, X; Wu, G; Yang, L, 2018)	3.37
"Lidocaine acts as a local anesthetic by blocking transmembrane sodium channel permeability, but also induces the synthesis of heat shock proteins and sensitizes cells to hyperthermia. "	( Lidocaine-induced potentiation of thermal damage in skin and carcinoma cells. Anderson, RR; Avram, MM; Chuang, GS; Le, MH; Purschke, M; Raff, AB; Thomas, CN, 2019)	3.4
"Lidocaine (Lido) is a commonly used local anesthetic, which has been reported in various types of cells. "	( Lidocaine alleviates cytotoxicity-resistance in lung cancer A549/DDP cells via down-regulation of miR-21. Ma, C; Xu, H; Yang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2019)	3.4
"Lidocaine is a well-documented local anesthetic that has been reported to suppress cancer development."	( Lidocaine inhibits growth, migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells by up-regulation of miR-145. Li, Z; Lou, A; Sui, H; Yang, J, 2019)	2.68
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic and anti‑arrhythmic drug, and has been reported to possess anti‑tumor properties."	( Lidocaine inhibits the progression of retinoblastoma in vitro and in vivo by modulating the miR‑520a‑3p/EGFR axis. Mu, X; Wang, L; Xia, W; Yu, D; Zhou, X, 2019)	2.68
"Lidocaine is a fairly common, marketed prescription-based, local anaesthetic pharmaceutical, applied for relieving localised pain and lidocaine-loaded microneedles have been explored."	( Potential of biodegradable microneedles as a transdermal delivery vehicle for lidocaine. Das, DB; Nayak, A, 2013)	1.34
"Lidocaine spray is an effective and practical alternative measure for reducing pain associated with electrical excision of the cervix during LEEP."	( Lidocaine spray compared with submucosal injection for reducing pain during loop electrosurgical excision procedure: a randomized controlled trial. Charoenkwan, K; Vanichtantikul, A, 2013)	3.28
"Lidocaine is a local anaesthetic that is sometimes used on the skin to treat neuropathic pain."	( Topical lidocaine for neuropathic pain in adults. Derry, S; Moore, RA; Quinlan, J; Wiffen, PJ, 2014)	2.28
"Lidocaine infusion is a useful option to consider when other pain treatments have not been successful."	( Intravenous lidocaine for cancer pain without electrocardiographic monitoring: a retrospective review. Hawley, P; Peixoto, RD, 2015)	1.52
"Lidocaine is a traditional local anesthetic that blocks sodium channels and has positive effects on ischemia-reperfusion injury."	( Effects of lidocaine on random skin flap survival in rats. Cai, L; Cao, B; Gao, W; Lin, D; Wang, L, 2015)	1.53
"Lidocaine is an effective therapy for neonatal seizures; however, it is not widely used, presumably due to the risk of cardiac events."	( Lidocaine-Associated Cardiac Events in Newborns with Seizures: Incidence, Symptoms and Contributing Factors. de Vries, LS; Schalkwijk, S; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Rooij, LG; Weeke, LC, 2015)	3.3
"Lidocaine is a topical anaesthetic drug used in dairy cows for laparotomy (caesarean section, abomasal displacement). "	( Concentrations of dimethylaniline and other metabolites in milk and tissues of dairy cows treated with lidocaine. Bulder, AS; Essers, M; Hoogenboom, RL; Mengelers, MJ; van Eijkeren, JC; van Vuuren, AM; van Wikselaar, PG; Zeilmaker, MJ; Zuidema, T, 2015)	2.07
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic and Class 1B antiarrhythmic, and magnesium is essential for ionic regulation and cellular bioenergetics."	( Adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg2+ (ALM): From cardiac surgery to combat casualty care--Teaching old drugs new tricks. Dobson, GP; Letson, HL, 2016)	1.55
"Lidocaine is a short-acting local anesthetic, and intravenous lidocaine has been shown to have analgesic efficacy in surgical settings."	( Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine During Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Gastric Neoplasm: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study. Choi, JB; Jeong, HW; Kim, JE; Kim, SY; Koo, BN; Lee, BH, 2016)	1.46
"Lidocaine Hydrochloride is an amide ester, which is widely used local anesthetic agent that is well tolerated but what is less known is the occurrence of systemic toxicity which manifests in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. "	( Local Anesthetics Systemic Toxicity. Jayanthi, R; Monica, K; Nasser, K, 2016)	1.88
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic which has been used to protect spasm reaction during tracheal intubation and bronchoscopy. "	( Relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle independent on functional epithelium cells induced by lidocaine, bupivacaine and isomers in rats. Lautner, RQ; Sudo, RT; Zapata-Sudo, G, 2009)	2.02
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that is known to suppress tinnitus via systemic or local application; however, this effect has only limited duration. "	( Sustained delivery of lidocaine into the cochlea using poly lactic/glycolic acid microparticles. Horie, RT; Ito, J; Nakagawa, T; Okamura, N; Sakamoto, T; Tabata, Y; Tachibana, M; Tomiyama, N, 2010)	2.12
"Lidocaine is a local anaesthetic widely used in regional and epidural anaesthesia. "	( Clonidine changes lidocaine free concentrations in rat myocardium without affecting heart function measured by echocardiography. Kostopanagiotou, G; Kotsiou, A; Mourouzis, J; Saranteas, T; Tesseromatis, C; Tigka, E, )	1.91
"Lidocaine toxicity is a potential complication related to using tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) as the exclusive form of pain management in surgical procedures."	( Efficacy of tumescent local anesthesia with variable lidocaine concentration in 3430 consecutive cases of liposuction. Habbema, L, 2010)	2.05
"Lidocaine is a class I antiarrhytmic drug that blocks Na(+) channels and exists in both neutral and charged forms at a physiological pH. "	( Exploring the role of pH in modulating the effects of lidocaine in virtual ischemic tissue. Cardona, K; Ferrero, JM; Martínez, M; Moltó, G; Saiz, J; Starmer, F; Trénor, B, 2010)	2.05
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic frequently used to relieve the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia."	( Inhibitory effect of lidocaine on the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-dependent atpase from temporalis muscle. Alonso, GL; Casadoumecq, AC; Sánchez, GA; Takara, D, 2010)	1.4
"Lidocaine seems to be an alternative treatment for scleroderma considering that: a) the patient's having excessive collagen deposits in tissues affected by scleroderma; b) the patient's demonstrating increased activity of the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase, an essential enzyme for the biosynthesis of collagen; and c) lidocaine's reducing the activity of prolyl hydroxylase."	( Lidocaine for systemic sclerosis: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Andrade, LE; Kayser, C; Riera, R; Souza, AW; Trevisani, VF; Yanagita, ET, 2011)	2.53
"Lidocaine suppositories are an easy-to-use, self-applicable (by the patient) and cheap method of local analgesia, with acceptable results. "	( Lidocaine suppository for transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. Goluza, E; Hudolin, T; Kastelan, Z; Murselovic, T; Peric, M; Sosic, H, 2011)	3.25
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that has multiple pharmacological effects including antiarrhythmia, antinociception, and neuroprotection. "	( Inhibition of acid sensing ion channel currents by lidocaine in cultured mouse cortical neurons. Chu, X; Cottrell, JE; Li, M; Lin, J; Maysami, S; Si, H; Simon, RP; Xiong, Z, 2011)	2.06
"Lidocaine is an amide local anesthetic and clonidine is an antihypertensive (α2-adrenergic agonist). "	( The influence of clonidine co-administration on the extent of lidocaine protein binding to rat serum and tissues. Kotsiou, A; Mourouzis, I; Saranteas, T; Tigka, E, 2011)	2.05
"Lidocaine is a local anaesthetic that blocks sodium channels, but also inhibits several ligand-gated ion-channels. "	( Multiple inhibitory actions of lidocaine on Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptors transplanted to Xenopus oocytes. Alberola-Die, A; González-Ros, JM; Ivorra, I; Martinez-Pinna, J; Morales, A, 2011)	2.1
"Lidocaine patches are a safe, effective adjunct for rib fracture pain."	( Lidocaine patches reduce pain in trauma patients with rib fractures. Mayberry, JC; Peck, EG; Schreiber, MA; Zink, KA, 2011)	2.53
"Lidocaine 2% gel is an effective, safe and convenient alternative to injectable lidocaine 2% as local anaesthetic agent in incision and curettage for Chalazion in this study."	( Comparison of topical lidocaine [2% gel] and injectable lidocaine [2% solution] for incision and curettage of chalazion in Ilorin, Nigeria. Bolaji, BO; Mahmoud, AO; Osayande, OO, 2010)	2.12
"Lidocaine is a common local anaesthetic drug that is used topically to relieve pain and also for minor surgery."	( Effect of lidocaine phonophoresis on sensory blockade: pulsed or continuous mode of therapeutic ultrasound? Abbasnia, K; Ebrahimi, S; Ghaffarinezhad, F; Kamali, F; Kooroshfard, N; Motealleh, A, 2012)	1.5
"Lidocaine is a safe, inexpensive, effective strategy to improve quality of recovery after ambulatory surgery."	( Systemic lidocaine to improve postoperative quality of recovery after ambulatory laparoscopic surgery. De Oliveira, GS; Fitzgerald, P; Marcus, RJ; McCarthy, RJ; Streicher, LF, 2012)	1.52
"Lidocaine is an antiarrythmicum used as an anticonvulsant for neonatal seizures, also during therapeutic hypothermia following (perinatal) asphyxia. "	( Anticonvulsant treatment of asphyxiated newborns under hypothermia with lidocaine: efficacy, safety and dosing. de Vries, LS; Egberts, AC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Straaten, HL, 2013)	2.06
"Lidocaine is a commonly used local anaesthetic that, besides blocking voltage-dependent Na(+) channels, has multiple inhibitory effects on muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs). "	( Lidocaine effects on acetylcholine-elicited currents from mouse superior cervical ganglion neurons. Alberola-Die, A; Lamas, JA; Morales, A; Reboreda, A, 2013)	3.28
"Lidocaine is an effective drug to perform fetocide with doses below the toxic dose for the mother."	( The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy. Bernard, JP; Fischer, C; Senat, MV; Ville, Y, 2003)	2.15
"Lidocaine iontophoresis is a method of topical anesthesia in which lidocaine is driven into the skin under the influence of electric current."	( Lidocaine iontophoresis for local anesthesia before shave biopsy. Parkinson, TM; Zempsky, WT, 2003)	3.2
"Lidocaine iontophoresis is a safe and effective method of administering topical anesthesia before shave biopsy in adult patients."	( Lidocaine iontophoresis for local anesthesia before shave biopsy. Parkinson, TM; Zempsky, WT, 2003)	3.2
"Lidocaine iontophoresis is a method of topical anesthesia where lidocaine is driven into the skin under the influence of electric current."	( Lidocaine iontophoresis for topical anesthesia before dermatologic procedures in children: a randomized controlled trial. Parkinson, TM; Zempsky, WT, )	2.3
"The lidocaine value is an effective index of hepatic function. "	( Operative risk by the lidocaine test (MEGX) in resected patients for HCC on cirrhosis. Cavallari, A; Cescon, M; Del Gaudio, M; Ercolani, G; Gardini, A; Grazi, GL; Principe, A; Ravaioli, M; Varotti, G, )	1
"Lidocaine is an anaesthetic agent used worldwide in various clinical specialties. "	( Evaluation of re-challenge in patients with suspected lidocaine allergy. Amsler, E; Aractingi, S; Flahault, A; Mathelier-Fusade, P, 2004)	2.01
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic agent. "	( Lidocaine attenuates apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra and reduces infarct size after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Capuano-Waters, C; Cottrell, JE; Kass, IS; Lei, B; Popp, S, 2004)	3.21
"Lidocaine is a potent blocker not only of sodium channels, but also of ATP-sensitive potassium channels."	( Effect of lidocaine on ischaemic preconditioning in isolated rat heart. Barthel, H; Ebel, D; Müllenheim, J; Obal, D; Preckel, B; Schlack, W, 2004)	1.45
"Lidocaine tape is a simple and convenient method of reducing pain during botulinum toxin injection. "	( Lidocaine tape (Penles) reduces the pain of botulinum toxin injection for Meige syndrome. Dogru, M; Onguchi, T; Ono, M; Takano, Y; Tsubota, K, 2004)	3.21
"Lidocaine 5% gel is a safe but ineffective agent in the treatment of pain in HIV-associated DSP."	( A randomized controlled trial of 5% lidocaine gel for HIV-associated distal symmetric polyneuropathy. Carter, K; Estanislao, L; McArthur, J; Olney, R; Simpson, D, 2004)	2.04
"Lidocaine 2% gel is a safe alternative to retrobulbar anaesthesia for Ahmed drainage implant surgery and avoids the significantly greater pain associated with the administration of retrobulbar anaesthesia. "	( Comparison of lidocaine 2% gel versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for implantation of Ahmed glaucoma drainage. Alonso, N; Benatar, J; Corcostegui, J; Muñoz-Negrete, FJ; Rebolleda, G, 2005)	2.13
"Lidocaine iontophoresis is a useful, noninvasive local anesthesia for CO2 laser surgery of superficial skin lesions."	( Lidocaine iontophoresis versus EMLA cream for CO2 laser treatment in seborrheic keratosis. Phahonthep, R; Sindhuphak, W; Sriprajittichai, P, 2004)	2.49
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic possessing both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties. "	( Cytometric analysis of lidocaine-induced cytotoxicity: a model experiment using rat thymocytes. Horimoto, K; Kanada, A; Kanemaru, K; Kobayashi, M; Nishimura, Y; Oyama, Y; Tatsuishi, T; Ueno, SY; Yamaguchi, JY, 2006)	2.09
"Lidocaine is a useful anticonvulsive agent; however, the response rate to lidocaine appears to be quite low, as less than half of the seizures were effectively controlled by lidocaine."	( Intravenous lidocaine for status epilepticus during childhood. Eto, Y; Hamano, S; Hayakawa, M; Minamitani, M; Sugiyama, N; Tanaka, M; Yamashita, S; Yoshinari, S, 2006)	1.43
"Lidocaine is an effective drug for the treatment of neonatal convulsions not responding to traditional anticonvulsant therapy. "	( Development of an optimal lidocaine infusion strategy for neonatal seizures. de Vries, LS; Malingré, MM; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van Kesteren, C; Van Rooij, LG; Ververs, TF, 2006)	2.08
"Lidocaine toxicity is a potential complication of this procedure."	( Lidocaine-induced altered mental status and seizure after hematoma block. Dorf, E; Holstege, CP; Kelsey, J; Kuntz, AF, 2006)	2.5
"Lidocaine is a local anaesthetic with analgesic but no anti-inflammatory properties."	( Lidocaine iontophoresis mediates analgesia in lateral epicondylalgia treatment. Ferslew, KE; Kalbfleisch, JH; Panus, PC; Yarrobino, TE, 2006)	2.5
"Lidocaine is an antiarrhythmic agent commonly used to treat ventricular tachycardia clinically."	( Spiral wave attachment to millimeter-sized obstacles. Aguel, F; Emokpae, R; Lim, ZY; Maskara, B; Tung, L, 2006)	1.06
"Lidocaine is a use-dependent sodium channel blocker that produces analgesia when administered intravenously to patients with neuropathic pain. "	( Intravenous lidocaine for neuropathic pain: diagnostic utility and therapeutic efficacy. Carroll, I, 2007)	2.16
"Lidocaine lollipop is a promising form of local oropharyngeal anesthesia for EGD. "	( Lidocaine lollipop as single-agent anesthesia in upper GI endoscopy. Abdul-Baki, H; Ayoub, C; Nasr, V; Skoury, A; Soweid, A, 2007)	3.23
"Lidocaine is a commonly used local anaesthetic agent which has also been found to possess anti-inflammatory activity in several disorders. "	( Lidocaine down-regulates nuclear factor-kappaB signalling and inhibits cytokine production and T cell proliferation. Ben-Horin, S; Chowers, Y; Fudim, E; Horin, SB; Lahat, A; Lang, A; Picard, O, 2008)	3.23
"Lidocaine is a widely used antiarrhythmic agent whose plasma clearance varies with changes in hepatic blood flow. "	( The cimetidine-lidocaine interaction. Karmen, A; Keren, G; Knapp, AB; Levitt, B; Maguire, W; Miura, DS; Somberg, JC, 1983)	2.06
"Lidocaine is a widely used local anaesthetic reported to exert a biphasic effect on the microvasculature with contraction at low concentrations and relaxation at high concentrations."	( Comparison of vascular effects of ropivacaine and lidocaine on isolated rings of human arteries. Aberg, B; Gherardini, G; Jernbeck, J; Samuelson, U; Sjöstrand, N, 1995)	1.27
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic widely used in therapeutics and as antiarrhythmic agent."	( Acid, basic and neutral soluble and membrane-bound aminopeptidase activities after lidocaine administration in discrete areas of the rat brain. Casis, L; de Gandarias, JM; Echevarría, E; Fernández, D; Irazusta, J; Maza, JL, 1995)	1.24
"Lidocaine is a Na+ channel blocker that is highly effective for the treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias, but is largely ineffective against atrial arrhythmias. "	( An analysis of lidocaine block of sodium current in isolated human atrial and ventricular myocytes. Arentzen, CE; Backer, CL; Furukawa, T; Jia, H; Koumi, S; Sakakibara, Y; Singer, DH; Wasserstrom, JA, 1995)	2.09
"Lidocaine is a sensitive substrate for evaluating liver P450 function. "	( Pharmacokinetic analysis verifies P450 function during in vitro and in vivo application of a bioartificial liver. Cerra, FB; Hu, WS; Mann, HJ; Nyberg, SL; Remmel, RP, )	1.57
"Lidocaine is a widely used local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug that is believed to exert its clinically important action by blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels. "	( Distinct local anesthetic affinities in Na+ channel subtypes. Bennett, PB; George, AL; Nie, L; Wang, DW, 1996)	1.74
"Lidocaine is a sodium channel blocker that also inhibits several neutrophil functions."	( Reduction of myocardial infarct size in rabbits and inhibition of activation of rabbit and human neutrophils by lidocaine. Atkinson, JB; Forman, MB; Holsinger, JP; Murray, JJ; Vitola, JV, 1997)	1.23
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic widely used in therapeutics and as antiarrhythmic agent. "	( Effects of acute lidocaine administration on the rat prosencephalic enkephalinergic system. Casis, L; de Gandarias, JM; Echevarria, E; Maza, JL; Serrano, R; Silio, M, 1998)	2.08
"Lidocaine tape (Penles) is a 15 cm2 dressing tape based on 60% lidocaine used to anesthetize skin when an intravenous catheter is inserted."	( [Lidocaine tape (Penles--a dressing tape based on 60% lidocaine--) reduces the pain of postherpetic neuralgia]. Ogawa, H; Tamakawa, S, 1998)	1.93
"Lidocaine is a drug widely used to treat arrhythmias in patients with myocardial ischemia."	( Effect of lidocaine on left ventricular pressure-volume curves during demand ischemia in pigs. Glantz, SA; Solomon, SB; Tayama, M, 1998)	1.42
"Lidocaine is a local anaesthetic agent that is widely used in equine medicine. "	( Lidocaine in the horse: its pharmacological effects and their relationship to analytical findings. Bass, S; Boyles, J; Carter, WG; Dirikolu, L; Harkins, JD; Karpiesiuk, W; Lehner, A; Mundy, GD; Rees, WA; Tobin, T; Woods, WE, 1998)	3.19
"Lidocaine is an integral part of most wetting solutions used in liposuction. "	( Lidocaine is not necessary in liposuction. Perry, AW; Petti, C; Rankin, M, 1999)	3.19
"Lidocaine (LID) is an aminoethylamide used in hepatology to perform the monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) test for the evaluation of liver function in patients with cirrhosis (CIR) or chronic hepatitis (CH). "	( The monoethylglycinexylidide test does not impair psychometric performance in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. Botta, F; Fasoli, A; Giannini, E; Risso, D; Romagnoli, P; Testa, R, 2000)	1.75
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic drug that is widely used in equine medicine. "	( Identification of lidocaine and its metabolites in post-administration equine urine by ELISA and MS/MS. Boyles, J; Carter, WG; Dirikolu, L; Fisher, M; Harkins, JD; Karpiesiuk, W; Lehner, AF; Tobin, T; Woods, WE, 2000)	2.08
"Lidocaine is a widely used local anesthetic agent. "	( Lidocaine inhibits potassium efflux and hemolysis in erythrocytes during oxidative stress in vitro. Freysz, M; Lahet, JJ; Lenfant, F; Rochette, L; Vergely, C; Volot, F, 2000)	3.19
"Lidocaine is a highly sensitive indicator of hepatic dysfunction."	( [Dynamic liver function study using the lidocaine test]. Průsa, R; Sídlová, K, 2000)	1.3
"Lidocaine is a local anesthetic belonging to the amide group and has been administered intrathecally for over 40 years. "	( [Neurotoxicity of intrathecal lidocaine]. Anadón Senac, P; Pavón, A, )	1.86
"Lidocaine is a commonly used and efficacious antiarrhythmic agent whose pharmacokinetics after a rapid intravenous bolus injection have been extensively studied. "	( Effect of the duration of infusion on the disposition of lidocaine in dogs. Caillé, G; Gagné, J; LeLorier, J; Moisan, R, 1977)	1.94
"Lidocaine is a drug that may be epileptogenic at high doses."	( Role of lidocaine (lignocaine) in managing status epilepticus. Berciano, J; Ciudad, J; Pascual, J, 1992)	1.44
"Lidocaine is an effective antiarrhythmic and local anesthetic agent, and it has also been a useful tool for characterizing drug interactions with the Na channel. "	( Two components of use-dependent block of sodium current by lidocaine in voltage clamped cardiac Purkinje cells. Alpert, LA; Hanck, DA; Makielski, JC, 1991)	1.97
"Lidocaine is a well-documented local anaesthetic often used for paracervical block (PCB) in pregnant women. "	( The concentration of lidocaine in follicular fluid when used for paracervical block in a human IVF-ET programme. Evers, H; Jakobsson, AH; Sandqvist, U; Sjöblom, P; Wikland, M, 1990)	2.04
"Lidocaine is a commonly used antiarrhythmic drug that causes use-dependent blockade of sodium channels in vitro and reduces conduction velocity in vitro and in vivo. "	( Use-dependent effects of lidocaine on conduction in canine myocardium: application of the modulated receptor hypothesis in vivo. Davis, J; Hondeghem, LH; Katzung, B; Matsubara, T; Scheinman, MM, 1986)	2.02
"Lidocaine seems to be an effective and safe drug in convulsive status epilepticus."	( Intravenous lidocaine for status epilepticus. Berciano, J; Pascual, J; Polo, JM; Sedano, MJ, )	1.23
"Lidocaine hydrochloride is an amide-type local anesthetic, commonly used for facial plastic as well as other surgical procedures. "	( Anaphylactic reaction to lidocaine. Cave, RH; Kennedy, KS, 1986)	2.02

Effects

Lidocaine has a strong penetration potential which blocks the visual pathway, particularly for late glaucoma eyes. The effect of lidocaine for desensitization of skin has shown variable results in humans. Lidocain has a proven anti-inflammatory activity in several tissues but its modulation of glycocalyx has not been investigated.

Lidocaine has been associated with respiratory depression, psychosis, methemoglobinemia, and toxic cardiovascular reactions. It has a complex voltage dependence caused by a higher affinity for the inactivated state over the resting state. Lido has been confirmed to exert an anti-tumor role in many human cancers.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Lidocaine block has a complex voltage dependence caused by a higher affinity for the inactivated state over the resting state."	( Intrinsic lidocaine affinity for Na channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes depends on alpha (hH1 vs. rSkM1) and beta 1 subunits. Fan, Z; Kyle, JW; Limberis, J; Makielski, JC, 1999)	1.43
"Lidocaine has a shorter time lapse (1-3 min) when used on mucus membrane; however, the effect of lidocaine for desensitization of skin has shown variable results in humans."	( Lidocaine spray 10% prior to intravenous catheterisation in dogs. Haga, HA; Heggernes Softeland, M; Hoeberg, E; Lervik, A; Loken Kolstad, T; Moller, LM; Rosvold, SK, 2022)	2.89
"Lidocaine has a proven anti-inflammatory activity in several tissues but its modulation of glycocalyx has not been investigated."	( Glycocalyx Degradation after Pulmonary Transplantation Surgery. Aymonnier, K; Casanova, J; Garutti, I; Muñoz, C; Rancan, L; Sánchez Pedrosa, G; Shahani, PM; Simón, C; Vara, E, 2018)	1.2
"Lidocaine has a radioprotective effect on the capacity of muscarinic agonist-induced water secretion in irradiated salivary glands."	( Radioprotective effect of lidocaine on neurotransmitter agonist-induced secretion in irradiated salivary glands. Benedek, GA; Dendorfer, A; Hakim, SG; Klinger, M; Liao, GQ; Meller, B; Rades, D; Sieg, P; Su, YX, 2013)	2.13
"Lidocaine has a moderate efficacy as second-line therapy following benzodiazepines for treating neonatal seizures and is not frequently associated with cardiovascular adverse effects. "	( Efficacy and safety of lidocaine for treatment of neonatal seizures. Ågren, J; Flink, R; Hellström-Westas, L; Lundqvist, M; Wickström, R, 2013)	2.14
"Lidocaine has a biphasic action on smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels, with vasoconstriction at low concentrations and vasodilation at higher concentrations. "	( Effect of lidocaine on swine lingual and pulmonary arteries. Joh, S; Kamada, S; Kuji, A; Kumagai, M; Sato, M; Satoh, K, 2015)	2.26
"IV lidocaine has a multidimensional effect on the quality of recovery. "	( Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine for Postoperative Analgesia Following Laparoscopic Surgery: A Meta-Analysis. Brady, RR; Fearon, KC; Foo, I; Kennedy, ED; Paterson, HM; Speake, D; Ventham, NT, 2015)	1.35
"Lidocaine has a concentration-dependent effect on seizures. "	( Lidocaine and seizures. DeToledo, JC, 2000)	3.19
"Lidocaine has a fast onset (10-15 min) and an intermediate duration of action (60-120 min), and is used for short diagnostic and surgical procedures."	( Local and regional anesthesia. Dawson, SD; Lemke, KA, 2000)	1.03
"Lidocaine has a strong penetration potential which blocks the visual pathway, particularly for late glaucoma eyes in which the remnant optic nerve fibers may be especially sensitive to the drug."	( [Temporary amaurosis from retrobulbar lidocaine injection in late glaucoma patients]. Mo, XJ, 1991)	1.27
"Lidocaine has an intermediate position (161.4 +/- 2.6 min)."	( [A comparative analysis of the efficacy of trimecaine, lidocaine and bupivacaine for a prolonged brachial plexus block]. Gnezdilov, AV; Kozlov, SP; Marupov, AM; Svetlov, VA, )	1.1
"Lidocaine block has a complex voltage dependence caused by a higher affinity for the inactivated state over the resting state."	( Intrinsic lidocaine affinity for Na channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes depends on alpha (hH1 vs. rSkM1) and beta 1 subunits. Fan, Z; Kyle, JW; Limberis, J; Makielski, JC, 1999)	1.43
"Lidocaine (Lido) has been confirmed to exert an anti-tumor role in many human cancers."	( Lidocaine represses the malignant behavior of lung carcinoma cells via the circ_PDZD8/miR-516b-5p/GOLT1A axis. Chen, L; Ruan, Q; Zi, H, 2022)	2.89
"Lidocaine has previously been used in tox cases to shorten QT intervals."	( Treatment of status epilepticus and prolonged QT after massive intentional bupropion overdose with lidocaine. Robinson, S, 2022)	1.66
"Lidocaine has been gradually used in general anesthesia. "	( Effect of Systemic Lidocaine on Postoperative Early Recovery Quality in Patients Undergoing Supratentorial Tumor Resection. Chen, X; Cui, X; Dong, Y; Ji, T; Li, W; Su, G; Wang, Y; Wu, N; Yang, Y; Zhao, K, 2022)	2.49
"Lidocaine has a shorter time lapse (1-3 min) when used on mucus membrane; however, the effect of lidocaine for desensitization of skin has shown variable results in humans."	( Lidocaine spray 10% prior to intravenous catheterisation in dogs. Haga, HA; Heggernes Softeland, M; Hoeberg, E; Lervik, A; Loken Kolstad, T; Moller, LM; Rosvold, SK, 2022)	2.89
"Lidocaine has been widely used as a short-acting local anesthetic agent to reduce the pain caused by needle insertion. "	( Lidocaine-loaded dissolving microneedle for safe local anesthesia on oral mucosa for dental procedure. Gong, S; Jang, M; Jung, H; Jung, UW; Kang, G; Lee, C; Lee, H; Lee, S; Min, HS; Ryu, HY; Song, YW; Yang, H, 2023)	3.8
"Lidocaine has been used as a local anesthetic by injection. "	( Interfacial interaction of anesthetic lidocaine and mesoporous silica nanoparticles in aqueous solutions and its release properties. Fukayama, H; Ikoma, T; Sato, Y; Wakita, R, 2019)	2.23
"Lidocaine has cardiovascular and neurologic toxicity, which is dose-dependent. "	( Investigation of the Inhibitory Effect of Simvastatin on the Metabolism of Lidocaine Both in vitro and in vivo. Huang, HL; Huang, WL; Lin, QM; Ou-Yang, QG; Wang, Y; Zeng, DL; Zhuang, XL, 2020)	2.23
"Lidocaine has not been associated with cancer in humans despite 8 decades of therapeutic use. "	( A weight of evidence assessment of the genotoxicity of 2,6-xylidine based on existing and new data, with relevance to safety of lidocaine exposure. Johnson, GE; Kirkland, DJ; Sheil, ML; Streicker, MA, 2021)	2.27
"Lidocaine patches have been shown to reduce postoperative pain after noncesarean surgeries."	( Lidocaine patches for postcesarean pain control in obese women: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Adams, JH; Antony, KM; Chappell, RJ; Gnadt, SE; Hetzel, S; Jacques, L; Tevaarwerk, AJ, 2021)	2.79
"Lidocaine has been manifested to exert anti-tumor role in gastric cancer (GC) progression. "	( Lidocaine Suppresses Gastric Cancer Development Through Circ_ANO5/miR-21-5p/LIFR Axis. Guan, E; Liu, H; Xu, N, 2022)	3.61
"Lidocaine has been shown to inhibit the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer, but the mechanism still remains unclear. "	( Lidocaine prevents breast cancer growth by targeting neuronatin to inhibit nerve fibers formation. He, C; Li, B; Tu, Y; Xu, H; Zou, W, 2021)	3.51
"Lidocaine has anti-inflammatory properties."	( Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine on Inflammatory and Apoptotic Response of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Pigs Undergoing Lung Resection Surgery. Carricondo, F; Cebollero, M; García-Aldao, U; Garutti, I; Martín-Albo, L; Ortega, J; Romera, A; Romero-Gómez, B; Simón, C; Vara, E; Zapatero, S, 2021)	1.66
"Lidocaine has analgesics and anti-inflammatory properties, and poloxamer/alginate/CaCl2 (PACM) is a known antiadhesive agent."	( Effects of a Lidocaine-Loaded Poloxamer/Alginate/CaCl2 Mixture on Postoperative Pain and Adhesion in a Rat Model of Incisional Pain. Baek, CW; Cho, WJ; Choi, GJ; Hong, ME; Jung, YH; Kang, H; Kim, JW; Lee, Y; Park, ILK; Shin, HY, 2017)	1.55
"Lidocaine has emerged as a useful adjuvant anesthetic agent for cases requiring intraoperative monitoring of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs). "	( A randomized crossover study of the effects of lidocaine on motor- and sensory-evoked potentials during spinal surgery. Beathe, JC; Boachie-Adjei, O; Donegan, SW; Emerson, RG; Fields, K; Pinter, DW; Urban, MK, 2017)	2.15
"One lidocaine metabolite has its own unique properties and may be an active form of the drug."	( The Use and Method of Action of Intravenous Lidocaine and Its Metabolite in Headache Disorders. Berk, T; Silberstein, SD, 2018)	1.22
"Lidocaine has shown antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity on several cell types."	( Effects of lidocaine and the inclusion complex with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on cell viability and proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Antunes, GBM; Burga-Sánchez, J; de Melo, NFS; Ferreira, LEN; Fraceto, LF; Groppo, FC; Muniz, BV; Volpato, MC, 2018)	1.59
"Lidocaine has analgesic effect and antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, which enable its use as a general anesthetic adjuvant. "	( Intravenous lidocaine. Estebe, JP, 2017)	2.28
"Lidocaine probably has no clinically relevant effect on pain scores later than 24 hours."	( Continuous intravenous perioperative lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain and recovery in adults. Eberhart, LH; Hahnenkamp, K; Helf, A; Hollmann, MW; Jelting, Y; Kranke, P; Pace, NL; Poepping, DM; Schnabel, A; Weibel, S, 2018)	1.48
"Lidocaine has been shown to be an effective anaesthetic diluent for some intramuscular injections, but has not been investigated with KM in the treatment of adult patients with MDR-TB."	( Effect of lidocaine on kanamycin injection-site pain in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Chirehwa, MT; Court, RG; de Vries, N; Gumbo, T; Harding, J; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Stewart, A; Wiesner, L, 2018)	1.6
"Lidocaine has a proven anti-inflammatory activity in several tissues but its modulation of glycocalyx has not been investigated."	( Glycocalyx Degradation after Pulmonary Transplantation Surgery. Aymonnier, K; Casanova, J; Garutti, I; Muñoz, C; Rancan, L; Sánchez Pedrosa, G; Shahani, PM; Simón, C; Vara, E, 2018)	1.2
"Lidocaine has been shown to be clinically beneficial during bariatric surgery. "	( Serum Concentrations of Lidocaine During Bariatric Surgery. Bouffard, Y; Carabalona, JF; Citterio-Quentin, A; Delwarde, B; Duclos, A; Le Goff, MC; Moulsma, M; Rimmelé, T, 2020)	2.31
"Lidocaine has been demonstrated to attenuate the impairment of cognition in aged rats induced by isoflurane in our previous study."	( Lidocaine Attenuates Cognitive Impairment After Isoflurane Anesthesia by Reducing Mitochondrial Damage. Guo, M; Huang, Z; Li, J; Lin, D; Xu, H; Yang, S; Yao, Y; Zhu, X, 2019)	2.68
"Lidocaine has a radioprotective effect on the capacity of muscarinic agonist-induced water secretion in irradiated salivary glands."	( Radioprotective effect of lidocaine on neurotransmitter agonist-induced secretion in irradiated salivary glands. Benedek, GA; Dendorfer, A; Hakim, SG; Klinger, M; Liao, GQ; Meller, B; Rades, D; Sieg, P; Su, YX, 2013)	2.13
"Lidocaine has a moderate efficacy as second-line therapy following benzodiazepines for treating neonatal seizures and is not frequently associated with cardiovascular adverse effects. "	( Efficacy and safety of lidocaine for treatment of neonatal seizures. Ågren, J; Flink, R; Hellström-Westas, L; Lundqvist, M; Wickström, R, 2013)	2.14
"Lidocaine has been demonstrated to inhibit the Hoffmann (H) reflex to a greater extent than the direct motor (M) response induced by electrical stimulation, but the timecourse of these responses has not been investigated."	( Time course of the soleus M response and H reflex after lidocaine tibial nerve block in the rat. Buffenoir, K; Decq, P; Pérot, C, 2013)	1.36
"Lidocaine has been reported to induce apoptosis on rabbit corneal endothelial cells. "	( Cytotoxicity of lidocaine to human corneal endothelial cells in vitro. Fan, TJ; Ge, Y; Li, YH; Wang, RX; Yu, HZ; Yu, MM; Zhao, J; Zhou, X, 2014)	2.19
"Lidocaine has also demonstrated efficacy in relieving patient pain due to complex regional pain syndrome and may be useful in the treatment of patients with neuropathic pain who have cancer, although clinical trial results have not been consistent."	( Topical therapies in the management of chronic pain. Galluzzi, KE; Stanos, SP, 2013)	1.11
"Lidocaine has been used as a local anesthetic with anti-inflammatory properties, but its effects on neuroinflammation have not been well defined. "	( Lidocaine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in microglia. Li, X; Li, Z; Wang, N; Yang, X; Yu, G; Yuan, T, 2014)	3.29
"Lidocaine has been indicated to promote apoptosis and to promote endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. "	( Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the lidocaine-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Han, X; Li, K, 2015)	2.12
"Lidocaine has a biphasic action on smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels, with vasoconstriction at low concentrations and vasodilation at higher concentrations. "	( Effect of lidocaine on swine lingual and pulmonary arteries. Joh, S; Kamada, S; Kuji, A; Kumagai, M; Sato, M; Satoh, K, 2015)	2.26
"Lidocaine has been widely used to relieve acute pain and chronic refractory pain effectively by both systemic and local administration. "	( Lidocaine preferentially inhibits the function of purinergic P2X7 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Horishita, T; Kawasaki, T; Minami, T; Okura, D; Sata, T; Sudo, Y; Ueno, S; Uezono, Y; Yanagihara, N, 2015)	3.3
"Lidocaine has demonstrated properties that block the neuroinflammatory cycle associated with IC/BPS at many of the interactive points in this cycle."	( Beyond a Simple Anesthetic Effect: Lidocaine in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/bladder Pain Syndrome. Cahill, CM; Henry, RA; Morales, A, 2015)	1.42
"IV lidocaine has a multidimensional effect on the quality of recovery. "	( Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine for Postoperative Analgesia Following Laparoscopic Surgery: A Meta-Analysis. Brady, RR; Fearon, KC; Foo, I; Kennedy, ED; Paterson, HM; Speake, D; Ventham, NT, 2015)	1.35
"Lidocaine has been recognized to induce neurotoxicity. "	( GNB2 is a mediator of lidocaine-induced apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Bi, X; She, Y; Tan, Y; Wang, Q; Zhao, B, 2016)	2.19
"Lidocaine has proven anti-inflammatory activity in several tissues but its modulation of miRNAs has not been investigated."	( Lidocaine Administration Controls MicroRNAs Alterations Observed After Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Calvo, A; Casanova, J; García, C; Garutti, I; Marchal-Duval, E; Paredes, SD; Rancan, L; Rincón, D; Simón, C; Turrero, A; Vara, E, 2016)	2.6
"Lidocaine has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects on certain cells (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils etc.)."	( Comparison of the efficacy of lidocaine and betamethasone dipropionate in carpal tunnel syndrome injection. Aksoy, C; Aydin, T; Dernek, B; Diracoglu, D; Kesiktas, FN; Koseoglu, PK; Yesilyurt, T, 2017)	1.47
"I.V. lidocaine has been used to ameliorate tinnitus, but in general its effect has been limited. "	( I.V. ropivacaine compared with lidocaine for the treatment of tinnitus. Havia, M; Kallio, H; Kentala, E; Neuvonen, PJ; Niskanen, ML; Rosenberg, PH, 2008)	1.15
"Lidocaine patches have been used to provide local analgesia in dogs and cats. "	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine following the application of 5% lidocaine patches to cats. Abbo, LA; Ko, JC; Maxwell, LK; Weil, AB, 2008)	2.11
"Lidocaine cytotoxicity has been reported in some cell types, which could affect its use as a local anesthetic in cell-based therapy. "	( In vitro and in vivo effect of lidocaine on rat muscle-derived cells for treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Chancellor, MB; de Miguel, F; Furuta, A; Honda, M; Jankowski, RJ; Kim, DK; Pruchnic, R; Yoshimura, N, 2009)	2.08
"Lidocaine has been used for spinal anaesthesia since 1948, seemingly without causing concern until recently. "	( Selective sensory spinal anaesthesia with hypobaric lidocaine for anorectal surgery. Cordeiro, JA; Gouveia, MA; Imbelloni, LE; Vieira, EM, 2008)	2.04
"Lidocaine has been shown to inhibit neural conduction and to have anti-inflammatory properties. "	( Intraoperative infusion of lidocaine reduces postoperative fentanyl requirements in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Carli, F; Feldman, L; Fried, G; Kim, DJ; Lauwick, S; Michelagnoli, G; Mistraletti, G, 2008)	2.09
"Lidocaine has been used in treatment of patients with refractory headache. "	( Neuropsychiatric side-effects of lidocaine: examples from the treatment of headache and a review. Gil-Gouveia, R; Goadsby, PJ, 2009)	2.08
"Lidocaine has been demonstrated to exert antiinflammatory pleiotropic effects."	( Lidocaine protects from myocardial damage due to ischemia and reperfusion in mice by its antiapoptotic effects. Echtermeyer, F; Gillmann, HJ; Hahnenkamp, K; Harendza, T; Herzog, C; Hildebrand, R; Kaczmarek, DJ; Larmann, J; Osthaus, AW; Schmitz, M; Theilmeier, G; Werdehausen, R; Westermann, A; Wollert, KC, 2009)	2.52
"Lidocaine has been used to reduce cardiovascular responses, coughing, and bucking induced by tracheal intubation."	( Lidocaine given intravenously improves conditions for laryngeal mask airway insertion during propofol target-controlled infusion. Baik, HJ; Kim, JH; Kim, YJ, 2009)	2.52
"Lidocaine has been used as an injection or spray solution to protect spasm reaction during tracheal intubation and bronchoscopy. "	( Effects of lidocaine on rat's isolated tracheal smooth muscle. Chu, YH; Kao, CH; Wang, HW, 2010)	2.19
"Lidocaine has been used to evaluate the role of mucosa-mediating pathways of esophageal reflexes in animal model, but its effects on esophageal secondary peristalsis are yet unclear in humans."	( Effects of lidocaine on esophageal secondary peristalsis in humans. Chen, CL; Liu, TT; Yi, CH, 2010)	1.47
"lidocaine has been reported to decrease leucocyte and endothelial activation, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines."	( Effect of intravenous lidocaine administration on laminar inflammation in the black walnut extract model of laminitis. Belknap, JK; Faleiros, RR; Hubbell, JA; Lin, YJ; Loftus, JP; Peroni, JF; Ravis, WR; Williams, JM, 2010)	1.4
"lidocaine 60 mg. There have been no reports of perioperative neurologic injury with the introduction of CP as a spinal anesthetic at our institution."	( Chloroprocaine for spinal anesthesia: a retrospective analysis. Hejtmanek, MR; Pollock, JE, 2011)	1.09
"Lidocaine has been proven to protect macrophages in mice with septic peritonitis by attenuating the production of cytokines."	( The inhibitory effect of lidocaine on the release of high mobility group box 1 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Lei, WF; Wang, HL; Ye, T; Zhang, WH; Zhou, CQ, 2011)	1.39
"Lidocaine has been demonstrated to exert cardioprotective effects against myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion injury. "	( Impact of intravenous lidocaine on myocardial injury after off-pump coronary artery surgery. Chin, JH; Choi, DK; Choi, IC; Chung, CH; Chung, HJ; Lee, EH; Lee, HM; Sim, JY, 2011)	2.13
"Lidocaine has been shown to be an effective anticonvulsant for the treatment of neonatal seizures that persist in spite of first-line anticonvulsant therapy."	( Lidocaine (lignocaine) dosing regimen based upon a population pharmacokinetic model for preterm and term neonates with seizures. de Vries, LS; Egberts, TC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Hasselt, JG, 2011)	2.53
"Lidocaine has been shown to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart, lung, and brain, potentially due to modulation of inflammatory responses and apoptotic signaling pathways. "	( Systemic lidocaine does not attenuate hepatic dysfunction after liver surgery in rats. de Graaf, W; Diepenhorst, GM; Erdogan, D; Herroeder, S; Hollmann, MW; van Gulik, TM, 2012)	2.24
"Lidocaine has been shown to protect erythrocytes from oxidative stress by a possible membrane effect."	( The protective effects of lidocaine on human erythrocytes stored for seven days at 04 degrees C. Chaillot, B; Freysz, M; Lahet, JJ; Lenfant, F, 2004)	1.34
"Lidocaine has been used in neonates as an effective drug in controlling neonatal seizures not responding to traditional anticonvulsant therapy. "	( Cardiac arrhythmias in neonates receiving lidocaine as anticonvulsive treatment. de Vries, LS; Groenendaal, F; Rademaker, KM; Toet, MC; van Rooij, LG, 2004)	2.03
"Lidocaine has actions potentially of benefit during ischaemia-reperfusion. "	( The effect of lidocaine on neutrophil CD11b/CD18 and endothelial ICAM-1 expression and IL-1beta concentrations induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation. Harmon, D; Lan, W; Redmond, P; Shorten, G; Wang, JH, 2004)	2.13
"Lidocaine has been used for spinal anesthesia since 1948, seemingly without causing concern. "	( Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia with lidocaine versus other local anesthetics: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Christiansen, C; Pace, NL; Punjasawadwong, Y; Zaric, D, 2005)	2.01
"Lidocaine has been reported to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in activated murine macrophages, but the role of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in lidocaine-induced inhibition of NO has not been explored. "	( Lidocaine inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cationic amino acid transporter-2 transcription in activated murine macrophages may involve voltage-sensitive Na+ channel. Huang, CJ; Huang, YH; Kai, YF; Tsai, PS; Yang, CH, 2006)	3.22
"Lidocaine has been reported to attenuate the inflammatory response in addition to its anesthetic activity, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. "	( Lidocaine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through inhibiting NF-kappaB activation. Feng, G; Liu, GJ; Liu, S; Wang, GL, 2008)	3.23
"Lidocaine, however, has the potential to cause methemoglobinemia."	( Postoperative methemoglobinemia following infiltrative lidocaine administration for combined anesthesia in pediatric craniofacial surgery. Christophis, P; Heckmann, M; Howaldt, HP; Mann, V; Neuhaeuser, C; Schaaf, H; Weigand, N, 2008)	1.31
"5% Lidocaine patches have been used for treatment of chronic neuropathic pain in adults and we have found this to be effective in management of localized neuropathic pain in children and adolescents."	( Lidocaine 5% patch for localized chronic neuropathic pain in adolescents: report of five cases. Cunliffe, M; Nayak, S, 2008)	2.3
"Lidocaine and marcaine have been discovered to produce different effects: lidocaine produced a dose-dependent selective inhibition of C-components of reflex discharges, whereas marcaine a more prolonged and uniform suppression of both A- and C-components of evoked responses, inhibiting both excitatory and inhibitory components of reflex responses."	( [Analysis of the mechanisms of the anti-arrhythmic action of marcaine and lidocaine]. Berdiaev, SIu; Darinskiĭ, NV; Dzhaparidze, MM; Kaverina, NV, )	1.08
"Lidocaine has been given at the dosage of 2 mg/kg as an i.v."	( [Electrophysiological effects of lidocaine on the QRS and ST segment during acute myocardial infarct. Evaluation with thoracic electromaps]. Bonatti, V; Botti, G; Favaro, L; Rolli, A; Villani, GQ, 1982)	1.27
"Lidocaine aerosols have been ineffective at preventing airway constriction provoked by non-reflex stimuli. "	( Comparison of local anesthetics as bronchodilator aerosols. Downes, H; Hirshman, CA; Leon, DA, 1983)	1.71
"Lidocaine has been shown to protect ischemic myocardium, but the degree of its effectiveness is not yet well established. "	( Effects of lidocaine and droxicainide on myocardial necrosis: a comparative study. Cheung, WM; Faria, DB; Maroko, PR; Ribeiro, LG, 1983)	2.1
"Lidocaine in vitro has been reported not to inhibit phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte responses at clinically applicable concentrations. "	( Failure of lidocaine in vivo to inhibit mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation. Jalonen, J; Kanto, J; Salo, M, 1980)	2.09
"Lidocaine pretreatment has recently been shown to attenuate endotoxin-induced lung injury in rabbits."	( Does early posttreatment with lidocaine attenuate endotoxin-induced acute injury in rabbits? Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H; Takao, Y, 1995)	1.3
"Lidocaine has been promulgated as first-line therapy in patients with VT, but studies evaluating its efficacy in the electrophysiology laboratory suggest that it has poor effects in terminating or preventing induction of VT."	( Evaluation of intravenous lidocaine for the termination of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease with or without healed myocardial infarction. Doyle, TK; Nasir, N; Pacifico, A; Taylor, A, 1994)	1.31
"Lidocaine has been widely investigated as a local anaesthetic and cardiac antiarrhythmic agent. "	( [The concentration of local anesthetics in the dental alveolus. Comparative studies of lidocaine and articaine in the mandible and maxilla]. Feller, K; Gramatté, T; Oertel, A; Oertel, R; Weile, K, 1994)	1.95
"Lidocaine has been shown to inhibit function of these cells and stabilize cell membranes."	( Effect of lidocaine pretreatment on endotoxin-induced lung injury in rabbits. Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H; Takao, Y; Yaku, H, 1994)	1.41
"1. Lidocaine has been extensively investigated as a potential neuroprotective drug against ischemia-induced neurodegeneration without reaching any satisfactory conclusion. "	( Lidocaine reduces the hypoxia-induced release of an excitatory amino acid analog from rat striatal slices in superfusion. Bustos, G; Díaz, L; Gómez, A, 1995)	2.36
"Lidocaine has been shown to inhibit neutrophil function."	( Lidocaine attenuates hyperoxic lung injury in rabbits. Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H; Takao, Y, 1996)	2.46
"Lidocaine has been shown to accumulate in the lung following its administration. "	( Lung uptake of lidocaine during hyperoxia and hypoxia in the dog. Fujimori, M; Hasegawa, K; Hayashi, M; Tatekawa, S; Yukioka, H, 1996)	2.09
"Lidocaine has been shown to reduce the injury."	( Inhibitory effect of local anaesthetics on reactive oxygen species production by human neutrophils. Akamatsu, H; Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Niwa, Y; Obara, H; Shiga, M, 1997)	1.02
"Lidocaine has been shown to have direct vasoconstrictive effects at low concentrations. "	( Lidocaine-induced hemodynamic effects are enhanced by the inhibition of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in dogs. Fujimori, M; Hayashi, M; Tatekawa, S; Toyoyama, H; Yukioka, H, 1997)	3.18
"Lidocaine has been used as the primary antiarrhythmic agent for ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction (MI) and open heart surgery. "	( Does lidocaine protect the heart during coronary revascularisation? Kaukinen, S; Rinne, T, 1998)	2.26
"Lidocaine has been reported to cause neural tube closure defects in vitro in mice at clinically relevant concentrations. "	( Assessment of teratogenic effects of lidocaine in rat embryos cultured in vitro. Fujinaga, M, 1998)	2.02
"Lidocaine has antibacterial properties at high concentrations, but low concentrations of lidocaine (0.1%) have not been studied."	( The effect of lidocaine on bacterial growth in propofol. Peterson, LR; Vidovich, MI; Wong, HY, 1999)	1.39
"Lidocaine has been recently approved for use as an intranasal spray in the treatment of migraine. "	( Characterization of lidocaine metabolism by rat nasal microsomes: implications for nasal drug delivery. Desai, PB; Deshpande, VS; Genter, MB; Jung, C, )	1.9
"Lidocaine has few of the proarrhythmic concerns of most antiarrhythmic drugs and, at high bolus doses, prolongs the atrial refractory period well enough to be effective in converting atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm."	( High-dose bolus lidocaine for chemical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a prospective, randomized, double-blind crossover trial. Bardy, GH; Marrouche, NF; Reddy, RK; Wittkowsky, AK, 2000)	1.37
"Lidocaine has a concentration-dependent effect on seizures. "	( Lidocaine and seizures. DeToledo, JC, 2000)	3.19
"Lidocaine has a fast onset (10-15 min) and an intermediate duration of action (60-120 min), and is used for short diagnostic and surgical procedures."	( Local and regional anesthesia. Dawson, SD; Lemke, KA, 2000)	1.03
"Lidocaine has been demonstrated to modify both contraction and relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle. "	( Effects of lidocaine on rabbit isolated thoracic aorta. Celebi, H; Demiryürek, AT; Turan, NN, 2000)	2.14
"Lidocaine has immunoregulatory effects on T cells. "	( Inhibitory effect of lidocaine on T cells from patients with allergic asthma. Adachi, M; Matsuo, H; Minoguchi, K; Oda, N; Okada, S; Tanaka, A; Tasaki, T; Yokoe, T, 2002)	2.08
"Lidocaine has been the initial antiarrhythmic drug treatment recommended for patients with ventricular fibrillation that is resistant to conversion by defibrillator shocks. "	( Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. Barr, A; Cass, D; Cooper, R; Dorian, P; Gelaznikas, R; Schwartz, B, 2002)	2.05
"Lidocaine has a strong penetration potential which blocks the visual pathway, particularly for late glaucoma eyes in which the remnant optic nerve fibers may be especially sensitive to the drug."	( [Temporary amaurosis from retrobulbar lidocaine injection in late glaucoma patients]. Mo, XJ, 1991)	1.27
"Lidocaine has an intermediate position (161.4 +/- 2.6 min)."	( [A comparative analysis of the efficacy of trimecaine, lidocaine and bupivacaine for a prolonged brachial plexus block]. Gnezdilov, AV; Kozlov, SP; Marupov, AM; Svetlov, VA, )	1.1
"Lidocaine has been shown to have adverse effects on mouse oocyte fertilization and embryo development. "	( Follicular fluid Lidocaine levels during transvaginal oocyte retrieval. Bailey-Pridham, DD; Cook, CL; Drury, K; Hurst, HE; Reshef, E; Yussman, MA, 1990)	2.06
"Lidocaine toxicity has been associated with fetal distress secondary to fetal ion trapping in the presence of acidosis."	( Lidocaine toxicity after maternal pudendal anesthesia in a term infant with fetal distress. Bozynski, ME; Patel, JA; Rubarth, LB, 1987)	2.44
"Lidocaine has been used in obstetrical anaesthesia for many years but there are still concerns about possible adverse affects of this drug on the foetus in utero. "	( The effect of lidocaine on regional blood flows and cardiac output in the non-stressed and the stressed foetal lamb. Bachman, C; Biehl, D; Friesen, C; Meatheral, R; Yarnell, R, 1986)	2.07
"Lidocaine has also been associated with respiratory depression, psychosis, methemoglobinemia, and toxic cardiovascular reactions."	( Cardiopulmonary arrest due to misuse of viscous lidocaine. Ow, EP; Puczynski, MS; Rust, C, 1985)	1.25

Actions

Lidocaine may inhibit the activity of breast cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of VDAC1. The lidocaine group had a lower pain intensity than the saline group for up to 1 h, with no differences in IL-6 and time to extubation.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Lidocaine may inhibit the activity of breast cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of VDAC1, increasing the apoptosis in breast cancer cells."	( Lidocaine promotes apoptosis in breast cancer cells by affecting VDAC1 expression. Cheng, L; Fang, X; Li, H; Long, D; Qu, L; Yuan, P, 2022)	3.61
"Lidocaine can inhibit the enhanced glycolysis and glycolytic capacity induced by LPS in the macrophages."	( Lidocaine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses and protects against endotoxemia in mice by suppressing HIF1α-induced glycolysis. Bian, J; Jiang, Z; Jin, P; Lin, S; Lu, W; Shao, C; Xiang, Q; Zhang, Y, 2020)	2.72
"The lidocaine group had a lower pain intensity than the saline group for up to 1 h, with no differences between groups in IL-6 and time to extubation. "	( Assessment of the Effect of Perioperative Venous Lidocaine on the Intensity of Pain and IL-6 Concentration After Laparoscopic Gastroplasty. Brunialti, MKC; Coelho, LMG; da Cunha Leal, P; da Silva, AAM; de Lima, RC; de Oliveira, CMB; Moura, ECR; Sakata, RK; Salomão, R; Valadão, JA, 2020)	1.37
"Lidocaine plays an anticancer role in hepatocellular carcinoma. "	( Lidocaine Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development by Modulating circ_ITCH/miR-421/CPEB3 Axis. Chen, F; Li, J; Liu, G; Ma, N; Mao, N; Zhao, L, 2021)	3.51
"1% lidocaine with EPI plays a similar role in clinical outcomes for inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve and buccal nerve block as 2% lidocaine with EPI, which produces lower pain on injection as well as a relatively short time to sensation return. "	( [Different concentration of lidocaine used for an exodontia of the impacted mandibular third molar]. Chang, QK; Chu, DQ; Gao, C; Hao, XH; Shen, ML; Ye, H; Zhao, J, 2020)	1.47
"Lidocaine is known to inhibit the hyperpolarization-activated mixed cation current (I"	( Cation and voltage dependence of lidocaine inhibition of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated HCN1 channel. Accili, EA; Putrenko, I; Schwarz, SKW; Yip, R, 2017)	2.18
"Lidocaine produced lower VPS scores during tenaculum placement (MD -0.99, 95% CI: -1.73 to -0.26), IUD insertion (MD -1.26, 95% CI: -2.23 to -0.29) and immediate post-IUD insertion period (MD -1.25, 95% CI: -2.17 to -0.33)."	( Uterine or paracervical lidocaine application for pain control during intrauterine contraceptive device insertion: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Hernandez, AV; Martinez-Dominguez, SJ; Perez-Lopez, FR; Perez-Roncero, GR, 2018)	1.51
"Lidocaine displays antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis and suppressing tumor growth in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells in vitro. "	( Effects of Lidocaine-Mediated CPEB3 Upregulation in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Proliferation In Vitro. Chen, B; Li, W; Liu, H; Shen, X; Wang, Y, 2018)	2.31
"lidocaine, inhibit metastasis by multiple mechanisms and recent in vivo data support this."	( Effect of Perioperative Lidocaine and Cisplatin on Metastasis in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer Surgery. Buggy, DJ; Crowley, PD; Foley, AG; Freeman, J; Gallagher, HC; Iwasaki, M; Ma, D, 2018)	1.51
"Lidocaine clearance was lower than reported in young healthy subjects."	( Rectus sheath single-injection blocks: a study to quantify local anaesthetic absorption using serial ultrasound measurements and lidocaine serum concentrations. Al Nebaihi, H; Brocks, DR; Dillane, D; Fairey, A; Green, JS; Primrose, M; Tsui, B; Widder, S, 2019)	1.44
"Lidocaine could cause significant ASC apoptosis."	( Lidocaine-induced ASC apoptosis (tumescent vs. local anesthesia). Baynosa, RC; Fang, XH; Khiabani, KT; Stephenson, LL; Wang, WZ; Williams, SJ; Zamboni, WA, 2014)	2.57
"The lidocaine group had lower serum MDA levels than those in the control group."	( Neuroprotective effects of intravenous lidocaine on early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients following spine surgery. Chen, K; Li, J; Wei, P; Zheng, Q; Zhou, J, 2015)	1.17
"Lidocaine can cause direct ASM relaxation by decreasing [Ca(2+)]i."	( Effect of lidocaine on endothelin-1-mediated airway smooth muscle contraction in the rat trachea. Akhtar, S; Brull, SJ; Harrison, BA; Podgoreanu, M, 2008)	1.47
"Lidocaine caused an increase in the frequency of MEPP, being followed by blockade; racemic bupivacaine produced decrease being followed by blockade."	( The influence of lidocaine and racemic bupivacaine on neuromuscular blockade produced by rocuronium. A study in rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. Braga, Ade F; Braga, FS; Carvalho, VH; de Araújo, DR; Loyola, YC; Mantovani, M, )	1.19
"IV lidocaine did not produce significant changes in spontaneous and evoked pain intensity measurements compared to pretreatment values."	( Lumbar sympathetic blockade in children with complex regional pain syndromes: a double blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Berde, CB; Meier, PM; Sethna, NF; Zurakowski, D, 2009)	0.87
"Lidocaine inhibited the increase in MDA level associated with IR injury while showing no influence over increases in number of neutrophils and tissue MPO level, and it elevated the flap survival rate."	( The impact of lidocaine on flap survival following reperfusion injury. Canoz, O; Eskitascioglu, T; Gunay, GK; Karaci, S; Kılıc, E, 2011)	2.17
"Lidocaine resulted in lower morphine consumption at 2 h [4.9 + or - 2.3 vs."	( Lidocaine vs. magnesium: effect on analgesia after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Abd El Latif, AA; Abd-Elmaksoud, AM; Kaki, AM; Saadawy, IM; Tolba, OM, 2010)	2.52
"lidocaine does not inhibit inflammatory events in either the laminae or skin in the horse administered black walnut extract."	( Effect of intravenous lidocaine administration on laminar inflammation in the black walnut extract model of laminitis. Belknap, JK; Faleiros, RR; Hubbell, JA; Lin, YJ; Loftus, JP; Peroni, JF; Ravis, WR; Williams, JM, 2010)	1.4
"Lidocaine can obviously inhibit the priming of resting neutrophilic granulocytes, which, simplified, may reduce the liberation of superoxide anions, a common pathway of inflammation after multiple forms of tissue trauma."	( [Intravenous administration of lidocaine for perioperative analgesia. Review and recommendations for practical usage]. Eggert, K; Gottschalk, A; Herminghaus, A; Wachowiak, M; Wilhelm, W, 2011)	1.38
"Lidocaine is known to increase the defibrillation threshold (DFT) of monophasic shocks (MS) and have no effect on DFT of biphasic shocks (BS). "	( Effects of lidocaine on shock-induced vulnerability. Efimov, IR; Li, L; Nikolski, V, 2003)	2.15
"Lidocaine at lower infusion rates was no better than placebo in relieving pain."	( A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled pilot trial of extended IV lidocaine infusion for relief of ongoing neuropathic pain. Backonja, MM; Hutson, PR; Tremont-Lukats, IW, )	1.08
"Lidocaine can directly inhibit the apoptosis and necrosis induced by LPS in cultured AT-II cells."	( [Protective effect of lidocaine on injury alveolar Type II cells induced by LPS in adult rats]. Chen, SX; Ming, GF; Wu, XY; Xu, DM, 2006)	2.09
"Lidocaine was used to inactivate the hippocampus."	( Amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats: Hippocampal modulation of the nucleus accumbens. Whitaker, C; White, IM; White, W, 2006)	1.06
"Lidocaine showed an increase in apoptosis at concentrations of 75 microM and above."	( Novel tissue engineered tubular heart tissue for in vitro pharmaceutical toxicity testing. Comer, GR; Franchini, JL; Propst, JT; Yost, MJ, 2007)	1.06
"Lidocaine was found to cause an effective and long-lasting partial blockade of the cardiovascular reflex responses to stimulation of the ventricular receptors."	( Studies on the endoanesthetic effects of lidocaine and benzonatate on non-medullated nerve endings in the left ventricle. Oberg, B; Thorén, P, 1981)	1.25
"Lidocaine was shown to inhibit selectively the digestion of immune complexes and immunoglobulin aggregates by macrophages whereas it had little effect on the binding or ingestion steps."	( The effect of lidocaine on the processing of soluble immune aggregates and immune complexes by peritoneal macrophages. Daha, MR; Hijlstra, A; Leslie, GQ; Van Dorp, W, 1980)	1.34
"Lidocaine did not cause MHb or SHb formation above baseline in any monkey."	( Topical anesthetic-induced methemoglobinemia and sulfhemoglobinemia in macaques: a comparison of benzocaine and lidocaine. Baskin, SI; Gold, MB; Martin, DG; Watson, CE; Woodard, CL, )	1.06
"lidocaine). Mean increase in VFT from baseline during infusion of the combination was 52.0 +/- 22.0 mA (p < 0.05 as compared with baseline and with esmolol or lidocaine alone)."	( Antifibrillatory effect of esmolol alone and in combination with lidocaine. Chow, MS; Colucci, RD; Fan, CD; Kluger, J; Sun, H; Tisdale, JE; Zhao, H, 1996)	1.25
"Lidocaine caused an increase in all CPTs at the umbilicus and the knee reaching a statistical significance at 5 Hz for the umbilicus only."	( Quantitative assessment of differential sensory blockade after lumbar epidural lidocaine. Irving, G; Tay, B; Wallace, MS, 1997)	1.25
"lidocaine, does not suppress CSNA during either normal or high CSNA under halothane anesthesia although i.v."	( Bupivacaine does not suppress cardiac sympathetic nerve activity during halothane anesthesia in the cat. Asada, A; Morimoto, O; Nishikawa, K; Terai, T; Yukioka, H, 1997)	1.02
"The lidocaine-induced increase in current magnitude at negative potentials and the hyperpolarizing shift in the steady-state activation curve of alpha-brain, are novel effects and suggest that lidocaine treatment does not always lead to current reduction/block when it interacts with Na+ channels."	( Lidocaine stabilizes the open state of CNS voltage-dependent sodium channels. Castañeda-Castellanos, DR; Kallen, RG; Nikonorov, I; Recio-Pinto, E, 2002)	2.24
"Both lidocaine and anoxia inhibit rapid axonal transport. "	( Lidocaine effects on brain mitochondrial metabolism in vitro. Fink, BR; Haschke, RH, 1975)	2.21
"Lidocaine did not inhibit afterdepolarizations or triggered activity."	( Triggered activity induced by K(+)-free, Na(+)-deficient solution in guinea pig ventricular muscle: the effects of ouabain, lidocaine, and Ca2+ channel blockers. Aronson, RS; Gilat, E; Nordin, C, 1990)	1.21
"Lidocaine can increase the basal tone of nasal mucosa, while procaine cannot."	( Effects of lidocaine and procaine on canine nasal blood vessels. Jackson, RT; Wang, HW, )	1.24
"Lidocaine injection to produce anesthetic nerve block resulted in loss of P320, but the potential was relatively preserved during ischemic nerve block."	( Pain-related somatosensory evoked potentials following CO2 laser stimulation in man. Ikeda, A; Kakigi, R; Shibasaki, H, )	0.85
"Lidocaine did not increase directly BLM A2-induced breakage of DNA in vitro as measured by loss of form I pAT 153 DNA, but it did increase BLM A2-induced DNA strand breaks in intact L1210 cells coincubated with lidocaine and BLM A2."	( Lidocaine potentiation of bleomycin A2 cytotoxicity and DNA strand breakage in L1210 and human A-253 cells. Braun, ID; Kennedy, KA; Lazo, JS; Meandzija, B; Pham, ET; Smaldone, LF, 1985)	2.43
"Lidocaine did not inhibit the binding of the lysophospholipid to the red cell membrane, but inhibited hemolysis in a manner similar to cholesterol."	( The effect of lidocaine on lysophosphatidylcholine-induced cardiac arrhythmias and cellular disturbances. Choy, PC; Lederman, CL; Man, RY; Neufeld, KJ, 1985)	1.35

Treatment

Lidocaine pretreatment, preceded by venous occlusion, is the most popular method for reducing pain during the injection of propofol but cannot entirely control such pain. Pretreatment with lidocaine, the beta-receptor agonist, terbutaline, or the adenosine non-blocking xanthine, enprofylline, inhibited the capsaicine induced inflammatory response. Lidocane plaster treatment resulted in a significant mean reduction of one concomitant PHN treatment per patient.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Lidocaine spray treatments were significantly different in the gag reflex (NRS; Gp A: 1.28 ± 0.67, Gp B: 1 ± 0.63, p = 0.0003), ease of esophageal instrumentation (NRS; Gp A: 7.68 ± 0.91, Gp B: 7.95 ± 0.66, p = 0.0042), and pain score (NRS; Gp A: 5.16 ± 2.08, Gp B: 4.53 ± 1.93, p = 0.0059). "	( Comparative effectiveness of lidocaine sprays between sitting and supine position for patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Mahawongkajit, P; Soonthornkes, N, 2022)	2.46
"Lidocaine pretreatment (2-200μg/ml) of LPS injured AEC II cells results in a decrease in TNF-α release, then up-regulates AQP5 expression, which maybe involved in the mechanism of its effects on AEC II cells injured by LPS."	( Lidocaine pretreatment up-regulates aquaporin-5 expression in primary alveolar epithelium type II cells injured by lipopolysaccharides. Sun, H; Wei, J; Xu, D; Yang, J; Yu, H; Yu, S; Zeng, Y, 2021)	2.79
"Lidocaine treatment relieved SCIRI by reducing Iba1 and serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels."	( Lidocaine relieves spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury via long non-coding RNA MIAT-mediated Notch1 downregulation. Hou, J; Li, H; Ma, J; Xue, C, 2022)	2.89
"Lidocaine plaster treatment resulted in superior pain relief, significantly fewer restrictions in daily life activities and better quality of life than the oral medications evaluated and was significantly better tolerated."	( Localized peripheral neuropathic pain: topical treatment with lidocaine 700 mg medicated plaster in routine clinical practice. Bösl, I; Eerdekens, M; Hollanders, E; Sabatschus, I; Überall, MA, 2022)	1.68
"Lidocaine treatment markedly reduced patients' clinical scores and improved an imiquimod-induced rat model of psoriasis as competent as systemic delivery of a TNF-α antibody."	( Lidocaine Ameliorates Psoriasis by Obstructing Pathogenic CGRP Signaling‒Mediated Sensory Neuron‒Dendritic Cell Communication. Bai, J; Bao, L; Cai, X; Jiang, B; Li, Q; Li, X; Lou, F; Song, N; Sun, L; Sun, Y; Tang, S; Wang, B; Wang, H; Wang, Z; Wu, Y; Yin, Q; Yu, B; Zhou, H, 2022)	2.89
"The lidocaine-treated rats (group L) showed elevated paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) as well as histopathological injuries in the lumbar spinal cord compared with the control saline-treated rats (group N)."	( Analysis of the long non-coding RNA and mRNA expression profiles associated with lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity in the spinal cord of a rat model. Cao, Y; Guo, Q; Jian, Y; Li, L; Li, Q; Wang, E; Wu, L; Zhang, Z, 2022)	1.43
"In lidocaine-treated HeLa cells, increased production of GDF-15 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was observed and unprocessed pro-protein form of GDF-15 was secreted extracellularly."	( Local anesthetic lidocaine-inducible gene, growth differentiation factor-15 suppresses the growth of cancer cell lines. Haraguchi-Suzuki, K; Kawabata-Iwakawa, R; Saito, S; Suto, T; Suzuki, T; Takazawa, T, 2022)	1.57
"In lidocaine-treated HeLa cells, Ki-67 was detected not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm."	( Local anesthetic lidocaine induces growth suppression of HeLa cells by decreasing and changing the cellular localization of the proliferation marker Ki-67. Haraguchi-Suzuki, K; Kawabata-Iwakawa, R; Saito, S; Suto, T; Suzuki, T; Takazawa, T, 2022)	1.57
"lidocaine treatment or placebo."	( Efficacy of prolonged intravenous lidocaine infusion for postoperative movement-evoked pain following hepatectomy: a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Hong, Y; Jiang, C; Kang, Y; Li, H; Li, Y; Liu, F; Xiao, X; Xu, Y; Ye, M; Yu, F; Zhou, L; Zhou, M, 2023)	1.91
"The lidocaine group was treated with intravenous lidocaine."	( A randomised controlled trial of lidocaine infusion on post-operative opioid consumption in patients undergoing robotic colorectal surgery. Herzog, J; Jensen, AG; Jensen, KM; Lauridsen, JT; Schou, M, 2020)	1.32
"Lidocaine treatment was associated with modest reduction of pain during tenaculum placement and after IUD insertion."	( Uterine or paracervical lidocaine application for pain control during intrauterine contraceptive device insertion: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Hernandez, AV; Martinez-Dominguez, SJ; Perez-Lopez, FR; Perez-Roncero, GR, 2018)	2.23
"Lidocaine treatment resulted in the arrest of cell-cycle progression in the G1 phase and inhibited Ki-67 expression in a dose-dependent manner."	( Lidocaine inhibits melanoma cell proliferation by regulating ERK phosphorylation. Chen, J; Jiao, Z; Wang, A; Zhong, W, 2019)	2.68
"Lidocaine treatment reduced the ABCG2, P-gp, MRP1, and MRP2 protein levels in cells."	( Lidocine potentiates the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil to choriocarcinoma cells by downregulating ABC transport proteins expression. Liu, H; Pang, W; Wang, J; Zhang, X, 2019)	1.24
"Lidocaine treatment decreased the flux of a cationic lipophilic molecule across the cell layer, but had no effect on the penetration of hydrophilic neutral or negatively charged markers."	( Lidocaine turns the surface charge of biological membranes more positive and changes the permeability of blood-brain barrier culture models. Brás, AR; Castanho, MARB; Deli, MA; Dér, A; Gaspar, D; Kincses, A; Klepe, A; Mészáros, M; Santa-Maria, AR; Valkai, S; Walter, FR; Zimányi, L, 2019)	2.68
"Lidocaine treatment also activated caspase-3/7 in a dose- and time-dependent manner similarly in both ages."	( Despite differences in cytosolic calcium regulation, lidocaine toxicity is similar in adult and neonatal rat dorsal root ganglia in vitro. Blanck, TJ; Doan, LV; Eydlin, O; Kline, RP; Piskoun, B; Recio-Pinto, E; Rosenberg, AD; Xu, F, 2014)	1.37
"Lidocaine patch treatment did not reduce combined resting and dynamic pain ratings compared with placebo in patients with severe, persistent inguinal postherniorrhaphy pain."	( Lidocaine patch (5%) in treatment of persistent inguinal postherniorrhaphy pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Bischoff, JM; Kehlet, H; Petersen, M; Sommer, C; Uçeyler, N; Werner, MU, 2013)	3.28
"Lidocaine pretreatment does not have a significant effect on tolerability, efficacy, or patient willingness to receive retreatment."	( Treatment of neuropathic pain with the capsaicin 8% patch: is pretreatment with lidocaine necessary? Kern, KU; Nowack, W; Poole, C, 2014)	1.35
"Lidocaine treatment abrogated chemokine-induced neutrophil arrest and significantly impaired neutrophil transmigration through endothelial cells by inhibition of the protein kinase C-θ while not affecting the selectin-mediated slow leukocyte rolling."	( Lidocaine reduces neutrophil recruitment by abolishing chemokine-induced arrest and transendothelial migration in septic patients. Berger, C; Hahnenkamp, K; Rossaint, J; Van Aken, H; Westphal, M; Zarbock, A, 2014)	2.57
"Lidocaine-treated animals (Lido 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg/h) showed higher interleukin (IL)-10 plasma levels compared to control animals. "	( Lidocaine increases the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 following mechanical ventilation in healthy mice. Kox, M; Scheffer, GJ; Steegers, M; Van Berkum, B; Van Der Hoeven, J; Van Der Laak, J; Van Der Wal, S; Vaneker, M; Vissers, K, 2015)	3.3
"Lidocaine spray treatment significantly lowered the overall procedural pain score compared with placebo."	( Lidocaine 10% spray to the cervix reduces pain during intrauterine device insertion: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Açmaz, G; Aksoy, H; Aksoy, Ü; Babayigit, M; Ozyurt, S, 2016)	2.6
"Lidocaine spray treatment significantly lowered the pain scores compared with placebo (p < 0.001)."	( Effect of lidocaine spray in pain management during office-based endometrial sampling: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Acmaz, G; Aksoy, H; Aksoy, U; Aydin, T; Babayigit, MA; Ozyurt, S; Yücel, B, 2016)	1.56
"The lidocaine topical treatment was continued for months with durable analgesic effect."	( Lidocaine 5% Medicated Plaster for Spinal Neuropathic Pain. Ambrosio, F; Freo, U; Furnari, M; Ori, C, 2016)	2.36
"Lidocaine treatment resulted in suppression of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and subsequent attenuation of mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as enhanced ROS production, activation of caspase-3/7 and caspase-9, and induction of apoptosis and necrosis in SH-SY5Y cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. "	( The antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine suppresses lidocaine-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species production and cell death in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Hirota, K; Kusunoki, M; Matsuo, Y; Nishi, K; Okamoto, A; Oku, K; Shingu, K; Sumi, C; Takenaga, K; Tanaka, M, 2016)	2.14
"All lidocaine-treated eyes had transient blepharospasm and conjunctival hyperemia."	( Corneal anesthetic effect and ocular tolerance of 3.5% lidocaine gel in comparison with 0.5% aqueous proparacaine and 0.5% viscous tetracaine in normal canines. Blocker, T; Brinkis, J; Dees, DD; Madsen, R; Venturi, F, 2017)	1.18
"The lidocaine treatment resulted in significantly decreased brain activity in both patient groups with distinct brain regions responding in each group, and sub-regions within these areas were correlated with pain ratings specifically for each group (medial prefrontal cortex in CBP and thalamus in OA)."	( A preliminary fMRI study of analgesic treatment in chronic back pain and knee osteoarthritis. Apkarian, AV; Baliki, MN; Geha, PY; Harden, N; Jabakhanji, R; Schnitzer, TJ, 2008)	0.83
"Lidocaine treatment prior to or after induction of cystitis reduced NGF content in the bladder."	( Lidocaine prevents referred hyperalgesia associated with cystitis. Bjorling, DE; Boldon, K; Bushman, W; Guerios, SD; Wang, ZY, 2009)	2.52
"Lidocaine treatment 4 hr after induction of cystitis failed to prevent referred hyperalgesia despite a similar decrease in bladder NGF."	( Lidocaine prevents referred hyperalgesia associated with cystitis. Bjorling, DE; Boldon, K; Bushman, W; Guerios, SD; Wang, ZY, 2009)	2.52
"Lidocaine treatment was also significantly associated with enhanced short-term survival (OR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.09-0.98)."	( Risk factors for equine postoperative ileus and effectiveness of prophylactic lidocaine. Delesalle, C; Deprez, P; Devisscher, L; Dewulf, J; Torfs, S, )	1.08
"Lidocaine treatment resulted in decreased generation of phosphorylated IkappaB."	( Lidocaine inhibits epithelial chemokine secretion via inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B activation. Amariglio, N; Ben Horin, S; Chowers, Y; Fudim, E; Lang, A; Picard, O, 2010)	2.52
"Lidocaine pre-treatment also attenuated the number of injury-induced NPY-LI fibers and c-Fos-LI neurons within the CN in a dose-dependent manner."	( Pre-treatment with lidocaine suppresses ectopic discharges and attenuates neuropeptide Y and c-Fos expressions in the rat cuneate nucleus following median nerve transection. Chen, SH; Huang, CT; Lin, CT; Lue, JH; Tsai, YJ; Wang, HY, 2009)	1.4
"Lidocaine treatment reduced the corticosterone levels compared to saline treatment after catheterisation but not after laparotomy."	( Impact of surgical severity and analgesic treatment on plasma corticosterone in rats during surgery. Abelson, KS; Carlsson, HE; Goldkuhl, R; Hau, J; Klockars, A, 2010)	1.08
"In lidocaine or NGF pretreatment group, the expression of Bcl-2 (Group L12: 36.60 + or - 3.31, Group L24: 34.73 + or - 1.82, Group L48: 65.17 + or - 1.53; Group N12: 35.70 + or - 1.18 , Group N24: 37.30 + or - 3.86, Group N48: 62.77 + or - 2.91) was obviously increased comparing with control group (Group L: 24.53 + or - 1.48, Group N: 25.43 + or - 1.85), but the number of the apoptosis (Group L12: 32.87 + or - 0.99, Group L24: 31.90 + or - 4.14, Group L48: 24.50 + or - 0.70; Group N12: 32.80 + or - 1.27, Group N24: 32.83 + or - 1.30, Group N48: 23.30 + or - 0.86) and Bax expression (Group L12: 33.47 + or - 1.21, Group L24: 33.70 + or - 1.20, Group L48: 24.67 + or - 2.09; Group N12: 32.17 + or - 2.21, Group N24: 31.97 + or - 1.79, Group N48: 23.27 + or - 1.20) were significantly decreased comparing with the control group (the number of the apoptosis: Group L 67.43 + or - 3.92, Group N 67.80 + or - 3.82; Bax: Group L 59.73 + or - 1.32, Group N 59.37 + or - 1.54, P<0.05 or P<0.01)."	( [A study of the protective effects of lidocaine and nerve growth factor pretreatment on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in gerbils]. Wang, DF; Xie, JD, 2010)	1.15
"Lidocaine and NGF pretreatment before cerebral I/R can alleviate I/R injury to the cerebral tissue. "	( [A study of the protective effects of lidocaine and nerve growth factor pretreatment on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in gerbils]. Wang, DF; Xie, JD, 2010)	2.07
"Lidocaine treatment was found to block the learning-associated structural remodeling of the MFTF that was reported previously and observed in the PBS-injected controls."	( Lidocaine injections targeting CA3 hippocampus impair long-term spatial memory and prevent learning-induced mossy fiber remodeling. Holahan, MR; Routtenberg, A, 2011)	2.53
"Lidocaine pretreatment, preceded by venous occlusion, is the most popular method for reducing pain during the injection of propofol but cannot entirely control such pain."	( Efficacy of the lidocaine/flurbiprofen axetil combination for reducing pain during the injection of propofol. Fujii, Y; Itakura, M, 2011)	1.44
"Lidocaine treatment decreased apoptosis rate of AECⅡ, increased percentage of G2/M and S phase cells, and increased protein levels of PCNA."	( [Protective effects of lidocaine on hyperoxia-exposed type Ⅱalveolar epithelial cells from premature rats]. Ding, XF; Li, J; Zhang, B; Zhong, LL, 2011)	1.4
"Lidocaine plaster treatment resulted in a significant mean reduction of one concomitant PHN treatment per patient in the overall efficacy population analysed at the end of the observation (p < 0.001)."	( 5% lidocaine medicated plaster in elderly patients with postherpetic neuralgia: results of a compassionate use programme in France. Clère, F; Delorme-Morin, C; Ganry, H; George, B; Navez, M; Rioult, B; Tiberghien-Chatelain, F, 2011)	1.71
"With lidocaine treatment all goats were severely ataxic or recumbent, after tramadol-lidocaine mildly ataxic, and after tramadol not ataxic."	( Evaluation of anti-nociceptive effect of epidural tramadol, tramadol-lidocaine and lidocaine in goats. Bigham-Sadegh, A; Dehkordi, SH; Gerami, R, 2012)	1.07
"Lidocaine, both pretreatment and mixed, significantly reduced the INDS."	( Reducing the pain of intranasal drug administration. Antonio, C; Creighton, P; Heard, C; Johnson, K; Zurek, J, )	0.85
"Only lidocaine pretreatment was an independently associated factor against pain perception (OR, 0.380; 95% CI, 0.177-0.815; P = 0.013)."	( Incidence of propofol injection pain and effect of lidocaine pretreatment during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Cho, KB; Chung, WJ; Hwang, JS; Jang, BK; Kim, ES; Kim, TY; Kwon, JS; Lee, JE; Park, KS; Park, WY, 2012)	1.09
"Lidocaine treatment abolished almost completely reperfusion arrhythmias in the FO group, but did not display anti-arrhythmic properties in the SSO group."	( Mitochondrial basis of the anti-arrhythmic action of lidocaine and modulation by the n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratio of cardiac phospholipids. Clauw, F; Demaison, L; Moreau, D; Rochette, L; Vergely, C, 2013)	1.36
"Lidocaine treatment had no significant influence on local cerebral blood flow and electroencephalogram during ischemia and reperfusion."	( Effects of delayed administration of low-dose lidocaine on transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Capuano-Waters, C; Cottrell, JE; Kass, IS; Lei, B; Popp, S, 2002)	1.29
"Lidocaine-treated horses had significantly better minimum jejunal cross-sectional area scores (P = .011), minimum jejunal diameter scores (P = .002), and intestinal ultrasound index (IUI) (P = .007)."	( Intravenous lidocaine and small-intestinal size, abdominal fluid, and outcome after colic surgery in horses. Bassage, L; Brianceau, P; Chevalier, H; Court, MH; Karas, A; Kirker-Head, C; Paradis, MR; Provost, P, )	1.23
"Lidocaine treatment improved early electrophysiological recovery and reduced the size of the cortical infarct at 24 h, but had no significant effect on cerebral blood flow in either the penumbra or core during ischemia."	( Lidocaine attenuates apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra and reduces infarct size after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Capuano-Waters, C; Cottrell, JE; Kass, IS; Lei, B; Popp, S, 2004)	2.49
"Lidocaine-treated mice exhibited impaired object recognition memory, measured as reduced novel object preference, after a 24 h but not a 5 min retention interval."	( On the delay-dependent involvement of the hippocampus in object recognition memory. Hammond, RS; Stackman, RW; Tull, LE, 2004)	1.04
"Lidocaine or heat treatment of T24 cells during sonication enhanced luciferase expression significantly. "	( Ultrasound mediated intravesical transfection enhanced by treatment with lidocaine or heat. Feril, LB; Fuse, H; Kagiya, G; Kondo, T; Nakaya, N; Nozaki, T; Ogawa, R, 2004)	2
"Lidocaine pretreatment is the most popular method for reducing this pain but this drug cannot entirely eliminate the problem."	( A lidocaine/metoclopramide combination decreases pain on injection of propofol. Fujii, Y; Nakayama, M, 2005)	1.77
"The lidocaine-treated animals captured the prey by using mostly the mouth, with little forepaw assistance, and were less effective in capturing the roaches."	( Effects of ventrolateral striatal inactivation on predatory hunting. Baldo, MV; Canteras, NS; da Cunha, C; dos Santos, LM; Ferro, MM; Mota-Ortiz, SR, 2007)	0.82
"Lidocaine treatment was not associated with mortality rate or postoperative complications, but was associated with prolonged hospitalization time."	( Evaluation of lidocaine treatment and risk factors for death associated with gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs: 112 cases (1997-2005). Bdolah-Abram, T; Bruchim, Y; Buber, T; Epstein, A; Ranen, E; Saragusty, J, 2007)	1.42
"Lidocaine treatment of the CN caused a similar increase in apoptosis (1.6-fold) and decrease in SHH protein (1.3-fold) in the penis."	( Neural influences on sonic hedgehog and apoptosis in the rat penis. Bond, C; Podlasek, CA; Tang, Y, 2008)	1.07
"In Lidocaine treated group: 11 excellent (44%), 5 good (20%) and 9 ineffective (36%)."	( [Comparative study of the anti-arrhythmic activity of mexiletine and lidocaine in ventricular hyperkinetic arrhythmias]. Bonatti, V; Botti, G; Favaro, L; Finardi, A; Rolli, A, 1981)	1.01
"Lidocaine treatment elicited modest improvements in systemic arterial blood pressure and reduced relative glucose utilization and gluconeogenesis, but in itself, was not a sufficient therapy for endotoxic shock in this model."	( Lidocaine therapy in awake endotoxemic Yucatan minipigs. I. Metabolic parameters and glucose biokinetics. Brooks, PA; Chandrasena, LG; Cleek, JL; Fettman, MJ; Hand, MS; Mason, RA; Phillips, RW, 1984)	2.43
"Lidocaine-treated animals, in the absence of convulsions, exhibited decreased glucose utilization in most brain structures compared to saline-treated animals and showed no increase in aggressive behavior."	( Metabolic and behavioral consequences of lidocaine-kindled seizures. Ingvar, DH; Kennedy, C; Miyaoka, M; Post, RM; Shinohara, M; Sokoloff, L; Squillace, K; Suda, S, 1984)	1.25
"Lidocaine-treated macrophages incorporated less protozoa than normal macrophages."	( Phagocytosis of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai by mouse peritoneal macrophages: effect of lidocaine, concanavalin A and carbohydrates. Alviano, CS; Angluster, J; De Souza, W; Oda, LM, 1982)	1.21
"Lidocaine pretreatment (10 mg/kg i.v.) was effective in preventing VF in rats, but increased the incidence of CR-induced VF in dogs and significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced the mean time to VF during CO in pigs."	( Acute coronary artery occlusion-reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in rats, dogs and pigs: antiarrhythmic evaluation of quinidine, procainamide and lidocaine. Bergey, JL; McCallum, JD; Nocella, K, 1982)	1.19
"The lidocaine treatment consisted of an infusion of 0.8 mg/kg/min over 10 min, followed by an infusion of 0.085 mg/kg/min over 3 h."	( Lidocaine plasma concentrations obtained with a standardized infusion in the awake and anaesthetized dog. Belpaire, F; Bogaert, M; De Rick, A; Rosseel, MT, 1981)	2.19
"Lidocaine pretreatment has recently been shown to attenuate endotoxin-induced lung injury in rabbits."	( Does early posttreatment with lidocaine attenuate endotoxin-induced acute injury in rabbits? Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H; Takao, Y, 1995)	1.3
"In lidocaine-pretreated dogs, histamine decreased airway area to 79 +/- 4% of baseline (p < 0.01)."	( Prevention of bronchoconstriction by an orally active local anesthetic. Brown, RH; Hirshman, C; Robbins, W; Staats, P, 1995)	0.81
"Lidocaine pretreatment attenuated these changes."	( Effect of lidocaine pretreatment on endotoxin-induced lung injury in rabbits. Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H; Takao, Y; Yaku, H, 1994)	1.41
"The lidocaine-gel treatment appears to be very useful for reduction of pain associated with acute or subacute phase of herpes zoster."	( [Transdermal application of 10% lidocaine-gel for management of pain associated with herpes zoster]. Ikuta, Y; Kano, T; Mishima, M; Morioka, T; Nakano, M; Shimoda, O; Takaki, M; Tashima, T; Tashiro, M, 1993)	1.05
"The lidocaine treatment, which induced seizures in some of the animals, was without significant effect on the biochemical markers."	( Electroconvulsive shock and lidocaine-induced seizures in the rat activate astrocytes as measured by glial fibrillary acidic protein. Bolwig, TG; Jørgensen, OS; Kragh, J; Woldbye, DP, )	0.91
"In lidocaine-treated animals PMN CD11b expression was maintained at basal levels 2 hours after reperfusion, compared with group II, in which upregulation of CD11b was observed."	( Lidocaine reduces reperfusion injury and neutrophil migration in canine lung allografts. Ando, K; Cooper, JD; Patterson, GA; Schmid, RA; Tanaka, Y; Yamashita, M, 1996)	2.25
"Lidocaine treatment evokes a substantially higher proliferative response than bFGF and, importantly, a durable angiogenic response in skeletal muscle."	( Induction of angiogenesis by lidocaine and basic fibroblast growth factor: a model for in vivo retroviral-mediated gene therapy. Burkel, WE; Carlson, BM; Gordon, D; Jejurikar, SS; Messina, LM; Welling, TH; Zelenock, JA, 1997)	1.31
"Lidocaine-treated patients first experienced flatulence in a significantly shorter time (P < 0.01) than control patients."	( Intravenous lidocaine speeds the return of bowel function, decreases postoperative pain, and shortens hospital stay in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Fisher, HA; Groudine, SB; Kaufman, RP; Lumb, PD; Mehta, SA; Patel, MK; Wilkins, LJ, 1998)	1.4
"Lidocaine-treated patients had shorter hospital stays, less pain, and faster return of bowel function."	( Intravenous lidocaine speeds the return of bowel function, decreases postoperative pain, and shortens hospital stay in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Fisher, HA; Groudine, SB; Kaufman, RP; Lumb, PD; Mehta, SA; Patel, MK; Wilkins, LJ, 1998)	1.4
"Lidocaine pretreatment attenuated these changes."	( Intravenous lidocaine attenuates acute lung injury induced by hydrochloric acid aspiration in rabbits. Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H; Shiga, M; Takao, Y, 1998)	1.4
"Lidocaine-treated animals exhibited persistent sensory impairment, whereas glucose- and saline-treated animals did not. "	( Comparative toxicity of glucose and lidocaine administered intrathecally in the rat. Bollen, AW; Ciriales, R; Drasner, K; Hashimoto, K; Sakura, S, )	1.85
"Lidocaine-treated rats had impaired memory for the classical fear conditioning when they were compared with the saline-treated controls: they spent less time freezing, entered the shock arm more readily and more often, and spent more time in it."	( Basolateral amygdala is involved in modulating consolidation of memory for classical fear conditioning. McGaugh, JL; Vazdarjanova, A, 1999)	1.02
"Lidocaine treatment attenuated these changes."	( Lidocaine attenuates acute lung injury induced by a combination of phospholipase A2 and trypsin. Kiyonari, Y; Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H, 2000)	2.47
"Lidocaine treated patients had significantly less abdominal postoperative pain immediately on return to the ward and during the first postoperative day (P<0.05)."	( Intraperitoneal lidocaine for postoperative pain after laparoscopy. Ali, NM; Elhakim, M; Elkott, M; Tahoun, HM, 2000)	1.37
"Lidocaine treatment prevented the increased stickiness of white cells and, at the same time, the microvascular haemorrhage developing after APS."	( Increased interaction of vascular endothelium and leucocytes after administration of antiplatelet serum: role in the developing vascular defect. Caen, JP; Kovacs, IB, 1979)	0.98
"Lidocaine-treated dogs recovered 60 +/- 10% (mean +/- 95% confidence limits) of the baseline somatosensory evoked potential amplitude 220 minutes after air embolism; saline-treated dogs recovered 32 +/- 10% (a significant difference at p less than 0.01). "	( Effect of lidocaine on somatosensory evoked response and cerebral blood flow after canine cerebral air embolism. Clark, JB; Dutka, AJ; Hallenbeck, JM; McDermott, J; Mink, R, 1992)	2.13
"All lidocaine-treated piglets took more time to attach than C piglets."	( Sensory systems and nipple attachment behavior in neonatal pigs. McGlone, JJ; Morrow-Tesch, J, 1990)	0.76
"Lidocaine pretreatment resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of this ischemia-induced CA release from adrenergic neurons (0.96 +/- 0.06 and 1.30 +/- 0.05% for the lower and higher dose, respectively)."	( Effects of lidocaine on catecholamine release in the ischemic rat heart. Addicks, K; Brinkmann, C; Hirche, H; McDonald, FM; Polwin, W, 1987)	1.38
"Lidocaine-treated patients had fewer cardiac dysrhythmias (P less than 0.05) and 34 per cent of them had tinnitus."	( Haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in geriatric patients: effects of fentanyl, lidocaine and thiopentone. Cervenko, F; Splinter, WM, 1989)	1.21
"Lidocaine treatment did not alter the hemodynamic measurements and resulted in metabolic acidosis and hypoalbuminemia."	( Lidocaine treatment of dogs with Escherichia coli septicemia. Hardie, EM; Rakich, PM; Rawlings, CA; Shotts, EB; Waltman, DW, 1988)	2.44
"The lidocaine-treated group had significantly lower pain scores and meperidine requirements during the first postoperative day compared to the control groups."	( Topical anesthesia with lidocaine aerosol in the control of postoperative pain. Cassuto, J; Ekman, R; Faxén, A; Hedner, T; Högström, S; Lindén, I; Sinclair, R, 1988)	1.06
"Lidocaine HCl pretreatment improved the response to hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion in this model of hemorrhagic shock."	( Effect of lidocaine pretreatment on acute hemorrhagic shock in the anesthetized rat. Keith, JC, 1986)	1.39
"The lidocaine-treated patients had significantly lower pain scores during the first day after surgery (P less than 0.001) and required significantly less meperidine during the first (P less than 0.02) and second postoperative days (P less than 0.01)."	( Inhibition of postoperative pain by continuous low-dose intravenous infusion of lidocaine. Cassuto, J; Faxén, A; Högström, S; Rimbäck, G; Wallin, G, 1985)	0.98
"Treatment with lidocaine alone or with the steroid resulted in decreases of 4.46 and 4.29 points, respectively, in pain scores and of 15.8 and 14.46 points, respectively, in functional scores at 6 months."	( Clinical Efficacy of Epidural Injections of Local Anesthetic Alone or Combined with Steroid for Neck Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bao, SX; Li, BZ; Li, Y; Liu, MG; Tang, WH; Zhou, L, 2022)	1.06
"Pre-treatment with lidocaine or flurbiprofen axetil has proven to be effectual in the reduction propofol-induced pain in adults."	( Clinical therapeutic effects of lidocaine combination with flurbiprofen axetil for reducing propofol-induced pain in adults: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Fu, J; Lu, G; Sun, W; Ye, X; Yu, J, 2020)	1.16
"Pretreatment with lidocaine could be served as one effective approach to decrease both the incidence and the severity of etomidate-induced myoclonus, with limited influence on the hemodynamic stability of patients. "	( Pretreatment with lidocaine reduces both incidence and severity of etomidate-induced myoclonus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lang, B; Li, F; Lin, Y; Yang, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, W, 2018)	1.15
"Treatment with lidocaine or placebo plaster led to a clinically relevant reduction in average pain intensity. "	( Lidocaine medicated plaster, an additional potential treatment option for localized post-surgical neuropathic pain: efficacy and safety results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Attal, N; Boesl, I; Buchheister, B; Koenig, S; Palladini, M, 2019)	2.31
"Treatment with lidocaine in pediatric cluster seizures may be useful and may be considered as a therapeutic option. "	( Long-term Outcome of Intravenous Lidocaine in Pediatric Cluster Seizures: A Preliminary Study. Jóźwiak, S; Strzelecka, J; Słowińska, M, 2019)	1.15
"Treatment with lidocaine also significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50/p65, increased the protein levels of inhibitor kappa B-α."	( Lidocaine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in microglia. Li, X; Li, Z; Wang, N; Yang, X; Yu, G; Yuan, T, 2014)	2.18
"Treatment with lidocaine or other alternative drugs in cases of prolonged SE should be taken into account as soon as it becomes clear that the clinical condition is refractory to common AEDs included in available guidelines for SE treatment, to improve the bad outcome of this severe condition, at least limiting the negative effects of prolonged high metabolic demand due to continuous epileptiform activity and/or the possible negative effects of prolonged burst-suppression coma."	( Lidocaine treatment in refractory status epilepticus resulting from febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome: a case report and follow-up. Briatore, E; Calzolari, S; Capizzi, G; Conio, A; Davico, C; Longobardo, A; Podestà, B; Rainò, E; Torta, F; Vittorini, R, 2015)	2.2
"Pretreatment with lidocaine significantly reduced both the incidence and severity of myoclonic movements."	( Lidocaine pretreatment reduces the frequency and severity of myoclonus induced by etomidate. Akkaya, T; Bedirli, N; Gultop, F; Gumus, H, 2010)	2.13
"Treatment with lidocaine reduced net fluid secretion in the small intestine and the colon."	( Rotavirus infection of murine small intestine causes colonic secretion via age restricted galanin-1 receptor expression. Bansal, A; Benya, R; Habib, I; Hempson, SJ; Mackow, ER; Matkowskyj, K; Shaw, RD; Tsao, E, 2010)	0.7
"Pretreatment with lidocaine significantly reduced chemotactic response to monocyte chemotactic protein-1 of IFN-γ-activated microglial cells."	( Lidocaine attenuates the development of diabetic-induced tactile allodynia by inhibiting microglial activation. Hasegawa-Moriyama, M; Inada, E; Kamikubo, Y; Sakurai, T; Suzuki, N; Takahashi, Y, 2011)	2.14
"Pretreatment with lidocaine or metoclopramide equally and significantly reduced the incidence and severity of propofol induced pain (76%)."	( The effects of remifentanil, lidocaine, metoclopramide, or ketamine pretreatment on propofol injection pain. Aktay, M; Ozlü, O; Polat, R, 2012)	0.99
"Treatment with lidocaine caused an increase in the percentage of migrating cells (up to 75.0+/-5.6) in velocity dose dependently (up to 0.33+/-0.06) and in distance migrated (up to 151.5+/-92.9)."	( Influence of non-volatile anesthetics on the migration behavior of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468. Brandt, L; Garib, V; Kubens, BS; Niggemann, B; Zänker, KS, 2002)	0.65
"Rats treated with lidocaine demonstrated better neurologic outcome and less weight loss (P < 0.05)."	( Effects of delayed administration of low-dose lidocaine on transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Capuano-Waters, C; Cottrell, JE; Kass, IS; Lei, B; Popp, S, 2002)	0.9
"Pre-treatment with lidocaine before Propofol-MCT/LCT seems to have an additional effect."	( [Propofol-LCT versus propofol-MCT/LCT with or without lidocaine - a comparison on pain on injection]. Haaf-Von-Below, S; Kuhlen, R; Kunitz, O; Lösing, R; Rossaint, R; Schulz-Stübner, S, 2004)	0.89
"Pretreatment with lidocaine (10 microM), but not procaine (50 microM), restored the membrane potential after the reintroduction of oxygen and glucose."	( Neuroprotective mechanisms of lidocaine against in vitro ischemic insult of the rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Higashi, H; Kuroiwa, M; Murai, Y; Niiyama, S; Noguchi, M; Sakamoto, H; Satani, M; Takahashi, K; Tanaka, E; Tsuji, S; Yamada, A, 2005)	0.94
"Pretreatment with lidocaine and amifostine-but not with pilocarpine-induced lower up-regulation of TN-C expression 72 h after radiation."	( Pharmacological prevention of radiation-induced dry eye-an experimental study in a rabbit model. Beutel, J; Geerling, G; Hakim, SG; Kosmehl, H; Rades, D; Schroder, C; Sieg, P; von Hof, K; Wedel, T, 2007)	0.66
"Pretreatment with lidocaine, metoclopramide, or flurbiprofen axetil has been reported to be effective in reducing propofol-induced pain."	( Comparison of lidocaine, metoclopramide, and flurbiprofen axetil for reducing pain on injection of propofol in Japanese adult surgical patients: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Fujii, Y; Itakura, M, 2008)	1.03
"Treatment with lidocaine was administered in two fashions: as single inhalation or inhalation bid for 7 consecutive days, for comparison with a saline-inhaled control group."	( Continued inhalation of lidocaine suppresses antigen-induced airway hyperreactivity and airway inflammation in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. Haraguchi, R; Iwanaga, T; Kubo, H; Muraki, M; Tohda, Y, 2008)	0.99
"Pretreatment with lidocaine also greatly attenuated the acute hypertension and the increase in intracranial pressure following air embolism."	( Protective effect of lidocaine in acute cerebral ischemia induced by air embolism. Bradley, ME; Evans, DE; Kobrine, AI; LeGrys, DC, 1984)	0.91
"Pretreatment with lidocaine (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the incidence of VT and caused low but not significant reductions in the incidences of VF and mortality induced by aconitine."	( R 56 865, a Na+/Ca(2+)-overload inhibitor, protects against aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in vivo. De Clerck, F; Lu, HR, 1993)	0.61
"pre-treatment with lidocaine at the lumbar level."	( Specific contribution of lumbar spinal mechanisms to persistent nociceptive responses in the formalin test. Coderre, TJ; Henry, JL; Yashpal, K, 1994)	0.61
"Pretreatment with lidocaine reduced the incidence of pain and discomfort significantly compared with unpretreated groups."	( Pain on injection of propofol. Chen, GT; Chen, TY; Hwang, MH; Lin, JC; Lin, SS, 1994)	0.61
"Pretreatment with lidocaine, methysergide, or hexamethonium did not change the results of tactile stimulation on the blood flow."	( Influence of tactile stimulation of the rat gastric mucosa on blood flow and acid output. Holm, L; Jägare, A, 1993)	0.61
"Pretreatment with lidocaine or bupivacaine had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on PMNG luminol-amplified chemiluminescence stimulated by bovine serum albumin (BSA)/anti-BSA immune complexes (IC) or by serum-opsonized zymosan (SOZ) particles."	( Inhibitory effects of amide local anaesthetics on stimulus-induced human leukocyte metabolic activation, LTB4 release and IL-1 secretion in vitro. Cassuto, J; Eriksson, AS; Gretzer, C; Sinclair, R; Thomsen, P, 1993)	0.61
"Pretreatment with lidocaine (10 mg/kg, n = 6) caused a significant increase in the dose of ouabain needed to initiate cardiac arrhythmias and to cause death."	( Inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ overload with R 56,865 protects against cardiac arrhythmias elicited by ouabain in vivo in guinea-pigs. De Clerck, F; Lu, HR; Remeysen, P, 1993)	0.61
"Pretreatment with lidocaine (5 mg/kg), verapamil (0.63 mg/kg), R56865 (0.63 mg/kg) or ethylisobutyl amiloride (1.25 mg/kg) significantly reduced or abolished all types of ventricular arrhythmias."	( Ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in anaesthetized rats: a role of Na+ and Ca2+ influx. Dai, DZ; De Clerck, F; Lu, HR; Remeysen, P; Saels, A; Yang, P, 1999)	0.63
"The treatment with lidocaine followed by mexiletine was useful for controlling clusters of intractable seizures."	( [A successful treatment with intravenous lidocaine followed by oral mexiletine in a patient with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome]. Miyamoto, A; Oki, J; Takahashi, S, 1999)	0.89
"Treatment with lidocaine 15 microM suppressed OZ-activated CLA phenyl-dependent chemiluminescence by approximately 40% compared with that of OZ only-activated neutrophils."	( The effects of lidocaine on superoxide production and p47 Phox translocation in opsonized zymosan-activated neutrophils. Arakawa, K; Nakagawa, S; Ogawa, S; Takahashi, H, 2001)	1
"Pretreatment with lidocaine, the beta-receptor agonist, terbutaline, or the adenosine non-blocking xanthine, enprofylline, inhibited the capsaicine induced inflammatory response."	( Anti-asthma drugs and capsaicine-induced microvascular effects in lower airways. Erjefält, I; Persson, CG, 1985)	0.59

Toxicity

Intracameral lidocaine may be a safe and effective alternative anaesthesia method in trabeculectomy for uncomplicated primary open-angle glaucoma.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"5 mg/ml or higher, adverse effects were not completely reversible."	( Adverse effects of lidocaine and methylparaben on tracheal ciliary activity. Dreisin, RB; LaForce, FM; Manawadu, BR; Mostow, SR, 1979)	0.59
"The influence of LD50 of lidocain by preliminary treatment with pethidin, aminophenazone or diazepam, respectively, is examined at the mouse."	( [Over-additive increase of the toxicity of lidocaine by pethidine]. Lampe, D; Lange, B; Mai, I, 1976)	0.52
"Etidocaine given by intravenous infusion has been compared, using a double-blind technique, with bupivacaine and lignocaine in respect of toxic symptoms and signs."	( Evaluation of the toxicity of local anaesthetic agents in man. Scott, DB, 1975)	0.25
" Despite prior reports of this complication in the literature, many practitioners are unaware of the potential adverse effects of topical lidocaine usage in the pediatric patient."	( Toxicity--seizures in an infant caused by (or related to) oral viscous lidocaine use. Rose, R; Smith, M; Wolfram, W, )	0.57
" We conclude that central nervous system toxic effects of amide/amide or amide/ester anesthetic combinations, such as might occur during accidental intravascular injection, are no more than when the drugs are administered alone."	( Central nervous system toxicity of local anesthetic mixtures in the rat. Baker, MT; Dexter, F; Spiegel, DA; Todd, MM; Warner, DS, 1992)	0.28
" This work suggests that the lethal cardiorespiratory toxicity of lidocaine and bupivacaine associated with intravenous infusion is additively toxic in rats."	( Lidocaine and bupivacaine cardiorespiratory toxicity is additive: a study in rats. Erskine, R; James, MF; Janicki, PK; Mets, B; Sasman, B, 1992)	1.96
" This muscle distention causes sufficient bowel displacement to allow safe advancement of biopsy needles as large as 14 gauge through the distended muscle belly to the region of interest."	( A safe route for deep pelvic biopsy with distention of the iliacus muscle. Carlson, P; Crummy, AB; McDermott, JC; Wojtowycz, M, 1991)	0.28
" No adverse effects were noted from lidocaine injection or tourniquet release."	( Intravenous regional anesthesia: a safe and cost-effective outpatient anesthetic for upper extremity fracture treatment in children. Barnes, CL; Blasier, RD; Dodge, BM, )	0.41
" Adenosine did not terminate tachycardia or have any serious adverse effect in any patient; both flecainide and disopyramide were significantly more effective than lignocaine, but flecainide had significantly more severe adverse effects than lignocaine."	( Relative efficacy and safety of intravenous drugs for termination of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Camm, AJ; Garratt, CJ; Griffith, MJ; Linker, NJ; Ward, DE, 1990)	0.28
"The toxic effects of cocaine are enhanced in the presence of lidocaine."	( Lidocaine potentiation of cocaine toxicity. Albertson, TE; Derlet, RW; Tharratt, RS, 1991)	1.97
" However, neurotoxicity studies are required before these agents can be considered safe for clinical use."	( Ketamine and midazolam neurotoxicity in the rabbit. Cozian, A; Lepage, JY; Malinovsky, JM; Mussini, JM; Pinaud, M; Souron, R, 1991)	0.28
"Tonsillectomy using local anesthesia (local tonsillectomy) is a safe and effective alternative to general anesthesia in the healthy cooperative teenage or adult patient."	( Tonsillectomy under local anesthesia: a safe and effective alternative. Abemayor, E; Bredenkamp, JK; Wackym, PA; Ward, PH, )	0.13
"Sedoanalgesia is a technique developed to provide safe and satisfactory operating conditions for a wide range of patients independent of age and overall level of fitness (although its use in children remains to be established)."	( Sedoanalgesia in urology: a safe, cost-effective alternative to general anaesthesia. A review of 1020 cases. Anson, KM; Birch, BR; Miller, RA, 1990)	0.28
"Pregnant sheep are more vulnerable to the toxic effects of bupivacaine, a potent local anesthetic, than are nonpregnant sheep."	( Pregnancy does not alter lidocaine toxicity. Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Morishima, HO, 1990)	0.58
" Minor central nervous system side effects were seen in 2 patients and dermatologic adverse reaction was seen in one patient only."	( Efficacy and safety of oral tocainide in refractory ventricular arrhythmia: a preliminary report on an open label study. Mahapatra, D; Mahapatra, RK, 1986)	0.27
" A common cause of drug trial failure for both drugs was the occurrence of adverse effects that frequently appeared well after hospital discharge."	( Mexiletine and tocainide: a comparison of antiarrhythmic efficacy, adverse effects, and predictive value of lidocaine testing. Barbey, JT; Echt, DS; Kopelman, HA; Murray, KT; Roden, DM; Siddoway, LA; Woosley, RL, 1989)	0.49
" Other DNA-interacting antitumor agents, such as etoposide and mitomycin C, did not exhibit biologically significant alterations in their cytotoxicity when coincubated with lidocaine, although cis-diamminedichloroplatinum was significantly more toxic in the presence of lidocaine."	( Lidocaine potentiation of bleomycin A2 cytotoxicity and DNA strand breakage in L1210 and human A-253 cells. Braun, ID; Kennedy, KA; Lazo, JS; Meandzija, B; Pham, ET; Smaldone, LF, 1985)	1.91
"The aim of the present study was to compare the reliability of LD50 determination using the traditional Litchfield and Wilcoxon method with that obtained by four alternative tests requiring smaller numbers of animals, for the purpose of classifying chemicals according to their acute toxicity."	( Comparison of five methods for the determination of lethal dose in acute toxicity studies. Carvalho, RR; Cunha, FQ; Fingola, FF; Freitas, JC; Menezes, MA; Paumgartten, FJ; Presgrave, OA, 1989)	0.28
" Dose-response curves were constructed from the data obtained, and the CD50 and LD50 values for each local anesthetic alone and in combination with each of the vasoconstrictors were calculated by probit analysis."	( Modification of local anesthetic toxicity by vasoconstrictors. Dorris, RL; Taylor, SE, )	0.13
"There is a narrow margin between therapeutic and toxic doses and serum levels of digitalis glycosides."	( Digitalis toxicity. Antman, EM; Smith, TW, 1985)	0.27
"The greatest differences in ventricular arrhythmias and adverse effects of lidocaine observed in this study were between patients on both lidocaine and a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent and those on neither drug."	( Increased efficacy and toxicity of lidocaine in patients on beta-blockers. Kellen, J; Rademaker, AW; Tam, Y; Wyse, DG, 1988)	0.78
" Using only topical and nebulized anesthesia is safe and effective for performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy, especially when bacterial cultures are to be obtained and endobronchial instillation of lidocaine must be avoided."	( Safety and efficacy of using high-dose topical and nebulized anesthesia to obtain endobronchial cultures. Berger, R; McConnell, JW; Overman, TL; Phillips, B, 1989)	0.47
" Immediate pretreatment with verapamil increased the mortality of mice given the LD50 dose of lidocaine to 74%, and in mice given the LD50 doses of bupivacaine, to 82%."	( Verapamil increases the toxicity of local anesthetics. Rosenblatt, RM; Tallman, RD; Wang, YL; Weaver, JM, 1988)	0.49
" Probit analysis of lethal dose-response curve data revealed that lidocaine, with or without epinephrine, was significantly more toxic intravenously than by internal carotid artery injection and that epinephrine potentiated the intravascular toxicity of lidocaine."	( Intravascular lidocaine toxicity: influence of epinephrine and route of administration. Yagiela, JA, )	0.73
" The pharmacokinetics of these compounds are discussed in this review, with particular emphasis on the fetal exposure and its relationship to adverse effects on the fetus."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics in pregnancy and perinatology. I. Placental transfer and fetal side effects of local anaesthetic agents. Nau, H, 1985)	0.27
" Thus, tocainide, the new oral analog of lidocaine, appears to be as safe as quinidine but is slightly less effective in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of oral tocainide and quinidine for benign and potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Morganroth, J; Oshrain, C; Steele, PP, 1985)	0.54
"The mini-dose Bier block, a technique of intravenous (IV) regional anesthesia that uses low-dose lidocaine and provides safe and effective anesthesia for outpatient closed reductions of upper extremity fractures and dislocations, is presented."	( Safe and effective IV regional anesthesia for use in the emergency department. Farrell, RG; Swanson, SL; Walter, JR, 1985)	0.49
"The mini-dose Bier block, a technique of intravenous (IV) regional anesthesia that uses low-dose lidocaine and provides safe and effective anesthesia for outpatient closed reductions of upper extremity fractures and dislocations, is presented."	( Safe and effective IV regional anesthesia for use in the emergency department. Farrell, RG; Swanson, SL; Walter, JR, 1985)	0.49
" lidocaine, as shown by marked reduction of LD50 by either opioid."	( Opioid effects on lidocaine disposition and toxicity in mice. Ben-Zvi, Z; Garty, M; Hurwitz, A, 1985)	1.51
" Onset of electrical seizure activity occurred at about the same time in both groups and was defined as the central nervous system (CNS) toxic end point."	( Toxicity and resuscitation in lidocaine- or bupivacaine-infused cats. Chadwick, HS, 1985)	0.56
" These results suggest that the CNS is the primary target organ for the toxic effects of both highly lipid-soluble and highly protein-bound local anesthetics (i."	( Comparative CNS toxicity of lidocaine, etidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracaine in awake dogs following rapid intravenous administration. Covino, BG; Feldman, HS; Giasi, R; Liu, PL; Patterson, MK, 1983)	0.56
" There was a marked degree of absorption only in patients with thermal burns, in which case it depended on the surface area of the wound; although no toxic effects due to absorption were noted, caution in dosage is advisable."	( Sterile topical lignocaine jelly in plastic surgery: an assessment of its systemic toxicity. Bach, PH; Read, JM, 1980)	0.26
" Although drugs can ameliorate certain toxic effects, indiscriminate use of purported antidotes can have deleterious results."	( Toxicity of tricyclic antidepressants--kinetics, mechanism, intervention: a review. Irwin, HA; Preskorn, SH, 1982)	0.26
" An identical sequence of toxic manifestations occurred in the adult, newborn, and fetus: convulsions, hypotension, respiratory arrest, and circulatory collapse."	( Toxicity of lidocaine in adult, newborn, and fetal sheep. Bruce, SL; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Gutsche, BB; Morishima, HO; Pedersen, H; Sakuma, K; Stark, RI, 1981)	0.64
"In a study of 7 cases of adverse reactions to local anaesthetics the early symptoms of toxicity (malaise, anxiety, feeling of impending death, peripheral paresthesias and tachycardia) are reviewed."	( [Minor toxic effects of local anaesthetics. 7 cases (author's transl)]. Dry, J; Leynadier, F, 1980)	0.26
"25% bupivacaine is administered as a continuous infusion or repeated bolus, serum bupivacaine levels frequently approach the toxic range."	( The safety of continuous pleural lignocaine after thoracotomy in children and adolescents. Balsara, RK; Lear, BR; Pasquariello, CA; Schwartz, RE; Stayer, SA, 1995)	0.29
" The animals pretreated with lidocaine were compared with the control animals for the number of adverse effects from cocaine at each dose tested."	( The effects of lidocaine pretreatment on cocaine neurotoxicity and lethality in mice. Goldfrank, LR; Heit, J; Hoffman, RS, )	0.78
" The results of this study led us to conclude that the hematoma block with or without supplemental analgesia for the manipulation of ankle fractures was safe and effective and is a useful technique."	( Hematoma block for ankle fractures: a safe and efficacious technique for manipulations. Alioto, RJ; Furia, JP; Marquardt, JD, 1995)	0.29
" This study establishes a possible basis for redefining the maximum safe dosage for lidocaine in human subjects."	( Safe dosages of lidocaine for facial analgesia. Bonanno, PC, 1994)	0.86
" large, bilateral or strangulated herniae, or those in obese patients) without risk of exposing patients to lignocaine concentrations which may cause toxic side effects."	( Evaluation of the safety of inguinal hernia repair in the elderly using lignocaine infiltration anaesthesia. Hung, P; Karatassas, A; Morris, RG; Slavotinek, AH; Walsh, D, 1993)	0.29
"Topical application of a 30% lidocaine cream as used in this study may be a safe and efficacious anesthetic for circumcision."	( Safety and efficacy of a topical anesthetic for neonatal circumcision. Claflin, KS; Erenberg, A; Jackson, EM; Leff, RD; Rasmussen, LB; Weatherstone, KB, 1993)	0.58
" This resulted in toxic serum lidocaine levels (8."	( Seizures due to lidocaine toxicity in a child during cardiac catheterization. Coe, JY; Robertson, M; Ryan, CA, 1993)	0.92
" In this study, it was shown that the safe and effective net application dose of lidocaine for the surgery may be within the range of 127 to 260 mg."	( Safe and effective topical application dose of lidocaine for surgery with laryngomicroscopy. Iga, T; Ito, K; Kaga, K; Kotaki, H; Mitomi, N; Sawada, Y; Tayama, N; Tezuka, K, 1996)	0.78
"We evaluated the electrophysiological mechanisms of adverse effects of class I antiarrhythmic drugs (cibenzoline in seven patients, pilsicainide in two, and disopyramide in two, and procainamide in three) in the induction of orthodromic atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT)."	( Electrophysiologic mechanisms of adverse effects of class I antiarrhythmic drugs (cibenzoline, pilsicainide, disopyramide, procainamide) in induction of atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia. Fujiki, A; Inoue, H; Tani, M; Yoshida, S, 1996)	0.29
" The potential for toxic effects from such use has not been studied in a controlled manner."	( Ocular toxicity following topical application of anesthetic cream to the eyelid skin. Cohen, RG; Hartstein, M; Ladav, M; Lahav, M; Woog, JJ, 1996)	0.29
" After 1 hour of treatment, the eyelid and anterior segment were examined for evidence of adverse reaction."	( Ocular toxicity following topical application of anesthetic cream to the eyelid skin. Cohen, RG; Hartstein, M; Ladav, M; Lahav, M; Woog, JJ, 1996)	0.29
"No significant adverse effects were noted on external lid and anterior segment examination."	( Ocular toxicity following topical application of anesthetic cream to the eyelid skin. Cohen, RG; Hartstein, M; Ladav, M; Lahav, M; Woog, JJ, 1996)	0.29
" The external application of EMLA cream may be safe in the periorbital region."	( Ocular toxicity following topical application of anesthetic cream to the eyelid skin. Cohen, RG; Hartstein, M; Ladav, M; Lahav, M; Woog, JJ, 1996)	0.29
" Medical conditions such as congestive heart failure and diminished hepatic function or concomitant use of lidocaine analogs may predispose patients to the toxic side effects of locally administered lidocaine."	( Systemic absorption and toxicity from topically administered lidocaine during transesophageal echocardiography. Coccio, EB; Coulter, LJ; Miller, GL; Rama, PR; Sharma, SC, )	0.59
" The authors conclude that the lidocaine patches used in this study are effective and safe in reducing needle insertion pain in adults."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of an intraoral lidocaine patch. Cooper, SA; Feldman, RS; Hersh, EV; Houpt, MI; Levin, LM; Wolff, MS, 1996)	0.84
" These findings suggest that the serum toxic level of lidocaine in children is different from that in adults, and that careful observation and appropriate management for the children with lidocaine therapy should be necessary, even though the serum level of lidocaine ranges within the therapeutic level."	( [Efficacy and side effects of lidocaine by intravenous drip infusion in children with intractable seizures]. Aihara, M; Hatakeyama, K; Hinohara, Y; Kamiya, Y; Kanemura, H; Nakazawa, S; Sata, Y; Shimoda, C, 1997)	0.83
"The safe upper limit of lidocaine dosage in tumescent anesthesia for liposuction has been reported to be 35 mg/kg."	( Tumescent anesthesia with a lidocaine dose of 55 mg/kg is safe for liposuction. Kageyama, N; Moy, RL; Ostad, A, 1996)	0.89
"This study suggests that tumescent anesthesia with a total lidocaine dose of up to 55 mg/kg is safe for use in liposuction."	( Tumescent anesthesia with a lidocaine dose of 55 mg/kg is safe for liposuction. Kageyama, N; Moy, RL; Ostad, A, 1996)	0.83
" It is relatively safe and useful in many other clinical settings."	( Lidocaine-induced CNS toxicity--a case report. Chiang, YY; Leung, HK; Lih, YW; Liu, CT; Tsai, TC; Tseng, KF, 1996)	1.74
"Lidocaine-prilocaine cream is efficacious and safe for the prevention of pain from circumcision in neonates."	( Efficacy and safety of lidocaine-prilocaine cream for pain during circumcision. Ben-David, S; Craig, K; Koren, G; Mulligan, P; Rastogi, P; Shennan, A; Stevens, B; Taddio, A, 1997)	2.05
" To conclude, promethazine hydrochloride appears to be a safe alternative to lignocaine hydrochloride for performing surgery under regional anaesthesia."	( Efficacy and safety of promethazine hydrochloride as a local anaesthetic agent for inguinal hernia repair: a pilot study. Chawla, R; Gupta, RL; Kumar, S, )	0.13
" The central nervous system is the primary target for the toxic effect of LD in awake newborn pigs."	( Lidocaine pharmacokinetics and toxicity in newborn pigs. Haaland, K; Hoem, NO; Johannessen, SI; Satas, S; Sørensen, DR; Thoresen, M, 1997)	1.74
" Proparacaine was statistically more toxic than were the others."	( Corneal endothelial toxicity of topical anesthesia. Judge, AJ; Lee, DA; Miller, KM; Najafi, K, 1997)	0.3
"Sub-Tenon's anaesthesia is an efficient and safe anaesthetic technique."	( Sub-Tenon's anaesthesia: an efficient and safe technique. Auclin, FX; Boureau, CM; Chong Sit, DA; Roman, SJ; Ullern, MM, 1997)	0.3
"No adverse clinical reaction and no histologic abnormality was observed in any of the nine groups after injection."	( Toxicity of intraocular lidocaine and bupivacaine. Liang, C; Peyman, GA; Sun, G, 1998)	0.61
"To test the hypothesis that lidocaine prolongs the safe period of circulatory arrest during deep hypothermia."	( Lidocaine prolongs the safe duration of circulatory arrest during deep hypothermia in dogs. Du, M; Hu, X; Li, J; Ma, D; Ma, Q; Shan, G; Wang, D; Xie, D; Zhou, Y; Zhu, J, 1998)	2.04
"In dogs lidocaine prolongs the safe duration of circulatory arrest during hypothermia."	( Lidocaine prolongs the safe duration of circulatory arrest during deep hypothermia in dogs. Du, M; Hu, X; Li, J; Ma, D; Ma, Q; Shan, G; Wang, D; Xie, D; Zhou, Y; Zhu, J, 1998)	2.18
" The number of adverse reactions reported, particularly toxic reactions, are extraordinarily negligible."	( Lidocaine toxicity. Caiazzo, A; Maloney, P; Mehra, P, 1998)	1.74
" This prospective study of 53 consecutive healthy patients undergoing liposuction using a superwet technique served to develop general guidelines for safe perioperative fluid management, especially in regard to large-volume aspirations."	( Safety considerations and fluid resuscitation in liposuction: an analysis of 53 consecutive patients. Adams, WP; Beran, SJ; Kenkel, JM; Klein, KW; Rohrich, RJ; Trott, SA, 1998)	0.3
"5 g lidocaine-prilocaine cream to the heel under occlusion four times a day during 30 min is safe in preterm neonates."	( Safety of lidocaine-prilocaine cream application four times a day in premature neonates: a pilot study. Essink-Tebbes, CM; Hekster, YA; Liem, KD; van Dongen, RT; Wuis, EW, 1999)	1.26
"Lidocaine is toxic in a dose dependent fashion to RGC in vitro."	( Lidocaine toxicity to rat retinal ganglion cells. Dreyer, EB; Freeman, EE; Grosskreutz, CL; Katowitz, WR, 1999)	3.19
"Lidocaine is toxic to RGC both in vitro and in vivo."	( Lidocaine toxicity to rat retinal ganglion cells. Dreyer, EB; Freeman, EE; Grosskreutz, CL; Katowitz, WR, 1999)	3.19
" The authors conclude that EMLA is safe but not efficacious for relieving pain from heel lance in preterm infants."	( Management of pain from heel lance with lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) cream: is it safe and efficacious in preterm infants? Aranda, J; Jack, A; Johnston, C; Koren, G; Narciso, J; Stevens, B; Stremler, R; Taddio, A, 1999)	0.57
" The measured peak plasma concentration of lidocaine or prilocaine did not reach toxic levels in any patient."	( The efficacy and safety of EMLA cream for awake fiberoptic endotracheal intubation. Afshar, M; Cypel, D; Goldberg, ME; Gratz, I; Larijani, GE; Mandel, R; Mroz, L, 2000)	0.57
"We describe a 3-year-old child with mollusca contagiosa whose caregiver applied a eutectic mixture of 5% lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) in excessive amounts with the subsequent development of adverse reactions, including methemoglobinemia and hypoxemia."	( Lidocaine and prilocaine toxicity in a patient receiving treatment for mollusca contagiosa. Jackson, JB; Touma, S, 2001)	1.97
" The overall incidence of adverse events in the combined studies was 22 percent for the articaine group and 20 percent for the lidocaine group."	( Articaine hydrochloride: a study of the safety of a new amide local anesthetic. Gagnon, S; Leblanc, D; Malamed, SF, 2001)	0.52
"Articaine is a well-tolerated, safe and effective local anesthetic for use in clinical dentistry."	( Articaine hydrochloride: a study of the safety of a new amide local anesthetic. Gagnon, S; Leblanc, D; Malamed, SF, 2001)	0.31
" Peribulbar block appears to be a safe and useful analgesic technique for paediatric ophthalmic surgery."	( Safety and efficacy of peribulbar block as adjunct to general anaesthesia for paediatric ophthalmic surgery. Deb, K; Dehran, M; Shende, D; Subramaniam, R; Tandon, R, 2001)	0.31
" The studies selected had a sufficient number of geriatric and nongeriatric adults and a uniform, standardized pain stimulus (split-skin grafting), pain rating (visual analogue scale, verbal rating scale) and adverse event recording."	( Split-skin grafting with lidocaine-prilocaine cream: A meta-analysis of efficacy and safety in geriatric versus nongeriatric patients. Lillieborg, S; Wahlgren, CF, 2001)	0.61
" The aim of this work is to determine whether lidocaine antagonized the toxic effect of the crude poison of Centruroides limpidus limpidus."	( Lidocaine as antagonist of scorpion poison toxicity from Centruroides limpidus limpidus. Jiménez-Ferrer, JE; Lozoya-Legorreta, X; Pérez-Torres, YY; Tortoriello-García, J, )	1.83
" Lidocaine and prilocaine concentrations were below toxic levels; o-toluidine was not detected."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of EMLA in the treatment of postburn pruritus in pediatric patients: a pilot study. Bch, MB; Clarke, HM; Hubley, P; Jacobson, S; Kopecky, EA; Koren, G; Palozzi, L, )	1.04
"The adverse effects of local anesthetics associated with catecholamines upon the cardiovascular system, such as arterial pressure alterations and cardiac arrhythmias, have been highly discussed in pharmacological literature."	( Norepinephrine prevents the adverse effects of lidocaine upon the heart. An experimental study in isolated guinea-pig hearts. Coelho, AE; Garcia, KC; Gazola, R; Singi, G, 2001)	0.57
" No consensus on subarachnoid administration of lidocaine has emerged, yet no alternative has been demonstrated to be safe and to offer similar pharmacological features (short latency, short duration of action and good muscle relaxation)."	( [Neurotoxicity of intrathecal lidocaine]. Anadón Senac, P; Pavón, A, )	0.68
" Clinical drug-related adverse events were reported during IM therapy in 14 patients (16."	( Safety and local tolerability of intramuscularly administered ertapenem diluted in lidocaine: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study versus intramuscular ceftriaxone. Friedland, I; Jiang, Q; Legua, P; Lema, J; Moll, J; Woods, G, 2002)	0.54
" Adverse effects were minor and disappeared prior to discharge from the emergency department."	( Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of iontophoresis with lidocaine for dermal anesthesia in ED pediatric patients. Jordan, P; Schultz, AA; Strout, TD; Worthing, B, 2002)	0.56
"Iontophoresis with lidocaine is safe for use in young children."	( Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of iontophoresis with lidocaine for dermal anesthesia in ED pediatric patients. Jordan, P; Schultz, AA; Strout, TD; Worthing, B, 2002)	0.89
"Intracameral lidocaine may be a safe and effective alternative anaesthesia method in trabeculectomy for uncomplicated primary open-angle glaucoma."	( Intracameral lidocaine in trabeculectomy. A preliminary safety and efficacy study. Lai, JS; Lam, DS; Tham, CC, 2002)	1.05
" No systemic adverse events were judged to be related to the patches."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of continuously applied lidocaine patches 5%. Alvarez, NA; Galer, BS; Gammaitoni, AR, 2002)	0.57
" Fewer patients after levobupivacaine n=20 (7%) than after lignocaine n=7 (23%) or placebo n=5 (16%) experienced adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of levobupivacaine for postoperative pain relief after the surgical removal of impacted third molars: a comparison with lignocaine and adrenaline. Coulthard, P; Gennery, BA; Rood, JP; Snowdon, AT, 2002)	0.31
" The toxic reactions associated with an accidental overdose have been reported in pediatric cases."	( Lidocaine toxicity during frequent viscous lidocaine use for painful tongue ulcer. Kakiuchi, Y; Miyabe, M; Sato, S; Yamaguchi, H; Yamashita, S, 2002)	1.76
" The most common adverse events generally involve mild skin reactions."	( Safety and tolerability of the lidocaine patch 5%, a targeted peripheral analgesic: a review of the literature. Alvarez, NA; Galer, BS; Gammaitoni, AR, 2003)	0.6
"The 3 concentrations of viscoanesthetic solutions appeared to be safe to rabbit corneal endothelium."	( Viscoanesthesia. Part I: toxicity to corneal endothelial cells in a rabbit model. Apple, DJ; Izak, AM; Macky, TA; Pandey, SK; Trivedi, RH; Werner, L, 2003)	0.32
" They have apparently safe cardiac safety profiles in both therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses, but recently the Federal Drug Administration has issued a caution regarding ziprasidone use in combination with other drugs that are known to prolong the QTc interval."	( Cardiotoxicity associated with intentional ziprasidone and bupropion overdose. Biswas, AK; Mayes, KL; Morris-Kukoski, CL; Zabrocki, LA, 2003)	0.32
" Particular care should be taken when calculating the maximum safe dose for young children."	( Lignocaine toxicity; a complication of local anaesthesia administered in the community. Derbyshire, S; Donald, MJ, 2004)	0.32
" The peak lidocaine plus monoethylglycinexylidide concentration was within safe limits in this group of subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of lidocaine and monoethylglycinexylidide in liposuction: a microdialysis study. Armstrong, VW; Brown, SA; Kenkel, JM; Lipschitz, AH; Luby, M; Oellerich, M; Rohrich, RJ; Shepherd, G; Streit, F, 2004)	1.01
"Peri-prostatic injection of local anaesthetic is safe and reduces discomfort significantly, and should be routinely offered to patients."	( Efficacy and safety peri-prostatic local anaesthetic injection in trans-rectal biopsy of the prostrate: a prospective randomised study. Keane, PF; Lynch, TH; Mahendra, V; Nambirajan, T; Walsh, IK; Woolsey, S, 2004)	0.32
" The primary outcome measure was reduction in ureteral stent symptoms, and the secondary outcome measure was the safety of intravesical instillation of each agent through assessment of drug-related adverse events."	( Double-blind randomized controlled trial assessing the safety and efficacy of intravesical agents for ureteral stent symptoms after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Beiko, DT; Brock, GB; Denstedt, JD; Knudsen, BE; Nott, L; Pautler, SE; Razvi, H; Watterson, JD, 2004)	0.32
" From our results, ketorolac appears to be the most effective intravesical agent in reducing stent-related patient discomfort, and we have established that intravesical instillation of ketorolac is safe in humans."	( Double-blind randomized controlled trial assessing the safety and efficacy of intravesical agents for ureteral stent symptoms after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Beiko, DT; Brock, GB; Denstedt, JD; Knudsen, BE; Nott, L; Pautler, SE; Razvi, H; Watterson, JD, 2004)	0.32
" Immediately following the procedure, the subjects, the investigator, and an independent observer rated pain intensity and adverse events were recorded."	( Self-warming lidocaine/tetracaine patch effectively and safely induces local anesthesia during minor dermatologic procedures. Berman, B; de Araujo, T; Flores, J; Pariser, D; Pariser, R; Ramirez, CC, 2005)	0.7
"The pretreatment with nitrous oxide is a time effective and safe method for use at paediatric outpatient departments to reduce pain, facilitate venous cannulation, and thereby reduce the number of costly cancellations of planned procedures."	( Nitrous oxide inhalation is a safe and effective way to facilitate procedures in paediatric outpatient departments. Ekbom, K; Jakobsson, J; Marcus, C, 2005)	0.33
" Neither anesthetic was systemically absorbed in any cat, and no adverse clinical signs were observed."	( Adverse effects of EMLA (lidocaine/prilocaine) cream and efficacy for the placement of jugular catheters in hospitalized cats. Gibbon, KJ; Kurian, JR; Strom, TL; Trepanier, LA; Wagner, KA, 2006)	0.64
" A pilot study was conducted to assess acute toxic effects prior to undertaking further assessment of this drug."	( Acute toxicity pilot evaluation of proliferol in rats and swine. Dagenais, S; Haldeman, S; Kim, RC; Ogunseitan, O; Wooley, JR; Zaldivar, F, )	0.13
" Information collected included: demographics, type of exposure, details of the exposure and adverse effects."	( Lignocaine and chlorhexidine toxicity in children resulting from mouth paint ingestion: a bottling problem. Balit, CR; Gilmore, SP; Isbister, GK; Lynch, AM; Murray, L, 2006)	0.33
" No other adverse effects were reported."	( Lignocaine and chlorhexidine toxicity in children resulting from mouth paint ingestion: a bottling problem. Balit, CR; Gilmore, SP; Isbister, GK; Lynch, AM; Murray, L, 2006)	0.33
"No major adverse effects occurred with lignocaine ingestions of less than 6 mg/kg and it would be appropriate to observe these patients at home."	( Lignocaine and chlorhexidine toxicity in children resulting from mouth paint ingestion: a bottling problem. Balit, CR; Gilmore, SP; Isbister, GK; Lynch, AM; Murray, L, 2006)	0.33
"One-minute exposure to lidocaine 1% E or 2% E appears to be safe for cultured rabbit CECs, although longer exposures could cause time-dependent cytotoxicity, which should be considered in planning cataract or other ocular surgery."	( Cytotoxicity of lidocaine or bupivacaine on corneal endothelial cells in a rabbit model. Chang, YS; Tseng, SH; Tseng, SY; Wu, CL, 2006)	0.99
" While the use of topical anesthesia is generally regarded as safe and effective, recent concern about lidocaine toxicity from the use of compounded mixtures of lidocaine for cosmetic procedures has been reported."	( Safety of occluded 4% liposomal lidocaine cream. Nestor, MS, )	0.63
" Although the use of topical lidocaine is considered relatively safe, instances of cardiotoxic and neurotoxic adverse events have been reported to occur."	( Systemic toxicity from topically applied lidocaine in conjunction with fractional photothermolysis. Fincher, EF; Marra, DE; Moy, RL; Yip, D, 2006)	0.89
" The results of laboratory studies confirmed serum lidocaine levels within the toxic range."	( Systemic toxicity from topically applied lidocaine in conjunction with fractional photothermolysis. Fincher, EF; Marra, DE; Moy, RL; Yip, D, 2006)	0.85
" However, gastroscopy proved to be a safe procedure both with and without sedation."	( Sedation, topical pharyngeal anesthesia and cardiorespiratory safety during gastroscopy. Hartikainen, J; Heikkinen, M; Julkunen, R; Laitinen, T; Mattila, M; Ristikankare, M; Wang, SX, )	0.13
"5% [corrected] anesthesia was safe and effective in phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation."	( Safety and efficacy of topical anesthesia combined with a lower concentration of intracameral lidocaine in phacoemulsification: paired human eye study. Chuang, LH; Ku, WC; Lai, CC; Yang, KJ; Yeung, L, 2007)	0.56
"Sedation-free intradetrusor botulinum toxin-A injection using intravesical lidocaine and flexible endoscopy is a well tolerated and safe procedure to perform in an office setting."	( Safety and tolerability of sedation-free flexible cystoscopy for intradetrusor botulinum toxin-A injection. Barboglio, P; Cohen, BL; Gousse, A; Rivera, R, 2007)	0.57
" Adverse events were recorded in 9 cases (0."	( Safety and effectiveness of intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier block) for outpatient management of forearm trauma. Mohr, B, 2006)	0.33
" Safety evaluation was performed with respect to plasma concentrations of lidocaine, vital signs, electrocardiogram (ECG), physical findings and adverse events."	( Proof of systemic safety of a lidocaine ointment in the treatment of patients with anorectal pain. Mazur, D; Schlegelmilch, R; Seiler, D; Vens-Cappell, B; Zimmermann, J, 2007)	0.86
"5 microg/ml) as well as by an order of magnitude below toxic concentrations (5 microg/ml)."	( Proof of systemic safety of a lidocaine ointment in the treatment of patients with anorectal pain. Mazur, D; Schlegelmilch, R; Seiler, D; Vens-Cappell, B; Zimmermann, J, 2007)	0.63
"Repeated anorectal administration of a 5% lidocaine ointment proved to be safe with respect to systemic plasma concentrations of lidocaine and vital signs."	( Proof of systemic safety of a lidocaine ointment in the treatment of patients with anorectal pain. Mazur, D; Schlegelmilch, R; Seiler, D; Vens-Cappell, B; Zimmermann, J, 2007)	0.89
"The current study was conducted to determine whether topical anesthesia with oral sedation and without an anesthetist present in the operating room is a safe and cost-effective strategy for low-risk patients undergoing cataract surgery."	( Safety of cataract surgery under topical anesthesia with oral sedation without anesthetic monitoring. Rocha, G; Turner, C, 2007)	0.34
" Oral sedation was provided by lorazepam, and an anesthetist was available to manage any medical adverse events."	( Safety of cataract surgery under topical anesthesia with oral sedation without anesthetic monitoring. Rocha, G; Turner, C, 2007)	0.34
" No medical adverse events were reported in 454 cases (84."	( Safety of cataract surgery under topical anesthesia with oral sedation without anesthetic monitoring. Rocha, G; Turner, C, 2007)	0.34
"Topical anesthesia appears to be a safe alternative to injection anesthesia without many of the disadvantages of the latter and may be preferable in carefully selected patients."	( Safety of cataract surgery under topical anesthesia with oral sedation without anesthetic monitoring. Rocha, G; Turner, C, 2007)	0.34
" Specular microscopy performed at 30 days postoperatively showed a significantly greater loss of endothelial cells with the use of VisThesia, suggesting that the 1% lidocaine concentration used in VisThesia may be toxic to corneal endothelial cells."	( Safety and efficacy of two ocular anesthetic methods for phacoemulsification: topical anesthesia and viscoanesthesia (VisThesia). Herasymyuk, O; Ouled-Moussa, R; Perone, JM; Popovici, A; Reynders, S, )	0.33
"From this preliminary study, intravenous injection of lidocaine seems to be safe and effective in controlling intraocular pressure and eliminating symptoms in acute PACG."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous injection of lidocaine in the treatment of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma: a pilot study. Dong, XD; Jin, X; Qin, Q; Qu, J; Xue, A; Zhao, Y, 2007)	0.84
" This may indicate that certain drugs have a minimum concentration level that must be reached before the cells experience apoptosis from the toxic levels."	( Novel tissue engineered tubular heart tissue for in vitro pharmaceutical toxicity testing. Comer, GR; Franchini, JL; Propst, JT; Yost, MJ, 2007)	0.34
"This study was conducted to determine whether short-term exposures to 1% and 2% lidocaine are toxic to articular chondrocytes, whether this is due to pH, and whether an intact articular surface is protective."	( Lidocaine exhibits dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects on bovine articular chondrocytes in vitro. Chu, CR; Karpie, JC, 2007)	2.01
"To determine anesthetic profiles and adverse events in practice of ambulatory anesthesia for elective surgery in different levels of hospitals across Thailand."	( The Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI study) of ambulatory anesthesia: II. Anesthetic profiles and adverse events. Chau-in, W; Punjasawadwong, Y; Srisawasdi, S; Taratarnkoolwatana, K; Vasinanukorn, M; Werawatganon, T, 2008)	0.35
" Other adverse events included awareness (1."	( The Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI study) of ambulatory anesthesia: II. Anesthetic profiles and adverse events. Chau-in, W; Punjasawadwong, Y; Srisawasdi, S; Taratarnkoolwatana, K; Vasinanukorn, M; Werawatganon, T, 2008)	0.35
"The incidence of major adverse events was low in ambulatory anesthesia for elective surgery when compared to the incidence in general surgical population."	( The Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI study) of ambulatory anesthesia: II. Anesthetic profiles and adverse events. Chau-in, W; Punjasawadwong, Y; Srisawasdi, S; Taratarnkoolwatana, K; Vasinanukorn, M; Werawatganon, T, 2008)	0.35
"General anesthesia produced physiological perturbations, exacerbated local anesthetic-induced cardiovascular depression, and changed the pharmacokinetics of toxic doses of local anesthetics."	( The effects of general anesthesia on the central nervous and cardiovascular system toxicity of local anesthetics. Copeland, SE; Gu, XQ; Ladd, LA; Mather, LE, 2008)	0.35
" We investigated the hypotheses that these drugs (A) are less neurotoxic than the prototype local anesthetic, lidocaine (B) are selectively toxic for subcategories of dorsal root ganglion neurons and (C) induce activation of either p38 MAPK or related enzymes, such as the c-jun terminal N-kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)."	( In vitro, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways protects against bupivacaine- and ropivacaine-induced neurotoxicity. Colvin, HP; Gerner, P; Haller, I; Klimaschewski, L; Lang, L; Lirk, P; Tomaselli, B, 2008)	0.56
" The blood pressure and heart rate change, neural reaction and side effect of 2 groups were observed."	( [Efficacy and safety of 3% mepivacaine hydrochloride injection for oral local anesthesia]. Cao, D; Ding, S; Wu, YN; Zhu, YQ, 2008)	0.35
"3% mepivacaine has quick onset, ideal anesthetic effect and little side effect on cardiovascular system."	( [Efficacy and safety of 3% mepivacaine hydrochloride injection for oral local anesthesia]. Cao, D; Ding, S; Wu, YN; Zhu, YQ, 2008)	0.35
"We conclude that thyroidectomy under local anaesthesia is a safe procedure in experienced hands at rural settings with inadequate facilities for general anaesthesia."	( Thyroidectomy under local anaesthesia: how safe? Akwaras, AL; Dakum, NK; Embu, HY; Misauno, MA; Ojo, EO; Sule, AZ; Ugwu, BT; Yilkudi, MG, 2008)	0.35
" The most important adverse event was abdominal pain."	( TACE of liver metastases from colorectal cancer adopting irinotecan-eluting beads: beneficial effect of palliative intra-arterial lidocaine and post-procedure supportive therapy on the control of side effects. Aliberti, C; Ballardini, PL; Benea, G; Cantore, M; Fiorentini, G; Mambrini, A; Montagnani, F, )	0.34
" Patients administering lidocaine plaster experienced fewer drug-related adverse events (3."	( Efficacy and safety of 5% lidocaine (lignocaine) medicated plaster in comparison with pregabalin in patients with postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy: interim analysis from an open-label, two-stage adaptive, randomized, controlled trial. Baron, R; Binder, A; Leijon, G; Mayoral, V; Serpell, M; Steigerwald, I, 2009)	0.96
"After 4 weeks, 5% lidocaine medicated plaster treatment was associated with similar levels of analgesia in patients with PHN or DPN but substantially fewer frequent adverse events than pregabalin."	( Efficacy and safety of 5% lidocaine (lignocaine) medicated plaster in comparison with pregabalin in patients with postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy: interim analysis from an open-label, two-stage adaptive, randomized, controlled trial. Baron, R; Binder, A; Leijon, G; Mayoral, V; Serpell, M; Steigerwald, I, 2009)	0.99
" Drug-related adverse events occurred in 13."	( Topical 5% lidocaine (lignocaine) medicated plaster treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational efficacy and safety trial. Baron, R; Binder, A; Bösl, I; Bruxelle, J; Hans, G; Rogers, P, 2009)	0.74
"This study adds to a growing body of evidence that the 5% lidocaine medicated plaster can be considered a valuable treatment option for patients with PHN, providing beneficial effects on pain, allodynia, quality of life and sleep, with minimal adverse effects."	( Topical 5% lidocaine (lignocaine) medicated plaster treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational efficacy and safety trial. Baron, R; Binder, A; Bösl, I; Bruxelle, J; Hans, G; Rogers, P, 2009)	0.99
"Periprostatic plexus blocked with lidocaine does not offer advantages respect to meperidine, despite the fact that this is a safe method that does not increase the number of complications."	( [Comparative study between analgesic efficacy and safety of meperidine compared with lidocaine periprostatic infiltration in transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy]. Arlandis Guzmán, S; Bahílo Mateu, P; Bango García, V; Di Capua Sacoto, C; Jiménez Cruz, JF; Luján Marco, S; Ramírez Backhaus, M; Trassierra Villa, M, 2009)	0.86
" Safety evaluation included adverse events (AEs), drug-related AEs (DRAEs), and withdrawal due to AEs."	( Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster and pregabalin in post-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy. Baron, R; Binder, A; Leijon, G; Mayoral, V; Serpell, M; Steigerwald, I, 2009)	0.6
"In patients with PHN and painful DPN failing to respond to monotherapy, combination therapy with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster and pregabalin provides additional clinically relevant pain relief and is safe and well-tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster and pregabalin in post-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy. Baron, R; Binder, A; Leijon, G; Mayoral, V; Serpell, M; Steigerwald, I, 2009)	0.82
" No patients were admitted to hospital due to adverse events associated with hydrodistension."	( Hydrodistension under local anesthesia for patients with suspected painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: safety, diagnostic potential and therapeutic efficacy. Aihara, K; Fujimoto, K; Hirao, Y; Hirayama, A; Tanaka, N; Yoshida, K, 2009)	0.35
"Cystoscopy with hydrodistension under local anesthesia provides a simple and safe method for differential diagnosis and has some therapeutic efficacy in patients with suspected PBS/IC."	( Hydrodistension under local anesthesia for patients with suspected painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: safety, diagnostic potential and therapeutic efficacy. Aihara, K; Fujimoto, K; Hirao, Y; Hirayama, A; Tanaka, N; Yoshida, K, 2009)	0.35
"Local lidocaine injections into the submucosal layer were safe when administered during ESDs performed on EGC patients under sedation."	( Pilot study to assess the safety of local lidocaine injections during endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer. Gotoda, T; Ikehara, H; Kiriyama, S; Mashimo, Y; Nishimoto, F; Oda, I, 2009)	1.1
"'Healer' is a promising effective and safe line of treatment in acute and chronic anal fissure."	( Study of efficacy and safety of a new local cream ('healer') in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a prospective, randomized, single-blind, comparative study. Abdel Salaam, M; Yakoot, M, )	0.13
" Data on the requirement for additional pleural procedures, adverse events and survival were collected."	( Efficacy and safety of iodopovidone pleurodesis in malignant pleural effusions. de Oliveira, SF; Neto, JD; Terra, RM; Vianna, SP, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse events occurred after 11 (18%) pleurodesis procedures."	( Efficacy and safety of iodopovidone pleurodesis in malignant pleural effusions. de Oliveira, SF; Neto, JD; Terra, RM; Vianna, SP, 2010)	0.36
"Inclusion was limited to: (1) randomized controlled trials in patients requiring non-complex routine dental treatments; (2) interventions comparing 4% articaine (1:100,000 epinephrine) with 2% lignocaine (1:100,000 epinephrine) for maxillary and mandibular infiltrations and block anaesthesia; and (3) with principal outcome measures of anaesthetic success, post-injection adverse events or post-injection pain."	( The efficacy and safety of articaine versus lignocaine in dental treatments: a meta-analysis. Katyal, V, 2010)	0.36
" In addition, both drugs appear to have similar adverse effect profiles."	( The efficacy and safety of articaine versus lignocaine in dental treatments: a meta-analysis. Katyal, V, 2010)	0.36
" In the present study, safety studies employing in situ toad palate model and in vivo rat nasal mucosa model showed that compared with LID nasal spray, LID nasal gel was less toxic to mucocilia."	( Hydrophilic nasal gel of lidocaine hydrochloride. 2nd communication: Improved bioavailability and brain delivery in rats with low ciliotoxicity. Feng, L; Hu, KL; Jiang, XG; Mei, N, 2009)	0.66
" The onset of toxic manifestations (seizure, dysrhythmia, and cardiac arrest) was recorded, and then the doses of local anesthetics were calculated."	( Effects of mixture of lidocaine and ropivacaine at different concentrations on the central nervous system and cardiovascular toxicity in rats. Bo, YL; Li, HB; Li, WZ; Wan, QX, 2010)	0.68
"The adverse effects of local anesthetics (LAs) on wound healing at surgical sites have been suggested, and may be related to their cytotoxicity."	( Bupivacaine causes cytotoxicity in mouse C2C12 myoblast cells: involvement of ERK and Akt signaling pathways. Chang, YC; Gan, Y; Hibner, M; Huang, Y; Ma, FX; Maurice, JM, 2010)	0.36
" Anti-proliferation and cell death with concomitant apoptosis mediated by bupivacaine may offer an explanation for its adverse effects in vivo (eg slowing wound healing at the surgical sites)."	( Bupivacaine causes cytotoxicity in mouse C2C12 myoblast cells: involvement of ERK and Akt signaling pathways. Chang, YC; Gan, Y; Hibner, M; Huang, Y; Ma, FX; Maurice, JM, 2010)	0.36
"In 2001, we reported a novel technique for pediatric circumcision that has proved to be fast, reliable, and safe during the past 4 years, with good cosmetic results."	( Adult template circumcision: a prospective, randomized, patient-blinded, comparative study evaluating the safety and efficacy of a novel circumcision device. Decastro, B; Gurski, J; Peterson, A, 2010)	0.36
"The use of the adult circumcision template appears to be a reliable and safe method of circumcision that significantly reduces the operative time."	( Adult template circumcision: a prospective, randomized, patient-blinded, comparative study evaluating the safety and efficacy of a novel circumcision device. Decastro, B; Gurski, J; Peterson, A, 2010)	0.36
" Although the lidocaine serum levels and peaks after injection of tumescent anesthesia in the trunk were shown to be safe even when used in high doses, the levels after use of less dilute (1% lidocaine) solutions for facial cancer surgery have not been described."	( Safety of peak serum lidocaine concentration after Mohs micrographic surgery: a prospective cohort study. Alam, M; Havey, J; Rademaker, A; Ricci, D; West, DP; Witherspoon, J, 2010)	1.04
" Because no toxic levels were detected, it was not possible to measure sustained high lidocaine levels."	( Safety of peak serum lidocaine concentration after Mohs micrographic surgery: a prospective cohort study. Alam, M; Havey, J; Rademaker, A; Ricci, D; West, DP; Witherspoon, J, 2010)	0.9
"Lidocaine use during Mohs micrographic surgery does not appear to result in serum lidocaine levels approaching toxic levels even when relatively high total lidocaine doses are used."	( Safety of peak serum lidocaine concentration after Mohs micrographic surgery: a prospective cohort study. Alam, M; Havey, J; Rademaker, A; Ricci, D; West, DP; Witherspoon, J, 2010)	2.12
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse events were recorded."	( Safety of lidocaine 15% and prilocaine 5% topical ointment used as local anesthesia for intense pulsed light treatment. Carruthers, JA; Carruthers, JD; Mordaunt, J; Oliff, HS; Poirier, J; Schreiber, WE, 2010)	0.76
" No adverse events related to systemic toxicity were observed or reported to the nurse."	( Safety of lidocaine 15% and prilocaine 5% topical ointment used as local anesthesia for intense pulsed light treatment. Carruthers, JA; Carruthers, JD; Mordaunt, J; Oliff, HS; Poirier, J; Schreiber, WE, 2010)	0.76
"To determine whether there are differences in the adverse effect profile between 1, 2 and 5% Lidocaine when used for occipital nerve blocks (ONB) in patients with occipital neuralgia."	( Adverse effect profile of lidocaine injections for occipital nerve block in occipital neuralgia. Sahai-Srivastava, S; Subhani, D, 2010)	0.88
" 80% of these doctors were unable to calculate the maximum dose of lignocaine 1% for an 80 kg man, and nearly one-third would administer a toxic dose."	( Local anaesthetic toxicity: are we prepared for the consequences in the Emergency Department? Cooper, BR; Griffiths, JR; Moll, T, 2010)	0.36
" The lack of knowledge amongst the more junior staff, as demonstrated by this project, highlights failings in teaching the basics of safe practices in the ED."	( Local anaesthetic toxicity: are we prepared for the consequences in the Emergency Department? Cooper, BR; Griffiths, JR; Moll, T, 2010)	0.36
"The development of safe and effective local anesthetic agents has possibly been the most important advancement in dental science to occur in the last century."	( Local anesthetics: pharmacology and toxicity. Hersh, EV; Moore, PA, 2010)	0.36
" Stress significantly increased the latency period for the first tonic-clonic seizure induced by a toxic dose of both lidocaine and articaine (P < ."	( Effect of PaCO2 and PaO2 on lidocaine and articaine toxicity. Barcelos, KC; Cabral, AM; Furtado, DP; Haas, DA; Ramacciato, JC, 2010)	0.86
" A total of 383 patients completed the Patient Global Assessment of Treatment Satisfaction scale and measures of pain, interference with physical and emotional functioning, sleep interference, and adverse events."	( Treatment satisfaction in osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain: the role of pain, physical and emotional functioning, sleep, and adverse events. Dworkin, RH; Galer, BS; Gammaitoni, AR; Gould, E; Jensen, MP; Jones, BA; Xiang, Q, 2011)	0.37
" Therefore, we hypothesized that the high toxicity of aliphatic amines in algae is a toxicokinetic effect caused by speciation and not a toxicodynamic effect caused by a specific mode of toxic action."	( The pH-dependent toxicity of basic pharmaceuticals in the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus can be explained with a toxicokinetic ion-trapping model. Escher, BI; Neuwoehner, J, 2011)	0.37
"Ideally, topical anesthetics should provide rapid analgesic action without causing toxic blood levels of lidocaine or other side effects."	( Safety and efficacy of a rapid-acting topical 4% lidocaine gel in a unique drug delivery system. Baumann, LS; Bell, M; Elsaie, ML; Figueras, K; Grunebaum, L; Jablonka, E; Murdock, J, 2010)	0.83
" Patients were monitored for at least 24 hours without adverse signs or symptoms that required fluid resuscitation, blood transfusions, or interventional treatments for lidocaine side effects or toxicity."	( Water-assisted liposuction for body contouring and lipoharvesting: safety and efficacy in 41 consecutive patients. Sasaki, GH, 2011)	0.56
" Each result showed that bupivacaine was the most toxic of the three local anaesthetics."	( Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of bupivacaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine in equine articular chondrocytes. Choi, SH; Hong, G; Kim, G; Park, J; Sutradhar, BC, 2011)	0.62
"To add to the evidence base for safe and effective paediatric conscious sedation techniques in primary dental care."	( The safety and efficacy of using a concentrated intranasal midazolam formulation for paediatric dental sedation. Wood, M, 2011)	0.37
"In selected cases intranasal sedation provides a safe and effective alternative for dental GA in short invasive procedures limited to one or two quadrants in children."	( The safety and efficacy of using a concentrated intranasal midazolam formulation for paediatric dental sedation. Wood, M, 2011)	0.37
" We also observed animals for electrocardiographic evidence of toxic effects on cardiac automaticity, conductivity, and rhythmicity."	( A comparison of the systemic toxicity of lidocaine versus its quaternary derivative QX-314 in mice. Cheung, HM; Lee, SM; MacLeod, BA; Ries, CR; Schwarz, SK, 2011)	0.64
"The study included data sets of annual sales of local anesthetics (from 1995 through 2007), 292 reports to the Danish Medicines Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, of adverse reactions to local anesthetic drugs, and a clinical sample of 115 patients with NSD associated with local anesthetics."	( Trigeminal nerve injury associated with injection of local anesthetics: needle lesion or neurotoxicity? Ersbøll, BK; Hillerup, S; Jensen, RH, 2011)	0.37
"Tumescent liposuction under local anesthesia is a safe method, providing it is performed by an experienced surgeon and the guidelines of care for liposuction are strictly followed."	( Safety of tumescent liposuction under local anesthesia in a series of 4,380 patients. Boeni, R, 2011)	0.37
"Human neuroblastoma cells and primary rat astrocytes were incubated for 24 hrs with lidocaine at a toxic concentration alone and in combination with morphine, sufentanil, clonidine, epinephrine, neostigmine, ketamine, and midazolam."	( The influence of adjuvants used in regional anesthesia on lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Bauer, I; Braun, S; Hermanns, H; Hollmann, MW; Kremer, D; Küry, P; Stevens, MF; Werdehausen, R, )	0.6
" However, recent studies have confirmed the toxic effect of lidocaine on ganglion cells."	( Cataract surgery complications: an in vitro model of toxic effects of ropivacaine and lidocaine. Nebbioso, M; Pescosolido, N; Scarsella, G; Tafani, M, 2011)	0.83
"Our in vitro studies confirm that ropivacaine is less toxic than lidocaine to these cells."	( Cataract surgery complications: an in vitro model of toxic effects of ropivacaine and lidocaine. Nebbioso, M; Pescosolido, N; Scarsella, G; Tafani, M, 2011)	0.83
" The rate of adverse events with conscious sedation has not been previously assessed in the interventional spine procedure setting."	( Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)	0.37
"The goal of this study was to determine the rate of adverse events when using conscious sedation in the ambulatory interventional spine setting."	( Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)	0.37
"The rate and type of adverse events were analyzed and compared between those who received conscious sedation with local anesthesia and those who received local anesthesia alone."	( Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)	0.37
" Of these cases, 66 immediate adverse events (5."	( Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)	0.37
"The findings of this study suggest that mild to moderate conscious sedation in interventional spine procedures is associated with low rates of adverse events when established protocols are followed."	( Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)	0.37
" The WOMAC scale was applied at 4 weeks and adverse events were recorded."	( Safety and efficacy of methylprednisolone infiltration in anserine syndrome treatment. Esquivel-Valerio, JA; Galarza-Delgado, DÁ; Garza-Elizondo, MA; Negrete-López, R; Vega-Morales, D, )	0.13
" The incidence of adverse events did not show any differences either."	( Safety and efficacy of methylprednisolone infiltration in anserine syndrome treatment. Esquivel-Valerio, JA; Galarza-Delgado, DÁ; Garza-Elizondo, MA; Negrete-López, R; Vega-Morales, D, )	0.13
"Our data show that GON infiltration is a valuable and safe option in the clinical setting to treat patients suffering from cluster headache, especially for the episodic form of the disorder."	( Efficacy and safety of 121 injections of the greater occipital nerve in episodic and chronic cluster headache. Gantenbein, AR; Lutz, NJ; Riederer, F; Sándor, PS, 2012)	0.38
" A 30-minute exposure to lidocaine alone was significantly toxic to the tenocytes in a dose-dependent manner, but a 30-minute exposure to ropivacaine or dexamethasone alone was not significantly toxic."	( A comparison of lidocaine, ropivacaine and dexamethasone toxicity on bovine tenocytes in culture. Feeley, BT; Kim, HT; Laron, D; Liu, X; Manzano, G; Pattnaik, T; Piper, SL, 2012)	1.03
" The most frequently reported adverse events in both groups were associated with nasal discomfort."	( Intranasal ketorolac tromethamine (SPRIX(R)) containing 6% of lidocaine (ROX-828) for acute treatment of migraine: safety and efficacy data from a phase II clinical trial. Bregman, D; Färkkila, M; Fenzl, E; Pfaffenrath, V, 2012)	0.62
" Safety parameters (clinical examination, skin evaluation, laboratory) and adverse events (AEs) were assessed at regular visits."	( Safety and efficacy outcomes of long-term treatment up to 4 years with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster in patients with post-herpetic neuralgia. Baron, R; Buchheister, B; Hans, G; Kapanadze, S; Sabatowski, R; Tacken, I, 2012)	0.61
" Drug-related adverse events (DRAEs) were reported in 19 of 102 patients, mainly mild to moderate localized skin reactions."	( Safety and efficacy outcomes of long-term treatment up to 4 years with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster in patients with post-herpetic neuralgia. Baron, R; Buchheister, B; Hans, G; Kapanadze, S; Sabatowski, R; Tacken, I, 2012)	0.61
" Thorough preoperative patient evaluation, detailed informed consent, and perioperative care delivered in a safe environment can contribute to improved safety in plastic surgery."	( Patient safety in plastic surgery. Tabbal, GN; Trussler, AP, 2012)	0.38
" A survey questionnaire inquiring about adverse reactions and the effectiveness of nebulized lidocaine was developed and administered to these individuals after the nebulized lidocaine trial."	( Long-term safety of nebulized lidocaine for adults with difficult-to-control chronic cough: a case series. Hahn, PY; Keogh, KA; Lim, KG; Morgenthaler, TI; Olson, EJ; Rank, MA, 2013)	0.9
" Of the patients who used nebulized lidocaine (93% of survey responders), 43% reported an adverse event."	( Long-term safety of nebulized lidocaine for adults with difficult-to-control chronic cough: a case series. Hahn, PY; Keogh, KA; Lim, KG; Morgenthaler, TI; Olson, EJ; Rank, MA, 2013)	0.95
" No serious adverse effects occurred while providing symptomatic control in 49% of patients."	( Long-term safety of nebulized lidocaine for adults with difficult-to-control chronic cough: a case series. Hahn, PY; Keogh, KA; Lim, KG; Morgenthaler, TI; Olson, EJ; Rank, MA, 2013)	0.68
" After 5 g XJ was applied to the patients, their level of lidocaine in blood was reduced to within the safe zone, and no undesirable effects were observed."	( [Efficacy and safety of lidocaine hydrochloride jelly for the treatment of pain caused by breast cancer metastases to the skin]. Enomoto, T; Kikuchi, M; Kosaka, Y; Kuranami, M; Nishimiya, H; Sengoku, N; Waraya, M; Watanabe, M, 2012)	0.93
" The patient's central nervous system symptoms were mild and transient but remind us that to avoid adverse side effects, orally administered drugs with fairly high hepatic extraction ratio given to patients with chronic liver disease need to be given in reduced dosages."	( Even 'safe' medications need to be administered with care. Dill, C; Gambetta, R; Howland, MA; Lutwak, N, 2013)	0.39
"To study the efficacy and safety of lidocaine in newborns with perinatal asphyxia during moderate hypothermia, and to develop an effective and safe dosing regimen."	( Anticonvulsant treatment of asphyxiated newborns under hypothermia with lidocaine: efficacy, safety and dosing. de Vries, LS; Egberts, AC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Straaten, HL, 2013)	0.9
" Previous studies have shown that the commonly used drugs lidocaine, ropivacaine, and bupivacaine can be toxic to human chondrocytes."	( Cytotoxicity of local anesthetics on human mesenchymal stem cells. Dang, AC; Kim, HT; Kuo, AC; Rahnama, R; Wang, M, 2013)	0.63
"79), and 2% lidocaine was found to be significantly more toxic than all doses of bupivacaine and ropivacaine."	( Cytotoxicity of local anesthetics on human mesenchymal stem cells. Dang, AC; Kim, HT; Kuo, AC; Rahnama, R; Wang, M, 2013)	0.77
" Since other studies have shown ropivacaine to be less toxic to chondrocytes than bupivacaine, ropivacaine may be a safer intra-articular anesthetic."	( Cytotoxicity of local anesthetics on human mesenchymal stem cells. Dang, AC; Kim, HT; Kuo, AC; Rahnama, R; Wang, M, 2013)	0.39
"Overall, administration of KAI-1678 was generally safe and well tolerated."	( The safety and efficacy of KAI-1678- an inhibitor of epsilon protein kinase C (εPKC)-versus lidocaine and placebo for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a crossover study design. Bell, G; Cousins, MJ; Critchley, L; Huang, S; Pickthorn, K, 2013)	0.61
" Secondary outcomes included vital sign changes, soft-tissue anesthesia, and treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of a novel nasal spray for maxillary dental anesthesia. Almubarak, SA; Ayoub, F; Ciancio, SG; Garlapo, DA; Hutcheson, MC; Pantera, CT; Pantera, EA; Sobieraj, BD, 2013)	0.39
" Suspected adverse effects were seen in only one patient, who developed a transient bradycardia."	( Efficacy and safety of lidocaine for treatment of neonatal seizures. Ågren, J; Flink, R; Hellström-Westas, L; Lundqvist, M; Wickström, R, 2013)	0.7
"Lidocaine has a moderate efficacy as second-line therapy following benzodiazepines for treating neonatal seizures and is not frequently associated with cardiovascular adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of lidocaine for treatment of neonatal seizures. Ågren, J; Flink, R; Hellström-Westas, L; Lundqvist, M; Wickström, R, 2013)	2.14
"Bupivacaine is one of the most toxic local anesthetics but the mechanisms underlying its neurotoxicity are still unclear."	( Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) repletion attenuates bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity. Lai, LY; Li, L; Xu, SY; Zheng, T; Zhou, SQ, 2013)	0.39
"Data from this study demonstrate that topical anesthetic for facial rejuvenation can be enhanced with laser pretreatment while maintaining safe blood serum levels."	( Topical lidocaine enhanced by laser pretreatment: a safe and effective method of analgesia for facial rejuvenation. Kenkel, J; Oni, G; Rasko, Y, 2013)	0.82
" In addition, the results showed that lidocaine was the most toxic of the three local anesthetics and that ropivacaine presented less cytotoxicity than lidocaine and bupivacaine."	( Comparison of toxicity effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine on rabbit intervertebral disc cells in vitro. Cai, XY; Ding, F; Gao, F; Shao, ZW; Xie, M; Xiong, LM; Yang, SH, 2014)	0.91
" The use of 10 ml 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 in patients with cardiac disease represent a safe anesthetic procedure."	( The evaluation of perioperative safety of local anesthesia with lidocaine containing epinephrine in patients with ischemic heart disease. Esmaeili, N; Fathi, HR; Ghazizadeh, S; Naseri, MH; Sadeghi, M; Sadrossadat, H; Sanatkar, M; Shoroughi, M, 2013)	0.95
" There was no statistically significance in adverse events between two groups."	( Efficacy and safety of bupivacaine versus lidocaine in dental treatments: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Huang, Y; Liao, S; Su, N; Wang, H; Yang, S; Zhang, S, 2014)	0.67
"5% lidocaine is fast-onset, very effective and safe in initiating epidural analgesia for early stage labor."	( Low concentration lidocaine (0.5%) bolus epidurally can initiate fast-onset, effective and safe analgesia for early stage labor. Liu, H; Rosinia, F; Yao, S, 2013)	1.35
" Visual analogue scale (VAS), requirement of fentanyl and flurbiprofen, and the incidence of remifentanil-related adverse effects (respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, pruritus) were examined at 3 hourly intervals for 12 hours."	( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
" No adverse events including respiratory depression occurred throughout the study in both groups."	( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
"02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) can safely be used without any serious adverse events, while it may not be enough for postoperative analgesia."	( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
" This may contribute to a further increase in the safe use of spinal anesthesia in the clinical setting."	( Spinal anesthesia revisited: toxicity of new and old drugs and compounds. Hampl, K; Steinfeldt, T; Wulf, H, 2014)	0.4
"Ropivacaine is not safe when intrathecally administered with lidocaine at the concentrations used in this study."	( Intrathecal lidocaine neurotoxicity: combination with bupivacaine and ropivacaine and effect of nerve growth factor. Chen, W; Ding, X; Guo, Y; Zhao, G, 2014)	1.02
"Lidocaine gel at concentrations from 2 to 12% induced similar anesthetic effect for IVTs, without adverse effects on cornea and conjunctiva."	( Safety and efficacy of various concentrations of topical lidocaine gel for intravitreal injection. Farah, ME; Grumann, A; Lorenzo, JC; Nunes, RP; Penha, FM; Rodrigues, EB; Shiroma, HF, 2014)	2.09
" Controlled studies on the effect of lipid emulsion on toxic doses of local anaesthetics have not been performed in man."	( Intravenous lipid emulsion given to volunteers does not affect symptoms of lidocaine brain toxicity. Backman, JT; Haasio, J; Heinonen, JA; Litonius, E; Rosenberg, PH; Salmi, T; Tarkkila, P, 2015)	0.65
" Of the evaluated anesthetics, ropivacaine is the least toxic in the clinically used concentration."	( Cytotoxic effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine on rotator cuff tenofibroblasts. Hah, YS; Kim, JS; Kim, RJ; Lee, SJ; Nam, JB; Park, HB; Sung, CM, 2014)	0.65
"Pain and potential adverse events (AE) remain challenges for patients being treated with calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA; Radiesse), especially CaHA not mixed with an anesthetic."	( Safety and effectiveness of injection of calcium hydroxylapatite via blunt cannula compared to injection by needle for correction of nasolabial folds. Beer, KR, 2014)	0.4
"The Safety of Microfocused Ultrasound with Visualization (MFU-V) has been well established in both controlled clinical studies and in clinical use, showing only mild and transient anticipated side effects and only rare unanticipated adverse events (AEs)."	( Review of the safety profile for microfocused ultrasound with visualization. Dobke, MK; Hitchcock, TM, 2014)	0.4
"Scalp block with a mixture of lidocaine and ropivacaine seems to provide effective and safe anesthetic management in patients undergoing awake craniotomy."	( Efficacy and Safety of a Lidocaine and Ropivacaine Mixture for Scalp Nerve Block and Local Infiltration Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Awake Craniotomy. Chaki, T; Hatakeyama, Y; Hayase, T; Ishioka, Y; Janicki, PK; Kaneuchi-Yamashita, M; Kohri, N; Sugino, S; Yamakage, M, 2016)	1.03
"It has been reported that lidocaine is toxic to various types of cells."	( Lidocaine sensitizes the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in breast cancer cells via up-regulation of RARβ2 and RASSF1A demethylation. Han, X; Li, K; Yang, J, 2014)	2.15
" Today, level 1 evidence exists for the safe use of epinephrine in fingers."	( [Time to bury the adrenaline-myth!--Safe use of adrenaline anesthesia in hand surgery and orthopedics]. Hagert, E; Lalonde, D, 2015)	0.42
" Most common treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) included lip bruising, swelling, and pain and were mostly mild and transient in nature, without anticipated device AEs."	( A randomized, evaluator-blinded, controlled study of effectiveness and safety of small particle hyaluronic acid plus lidocaine for lip augmentation and perioral rhytides. Beer, K; Bulley, B; Dover, JS; Glogau, RG; Handiwala, L; Olin, JT; Shamban, A, 2015)	0.63
" Use of the active system was not associated with any serious adverse events or any adverse events resulting in study discontinuation."	( Safety and Efficacy of Needle-free Powder Lidocaine Delivery System in Adult Patients Undergoing Venipuncture or Peripheral Venous Cannulation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Meyer, JM; Schmitz, ML; Zempsky, WT, 2016)	0.7
" Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs) and relationship to study treatment."	( Safety and Efficacy of a Needle-free Powder Lidocaine Delivery System in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Venipuncture or Peripheral Venous Cannulation: Randomized Double-blind COMFORT-004 Trial. Meyer, JM; Schmitz, ML; Zempsky, WT, 2015)	0.68
" Safety was assessed by a 14-day subject diary and recording of adverse events (AEs) during the whole study."	( An Open-Label, Multicenter, Evaluator-Blinded Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of a New Hyaluronic Acid-Based Gel Product for Lip Enhancement. Fagrell, D; Haglund, P; Hamilton, L; Kuusk, S; Samuelson, U; Wetter, A, 2015)	0.42
" Therapy with these agents is often complicated because of the presence of significant associated adverse effects, clinician unfamiliarity, variable dosing strategies, and the potential for drug-drug interactions."	( Continuous intravenous antiarrhythmic agents in the intensive care unit: strategies for safe and effective use of amiodarone, lidocaine, and procainamide. Mohrien, KM; Oliphant, CS; Samarin, MJ, )	0.34
" The second validity evaluation variable including the global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS), the WSRS, and adverse event reporting at weeks 8, 16, and 24 were also performed."	( The Efficacy and Safety of Lidocaine-Containing Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler for Treatment of Nasolabial Folds: A Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Study. Choi, WJ; Han, SW; Kang, H; Kim, HW; Kim, JE; Kim, MB, 2015)	0.71
" Both fillers were well tolerated and adverse reactions were mild and transient in most cases."	( The Efficacy and Safety of Lidocaine-Containing Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler for Treatment of Nasolabial Folds: A Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Study. Choi, WJ; Han, SW; Kang, H; Kim, HW; Kim, JE; Kim, MB, 2015)	0.71
"Mydrane is an effective and safe alternative to standard eye drops for initiating and maintaining intraoperative mydriasis and analgesia."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a standardised intracameral combination of mydriatics and anaesthetics for cataract surgery. Alió, J; Behndig, A; Cochener, B; Colin, J; Findl, O; Hartani, D; Labetoulle, M; Lazreg, S; Lobo, C; Malecaze, F; Tassignon, MJ, 2016)	0.43
"Prefilled syringes of lidocaine remain safe to use for up to 4 weeks, and the current regulations placed on the disposal of these solutions should be revisited."	( Safety of Prefilled Buffered Lidocaine Syringes With and Without Epinephrine. Akin, R; Emrick, A; Pate, DA; Shimizu, I; Snodgrass, K, 2016)	1.04
" Although tumescent lidocaine anesthesia is used for an increasing variety of surgical procedures, the maximum safe dosage is unknown."	( Estimated Maximal Safe Dosages of Tumescent Lidocaine. Jeske, DR; Klein, JA, 2016)	1.02
"Preliminary estimates for maximum safe dosages of tumescent lidocaine are 28 mg/kg without liposuction and 45 mg/kg with liposuction."	( Estimated Maximal Safe Dosages of Tumescent Lidocaine. Jeske, DR; Klein, JA, 2016)	0.94
" Most reported adverse events (80%) were mild in severity."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Large Gel Particle Hyaluronic Acid With Lidocaine for Correction of Midface Volume Deficit or Contour Deficiency. Bank, D; Dover, J; Few, J; Joseph, J; Lin, X; Mashburn, J; Moradi, A; Nogueira, A; Weiss, RA, 2016)	0.67
" There were limited data available on the effect of systemic lidocaine on adverse effects or surgical complications."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative analgesia and recovery after surgery: a systematic review with trial sequential analysis. Afshari, A; Eberhart, LH; Hahnenkamp, K; Hollmann, MW; Jokinen, J; Kranke, P; Pace, NL; Poepping, DM; Schnabel, A; Weibel, S, 2016)	0.95
"Perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with pediatric anesthesia."	( Site-directed topical lidocaine spray attenuates perioperative respiratory adverse events in children undergoing elective surgery. Ai, Y; Chu, Q; He, L; Li, LW; Zhang, W, 2016)	0.75
" No systemic adverse events were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of bupivacaine versus lidocaine in local anesthesia of the nasopharynx: A meta-analysis. He, Z; Huang, L; Wang, J; Yu, X, 2016)	0.7
" No systemic adverse event due to topical lidocaine were observed."	( Lidocaine controls pain and allows safe wound bed preparation and debridement of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: a retrospective study. Bartoli, F; Braschi, F; Bruni, C; De Paulis, A; Fantauzzo, C; Fiori, G; Matucci-Cerinic, M; Paganelli, L; Rasero, L, 2017)	2.16
"Intracutaneous lidocaine is used for anesthesia in dermatologic surgery for skin cancer excision and repair with exceedingly low incidence of reported adverse events."	( Safety of Local Intracutaneous Lidocaine Anesthesia Used by Dermatologic Surgeons for Skin Cancer Excision and Postcancer Reconstruction: Quantification of Standard Injection Volumes and Adverse Event Rates. Alam, M; Fosko, SW; Geisler, A; Poon, E; Schaeffer, MR; Srivastava, D, 2016)	1.07
"To measure (1) the quantity of lidocaine typically used for facial skin cancer excision and reconstruction; and (2) the frequency and character of associated adverse events."	( Safety of Local Intracutaneous Lidocaine Anesthesia Used by Dermatologic Surgeons for Skin Cancer Excision and Postcancer Reconstruction: Quantification of Standard Injection Volumes and Adverse Event Rates. Alam, M; Fosko, SW; Geisler, A; Poon, E; Schaeffer, MR; Srivastava, D, 2016)	1.01
" Incidence of adverse events possibly anesthesia related was >0."	( Safety of Local Intracutaneous Lidocaine Anesthesia Used by Dermatologic Surgeons for Skin Cancer Excision and Postcancer Reconstruction: Quantification of Standard Injection Volumes and Adverse Event Rates. Alam, M; Fosko, SW; Geisler, A; Poon, E; Schaeffer, MR; Srivastava, D, 2016)	0.72
" Volumes of lidocaine in skin cancer excision and repair are modest and within safe limits."	( Safety of Local Intracutaneous Lidocaine Anesthesia Used by Dermatologic Surgeons for Skin Cancer Excision and Postcancer Reconstruction: Quantification of Standard Injection Volumes and Adverse Event Rates. Alam, M; Fosko, SW; Geisler, A; Poon, E; Schaeffer, MR; Srivastava, D, 2016)	1.1
" The second evaluation variables included the global aesthetic improvement scale, wrinkle severity rating scale, and adverse events."	( The Efficacy and Safety of HA IDF Plus (with Lidocaine) Versus HA IDF (Without Lidocaine) in Nasolabial Folds Injection: A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Split-Face Study. Kim, SH; Lee, JH; Park, ES, 2017)	0.71
" Both HA IDF plus and HA IDF were considerably tolerated and most adverse reactions were mild and transient."	( The Efficacy and Safety of HA IDF Plus (with Lidocaine) Versus HA IDF (Without Lidocaine) in Nasolabial Folds Injection: A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Split-Face Study. Kim, SH; Lee, JH; Park, ES, 2017)	0.71
" Although it is considered safe and effective, CSE can be complicated by local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), a potentially life-threatening condition."	( Two for One: A Case Report of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion to Treat Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity in Term Pregnancy. Dun-Chi Lin, J; Horlocker, TT; Missair, A; Sivanesan, E, 2017)	0.46
" Both fillers were well tolerated, and adverse reactions were mild."	( A multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new monophasic hyaluronic acid filler with lidocaine 0.3% in the correction of nasolabial fold. Im, SI; Kim, BJ; Lee, JH; Lim, JS; Oh, CT; Suh, JH, 2017)	0.66
" Anesthesia onset time, total number of intraoperative children movements, hemodynamics (heart rate, arterial pressure, pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate), total cumulative dose of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil, the amount of midazolam and lidocaine, time to first dose of rescue midazolam and lidocaine, postoperative recovery time, adverse events, bronchoscopist satisfaction score were recorded."	( The safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil in children undergoing flexible bronchoscopy: A retrospective dose-finding trial. Jin, S; Li, X; Li, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, D, 2017)	0.63
" Rats were inspected for durations of effective sensory and motor nerve blocks, systemic adverse effects, and histological changes of local tissues."	( The quaternary lidocaine derivative QX-314 in combination with bupivacaine for long-lasting nerve block: Efficacy, toxicity, and the optimal formulation in rats. Li, J; Liu, J; Lv, R; Ma, L; Yang, X; Yin, Q; Zhang, W; Zheng, Q; Zhu, T, 2017)	0.81
" However, the maximum safe dose of DEX is unclear, and its protective effects against lidocaine-related neurotoxicity need to be confirmed."	( Dexmedetomidine inhibits activation of the MAPK pathway and protects PC12 and NG108-15 cells from lidocaine-induced cytotoxicity at its maximum safe dose. Bi, X; Ruan, X; She, Y; Tan, Y; Wang, Q; Wei, W; Xu, Y; Zhang, N; Zhao, B, 2017)	0.9
" Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, resource utilization data and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) as described in the leaflet were extracted."	( Characteristics, resource utilization and safety profile of patients prescribed with neuropathic pain treatments: a real-world evidence study on general practices in Europe - the role of the lidocaine 5% medicated plaster. Katz, P; Liedgens, H; Pegoraro, V, 2017)	0.65
" These results show that CaHA (+) is an effective and safe option to correct temporal fossae volume loss associated with high patient satisfaction."	( Pilot Study Examining the Safety and Efficacy of Calcium Hydroxylapatite Filler With Integral Lidocaine Over a 12-Month Period to Correct Temporal Fossa Volume Loss. Juhász, MLW; Levin, MK; Marmur, ES, 2018)	0.7
" Concomitant treatments and adverse reactions were also recorded."	( Efficacy and safety of 5% lidocaine-medicated plasters in localized pain with neuropathic and/or inflammatory characteristics: an observational, real-world study. Amato, F; Ciliberto, G; Consoletti, L; Duse, G; Firetto, V; Lo Presti, C; Mazza, M; Palmieri, V; Parigi, LA, 2017)	0.76
" Safety outcomes included incidence of serious (eg, cardiac arrest) and nonserious (eg, dizziness) adverse events."	( Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine for Pain Management in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. Bellolio, MF; Cabrera, D; E Silva, LOJ; Erwin, PJ; Motov, S; Murad, MH; Scherber, K; West, CP, 2018)	0.76
" The article concludes that adrenaline containing lidocaine preparations such as lignospan are safe for use in the pinna and nose, and should be considered for use in emergency departments."	( Is it safe to inject local anaesthetic with adrenaline into the pinna and external nose? Henderson, A; Millar, E; Waddell, A, 2018)	0.73
"Repeat treatment with VYC-15L at 1 year was safe and effective for lip and perioral enhancement, and required less product volume to achieve similar effectiveness to initial/touch-up treatment."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Repeat Treatment With VYC-15L for Lip and Perioral Enhancement: Results From a Prospective Multicenter Study. Biesman, BS; Glaser, DA; Hardas, B; Murphy, DK; Rivkin, A; Schumacher, A; Weinkle, SH; Weiss, RA, 2019)	0.51
"Repeat treatment with VYC-15L at 1 year was safe and effective for lip and perioral enhancement, and required less product volume to achieve similar effectiveness to initial/touch-up treatment."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Repeat Treatment With VYC-15L for Lip and Perioral Enhancement: Results From a Prospective Multicenter Study. Biesman, BS; Glaser, DA; Hardas, B; Murphy, DK; Rivkin, A; Schumacher, A; Weinkle, SH; Weiss, RA, 2019)	0.51
" No mixture related adverse events (nausea, vomiting, pruritus, sedation, respiratory depression) or those related to electrocardiographic parameters (arrhythmias and asystole) were reported in any patients."	( The safety of a mixture of bupivacaine and lidocaine in children after urologic inguinal and scrotal surgery. Chung, JM; Lee, K; Lee, SD, 2018)	0.74
" An appropriate dose has no clinically significant hemodynamic or cardiac changes and adverse effects."	( The safety of a mixture of bupivacaine and lidocaine in children after urologic inguinal and scrotal surgery. Chung, JM; Lee, K; Lee, SD, 2018)	0.74
" Outcomes included 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale score and adverse events."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Hyaluronic Acid Gel with Lidocaine for the Treatment of Nasolabial Folds: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Luan, J; Luan, S; Mi, B; Panayi, AC; Wang, C; Xin, M, 2018)	0.73
" The main adverse events, such as swelling, erythema, bruising, itching and induration, also showed no significant difference."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Hyaluronic Acid Gel with Lidocaine for the Treatment of Nasolabial Folds: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Luan, J; Luan, S; Mi, B; Panayi, AC; Wang, C; Xin, M, 2018)	0.73
" The secondary outcomes of pain intensity, adverse safety events, and local anesthetic toxicity were also assessed."	( Perioperative lidocaine infusions for the prevention of chronic postsurgical pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. Bailey, M; Corcoran, T; Schug, S; Toner, A, 2018)	0.84
"In the appropriate patient population, IV lidocaine may be a safe and effective treatment for children and adolescents with status migraine."	( Safety and Efficacy of IV Lidocaine in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Status Migraine. Ayulo, MA; Phillips, KE; Tripathi, S, 2018)	1.05
" A study drug was inserted into the defect socket after the extraction, and postoperative pain intensity, satisfaction with postoperative pain relief, adverse events, and postoperative supplemental analgesic rescue use (time, dose) were investigated by patient self-report."	( Sustained-release lidocaine sheet for pain following tooth extraction: A randomized, single-blind, dose-response, controlled, clinical study of efficacy and safety. Kosugi, K; Saito, S; Suto, T; Suzuki, T; Tabata, Y; Tobe, M; Yokoo, S, 2018)	0.81
" Two women received a toxic dose of lidocaine, and both were in the VH + VR group."	( Lidocaine Use in Vaginal Surgery and Risk of Toxicity. Brueseke, TJ; Connolly, A; Geller, EJ; Husk, KE; Willis-Gray, MG, 2020)	2.28
" In order to ensure that intra-articular lidocaine is safe to use, treatments aimed at mitigating chondrocyte death have recently been investigated."	( Protective effects of platelet-rich plasma against lidocaine cytotoxicity on canine articular chondrocytes. Bianchini, E; Buratta, S; Chiaradia, E; Di Meo, A; Floridi, C; Mancini, F; Moscati, L; Pepe, M; Pistilli, A; Stabile, A, 2018)	1
" The onset time, analgesic effect and adverse events were recorded."	( Comparison of clinical efficacy and safety between articaine and lidocaine in the anaesthesia management of tooth pulp disease. Gao, Y; Li, J; Qian, Y; Wei, W; Yang, W, 2018)	0.72
"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopies (UGEs) performed under ketamine sedation may increase the risk of respiratory adverse events (RAEs) due to pharyngeal stimulation."	( Topical Pharyngeal Lidocaine Reduces Respiratory Adverse Events During Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopies Under Ketamine Sedation in Children. Estalella-Mendoza, A; Flores-González, JC; Lechuga-Sancho, AM; Rodríguez-Campoy, P; Saldaña-Valderas, M, 2019)	0.84
" The most commonly reported adverse events were administration site reactions linked to topical administration."	( Lidocaine medicated plaster, an additional potential treatment option for localized post-surgical neuropathic pain: efficacy and safety results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Attal, N; Boesl, I; Buchheister, B; Koenig, S; Palladini, M, 2019)	1.96
" Conclusively, blood system (especially erythrocyte system) and digestive system, including liver and gastrointestinal tract, might be the toxic targets of ALED."	( Preclinical safety assessment of antipyrine combined with lidocaine hydrochloride as ear drops. Ba, JB; Chu, ZY; Feng, X; Liu, WH; Zhang, XD; Zou, YX, 2019)	0.76
" Adverse events were recorded."	( Open-Label, Post-Marketing Study to Evaluate the Performance and Safety of Calcium Hydroxylapatite With Integral Lidocaine to Correct Facial Volume Loss Muti, GF, 2019)	0.72
" No adverse events requiring emergency intervention with a crash cart or transfer to the emergency department occurred despite a patient population with advanced age and a wide range of comorbidities."	( Safety of Intradermal/Subcutaneous Lidocaine With Epinephrine Use in Dermatologic Surgery. Diven, DG; Dozier, SE; Edmiston, C; Fox, MC; Hirshburg, JM; Woody, M, 2020)	0.84
"No serious adverse events requiring emergency intervention were associated with lidocaine with epinephrine doses administered below the Food and Drug Administration recommended maximum."	( Safety of Intradermal/Subcutaneous Lidocaine With Epinephrine Use in Dermatologic Surgery. Diven, DG; Dozier, SE; Edmiston, C; Fox, MC; Hirshburg, JM; Woody, M, 2020)	1.06
" Unsedated PEG insertion appears to be a feasible, well-tolerated, and safe option for stroke-related dysphagia."	( Unsedated Outpatient Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy in Stroke Patients: Is It Feasible and Safe? Kapanidis, K; Kotzampassi, K; Michalopoulos, A; Stavrou, G; Tsaousi, G, 2019)	0.51
"Compared to IVA, FNB was an effective and safe strategy for the positioning of femur fracture patients for a spinal block, particularly patients who received SA in the sitting position."	( Efficacy and safety of femoral nerve block for the positioning of femur fracture patients before a spinal block - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bai, CH; Chen, C; Chen, JH; Cheng, SW; Chu, KCW; Hsu, CW; Hsu, YP; Huang, CJ; Huang, WC, 2019)	0.51
" Safety assessments included injection site responses (ISRs), recorded in a subject diary, and adverse events (AEs)."	( Safe, Effective Chin and Jaw Restoration With VYC-25L Hyaluronic Acid Injectable Gel. Abrams, S; Belhaouari, L; Chawla, S; Gaymans, F; Ogilvie, P; Sattler, G; Schumacher, A; Snow, S; Weichman, BM, 2019)	0.51
"VYC-25L significantly improved glabella-subnasale-pogonion facial angle and was generally safe and well tolerated."	( Safe, Effective Chin and Jaw Restoration With VYC-25L Hyaluronic Acid Injectable Gel. Abrams, S; Belhaouari, L; Chawla, S; Gaymans, F; Ogilvie, P; Sattler, G; Schumacher, A; Snow, S; Weichman, BM, 2019)	0.51
" We hypothesized that the use of local dental anesthesia with lidocaine with and without epinephrine is safe and does not result in life-threatening arrhythmias in patients with channelopathies."	( Is It Safe for Patients With Cardiac Channelopathies to Undergo Routine Dental Care? Experience From a Single-Center Study. Barbosa, SA; Carvalho, CMA; Darrieux, FCC; Grupi, CJ; Hachul, DT; Montano, TCP; Neves, ILI; Neves, RS; Oliveira, ACG; Olivetti, NQS; Pastore, CA; Sacilotto, L; Samesima, N; Santos-Paul, MAD; Scanavacca, MI; Wu, TC, 2019)	0.75
" Treatment-related adverse events were reported in seven subjects (7."	( A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Evaluator-Blinded, Split-Hand Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of Large-Gel-Particle Hyaluronic Acid with Lidocaine for the Correction of Volume Deficits in the Dorsal Hand. Allen, S; Bank, D; Cohen, JL; Fagien, S; Glaser, DA; Maguire, C; Marmur, E; Moradi, A, 2019)	0.71
" However, comprehensive evaluation and identification of the most efficacious and safe intervention are lacking."	( Efficacy and Safety of Pulpal Anesthesia Strategies during Endodontic Treatment of Permanent Mandibular Molars with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Azarpazhooh, A; Beyene, J; Lighvan, NL; Shah, PS; Yarascavitch, C; Zanjir, M, 2019)	0.51
" Systemic toxicity with reflex on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems is their most feared adverse reactions, and the anaphylactic reaction is the most concerning one."	( Safety of local anesthetics. Cherobin, ACFP; Tavares, GT, )	0.13
" Postoperative safety included adverse events, endothelial cell density and vision."	( Safety and efficacy of a standardized intracameral combination of mydriatics and anesthetic for cataract surgery in type-2 diabetic patients. Behndig, A; Bérard, A; Chiambaretta, F; Cochener-Lamard, B; Güell, JL; Labetoulle, M; Mencucci, R; Nuijts, R; Pleyer, U; Rosen, P; Szaflik, J; Tassignon, MJ, 2020)	0.56
"Propofol-based sedation is widely used in ERCP procedures, but adverse respiratory or cardiovascular events commonly occur."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine in propofol-based sedation for ERCP procedures: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. Ji, R; Li, YQ; Liu, C; Liu, J; Liu, X; Peng, LP, 2020)	0.84
" For each study, efficacy, effectiveness, and adverse events data were extracted."	( The Efficacy, Effectiveness and Safety of 5% Transdermal Lidocaine Patch for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review. Felix, ER; Klass, S; Santana, JA, 2020)	0.8
" Therefore, the study aims to compare the efficacy and the adverse events of articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:100 000 with lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:100 000 for primary molar extraction using buccal infiltration."	( Efficacy and adverse events of 4% articaine compared with 2% lidocaine on primary molar extraction: A randomised controlled trial. Bolan, M; Cardoso, M; Massignan, C; Silveira Santos, P, 2020)	1.01
" Adverse events were examined as secondary outcomes."	( Efficacy and adverse events of 4% articaine compared with 2% lidocaine on primary molar extraction: A randomised controlled trial. Bolan, M; Cardoso, M; Massignan, C; Silveira Santos, P, 2020)	0.8
" Adverse side effects of lidocaine and morphine sulfate and changes in vital signs were also recorded and compared."	( The efficacy of intravenous lidocaine and its side effects in comparison with intravenous morphine sulfate in patients admitted to the ED with right upper abdominal pain suspected of biliary colic. Akhgar, A; Hossein-Nejad, H; Nejati, A; Pouryousefi, T; Rafiemanesh, H, 2021)	1.22
" Only 9 patients had adverse effects in either group."	( The efficacy of intravenous lidocaine and its side effects in comparison with intravenous morphine sulfate in patients admitted to the ED with right upper abdominal pain suspected of biliary colic. Akhgar, A; Hossein-Nejad, H; Nejati, A; Pouryousefi, T; Rafiemanesh, H, 2021)	0.92
" Controversy persists as to whether epinephrine is safe for use in the hand."	( Wide-Awake Surgery With Local Anesthesia and Epinephrine Is Safe. Banner, L; Ilyas, AM; Jennings, JD; Matzon, JL, 2020)	0.56
" A total of 29 treatment related adverse events were reported by 16% of subjects, all were mild (79%) or moderate (21%) in intensity."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers With Lidocaine for Full-Face Treatment in Asian Patients. Huang, SH; Tsai, TF, 2020)	0.8
" This study aimed to determine the safety and adverse effects seen in patients that receive larger amounts of locally injected lidocaine."	( Risk of adverse events due to high volumes of local anesthesia during Mohs micrographic surgery. Clayton, A; Danford, BC; Darragh, C; Frank, N; Patrinely, JR; Wheless, L, 2021)	0.83
"The authors aimed to assess whether 4% articaine is a safe and effective local anesthetic (LA) for mandibular third-molar extractions."	( Safety and efficacy of 4% articaine in mandibular third-molar extraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Gay-Escoda, C; Santos-Sanz, L; Toledano-Serrabona, J, 2020)	0.56
"Use of 4% articaine for mandibular third-molar extraction is a safe choice that requires fewer reinjections and has a shorter onset time than other aminoamide-type LAs."	( Safety and efficacy of 4% articaine in mandibular third-molar extraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Gay-Escoda, C; Santos-Sanz, L; Toledano-Serrabona, J, 2020)	0.56
" The weight of evidence indicates 2,6-xylidine is a non-direct acting (metabolic threshold-dependent) genotoxin, and is not genotoxic in vivo in rats in the absence of acute systemic toxic effects, which occur at levels 35 × beyond lidocaine-related exposure in humans."	( A weight of evidence assessment of the genotoxicity of 2,6-xylidine based on existing and new data, with relevance to safety of lidocaine exposure. Johnson, GE; Kirkland, DJ; Sheil, ML; Streicker, MA, 2021)	1.01
" Our outcomes of interest were the differences in total dose of propofol administered, procedure time, and intraoperative adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of supplemental intravenous lidocaine for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Henry, C; Howden, CW; Imam, Z; Jowhar, D; Kamal, F; Khan, MA; Khan, Z; Lee-Smith, W; Patel, JR; Petryna, E; Qualkenbush, EAV; Sharma, S, 2021)	0.88
"This study demonstrates that calcium hydroxylapatite is effective and safe for restoration and augmentation of the jawline using the unique needle and cannula technique."	( A Randomized, Evaluator-Blind, Split-Face Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Calcium Hydroxylapatite for Jawline Augmentation. Alhaddad, M; Boen, M; Goldman, MP; Hoss, E; Kollipara, R; Wu, DC, 2022)	0.72
" Also assessed were changes in oral morphine equivalent dose (OME), frequency of breakthrough medication, functional status, adverse effects and perception of response."	( Lidocaine Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion for Neuropathic Pain in Hospice Patients: Safety and Efficacy. Hunt, RW; Kiani, CS, 2021)	2.06
" The primary outcome of this analysis was to determine the incidence of adverse effects (AEs) and the reason for discontinuation of lidocaine."	( Evaluating the Safety of Continuous Infusion Lidocaine for Postoperative Pain. Kovacevic, MP; Lupi, KE; Schuler, BR; Szumita, PM, 2021)	1.09
" The frequency of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between treatment groups in both studies; most were mild or moderate intensity."	( Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of LiRIS 400 mg in women with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome with or without Hunner lesions. Evans, R; Geib, T; Kohan, A; Moldwin, R; Peters, KM; Radecki, D, 2021)	0.62
" Adverse events will also be monitored throughout the study."	( The PATCH trial: efficacy and safety of 5% lidocaine-medicated plaster for the treatment of patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a study protocol for a multicentric, double-blind, enriched enrolment randomised withdrawal, vehicle-controlled study. Fan, B; Liu, H; Luo, F; Meng, L; Shen, Y; Shrestha, N; Zhao, C, 2021)	0.88
" While safe and well-tolerated when used appropriately, an overdose of these anesthetics increases the risk for local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), which in severe cases can present with seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias, and ultimately cardiovascular collapse."	( Local anesthetic systemic toxicity in the pediatric patient. Baker, KA; McMahon, K; Paster, J, 2022)	0.72
"Using cannulas to deliver facial fillers may reduce adverse events (AEs) compared with needle injection."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Hyaluronic Acid Filler, VYC-20L, via Cannula for Cheek Augmentation: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Controlled Study. Chawla, S; Cox, SE; Jones, D; McDermott, M; Palm, M; Sartor, M, 2021)	0.62
"VYC-20L for cheek augmentation was safe and effective using a cannula and noninferior to needle injection."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Hyaluronic Acid Filler, VYC-20L, via Cannula for Cheek Augmentation: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Controlled Study. Chawla, S; Cox, SE; Jones, D; McDermott, M; Palm, M; Sartor, M, 2021)	0.62
" Adverse events were recorded over a 60-week period."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Calcium Hydroxylapatite With Lidocaine for Improving Jawline Contour. Cohen, J; Dakovic, R; Green, J; Joseph, J; Moradi, A; Odena, G; Scher, R; Verma, A, 2021)	0.87
" The study demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with no reported unexpected adverse events."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Calcium Hydroxylapatite With Lidocaine for Improving Jawline Contour. Cohen, J; Dakovic, R; Green, J; Joseph, J; Moradi, A; Odena, G; Scher, R; Verma, A, 2021)	0.87
"CaHA (+) is a safe and effective treatment for improving the contour of the jawline."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Calcium Hydroxylapatite With Lidocaine for Improving Jawline Contour. Cohen, J; Dakovic, R; Green, J; Joseph, J; Moradi, A; Odena, G; Scher, R; Verma, A, 2021)	0.87
"The rat Langendorff-perfused isolated heart, anaesthetised rat and rat ventricular myocyte preparations were utilised in a series of blinded and randomised studies to investigate the antiarrhythmic effectiveness, adverse effects and mechanism of action of OCT2013, compared with lidocaine."	( OCT2013, an ischaemia-activated antiarrhythmic prodrug, devoid of the systemic side effects of lidocaine. Chowdhury, RA; Curtis, MJ; Firth, J; Hesketh, LM; MacLeod, KT; Mahoney-Sanchez, L; Mazzacuva, F; Ogrodzinski, S; Patterson, LH; Peters, NS; Sikkel, MB; Tzortzis, KN; Wilder, CDE; Winter, J, 2022)	1.12
"In isolated hearts, OCT2013 and lidocaine prevented ischaemia-induced VF equi-effectively, but OCT2013 did not share lidocaine's adverse effects (PR widening, bradycardia and negative inotropy)."	( OCT2013, an ischaemia-activated antiarrhythmic prodrug, devoid of the systemic side effects of lidocaine. Chowdhury, RA; Curtis, MJ; Firth, J; Hesketh, LM; MacLeod, KT; Mahoney-Sanchez, L; Mazzacuva, F; Ogrodzinski, S; Patterson, LH; Peters, NS; Sikkel, MB; Tzortzis, KN; Wilder, CDE; Winter, J, 2022)	1.22
"As an easily accessible and cost-effective method, cold saline solution alone might be an alternative to topical ophthalmic proparacaine alone with comparable safe and effective results."	( A double-blinded randomized clinical trial for pain perception: The efficacy and safety of topical cold saline solution anesthesia in phacoemulsification. Akpolat, C; Demir, M; Guven, D; Karapapak, M; Sendul, SY, 2022)	0.72
" The adverse event profile was similar between the treatment groups."	( Safety and Effectiveness of a Novel Hyaluronic Acid Gel for Lip Augmentation. Adelglass, J; Alonso-Llamazares, J; Fenton, J; Gold, M; Schlessinger, J; Smith, S, 2022)	0.72
" Patients were regularly followed for pain intensity, co-analgesic consumption, adverse effects, QoL using the EQ-5D, and patient satisfaction for 8 weeks."	( Lidocaine 700 mg medicated plaster for post-herpetic neuralgia: focus on Quality of Life, effectiveness and safety - a retrospective observational study. Aurilio, C; Coppolino, F; Giaccari, LG; Pace, MC; Passavanti, MB; Pota, V; Sansone, P, 2022)	2.16
" Intra-articular injection of local anaesthetics should be limited in the TMJ because of the potential toxic effects."	( Chondrotoxic effects of intra-articular injection of local anaesthetics in the rabbit temporomandibular joint. Ağyüz, G; Asan, CY; Asan, M; Canpolat, DG; Demirbas, AE; Karakükcü, Ç; Ülger, M; Yay, A, 2022)	0.72
" There are various case reports, however, of ocular and systemic complications associated with intracameral phenylephrine such as generation of free radicals, toxic anterior segment syndrome, inconsistent pupillary dilation during surgery, and ventricular fibrillation."	( The safety of intracameral phenylephrine - A systematic review. Casson, R; Chan, WO; Gowda, A; Jie, WWJ, )	0.13
"LMP has been shown to provide effective and sustained analgesia in some TN patients with minimal risk of systemic adverse reactions."	( Effectiveness, Safety, and Predictors of Response to 5% Lidocaine-Medicated Plaster for the Treatment of Patients With Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Retrospective Study. Luo, F; Meng, L; Xing, Y; Yu, B; Zhang, W; Zhao, C, 2023)	1.16
" Pain was assessed on a visual analog scale; aesthetic effectiveness was evaluated with validated scales, and safety was monitored based on common treatment responses (CTRs) and adverse events (AEs)."	( Patient Comfort, Safety, and Effectiveness of Resilient Hyaluronic Acid Fillers Formulated With Different Local Anesthetics. Dayan, SH; Eaton, L; Joseph, JH; Kaufman-Janette, J; Maffert, P; Smith, S, 2022)	0.72
"Resilient hyaluronic acid fillers with either mepivacaine or lidocaine are equally effective at reducing pain during treatment and equally performant and safe for correction of dynamic facial wrinkles and folds."	( Patient Comfort, Safety, and Effectiveness of Resilient Hyaluronic Acid Fillers Formulated With Different Local Anesthetics. Dayan, SH; Eaton, L; Joseph, JH; Kaufman-Janette, J; Maffert, P; Smith, S, 2022)	0.96
"A novel and safe oral Li-DMNs have potential applications in large animals and clinical trials and would possibly enter the anesthesia market."	( Lidocaine-loaded dissolving microneedle for safe local anesthesia on oral mucosa for dental procedure. Gong, S; Jang, M; Jung, H; Jung, UW; Kang, G; Lee, C; Lee, H; Lee, S; Min, HS; Ryu, HY; Song, YW; Yang, H, 2023)	2.35
"Intravesical instillation of TRG-100 was found to be safe and efficient in reducing pain and irritative bladder symptoms in our study population."	( Open Label, Pilot Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Intravesical Sustained Release System of Lidocaine and Oxybutynin (TRG-100) for Patients With Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome, Overactive Bladder and Patients With Retained Ureteral St Ala-Adin, N; Chertin, B; Dothan, D; Gordon, A; Hatumi, S; Kafka, I; Malchi, N; Moldwin, R; Nassar, T; Perez, D; Raisin, G; Shenfeld, O; Touitou, D, 2023)	1.13
"Spontaneous reports notified to the French Pharmacovigilance Network were retrieved and followed by a case-by-case review, according to the following criteria: LA as suspected drug, age < 18 years, adverse drug reactions related to nervous system, cardiac, respiratory, psychiatric or general disorders."	( Local anesthetics systemic toxicity in children: analysis of the French pharmacovigilance database. Bouazza, N; Boyer-Gervoise, M; Callot, D; Chouchana, L; Lesage, F; Oualha, M; Paret, N; Schweitzer-Chaput, A; Treluyer, JM, 2023)	0.91
"The onset and duration of sensory block and analgesia, hemodynamic parameters, and adverse effects were recorded."	( Hemodynamic Safety and Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Superficial Cervical Block Quality for Carotid Endarterectomy: A Prospective Study. Lijovic, L; Pazur, I; Perisa, N; Radocaj, T; Skrtic, M, 2023)	0.91
"5% levobupivacaine and 2% lidocaine for SCB did not influence the hemodynamics and frequency of adverse effects."	( Hemodynamic Safety and Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Superficial Cervical Block Quality for Carotid Endarterectomy: A Prospective Study. Lijovic, L; Pazur, I; Perisa, N; Radocaj, T; Skrtic, M, 2023)	1.21
" Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 38."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of PSD502 in Healthy Chinese Male and Female Volunteers: Two Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase I Trials. Diao, L; Li, H; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Lu, J; Niu, X; Qi, L; Sun, Y; Wang, F; Wang, X; Zhao, L; Zhou, Y; Zhu, J, 2023)	0.91
" Secondary outcomes included EBRR for polyps located in the 5-11 o'clock position, sigmoid colon peristalsis frequency, degree of exposure to the surgical field, operative times, and adverse events."	( Intestinal topical lidocaine spray improves the efficacy and safety of endoscopic sigmoid polypectomy. Lin, DY; Liu, WH; Lu, Q; Wang, XY; Xiong, F; Zeng, T, 2023)	1.24
" There was no statistical difference in the operative times and adverse event rates between the two groups."	( Intestinal topical lidocaine spray improves the efficacy and safety of endoscopic sigmoid polypectomy. Lin, DY; Liu, WH; Lu, Q; Wang, XY; Xiong, F; Zeng, T, 2023)	1.24
" We compared the hemodynamic indexes before operation, during puncturing and at 5 minutes after operation, the pain scores during the movement of the probe in the rectum, at puncturing and at 5 minutes after surgery, and the adverse reactions to anesthesia between the two groups of patients."	( [Application value and safety of prostate peripheral nerve block combined with dezocine in transrectal prostate biopsy]. Cai, QF; Lu, YX, 2022)	0.72
"We conducted meta-analyses to evaluate the effect of topical lidocaine on pain intensity, adverse events, and quality of life."	( Effect and safety profile of topical lidocaine on post-surgical neuropathic pain and quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chang, Y; Fan, B; Li, Y; Liu, B; Mao, P; Zhang, Y; Zhu, M, 2024)	1.96
"Topical lidocaine may lead to pain relief and is safe to use for patient with post-surgical pain, though its impact on quality of life is unclear."	( Effect and safety profile of topical lidocaine on post-surgical neuropathic pain and quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chang, Y; Fan, B; Li, Y; Liu, B; Mao, P; Zhang, Y; Zhu, M, 2024)	2.15
" The anesthesia onset time, anesthesia duration, numeric rating scale (NRS) score, anesthesia satisfaction rate and incidence of adverse reactions were recorded and compared between the two groups."	( To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dezocine combined with lidocaine in local anesthesia for percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration. Deng, ZX; Liu, JL; Liu, M; Zhu, XX, 2023)	1.15
" Despite the publications of comparative studies, there remains a dearth of systematic reviews examining the adverse effects of articaine versus lidocaine in randomized controlled trials."	( Adverse effects of articaine versus lidocaine in pediatric dentistry: a meta-analysis. Li, L; Sun, DL, 2023)	1.39

Pharmacokinetics

4% lidocaine was applied to healthy volunteers' backs for 12 h in a single-center, open-label, four-treatment,. four-period crossover pharmacokinetic study. The predicted versus observed plasma concentration-time profiles for alfentanil and lidocane were similar.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" A quantitative description of liver function in terms of regional distribution and elimination rate constants will require either a pharmacokinetic model that expressly includes the effects of bilirubin, the development of new anionic hepatobiliary agents capable of displacing endogenous bilirubin from transport binding sites, or the development of new hepatobiliary agents that use a different clearance mechanism from that used by bilirubin."	( Hepatic clearance mechanism of Tc-99m-HIDA and its effect on quantitation of hepatobiliary function: Concise communication. Cooper, M; Faith, W; Harvey, E; Loberg, M; Ryan, J; Sikorski, S, 1979)	0.26
" Pharmacokinetic studies in man show wide variability in drug disposition between patients, even when cardiac and hepatic status is considered, making specific dosing recommendations a problem."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of lignocaine. Benowitz, NL; Meister, W, )	0.13
" The collection of serial urine together with a limited number of blood samples from neonates enabled simultaneous computer fitting of data to a pharmacokinetic model."	( The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the anilide local anaesthetics in neonates. I. Lignocaine. Mihaly, GW; Moore, RG; Shanks, CA; Thomas, D; Thomas, J; Triggs, EJ, 1978)	0.26
" A two-compartment open model was used in the pharmacokinetic analysis of the data, and the plasma clearance of alphaxalone was similar to the blood flow through the liver."	( Pharmacokinetics of althesin--comparison with lignocaine. Simpson, ME, 1978)	0.26
" The drug was found to have linear kinetics over the dose range studied and a plasma half-life of 13."	( Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of a new orally effective antiarrhythmic, tocainide. Fitzgerald, JW; Harrison, DC; Meffin, PJ; Winkle, RA, 1976)	0.26
" Data are lacking relating pharmacokinetic alterations to haemodynamic measurements in patients with cardiac failure."	( Pharmacokinetics in patients with cardiac failure. Benowitz, NL; Meister, W, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic principles can be of value in devising rational approaches to lidocaine dosage."	( Pharmacokinetic approach to the clinical use of lidocaine intravenously. Bolognini, V; Greenblatt, DJ; Harmatz, JS; Koch-Weser, J, 1976)	0.74
" The absence of correlation between pharmacokinetic parameters of the disposition of lidocaine and indocyanine green indicates that the influence of hepatic disease on the hepatic processes that lead to the elimination of each compound is not predictable."	( Influence of viral hepatitis on the disposition of two compounds with high hepatic clearance: lidocaine and indocyanine green. Blaschke, TF; Meffin, PJ; Melmon, KL; Rowland, M; Williams, RL, 1976)	0.7
" The total volume of GX distribution in man is similar to that of lidocaine but the plasma clearance is less, so that the 10-hr elimination phase half-life of GX is much longer than the 1 1/2 hr half-life reported in normal subjects for lidocaine."	( Pharmacological activity, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of glycinexylidide. Atkinson, AJ; Burris, BC; Mayfield, DE; Raymon, F; Strong, JM; Webster, LT, 1975)	0.49
"Information derived from measurements of blood concentrations of local anaesthetics can be extended by the application of pharmacokinetic anaylsis."	( Pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents. Pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetic agents. Mather, LE; Tucker, GT, 1975)	0.25
"3 ml/min/kg), terminal half-life (148 min), and total volume of distribution (1."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lidocaine in patients with renal failure. Atkinson, AJ; Collinsworth, KA; Harrison, DC; Perlroth, F; Strong, JM; Winkle, RA, 1975)	0.53
" A study was carried out to investigate the effect of dextran on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of lignocaine during epidural anaesthesia in 20 adult male patients, who were randomly allocated to two treatment groups: group 1 (n = 10) was given lignocaine-dextran; group 2 (n = 10) was given lignocaine-saline."	( The effect of dextran on the pharmacokinetics of lignocaine during epidural anaesthesia. Alkhawajah, A; Farag, H, 1992)	0.28
"To describe and illustrate a convenient method of forecasting drug concentrations with confidence intervals (CIs) using the means and standard deviations of relevant pharmacokinetic parameters (e."	( Setting confidence intervals for drug concentrations from pharmacokinetic parameters. Inciardi, JF; Willits, NH, 1992)	0.28
"Using summary statistics from previously published reports, a Monte Carlo technique employing a SAS random number generator creates an arbitrarily large "sample" of each pharmacokinetic parameter."	( Setting confidence intervals for drug concentrations from pharmacokinetic parameters. Inciardi, JF; Willits, NH, 1992)	0.28
"kg-1) associated with a decreased elimination half-life and mean residence time."	( Altered pharmacokinetics of lignocaine after epidural injection in type II diabetics. Adithan, C; Peeyush, M; Ravishankar, M; Shashindran, CH, 1992)	0.28
" Mean half-life was 72."	( Pharmacokinetics of lignocaine in children after infiltration for cleft palate surgery. Barker, I; Griffiths, RW; Henderson, P; Michael, S; Reilly, CS, 1992)	0.28
"Open-label, pharmacodynamic evaluation."	( Comparative pharmacodynamics of intravenous lidocaine in patients with acute and chronic ventricular arrhythmias. Destache, CJ; Hilleman, DE; Hunter, CB; Mohiuddin, SM; Mooss, AN; Sketch, MH, 1992)	0.54
"A statistically significant difference in the pharmacodynamic effects of lidocaine were observed during the first eight hours of treatment in patients with acute-onset and chronic VPBs."	( Comparative pharmacodynamics of intravenous lidocaine in patients with acute and chronic ventricular arrhythmias. Destache, CJ; Hilleman, DE; Hunter, CB; Mohiuddin, SM; Mooss, AN; Sketch, MH, 1992)	0.78
" However, the limiting dosages determined up to now do not take account of important pharmacokinetic and toxicological data: (1) The dependence of blood levels measured on the technique of regional anesthesia and (2) the raised toxicity of a local anesthetic solution containing adrenaline following inadvertent intravascular (intravenous) injection."	( [Dose limits for local anesthetics. Recommendations based on toxicologic and pharmacokinetic data]. Kaiser, H; Niesel, HC, 1991)	0.28
" These results show that lignocaine displaces verapamil in-vitro and in-vivo from its plasma protein binding sites, but the ensuing pharmacokinetic changes do not lead to significant changes in free verapamil concentrations."	( Influence of lignocaine on plasma protein binding and pharmacokinetics of verapamil in dogs. Belpaire, FM; Bogaert, MG; Bourda, A; De Rick, A; De Smet, F; Rosseel, MT, 1990)	0.28
" There was no significant difference in either the percent free or the total lidocaine concentration at any sample time or in any of the pharmacokinetic variables among the three groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in children with congenital heart disease. Burrows, FA; LeDez, KM; Lerman, J; Strong, HA, 1991)	0.83
" Terminal half-life was 11."	( Myocardial uptake of lignocaine: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the isolated perfused heart of the rabbit. Kantelip, JP; Mazoit, JX; Orhant, EE; Talmant, JM, 1990)	0.28
"93 (control) ml/min kg], half-life [74."	( Lack of acute effect on lidocaine pharmacokinetics from parenteral nutrition. Coutts, RT; Finegan, BA; Ke, J; Koo, WW; Tam, YK, 1990)	0.59
"The study aimed at investigating an effect of propranolol on lidocaine pharmacokinetic parameters, especially elimination rate and total clearance rate."	( [Effect of propranolol on lidocaine pharmacokinetics]. Bijoś, P; Droździk, M; Feszak, J; Gawrońska-Szklarz, G; Goertz, K; Wójcicki, J, )	0.67
" In seven patients pharmacokinetic data were obtained."	( Continuous intercostal blockade with lidocaine after thoracic surgery. Clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Castelain, MH; Journois, D; Kuhlman, G; Orhant, EE; Safran, D, 1990)	0.55
"The use of a function to fit blood concentration-time data points is equivalent, under certain assumptions, to specifying a model of the distribution of residence times of the drug molecules in the body (stochastic pharmacokinetic model)."	( Pharmacokinetic stochastic model with Weibull-distributed residence times of drug molecules in the body. Piotrovskii, VK, 1987)	0.27
" The present experiments examined these substances for pharmacodynamic differences."	( Stereoselectivity of tocainide pharmacodynamics in vivo and in vitro. Block, AJ; Merrill, D; Smith, ER, 1988)	0.27
" 4-compartment model was introduced to analyze pharmacokinetic parameters, and which gave the most reasonable fit with actual results."	( [Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its metabolites in dog. Comparison between normal and CCl4-induced hepatic lesion]. Yamane, J, 1989)	0.6
"0748 hr-1), elimination half-life (average reduction, 13."	( Influence of rifampin on tocainide pharmacokinetics in humans. Celestin, C; Foster, JR; Patterson, JH; Powell, JR; Rice, TL, 1989)	0.28
" The short duration of the bypass procedure and the continuous changes during the process hamper a rigorous pharmacokinetic evaluation."	( Cardiopulmonary bypass and the pharmacokinetics of drugs. An update. Bogaert, MG; Buylaert, WA; Herregods, LL; Mortier, EP, 1989)	0.28
" The mean absorption half-life was approximately 7 min and the mean bioavailability was slightly in excess of 100%."	( Pharmacokinetics of quinacrine after intrapleural instillation in rabbits and man. Björkman, S; Elisson, LO; Gabrielsson, J, 1989)	0.28
" The half-life of propranolol and lidocaine in the initial phase of elimination correlated with the degree of portal-arterial disorders in liver blood supply."	( [Usefulness of the evaluation of blood supply and mass of the liver for predicting the rate of pharmacokinetics of lidocaine, propranolol and phenazone]. Becker, A; Bołdys, H; Hartleb, M; Kloc, T; Mańczyk, I, 1989)	0.77
" The pharmacokinetic data show initially a larger volume of distribution and a shortening of distribution halflife."	( [Pharmacokinetic studies on the causes of increased neurotoxicity of lidocaine during heart surgery]. Burkhardt, U; Deutrich, C; Olthoff, D; Vetter, B, 1989)	0.51
"The influence of drug sorption on the measurement of dose and blood concentrations during pharmacokinetic studies of chlormethiazole and lignocaine in a chronically catheterized sheep preparation has been examined."	( The influence of drug sorption on pharmacokinetic studies of chlormethiazole and lignocaine. Mather, LE; Runciman, WB; Upton, RN, 1987)	0.27
" Lignocaine has a narrow toxic/therapeutic index, so that pharmacokinetic factors are critical in dose selection."	( The pharmacokinetics of lignocaine and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Gagne, G; Nattel, S; Pineau, M, 1987)	0.27
" The terminal half-life and renal clearance of tocainide were not altered by either H2-receptor antagonists, compared with placebo."	( The effect of histamine-2 receptor antagonists on tocainide pharmacokinetics. Kapil, RP; Lalonde, RL; Mattern, AL; North, DS, 1988)	0.27
" However, no significant differences were found in the parameters of Cmax, Tmax or AUC for the two salts, and the serum levels in both groups at all times were well below the levels known to produce systemic toxicity."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of carbonated local anesthetics. III: Interscalene brachial block model. Sukhani, R; Winnie, AP, 1989)	0.28
" Cmax plasma levels for normal patients (5."	( Interscalene brachial plexus blockade with lidocaine in chronic renal failure--a pharmacokinetic study. Cunningham, AJ; McEllistrem, RF; O'Malley, K; O'Toole, D; Schell, J, 1989)	0.54
" On the other hand, the elimination half-life of antiarrhythmic agents that have a large volume of distribution and are highly cleared by the liver may be twice as long in patients with CHF compared with normal subjects."	( Effects of congestive heart failure on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiarrhythmic agents. Echt, DS; Roden, DM; Woosley, RL, 1986)	0.27
" The absorption of lidocaine could be described by a single first order absorption process, characterized by a half-life of 71 +/- 17 min in five out of six patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine following subarachnoid administration in surgical patients: simultaneous investigation of absorption and disposition kinetics using stable isotopes. Breimer, DD; Burm, AG; Olthof, G; Spierdijk, J; Van Kleef, JW; Vermeulen, NP, 1988)	0.93
"The comparative pharmacokinetic properties of lidocaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine and mepivacaine were investigated in convulsing and non-convulsing dogs."	( Alterations in the pharmacokinetic properties of amide local anaesthetics following local anaesthetic induced convulsions. Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Feldman, HS, 1988)	0.53
" However, the balance between these changes in Vd beta and Cl did not result in a significant difference in the elimination half-life of lidocaine (38."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in nonpregnant and pregnant ewes. Arthur, GR; Covino, BG; Finster, M; Morishima, HO; Pedersen, H; Santos, AC, 1988)	0.8
" The approach is to build a pharmacokinetic model for the disposition of the drug and then calculate backwards from the desired output function to derive the optimal input infusion function."	( Optimal pharmacokinetic delivery of infused drugs: application to the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Ahuja, AA; Martin, P, 1988)	0.27
"The clearance (CL), volume of distribution (Vd) and elimination half-life (t1/2), based on unbound and total concentration-time data, were estimated using two serum lidocaine concentrations drawn approximately 6 and 12 hours after the initiation of continuous intravenous lidocaine therapy in nine patients with myocardial infarction (MI) (in the immediate postinfarct period) and in 12 patients with ventricular arrhythmias."	( Rapid estimation of unbound lidocaine clearance in cardiac patients: implications for reducing toxicity. Denson, DD; Ernst, TF; Grummich, KW; Thomas, RL; Toltzis, RJ; Youngs, CH, 1988)	0.76
"499 L/h/kg and its half-life was 15."	( Pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone succinate, methylprednisolone, and lidocaine in the normal dog and during hemorrhagic shock. Alvinerie, M; Autefage, A; Oukessou, M; Toutain, PL, 1987)	0.5
" A novel universal elementary dosing regimen (uedr), that allows general pharmacokinetic modeling of these clinical regimens, is presented and developed mathematically."	( Efficient pharmacokinetic modeling of complex clinical dosing regimens: the universal elementary dosing regimen and computer algorithm EDFAST. Kreeft, JH; Sebaldt, RJ, 1987)	0.27
" The plasma elimination half-life of lidocaine was markedly shortened after rifampicin treatment, due to a diminished volume of distribution."	( Influence of enhanced alpha-1-acid glycoprotein concentration on protein binding, pharmacokinetics and antiarrhythmic effect of lidocaine in the dog. Belpaire, FM; Bogaert, MG; De Rick, AF; Dello, C, 1987)	0.75
" One-, two-, or three-compartment models were fitted to drug and metabolite blood concentration-time profiles and clearance, volume (Vss), and half-life values were calculated and compared by paired t-test."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lignocaine and MEGX in healthy subjects. Elliott, HL; Kelman, AW; Meredith, PA; Thomson, AH; Whiting, B, 1987)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic behaviour of both agents was consistent with a 2-compartment open model and two parallel first-order absorption processes."	( Pharmacokinetics of lignocaine and bupivacaine in surgical patients following epidural administration. Simultaneous investigation of absorption and disposition kinetics using stable isotopes. Breimer, DD; Burm, AG; de Boer, AG; Spierdijk, J; van Kleef, JW; Vermeulen, NP, 1987)	0.27
" This pharmacokinetic interaction was not the result of a lidocaine-induced decrease in the fraction of verapamil bound to plasma protein because in vitro lidocaine failed to displace verapamil from its protein binding site."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between lidocaine and verapamil. Abernethy, DR; Chelly, JE; Dlewati, A; Doursout, MF; Hill, DC; Merin, RG, 1987)	0.76
"We investigated the influence of bias in the estimates of the population pharmacokinetic parameters on the performance of Bayesian feedback in achieving a desired drug serum concentration."	( Estimates of the population pharmacokinetic parameters and performance of Bayesian feedback: a sensitivity analysis. Steiner, C; Vozeh, S, 1987)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic data derived included the rate constants k21, k12 (drug movement between two compartments), k10 (elimination from the central compartment), and the volume of distribution (V beta)."	( The influence of age on lignocaine pharmacokinetics in young puppies. Brown, TC; Eyres, RL; Hastings, CL; Oppenheim, RC, 1986)	0.27
" The aim of this work was to determine the effect of mechanical ventilation on pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine, which is a well-known nonrestrictive elimination drug at the hepatic level."	( Effect of mechanical ventilation on hepatic drug pharmacokinetics. Auzépy, P; Berdeaux, A; Delion, F; Giudicelli, JF; Richard, C; Rimailho, A; Riou, B, 1986)	0.48
" In addition to changing serum drug concentration/response relationships, the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs bound to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein should also change."	( Hepatic drug clearance following traumatic injury. Hassett, JM; Slaughter, RL, 1985)	0.27
" The mean plasma half-life was 15."	( Pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of tocainide in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure. Bakshi, M; Branagan, P; Kelly, JG; MacMahon, B; Walsh, MJ, 1985)	0.27
" There were no significant differences between normotensive and preeclamptic patients in the total dose of lidocaine, peak maternal plasma concentration, volume of distribution, maternal elimination half-life and umbilical vein/maternal vein ratios."	( The pharmacokinetics and maternal and neonatal effects of epidural lidocaine in preeclampsia. Bottorff, M; Jeter, JN; Khalil, M; Ramanathan, J; Sibai, BM, 1986)	0.72
"In spite of the increasing use of intravenous lidocaine in the operating room, no pharmacokinetic data exist for intravenous lidocaine in children."	( Lidocaine pharmacokinetics in children during general anesthesia. DiFazio, CA; Finholt, DA; Moscicki, JC; Stirt, JA, 1986)	1.97
" Lidocaine pharmacokinetic parameters were unchanged in the presence of amiodarone."	( Effect of amiodarone on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin, quinidine, and lidocaine in the rat. DiGregorio, GJ; Fruncillo, RJ; Kozin, SH, 1985)	1.41
" The peak concentration of lidocaine was detected within 30 minutes."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of local analgesia for laparoscopic tubal ligations. Hulka, JF; Mueller, RA; Ostheimer, GW; Spielman, FJ, 1983)	0.56
" In 9 with total renal failure, the plasma half-life ranged from 16."	( Pharmacokinetics of tocainide in patients with renal dysfunction and during haemodialysis. Augustin, J; Graffner, C; Hanrath, P; Kuck, KH; Pottage, A; Runge, M; Wiegers, U, 1983)	0.27
" In one patient with active hepatic necrosis the terminal plasma half-life was 57."	( Pharmacokinetics of tocainide in patients with combined hepatic and renal dysfunction. Endell, W; Oltmanns, D; Pottage, A, 1983)	0.27
"This article reviews clinical pharmacokinetic data on 8 new antiarrhythmic agents."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiarrhythmic agents. Gillis, AM; Kates, RE, )	0.13
" Compared with pair-fed control rats, pentobarbital demonstrated a significantly prolonged clearance and elimination half-life without a change in volume of distribution."	( Pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital, quinidine, lidocaine, and theophylline in the thermally injured rat. DiGregorio, GJ; Fruncillo, RJ, 1984)	0.53
" The data showed circadian variations of pharmacokinetic parameters:--Elimination half-life: max."	( Effect of the hour of administration on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in the rat. Bouyard, L; Bouyard, P; Bruguerolle, B; Jadot, G; Valli, M, )	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed identical absorption and elimination constants."	( Pharmacokinetics and neural blockade after subarachnoid lidocaine in the rhesus monkey. III. Effects of phenylephrine. Bridenbaugh, PO; Denson, DD; Thompson, GA; Turner, PA, 1984)	0.51
" The therapeutic dose, clearance, extraction coefficient, bioavailability and half-life are the object of particular study."	( [Pharmacokinetics of anti-arrhythmics. 2. Clinical applications]. Bricaud, H; Lévy, RH; Lévy, S, 1980)	0.26
" Pharmacokinetic of propranolol, phenytoin and lidocain was studied in groups of male "Fauve de Bourgogne" rabbits."	( [Pharmacokinetics of propranolol, phenytoin and lidocaine in hypercholesterolemic rabbits]. Albin, H; Pehourcq, F; Ploux, D; Vinçon, G, )	0.39
" There was no significant change in the elimination half-life for either drug in the presence of cimetidine."	( Effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of quinidine and lidocaine in the rat. DiGregorio, GJ; Fruncillo, RJ; Soll, A, 1983)	0.51
"A sensitive and reliable animal model for the objective physiologic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of spinal anesthesia has been developed."	( Neural blockade and pharmacokinetics following subarachnoid lidocaine in the rhesus monkey. I. Effects of epinephrine. Bridenbaugh, PO; Denson, DD; Phero, JC; Raj, PP; Turner, PA, 1982)	0.51
" Average individual values of distribution volumes in stationary condition and in the stage of elimination, clearance and half-life differed but insignificantly for trimecain and lidocain."	( [Pharmacokinetic characteristics of trimecaine compared to lidocaine in myocardial infarct patients]. Metelitsa, VI; Piotrovskiĭ, VK; Riabokon', OS; Smirnova, EB, 1982)	0.51
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine are pertinent to the determination of both appropriate loading doses and constant infusion rates that achieve a therapeutic plasma concentration while avoiding toxicity."	( Pharmacokinetic principles of lidocaine dosing in relation to disease state. Waller, ES, 1981)	0.83
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each animal based on arterial blood concentrations of lidocaine."	( A comparison of intravenous and subarachnoid lidocaine pharmacokinetics in the rhesus monkey. Bridenbaugh, PO; Denson, DD; Ohlweiler, DF; Ritschel, WA; Turner, PA, )	0.61
"This study investigated plasma concentration profiles, pharmacokinetic characteristics and side-effects of lidocaine following 3 different administration techniques."	( The technique of endobronchial lidocaine administration does not influence plasma concentration profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters in humans. Läer, S; Reymann, A; Scholz, H; Scholz, J; Schulte am Esch, J; Steinfath, M, 1995)	0.79
" The calculated CLH values were then compared to literature values of clearance (CL) to the same metabolite obtained during pharmacokinetic studies in humans."	( Predicting the hepatic clearance of xenobiotics in humans from in vitro data. Hoener, BA, 1994)	0.29
" In an attempt to discriminate between a pharmacokinetic and a pharmacodynamic (or both) origin to these differences, we used an isolated rabbit heart model with constant coronary inflow to compare the myocardial uptake and disposition kinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine."	( Myocardial uptake of bupivacaine: I. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lidocaine and bupivacaine in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Boïco, O; Kantelip, JP; Mazoit, JX; Orhant, EE; Samii, K, 1993)	0.7
" Net myocardial lignocaine uptake lasted for approximately 60 s--this was much shorter than the reported initial distribution half-life of lignocaine."	( IV bolus administration of subconvulsive doses of lignocaine to conscious sheep: myocardial pharmacokinetics. Huang, YF; Runciman, WB; Upton, RN, 1993)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with a noncompartimental method and compared by means of the Kruskal-Wallis test."	( Pharmacokinetics of vinorelbine in patients with liver metastases. Aita, P; Borsatti, E; Cannizzaro, R; Freschi, A; Galligioni, E; Monfardini, S; Robieux, I; Sorio, R; Vitali, V, 1996)	0.29
" Terminal elimination half-life and apparent volume of distribution were not significantly different among groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of vinorelbine in patients with liver metastases. Aita, P; Borsatti, E; Cannizzaro, R; Freschi, A; Galligioni, E; Monfardini, S; Robieux, I; Sorio, R; Vitali, V, 1996)	0.29
" laboratory and pharmacodynamic tests, as well as pharmacokinetic assays were performed prior to the operation as well as 10-12 days after the bile duct ligation."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its major metabolite- monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) in rabbits with experimental common bile duct obstruction. Barcew-Wiszniewska, B; Droździk, M; Gawrońska-Szklarz, B; Gołdyn, U; Rózewicka, L; Skowron, J; Sulikowski, T; Wójcicki, J; Wójcicki, M, )	0.45
" Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to reach Cmax (Tmax) were obtained for all the patients except one who needed a supplementary injection and was excluded from the study."	( The role of hyaluronidase on lidocaine and bupivacaine pharmacokinetics after peribulbar blockade. Adenis, JP; Benrhaiem, M; Debord, J; Feiss, P; Lachatre, G; Lotfi, H; Nathan, N; Rigaud, G, 1996)	0.59
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived for CCIP administration of lidocaine in patients with chronic pain."	( Derivation and cross-validation of pharmacokinetic parameters for computer-controlled infusion of lidocaine in pain therapy. Brose, W; Gaeta, R; Gregg, KM; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1996)	0.75
" From the observations in these eight patients, new lidocaine pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."	( Derivation and cross-validation of pharmacokinetic parameters for computer-controlled infusion of lidocaine in pain therapy. Brose, W; Gaeta, R; Gregg, KM; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1996)	0.76
" The pharmacokinetic parameters estimated from these eight patients differed from the initial estimates and included a central volume one-sixth of the initial estimate."	( Derivation and cross-validation of pharmacokinetic parameters for computer-controlled infusion of lidocaine in pain therapy. Brose, W; Gaeta, R; Gregg, KM; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1996)	0.51
" After oral lidocaine, cirrhotic patients has a longer time to peak concentration (Tmax) and elimination half-life (t1/2), and a higher area under the curve (AUC)."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral lidocaine and nifedipine in patients with liver cirrhosis. Klangwarnwong, D; Manorot, M; Praisontarangkul, OA; Tonsuwannont, W, 1996)	0.98
" Terminal half-life (t1/2), was significantly longer in nonascitic patients than in control subjects (32 vs 22 min)."	( Effect of moderate or severe liver dysfunction on the pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Ferrara, SD; Frison, G; Mazzo, M; Orlando, R; Padrini, R; Palatini, P; Tedeschi, L; Zordan, R, 1996)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters determined from an independent compartment model were not different from those observed after an epidural administration of lidocaine via the sacrococcygeal space in children, except for a wide variability in the time taken to reach the maximum concentration (27."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine with epinephrine in piglets following epidural anaesthesia. Bouquet, S; Caritez, JC; Carretier, M; Fusciardi, J; Karayan, J; Lacoste, L; Péchier, JM; Rouffineau, J, 1996)	0.82
" Life adrenaline, it may decrease lignocaine peak concentration (Cmax), thus leading to decreased toxicity."	( Clonidine and or adrenaline decrease lignocaine plasma peak concentration after epidural injection. Benhamou, D; Mazoit, JX; Samii, K; Veillette, Y, 1996)	0.29
"The influence of selected general anesthetics: thiopental, propofol, ketamine and pentobarbital on the lidocaine pharmacokinetic parameters was studied in rabbits."	( The influence of selected general anesthetics on pharmacokinetic parameters of some antiarrhythmic drugs in rabbits. Part IV. Lidocaine. Orszulak-Michalak, D, )	0.55
"2 mg/kg; elimination half-life 113."	( The pharmacokinetics of epidural lidocaine and bupivacaine during cesarean section. Arney, TL; Downing, JW; Gonzalez, HF; Herman, NL; Johnson, HV; Johnson, RF, 1997)	0.58
"Although no antiarrhythmic agent has ideal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics, it is useful to evaluate antiarrhythmic agents in terms this ideal profile."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous agents for ventricular arrhythmias. Nolan, PE, )	0.13
" The method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of lidocaine and bupivacaine during peribulbar anesthesia in ocular surgery."	( Simultaneous determination of lidocaine and bupivacaine in human plasma: application to pharmacokinetics. Ben Rhaiem, M; Debord, J; Dreyfuss, MF; Feiss, P; Lachâtre, G; Lotfi, H; Marquet, P, 1997)	0.83
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model based on apparent tissue-tissue clearances and local blood flow to tissues is presented which adequately describes the concentration-time profiles of lidocaine in underlying tissues after dermal application."	( Dermal and underlying tissue pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after topical application. Roberts, MS; Singh, P, 1994)	0.73
" The concentration-depth profiles for solutes in underlying tissues with variable blood flows were described by a compartment-in-series pharmacokinetic model in which each tissue's blood flows to and from a central compartment were incorporated."	( Effects of vasoconstriction on dermal pharmacokinetics and local tissue distribution of compounds. Roberts, MS; Singh, P, 1994)	0.29
" There were no differences in pharmacokinetic parameters for lidocaine between the UT and PB groups."	( Effect of phenobarbital on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine, monoethylglycinexylidide and 3-hydroxylidocaine in the rat: correlation with P450 isoform levels. Fujimori, M; Funae, Y; Imaoka, S; Nakamoto, T; Oda, Y, 1997)	0.79
" LD, 2 mg/kg intravenous (IV) bolus, (n = 11) was given to estimate pharmacokinetic variables."	( Lidocaine pharmacokinetics and toxicity in newborn pigs. Haaland, K; Hoem, NO; Johannessen, SI; Satas, S; Sørensen, DR; Thoresen, M, 1997)	1.74
" The data also suggest that the mechanism is largely pharmacokinetic in nature."	( Pharmacokinetic nature of tachyphylaxis to lidocaine: peripheral nerve blocks and infiltration anesthesia in rats. Birknes, JK; Choi, RH; Kissin, I; Popitz-Bergez, FA; Strichartz, GR, 1997)	0.56
" To date, pharmacokinetic analysis of pulmonary drug uptake has been only semiquantitative and ill-suited for relating pharmacodynamics to pharmacokinetics or for estimating the time course of the fraction of drug dose residing in the lung during a single pass."	( A recirculatory model of the pulmonary uptake and pharmacokinetics of lidocaine based on analysis of arterial and mixed venous data from dogs. Avram, MJ; Gentry, WB; Henthorn, TK; Janowski, MP; Krejcie, TC; Niemann, CU, 1997)	0.53
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of oxytetracycline (OTC) was studied in 11 sheep after intravenous and intramuscular administration at a single dosage of 20 mg kg(-1) bodyweight."	( Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline after intramuscular administration with lidocaine in sheep, comparison with a conventional formulation. Carceles, CM; Guimerá, ME; Moreno, L; Serrano, JM, )	0.36
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of morphine and lidocaine after a single intravenous dose in critically ill patients."	( The pharmacokinetics of morphine and lidocaine in critically ill patients. Almog, S; Berkenstadt, H; Ezra, D; Mayan, H; Perel, A; Rotenberg, M; Segal, E, 1999)	0.82
" No correlation was found between clinical variables and pharmacokinetic parameters of both drugs (ANOVA)."	( The pharmacokinetics of morphine and lidocaine in critically ill patients. Almog, S; Berkenstadt, H; Ezra, D; Mayan, H; Perel, A; Rotenberg, M; Segal, E, 1999)	0.58
"We introduced the pharmacokinetic method into the functional evaluation of xenogeneic extracorporeal liver perfusion as an artificial liver assist device, and examined the influence of xenogeneic humoral injury on the metabolic function of xenoperfused pig livers."	( Evaluation of ammonia and lidocaine clearance, and galactose elimination capacity of xenoperfused pig livers using a pharmacokinetic analysis. Ikai, I; Iwata, H; Kanazawa, A; Katura, N; Nishitai, R; Okabe, H; Satoh, S; Takeyama, O; Terajima, H; Uesugi, T; Yagi, T; Yamaoka, Y; Yoneyama, T, 1999)	0.6
" Clearance (CL) of ammonia and lidocaine, and galactose elimination capacity (Vmax) were determined at three points during the perfusion using a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Evaluation of ammonia and lidocaine clearance, and galactose elimination capacity of xenoperfused pig livers using a pharmacokinetic analysis. Ikai, I; Iwata, H; Kanazawa, A; Katura, N; Nishitai, R; Okabe, H; Satoh, S; Takeyama, O; Terajima, H; Uesugi, T; Yagi, T; Yamaoka, Y; Yoneyama, T, 1999)	0.89
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine were similar to those published earlier (T1/2beta: 110+/-16 min; CI: 12."	( Lidocaine pharmacokinetics during hyperbaric hyperoxia in humans. Fischer, DC; Kalff, G; Rump, AF; Siekmann, U, 1999)	2.03
"25 MPa may be caused by pharmacodynamic interactions between lidocaine and hyperbaric/hyperoxic conditions."	( Lidocaine pharmacokinetics during hyperbaric hyperoxia in humans. Fischer, DC; Kalff, G; Rump, AF; Siekmann, U, 1999)	1.99
" Because epinephrine is also an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist, it is possible that epinephrine prolongs local anesthetic block by a pharmacodynamic mechanism and not a pharmacokinetic one."	( Effect of epinephrine on lidocaine clearance in vivo: a microdialysis study in humans. Bernards, CM; Kopacz, DJ, 1999)	0.61
" There was no evidence of a pharmacodynamic effect of epinephrine."	( Effect of epinephrine on lidocaine clearance in vivo: a microdialysis study in humans. Bernards, CM; Kopacz, DJ, 1999)	0.61
"To study the pharmacokinetic parameters of morphine and lidocaine after a single intravenous (i."	( The pharmacokinetics of morphine and lidocaine in nine severe trauma patients. Almog, S; Berkenstadt, H; Ezra, D; Mayan, H; Perel, A; Rotenberg, M; Segal, E, 1999)	0.82
"To apply a population pharmacodynamic model to small-dose hypobaric spinal anesthesia for outpatient laparoscopy."	( Selective spinal anesthesia for outpatient laparoscopy. IV: population pharmacodynamic modelling. Collins, L; Mitchell, GW; Sun, H; Vaghadia, H, 2001)	0.31
"A population pharmacodynamic model was applied to low-dose hypobaric lidocaine spinal anesthesia."	( Selective spinal anesthesia for outpatient laparoscopy. IV: population pharmacodynamic modelling. Collins, L; Mitchell, GW; Sun, H; Vaghadia, H, 2001)	0.55
"Inclusion of cardiac output and other physiologic parameters, in addition to or instead of, demographic variables might improve the population pharmacokinetic modeling of lidocaine."	( Modeling population pharmacokinetics of lidocaine: should cardiac output be included as a patient factor? Boer, F; Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; de Roode, A; Kuipers, JA; Olofsen, E, 2001)	0.77
"Thirty-one patients were included in a population pharmacokinetic study of lidocaine."	( Modeling population pharmacokinetics of lidocaine: should cardiac output be included as a patient factor? Boer, F; Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; de Roode, A; Kuipers, JA; Olofsen, E, 2001)	0.81
"Inclusion of cardiac output resulted in a significant improvement of the pharmacokinetic model, but inclusion of demographic covariates was even better."	( Modeling population pharmacokinetics of lidocaine: should cardiac output be included as a patient factor? Boer, F; Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; de Roode, A; Kuipers, JA; Olofsen, E, 2001)	0.58
"The aim of the study was to investigate the cutaneous bioequivalence of a lipophilic model drug (lidocaine) applied in a novel topical microemulsion vehicle, compared to a conventional oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, assessed by a pharmacokinetics microdialysis model and a pharmacodynamic method."	( Influence of a microemulsion vehicle on cutaneous bioequivalence of a lipophilic model drug assessed by microdialysis and pharmacodynamics. Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; Kemme, MJ; Kreilgaard, M; Schoemaker, RC, 2001)	0.53
" Absorption coefficients and lag times were determined by pharmacokinetic modelling of the microdialysis data."	( Influence of a microemulsion vehicle on cutaneous bioequivalence of a lipophilic model drug assessed by microdialysis and pharmacodynamics. Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; Kemme, MJ; Kreilgaard, M; Schoemaker, RC, 2001)	0.31
" The compartmental pharmacokinetic model provided an excellent fit of the concentration-time curves with reliable estimation of absorption coefficient and lag time."	( Influence of a microemulsion vehicle on cutaneous bioequivalence of a lipophilic model drug assessed by microdialysis and pharmacodynamics. Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; Kemme, MJ; Kreilgaard, M; Schoemaker, RC, 2001)	0.31
" The microdialysis technique combined with an appropriate pharmacokinetic model provides a high sensitivity in bioequivalence studies of topically applied substances."	( Influence of a microemulsion vehicle on cutaneous bioequivalence of a lipophilic model drug assessed by microdialysis and pharmacodynamics. Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; Kemme, MJ; Kreilgaard, M; Schoemaker, RC, 2001)	0.31
"The purpose of our study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model describing the behavior of lidocaine in humans by scaling up physiological variables from animal models of cardiac arrest."	( Prediction of lidocaine tissue concentrations following different dose regimes during cardiac arrest using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Grillo, JA; Ornato, JP; Venitz, J, 2001)	0.88
" Whether clonidine prolongs local anesthetic block by a pharmacokinetic effect or a pharmacodynamic effect is unclear."	( Effect of clonidine on lidocaine clearance in vivo: a microdialysis study in humans. Bernards, CM; Kopacz, DJ, 2001)	0.62
" The pharmacokinetic data suggest that the mechanism of prolongation is at least in part pharmacokinetic."	( Effect of clonidine on lidocaine clearance in vivo: a microdialysis study in humans. Bernards, CM; Kopacz, DJ, 2001)	0.62
"The object of this study was to investigate the influence of midazolam on the plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine in rabbits."	( The influence of midazolam on plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine in rabbits. Orszulak-Michalak, D; Owczarek, J; Wiktorowska-Owczarek, AK, 2002)	0.74
"Our objective was to elucidate the mechanism of pharmacokinetic interaction between lidocaine and mexiletine, because an unexpected increase in plasma lidocaine concentration accompanied by severe side effects was observed when mexiletine was administered to a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy."	( Possible mechanism for pharmacokinetic interaction between lidocaine and mexiletine. Fukuzawa, M; Funakoshi, S; Kugaya, Y; Maeda, Y; Murakami, T; Nakamura, M; Takano, M; Tsukiai, S; Yamasaki, M, 2002)	0.78
" This pharmacokinetic interaction was not attributable to a metabolic interaction as evaluated by plasma lidocaine metabolites concentrations."	( Possible mechanism for pharmacokinetic interaction between lidocaine and mexiletine. Fukuzawa, M; Funakoshi, S; Kugaya, Y; Maeda, Y; Murakami, T; Nakamura, M; Takano, M; Tsukiai, S; Yamasaki, M, 2002)	0.77
" In this randomized, prospective, multiple-dose, open-label pharmacokinetic study, lidocaine patches were applied to healthy men and women for three consecutive days."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of continuously applied lidocaine patches 5%. Alvarez, NA; Galer, BS; Gammaitoni, AR, 2002)	0.79
"Erythromycin caused statistically significant, although limited, modifications of lignocaine and MEGX pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effect of the CYP3A4 inhibitor erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of lignocaine and its pharmacologically active metabolites in subjects with normal and impaired liver function. De Martin, S; Orlando, R; Padrini, R; Palatini, P; Piccoli, P, 2003)	0.32
" A pharmacodynamic study following lignocaine infusion to steady state appears necessary to assess the actual clinical relevance of these combined effects."	( Effect of the CYP3A4 inhibitor erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of lignocaine and its pharmacologically active metabolites in subjects with normal and impaired liver function. De Martin, S; Orlando, R; Padrini, R; Palatini, P; Piccoli, P, 2003)	0.32
"The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of experimental diabetes on pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine and its metabolite monoethyl-glycylxylidide (MEGX) after a single intravenous administration in rats."	( Effect of experimental diabetes on pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine and MEGX in rats. Gawrońska-Szklarz, B; Musiał, DH; Paprota, B; Pawlik, A, )	0.58
" The tmax and toxicity data were obtained from the literature."	( Lipophilicity affects the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of local anaesthetic agents administered by caudal block. Bello-Ramírez, AM; Nava-Ocampo, AA, )	0.13
" A comparison is also presented between several methods based on animal pharmacokinetic data, using the same set of proprietary compounds, and it lends further support for the use of this method, as opposed to methods that require the gathering of pharmacokinetic data in laboratory animals."	( Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics. Gao, F; Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Shalaeva, MY, 2004)	0.32
" Toxic effects are proportional to amount of drug administered and the plasma concentration of the drug, allowing predictions of safety following pharmacokinetic studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of combined intraperitoneal and incisional lidocaine in the dog following ovariohysterectomy. Barnes, KS; Hauptman, JG; Wilson, DV, 2004)	0.57
"Stress can modify local anesthetics pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in alterations both in their concentration in serum and their protein binding in mandibular bone."	( Effect of various stress models on lidocaine pharmacokinetic properties in the mandible after masseter injection. Alexopoulos, C; Dannis, C; Lolis, E; Mourouzis, C; Saranteas, T; Tesseromatis, C, 2004)	0.6
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were: half-life t1/2alpha 24."	( Pharmacokinetics and transplacental transfer of lidocaine and its metabolite for perineal analgesic assistance to pregnant women. Cavalli, Rde C; da Cunha, SP; Dantas, EC; de Duarte, LB; de Prado, MF; Duarte, G; Lanchote, VL, 2004)	0.58
"Lidocaine administered by the perineal route presented a tmax of 15 min, significantly lower than when the drug was administered peridurally, revealing that the time between administration and the occurrence of the analgesic effect was shorter."	( Pharmacokinetics and transplacental transfer of lidocaine and its metabolite for perineal analgesic assistance to pregnant women. Cavalli, Rde C; da Cunha, SP; Dantas, EC; de Duarte, LB; de Prado, MF; Duarte, G; Lanchote, VL, 2004)	2.02
" No statistically significant differences were observed in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters; peak concentrations, concentration peak times or elimination half-lives of lidocaine or monoethylglycinexylidide."	( Effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of inhaled lidocaine. Isohanni, MH; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT, 2004)	0.76
" Most lidocaine pharmacokinetic variables also differed between groups."	( Influence of general anesthesia on pharmacokinetics of intravenous lidocaine infusion in horses. Feary, DJ; Mama, KR; Thomasy, S; Wagner, AE, 2005)	1.05
" The aim of the present experiments was to establish the influence of methohexital on the plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine in rabbits."	( The influence of methohexital on plasma concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine in rabbits. Orszulak-Michalak, D; Owczarek, J; Wiktorowska-Owczarek, AK, 2004)	0.75
"Human pharmacokinetic parameters are often predicted prior to clinical study from in vivo preclinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure. Jolivette, LJ; Ward, KW, 2005)	0.33
"In pharmacokinetic studies of hepatic impairment, including all classes of cirrhosis may be more revealing than including only selected classes of liver failure."	( Pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in patients with moderate to severe liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh classes A, B, and C): characterization by dynamic liver function tests. Brockmöller, J; Coupez, R; Lochs, H; Roots, I; Thomsen, T; Wittstock, M, 2005)	0.33
"To evaluate the effect of protein binding of pilsicainide on its clearance and the contribution of protein binding to optimized pilsicainide therapy, clinical laboratory and pharmacokinetic data were studied in 160 Japanese inpatients (Study 1) and 18 Japanese inpatients (Study 2)."	( Effect of protein binding of pilsicainide on the pharmacokinetics. Fukumoto, K; Kamakura, S; Kusumoto, M; Matsumoto, K; Tanemura, M; Tsuchishita, Y; Ueno, K, 2005)	0.33
"Anesthesia with isoflurane significantly decreased the volume of the central compartment, clearance, and elimination half-life of lidocaine and significantly increased the extrapolated plasma drug concentration at time 0, compared with values for awake cats."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its active metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide, after intravenous administration of lidocaine to awake and isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Ilkiw, JE; Pypendop, BH; Stanley, SD; Thomasy, SM, 2005)	0.86
" When pharmacokinetic variables are used to determine loading and infusion doses in awake or anesthetized cats, they should be measured in cats that are awake or anesthetized, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its active metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide, after intravenous administration of lidocaine to awake and isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Ilkiw, JE; Pypendop, BH; Stanley, SD; Thomasy, SM, 2005)	0.65
"Ciprofloxacin increased the mean peak concentration and area under plasma concentration-time curve of lidocaine by 12% (range [-6] to+46%; P<0."	( Effect of ciprofloxin on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous lidocaine. Ahonen, J; Isohanni, MH; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT, 2005)	0.79
" Population pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis was also performed using an effect compartment model."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of a class IC antiarrhythmic, pilsicainide, in patients with cardiac arrhythmias. Echizen, H; Kishi, R; Kobayashi, S; Masuhara, K; Matsumoto, N; Mihara, K; Miyake, F; Nakazawa, K; Ogawa, R; Takagi, A; Takahashi, H, 2006)	0.33
"Lidocaine is increasingly used in transdermal drug delivery systems for different pain conditions in human medicine whereby several pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated minimal systemic absorption in men."	( Pharmacokinetics of a lidocaine patch 5% in dogs. Baert, K; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; Gasthuys, F; Polis, I; Weiland, L, 2006)	2.09
"Availability of pharmacokinetic data for horses with gastrointestinal tract disease will facilitate appropriate clinical dosing of lidocaine."	( Influence of gastrointestinal tract disease on pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after intravenous infusion in anesthetized horses. Enns, RM; Feary, DJ; Mama, KR; Thomasy, SM; Wagner, AE, 2006)	0.77
" Pharmacokinetic study with intravenous lidocaine (1 mg/kg) and blood sampling during 360 minutes from injection was performed before the HT initiation and after 3 and 6 months of HT."	( Lidocaine pharmacokinetics in postmenopausal women on hormone therapy. Drozdzik, M; Gawronska-Szklarz, B; Loniewski, I; Musial, HD; Pudlo, A; Zarzycki, M, )	1.84
" In contrast, transdermal administration of HT did not influence pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug."	( Lidocaine pharmacokinetics in postmenopausal women on hormone therapy. Drozdzik, M; Gawronska-Szklarz, B; Loniewski, I; Musial, HD; Pudlo, A; Zarzycki, M, )	1.57
" During the fluvoxamine phase the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax) of oral lidocaine were 305% (P<0."	( Effect of fluvoxamine and erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of oral lidocaine. Isohanni, MH; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT, 2006)	0.77
"001), and half-life was approximately doubled (4."	( Differential effect of chronic renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in patients receiving and not receiving hemodialysis. Bertoli, M; De Martin, S; Orlando, R; Palatini, P; Pegoraro, P, 2006)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with data from a previous study performed in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of tilidine and naloxone in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Brennscheidt, U; Brunnmüller, U; Proppe, D; Seiler, KU; Thomann, P, 2007)	0.34
" Plasma lidocaine levels were determined in the course of 24 hours and were subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of high-dose diluted lidocaine in local anesthesia for facelift procedures. Barak, Y; Bentur, Y; Hoffer, E; Ramon, Y; Ullmann, Y; Yarhi, D, 2007)	1.05
"A pharmacokinetic model delineated the impact of GI transit, drug absorption rate, and first-pass metabolism on drug disposition following oral administration of HPMA copolymer-9-AC conjugate in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling of absorption behavior of 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC) released from colon-specific HPMA copolymer-9-AC conjugate in rats. Gao, SQ; Kopecek, J; Kopecková, P; Peterson, CM; Sun, Y, 2008)	0.35
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
"The purposes of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of epidural lidocaine in geriatric patients, to search for any difference in the PK behavior of epidural lidocaine when dopamine is given concurrently, and to develop a descriptive PK model from which to calculate dosage and infusion regimens of epidural lidocaine to define and achieve desired target goals in either the epidural or the serum compartment."	( A population pharmacokinetic model of epidural lidocaine in geriatric patients: effects of low-dose dopamine. Guilder, MV; Jelliffe, RW; Kwa, A; Sprung, J, 2008)	0.82
" Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated for phentolamine, lidocaine, and epinephrine included peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to the last time point (AUClast) or from time 0 to infinity (AUCinf), elimination half-life (t1/2), clearance (CL), and volume of distribution (Vd)."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine with epinephrine following local anesthesia reversal with phentolamine mesylate. Goodson, JM; Hersh, EV; Moore, PA; Navalta, L; Papas, AS; Rogy, S; Rutherford, B; Yagiela, JA, 2008)	0.92
"Peridural blockade with lidocaine, bupivacaine, and fentanyl is an anesthetic procedure extensively used in obstetrics, justifying the pharmacokinetic study of these drugs during labor."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its metabolite in peridural anesthesia administered to pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Cavalli, Rde C; da Cunha, SP; Duarte, G; Duarte, Lde B; Lanchote, VL; Marques, MP; Moisés, EC, 2008)	0.98
" Maternal blood samples were collected at predetermined times for the analysis of lidocaine and MEGX by chromatography and pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its metabolite in peridural anesthesia administered to pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Cavalli, Rde C; da Cunha, SP; Duarte, G; Duarte, Lde B; Lanchote, VL; Marques, MP; Moisés, EC, 2008)	0.9
" Whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) modelling is a predictive technique that quantitatively relates the pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug to such (patho-)physiological conditions."	( Physiology-based simulations of a pathological condition: prediction of pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis. Edginton, AN; Willmann, S, 2008)	0.35
" Predictions of pharmacokinetic profiles and parameters were compared with literature data for the model compounds alfentanil, lidocaine (lignocaine), theophylline and levetiracetam."	( Physiology-based simulations of a pathological condition: prediction of pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis. Edginton, AN; Willmann, S, 2008)	0.55
"The predicted versus observed plasma concentration-time profiles for alfentanil and lidocaine were similar, such that the pharmacokinetic changes associated with Child-Pugh class A, B and C liver cirrhosis were adequately described."	( Physiology-based simulations of a pathological condition: prediction of pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis. Edginton, AN; Willmann, S, 2008)	0.57
"Drug-drug interaction potentials of an herbal medicine named Glycyrrhiza uralensis was investigated in rats via in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies."	( Study on the pharmacokinetics drug-drug interaction potential of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, with lidocaine in rats. Song, X; Tang, J; Zhang, J; Zhu, M, 2009)	0.56
"African green monkeys (vervets) have been proposed as an alternate species that might allow improved access and provide high-quality pharmacokinetic results comparable with other primates."	( Exploration of the African green monkey as a preclinical pharmacokinetic model: oral pharmacokinetic parameters and drug-drug interactions. Bhadresa, S; Coon, DJ; Lawrence, MS; Magiera, D; Struharik, M; Ward, KW, 2009)	0.35
" Serum concentrations of nifedipine and lidocaine were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography method in order to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of anorectal nifedipine and lidocaine (lignocaine) ointment following haemorrhoidectomy: an open-label, single-dose, phase IV clinical study. Antropoli, C; Cerutti, R; Cusato, M; Dominici, P; Giannotti, G; Grossi, E; Perrotti, P; Regazzi, M, 2009)	0.88
"8%), consistent with therapeutically negligible concentrations and insufficient to permit calculation of any pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of anorectal nifedipine and lidocaine (lignocaine) ointment following haemorrhoidectomy: an open-label, single-dose, phase IV clinical study. Antropoli, C; Cerutti, R; Cusato, M; Dominici, P; Giannotti, G; Grossi, E; Perrotti, P; Regazzi, M, 2009)	0.61
"The results of this study suggest that the pharmacokinetic profile of pilsicainide was not significantly different between these healthy Korean and Japanese male volunteers."	( An open-label, single-dose, parallel-group, dose-increasing study comparing the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of pilsicainide hydrochloride in healthy Korean and Japanese male subjects. Hong, JH; Jang, IJ; Kim, BH; Kim, JR; Kim, JW; Kim, KP; Lim, KS; Shin, SG; Tanaka, T; Yu, KS, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a noncompartmental method."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in serum and milk of mature Holstein cows. Duran, SH; Givens, MD; Lin, HC; Ravis, WR; Riddell, MG; Sellers, G, 2009)	0.68
"The primary objective was to evaluate the serum pharmacokinetic profile of a single 15-mg dose of extended-release epidural morphine (EREM) administered at the lower thoracic epidural space alone or following a lidocaine-epinephrine test dose in patients undergoing major upper abdominal surgery."	( A randomized study of the serum pharmacokinetics of lower thoracic extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur) after lidocaine-epinephrine test dose administration in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. Manvelian, GZ; Viscusi, ER, 2009)	0.75
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were determined based on the serum concentration-time profiles of morphine and morphine metabolites."	( A randomized study of the serum pharmacokinetics of lower thoracic extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur) after lidocaine-epinephrine test dose administration in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. Manvelian, GZ; Viscusi, ER, 2009)	0.56
"The intent-to-treat and safety populations included 39 patients; the pharmacokinetic population included 37 patients."	( A randomized study of the serum pharmacokinetics of lower thoracic extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur) after lidocaine-epinephrine test dose administration in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. Manvelian, GZ; Viscusi, ER, 2009)	0.56
" Tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients calculated from the total (protein-bound and unbound) and unbound concentrations in plasma and brain as well as pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma and cerebral extracellular fluid were compared among the three anesthetics."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and levobupivacaine in plasma and brain in awake rats. Asada, A; Hase, I; Ikeda, Y; Miyake, W; Nakamura, T; Oda, Y; Takahashi, R, 2010)	0.68
"A 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model best describes the plasma concentrations of a 48-hour lidocaine infusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lidocaine administered during and after cardiac surgery. Hsu, YW; Mathew, JP; Newman, MF; Somma, J, 2011)	0.88
" In this study, we sought to determine the pharmacokinetic and drug effects of prior epidural lidocaine administration on EREM."	( Prior epidural lidocaine alters the pharmacokinetics and drug effects of extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur®) after cesarean delivery. Atkinson Ralls, L; Carvalho, B; Clavijo, CF; Drover, DR, 2011)	0.94
" Maximal concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), and AUC(0-last) (area under the concentration-time curve until the last plasma concentration that was below the limit of quantitation) for morphine levels were determined from a plasma sample at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes, and 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours."	( Prior epidural lidocaine alters the pharmacokinetics and drug effects of extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur®) after cesarean delivery. Atkinson Ralls, L; Carvalho, B; Clavijo, CF; Drover, DR, 2011)	0.72
"Epidural lidocaine administration (20-35 mL) 1 hour before epidural EREM administration increased the Cmax in group E (11."	( Prior epidural lidocaine alters the pharmacokinetics and drug effects of extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur®) after cesarean delivery. Atkinson Ralls, L; Carvalho, B; Clavijo, CF; Drover, DR, 2011)	1.14
" The objective of this study was to develop an optimized dosing regimen for lidocaine in preterm as well as term neonates, using population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation."	( Lidocaine (lignocaine) dosing regimen based upon a population pharmacokinetic model for preterm and term neonates with seizures. de Vries, LS; Egberts, TC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Hasselt, JG, 2011)	2.04
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling started with assessment of two important aspects of paediatric pharmacokinetics: relation to body size and the effects of maturation."	( Lidocaine (lignocaine) dosing regimen based upon a population pharmacokinetic model for preterm and term neonates with seizures. de Vries, LS; Egberts, TC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Hasselt, JG, 2011)	1.81
" Based on this pharmacokinetic model, a dosing strategy for lidocaine for neonatal seizure control was developed, which allows rapid and safe administration of lidocaine in this population."	( Lidocaine (lignocaine) dosing regimen based upon a population pharmacokinetic model for preterm and term neonates with seizures. de Vries, LS; Egberts, TC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Hasselt, JG, 2011)	2.05
"A lidocaine dosing regimen for seizure control in preterm and term neonates has been developed using population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation."	( Lidocaine (lignocaine) dosing regimen based upon a population pharmacokinetic model for preterm and term neonates with seizures. de Vries, LS; Egberts, TC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Hasselt, JG, 2011)	2.53
"A sensitive, selective, and reproducible in-tube solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatographic (in-tube SPME/LC-UV) method for determination of lidocaine and its metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) in human plasma has been developed, validated, and further applied to pharmacokinetic study in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) subjected to epidural anesthesia."	( Automated analysis of lidocaine and its metabolite in plasma by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with LC-UV for pharmacokinetic study. Caris, JA; Lanchote, VL; Moisés, EC; Queiroz, ME; Silva, BJ, 2012)	0.89
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by non-compartmental methods and ratio of AUC of MEGX divided by AUC of lidocaine was determined for each dog."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its metabolite as a hepatic function marker in dogs. Carrasco-Portugal, MC; Flores-Murrieta, FJ; González-Zamora, JF; Jiménez-Bravo, MA; Pérez-Guillé, BE; Soriano-Rosales, RE; Toledo-López, A; Villegas-Alvarez, F, 2011)	0.9
" Plasma sample analysis was carried out by employing liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method, and the pharmacokinetic analysis of the mouse plasma samples was estimated by standard non-compartmental methods."	( A pharmacokinetic study of a topical anesthetic (EMLA® ) in mouse soft tissue laceration. Al-Musawi, A; Andersson, L; Kombian, SB; Matar, K, 2012)	0.38
" The potential exists for the use of multiple heated patches for longer application times, but the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of these multiple and/or longer applications have not been assessed."	( Effects of application durations and heat on the pharmacokinetic properties of drug delivered by a lidocaine/tetracaine patch: a randomized, open-label, controlled study in healthy volunteers. Charney, MR; Marriott, TB; Stanworth, S, 2012)	0.6
"The aim of this study was to assess the effects of heat and application time on the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of the patch after the application of 4 lidocaine/tetracaine (70/70 mg) heated patches applied at the same time in healthy volunteers for up to 12 hours."	( Effects of application durations and heat on the pharmacokinetic properties of drug delivered by a lidocaine/tetracaine patch: a randomized, open-label, controlled study in healthy volunteers. Charney, MR; Marriott, TB; Stanworth, S, 2012)	0.79
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes depend on the nature and degree of hepatic impairment and on the characteristics of the dosed drug."	( [Effect of liver cirrhosis on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs]. Perlík, F, 2013)	0.39
" The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile and the safety, in terms of cardiovascular and CNS toxicity, of lidocaine after intra-articular administration to anesthetized dogs undergoing arthroscopy."	( Intra-articular administration of lidocaine in anaesthetized dogs: pharmacokinetic profile and safety on cardiovascular and nervous systems. Bufalari, A; Cagnardi, P; Catanzaro, A; De Monte, V; Della Rocca, G; Di Salvo, A; Marenzoni, ML; Vigorito, V, 2015)	0.9
"The phase-I study (single-arm) was designed for pharmacokinetic assessment; the phase-II study (randomized) was intended for investigation of efficacy and safety."	( Novel topical formulation of lidocaine provides significant pain relief for intrauterine device insertion: pharmacokinetic evaluation and randomized placebo-controlled trial. Conner, P; Ekman-Ordeberg, G; Liliecreutz, C; Tingåker, BK; Tornblom-Paulander, S; Werner, A; Wessel, H, 2015)	0.71
"From the phase-I study (15 participants), mean pharmacokinetic values were: maximum plasma concentration: 351 ± 205 ng/mL; time taken to reach maximum concentration: 68 ± 41 minutes; and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 180 minutes: 717 ± 421 ng*h/mL."	( Novel topical formulation of lidocaine provides significant pain relief for intrauterine device insertion: pharmacokinetic evaluation and randomized placebo-controlled trial. Conner, P; Ekman-Ordeberg, G; Liliecreutz, C; Tingåker, BK; Tornblom-Paulander, S; Werner, A; Wessel, H, 2015)	0.71
" Nanorap pharmacodynamic (PD) and its physical proprieties were also evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of a nanotechnological topical formulation of lidocaine/prilocaine (nanorap) in healthy volunteers. Arruda, AM; Castelli, MR; Chen, LS; Costa, SF; De Nucci, G; de Oliveira, MA; de Souza, W; Gagliano-Jucá, T; Lopes, AG; Mendes, GD, 2015)	0.64
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters such as AUC last and C max were predicted with the established in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) models."	( Lidocaine Transdermal Patch: Pharmacokinetic Modeling and In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation (IVIVC). Kondamudi, PK; Malayandi, R; Mutalik, S; Pillai, R; Tirumalasetty, PP, 2016)	1.88
" In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetic profile of lidocaine administered into the trachea using an atomized or a nonatomized technique."	( The Pharmacokinetics of Atomized Lidocaine Administered via the Trachea: A Randomized Trial. Kazama, T; Masui, K; Oda, Y; Takaenoki, Y, 2016)	0.96
" We developed a pharmacokinetic model to examine whether bioavailability or absorption rate was different between atomized versus nonatomized lidocaine administration."	( The Pharmacokinetics of Atomized Lidocaine Administered via the Trachea: A Randomized Trial. Kazama, T; Masui, K; Oda, Y; Takaenoki, Y, 2016)	0.92
" Our pharmacokinetic model estimated a difference of bioavailability between the atomized and the nonatomized lidocaine (0."	( The Pharmacokinetics of Atomized Lidocaine Administered via the Trachea: A Randomized Trial. Kazama, T; Masui, K; Oda, Y; Takaenoki, Y, 2016)	0.93
"Adrenaline is known to prolong the duration of local anesthesia but its effects on the pharmacokinetic processes of local anesthetic drugs are not fully understood."	( Pharmacokinetics of Lidocaine Hydrochloride Administered with or without Adrenaline for the Paravertebral Brachial Plexus Block in Dogs. Choquette, A; Del Castillo, JR; Guillot, M; Troncy, E; Varin, F, 2017)	0.78
" As no previous investigations have been conducted to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics of long-term exposure to lidocaine 5% medicated plasters, further insights into the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic properties of lidocaine and its metabolites were needed for the assessment of its safety."	( Evaluation of the Population Pharmacokinetic Properties of Lidocaine and its Metabolites After Long-Term Multiple Applications of a Lidocaine Plaster in Post-Herpetic Neuralgia Patients. Boesl, I; Bursi, R; Grevel, J; Huntjens, D; Piana, C, 2017)	0.91
"The population pharmacokinetic properties of lidocaine and its metabolites were evaluated after multiple applications of lidocaine 5% medicated plasters based on data collected for up to 14."	( Evaluation of the Population Pharmacokinetic Properties of Lidocaine and its Metabolites After Long-Term Multiple Applications of a Lidocaine Plaster in Post-Herpetic Neuralgia Patients. Boesl, I; Bursi, R; Grevel, J; Huntjens, D; Piana, C, 2017)	0.96
"The model provides reliable estimates of the pharmacokinetic behavior of lidocaine after medicated plaster application."	( Evaluation of the Population Pharmacokinetic Properties of Lidocaine and its Metabolites After Long-Term Multiple Applications of a Lidocaine Plaster in Post-Herpetic Neuralgia Patients. Boesl, I; Bursi, R; Grevel, J; Huntjens, D; Piana, C, 2017)	0.93
" To investigate the pharmacokinetic hypothesis, we determined concentrations of radiolabeled (C) lidocaine up to 90 min after administration."	( Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Lidocaine in a Rodent Model of Diabetic Neuropathy. de Bruin, K; Hollmann, MW; Horn, J; Lirk, P; Picardi, S; Rigaud, M; Tan, HL; Ten Hoope, W; Verberne, HJ; Verhamme, C; Verkerk, AO, 2018)	0.96
" In this rodent model of neuropathy, both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms contribute to prolonged nerve block duration."	( Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Lidocaine in a Rodent Model of Diabetic Neuropathy. de Bruin, K; Hollmann, MW; Horn, J; Lirk, P; Picardi, S; Rigaud, M; Tan, HL; Ten Hoope, W; Verberne, HJ; Verhamme, C; Verkerk, AO, 2018)	0.75
" Pharmacokinetic measures were calculated using noncompartmental analysis."	( Effect of Coadministration of Lidocaine on the Pain and Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscular Amikacin in Children With Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Draper, HR; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Norman, J; Rose, PC; Schaaf, HS; Seddon, JA, 2018)	0.77
" A population pharmacokinetic (popPK) analysis was performed using the nonlinear mixed effects model (NONMEM)."	( Population pharmacokinetic model for tumescent lidocaine in women undergoing breast cancer surgery. Allanioux, L; Blin, O; Bourgoin, A; Guilhaumou, R; Leone, M; Marsot, A; Riff, C, 2018)	0.74
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the previously developed pharmacokinetic models and dosing regimen."	( Lidocaine as treatment for neonatal seizures: Evaluation of previously developed population pharmacokinetic models and dosing regimen. de Haan, TR; Egberts, TCG; Favié, LMA; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, ADR; Nuytemans, DHGM; Rademaker, CMA; Rijken, M; Simons, SHP; van den Broek, MPH; van Straaten, HLM, 2020)	2
" Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using non-linear mixed effects modelling."	( Lidocaine as treatment for neonatal seizures: Evaluation of previously developed population pharmacokinetic models and dosing regimen. de Haan, TR; Egberts, TCG; Favié, LMA; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, ADR; Nuytemans, DHGM; Rademaker, CMA; Rijken, M; Simons, SHP; van den Broek, MPH; van Straaten, HLM, 2020)	2
" Noncompartmental analysis was used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters for the MLK group."	( Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous constant rate infusion of a morphine-lidocaine-ketamine combination in Holstein calves undergoing umbilical herniorrhaphy. Coetzee, JF; Hartnack, AK; Kleinhenz, MD; Lakritz, J; Niehaus, AJ, 2020)	0.79
"During the CRI of the MLK solution, steady-state serum concentrations were achieved for lidocaine and ketamine, but not morphine, likely owing to the fairly long half-life of morphine."	( Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous constant rate infusion of a morphine-lidocaine-ketamine combination in Holstein calves undergoing umbilical herniorrhaphy. Coetzee, JF; Hartnack, AK; Kleinhenz, MD; Lakritz, J; Niehaus, AJ, 2020)	1.01
"4% lidocaine were applied to healthy volunteers' backs (n = 15) for 12 h in a single-center, open-label, four-treatment, four-period crossover pharmacokinetic study."	( Biorelevant In Vitro Skin Permeation Testing and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Lidocaine from a Nonaqueous Drug-in-Matrix Topical System. Greuber, E; Koplowitz, B; Koplowitz, LP; Lissin, D; Maibach, HI; Patel, K; Shiramizu, A; Suzuki, H; Usuda, K; Vought, K, 2021)	1.46
" In addition, the disadvantage of applying the well-stirred model in drug-drug interaction (DDI) prediction and a theoretical dilemma in the commonly used whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were discussed."	( A myth of the well-stirred model: Is the well-stirred model good for high clearance drugs? Dong, J; Park, MS, 2022)	0.72
" Method development and validation were driven for application in pharmacokinetic studies."	( Chemometric optimization of salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with LC-MS/MS for the analysis of carvedilol enantiomers in human plasma: Application to clinical pharmacokinetics. de Gaitani, C; de Moraes, N; Dos Santos, J; Kemp, R; Moreira da Silva, R; Pavan, M; Salgado Junior, W; Sankarankutty, A; Yamamoto, P, 2022)	0.72
" The hypothesis was that the elimination clearance of lidocaine and its metabolites, monoethylglycinexylidide and glycinexylidide, is reduced after a partial hepatectomy, as reflected by observed plasma concentrations that are higher and have a longer half-life than expected based on pharmacokinetic modeling (estimated for normal liver function)."	( Lidocaine Intraoperative Infusion Pharmacokinetics during Partial Hepatectomy for Living Liver Donation. Christians, U; Crouch, CE; Fernandez-Bustamante, A; Hendrickse, A; Henthorn, TK; Kaizer, AM; Schniedewind, B; Wilkey, BJ, 2023)	2.6
" Pharmacokinetic modeling revealed that the only significant covariate in the model was the fraction of liver remaining after isolation of the donor graft."	( Lidocaine Intraoperative Infusion Pharmacokinetics during Partial Hepatectomy for Living Liver Donation. Christians, U; Crouch, CE; Fernandez-Bustamante, A; Hendrickse, A; Henthorn, TK; Kaizer, AM; Schniedewind, B; Wilkey, BJ, 2023)	2.35
" This approach allowed us to simulate the cellular environment for a longer time and to compare our model with pharmacokinetic properties (time to onset and duration of action) of local anesthetics from the literature."	( Micro-pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine transfer across a myelinated nerve fiber. Kavčič, H; Mavri, J; Pregeljc, D; Smrkolj, V; Umek, N, 2023)	1.21
" Lidocaine and metabolite concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic (non-compartmental and compartmental) analysis was performed."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lidocaine HCl 2% with epinephrine in horses following a palmar digital nerve block. Arthur, RM; Blea, J; Katzman, S; Knych, HK; McKemie, DS, 2023)	2.1
"Compared to previous reports, the terminal half-life and subsequent detection time observed following administration of lidocaine in combination with epinephrine is prolonged."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lidocaine HCl 2% with epinephrine in horses following a palmar digital nerve block. Arthur, RM; Blea, J; Katzman, S; Knych, HK; McKemie, DS, 2023)	1.4

Compound-Compound Interactions

High-dose topiramate combined with high-dose lidocaine infusion or high- dose phenobarbital in the acute stage might be an effective treatment option for children with AERRPS. Seizures in three patients were stopped after high- overdose lidocane infusion (6-8 mg/kg/h) in the acutely stage.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"In the present study we investigated the antiinflammatory effect of pentosanpolysulfate (SP 54) in combination with metamizol using different forms of rat paw edema (induced by dextrane, hyaluronidase, trypsin, formaldehyde, carragenine or kaolin)."	( [Pharmacological studies on the antiphlogistic effect of pentosanpolysulfate in combination with metamizol]. Kalbhen, DA; Smalla, HD, 1977)	0.26
"Two well-documented cases of bilateral retinal artery and choriocapillaris occlusions with blindness following head and neck soft-tissue injection with methylprednisolone acetate in combination with lidocaine, epinephrine, or penicillin are reported."	( Bilateral retinal artery and choriocapillaris occlusion following the injection of long-acting corticosteroid suspensions in combination with other drugs: I. Clinical studies. Havener, WH; McGrew, RN; Wilson, RS, 1978)	0.45
"An experimental dog model was used to reproduce the clinical picture of bilateral arteriole and choriocapillaris occlusion from a unilateral intracarotid injection of long-acting corticosteroids combined with other drugs including lidocaine, epinephrine, and penicillin."	( Bilateral retinal artery and choriocapillaris occlusion following the injection of long-acting corticosteroid suspensions in combination with other drugs: II. Animal experimental studies. McGrew, RN; White, HJ; Wilson, RS, 1978)	0.44
"Tetrodotoxin (TTX), alone and in combination with various vasoconstrictors and local anesthetics, was evaluated for its ability to produce peripheral nerve blocks in the rat and central neural blocks in the cat and dog."	( The local anesthetic activity of tetrodotoxin alone and in combination with vasoconstrictors and local anesthetics. Adams, HJ; Blair, MR; Takman, BH, )	0.13
"Lignocaine was tested either alone or in combination with a low dose of morphine by intrathecal administration on the C- and A-beta evoked responses of nociceptive neurones in the dorsal horn of the halothane-anaesthetized rat."	( Spinal local anaesthetic actions on afferent evoked responses and wind-up of nociceptive neurones in the rat spinal cord: combination with morphine produces marked potentiation of antinociception. Chapman, V; Dickenson, AH; Fraser, HM, 1992)	0.28
"Spinal anesthesia with 2% solution of lidocaine++ in combination with 1-1."	( [Evaluation of the effectiveness of spinal anesthesia using lidocaine combined with morphine]. Gel'tser, BI; Mazaev, VP; Semenikhin, AA; Shumatov, VB, 1990)	0.79
"9% NaCl solution; vehicle) was given, alone and in combination with lidocaine (L), to groups of six pentobarbital (32."	( Effects of metoprolol, alone and in combination with lidocaine, on ventricular fibrillation threshold: comparison with atenolol, propranolol, and pindolol. Beil, ME; Cabot, CF; Coram, WM; Olson, RW; Weiss, GB, 1987)	0.76
" Thus, effects of these drugs and serum levels, where available, should be more closely followed when used in combination with cimetidine."	( Cimetidine drug interactions. Greene, WL; Levinson, MJ; Self, TH, 1983)	0.27
" These effects, combined with the common use of cimetidine in clinical practice, make the risk of adverse drug interactions a relatively frequent risk in the clinical setting."	( Drug interactions involving cimetidine--mechanisms, documentation, implications. Greene, W, 1984)	0.27
"The effect of local anesthetics alone and combined with hyperthermia on the cytotoxic effect of the bleomycin derivative, peplomycin, was studied in FM3A and HeLa cells."	( Selective enhancement of the cytotoxicity of the bleomycin derivative, peplomycin, by local anesthetics alone and combined with hyperthermia. Ishida, A; Mizuno, S, 1982)	0.26
" We examined the efficacy and electrophysiology of 110 antiarrhythmic drug combination trials at electrophysiologic study in 74 patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia."	( Antiarrhythmic drug combinations in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia. Echt, DS; Griffin, JC; Keefe, DL; Mason, JW; Ross, DL; Swerdlow, CD; Sze, DY; Winkle, RA, 1982)	0.26
" Brief information on the following reports of drug-drug interactions is given in this article with the intention of giving these reports wider publicity and, possibly, encouraging further observation and research to establish or disprove their validity in a larger and wider range of patients or volunteer subjects."	( Early reports on drug interactions. D'Arcy, PF, 1983)	0.27
"The efficacy of spinal anesthesia with lidocaine (1 mg/kg) combined with moradol (0."	( [Spinal anesthesia with lidocaine combined with moradol]. Kheĭfets, VKh; Maksimov, AV, )	0.71
"8 mg/min at a constant rate infusion following a 100 mg bolus) combined with magnesium sulfate (M) (2."	( Low dose lidocaine combined with magnesium sulfate in warning ventricular arrhythmias. Battaglia, A; Bertanelli, F; Bertoncini, G; Biondo, L; Fabiano, P; Leone, A; Mori, L, 1993)	0.7
"The authors compare the efficacies of trimecaine (8 mg/kg), lidocaine (8 mg/kg), azacaine (2 and 3 mg/kg) alone and in combination with morphine (1."	( [A comparative evaluation of the effects of local anesthetics combined with morphine and administered epidurally]. Cherniakova, IV; Kiselevich, VE; Korinenko, AN; Osipov, SA, )	0.37
"5%) combined with epidural lidocaine (2%)."	( Low dose of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with epidural lidocaine for cesarean section--a balance block technique. Cheng, YJ; Fan, SZ; Liu, CC; Susetio, L; Wang, YP, 1994)	0.82
" Thus the objective of this investigation was to evaluate the antifibrillatory properties of moricizine (a new antiarrhythmic agent) alone and in combination with lidocaine (an established antifibrillatory agent)."	( Antifibrillatory and electrophysiologic actions of moricizine alone and in combination with lidocaine: a prospective, randomized trial. Chow, MS; Fan, C; Kluger, J; O'Rangers, EA; Ujhelyi, MR, 1993)	0.7
"5 mg/kg/hr infusion, or saline bolus and infusion), and drug combined with lidocaine (5 mg/kg loading dose, 4 mg/kg/hr infusion)."	( Antifibrillatory and electrophysiologic actions of moricizine alone and in combination with lidocaine: a prospective, randomized trial. Chow, MS; Fan, C; Kluger, J; O'Rangers, EA; Ujhelyi, MR, 1993)	0.74
"4 mA at baseline during saline infusion, and when saline was combined with lidocaine, respectively."	( Antifibrillatory and electrophysiologic actions of moricizine alone and in combination with lidocaine: a prospective, randomized trial. Chow, MS; Fan, C; Kluger, J; O'Rangers, EA; Ujhelyi, MR, 1993)	0.74
" Dogs euthanatized with pentobarbital alone had significantly longer times than did dogs euthanatized with pentobarbital in combination with any of the lidocaine concentrations."	( Comparison of pentobarbital alone and pentobarbital in combination with lidocaine for euthanasia of dogs. Broadstone, R; Evans, AT; Hooks, TM; Johnston, SM; McNeil, JR; Stapleton, J, 1993)	0.72
" We conclude that skillful venipuncture in combination with LT is essential to reduce the venipuncture pain."	( [Skillfulness is essential to improve venipuncture pain in combination with lidocaine containing adhesive tape]. Nakao, M; Onji, I, 1996)	0.52
"The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of esmolol, administered alone and in combination with lidocaine, on ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) in pigs."	( Antifibrillatory effect of esmolol alone and in combination with lidocaine. Chow, MS; Colucci, RD; Fan, CD; Kluger, J; Sun, H; Tisdale, JE; Zhao, H, 1996)	0.74
"In a randomized double-blind study, the use of continuous epidural lidocaine during surgery combined with preoperative epidural morphine was compared with that of preoperative epidural morphine alone for postoperative analgesia in 20 patients undergoing hepatectomy."	( [Intraoperative continuous epidural lidocaine combined with preoperative administration of epidural morphine for post-hepatectomy pain relief]. Asada, A; Fujii, T; Terai, T; Yabe, M; Yukioka, H, 1997)	0.81
"The utility of primary human hepatocytes in the evaluation of drug-drug interactions is being investigated in our laboratories."	( Applications of primary human hepatocytes in the evaluation of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions: evaluation of model drugs terfenadine and rifampin. Jurima-Romet, M; Li, AP, 1997)	0.3
" The neurotoxic effect of midazolam, alone or combined with fentanyl, injected intrathecally repeatedly on 15 occasions over a period of 1 month, was studied in the same model."	( An investigation of the possible neurotoxic effects of intrathecal midazolam combined with fentanyl in the rat. Bahar, M; Chanimov, M; Cohen, ML; Grinshpoon, Y; Herbert, M; Kopolovic, U; Nass, D, 1998)	0.3
"Epidural analgesia with lidocaine (trimecaine) in combination with the minimum morphine doses is an effective method for regional pain relief in children."	( [Postoperative epidural analgesia using local anesthetics in combination with morphine in children]. Agzamkhodzhiaev, TS; Satvaldieva, IA, )	0.44
" Its combination with the "3 in 1" block was tested for postoperative analgesia following major surgery of the knee."	( [Sciatic nerve block: an new lateral mediofemoral approach. The value of its combination with a "3 in 1" block for invasive surgery of the knee]. Blanche, E; Bodin, J; Gouin, F; Hauet, P; Naux, E; Petitfaux, F; Pham-Dang, C; Pinaud, M, 2000)	0.31
"After testing in four unembalmed corpses the new approach was applied to 42 ASA 1-2 patients, in combination with a continuous "3 in 1" block."	( [Sciatic nerve block: an new lateral mediofemoral approach. The value of its combination with a "3 in 1" block for invasive surgery of the knee]. Blanche, E; Bodin, J; Gouin, F; Hauet, P; Naux, E; Petitfaux, F; Pham-Dang, C; Pinaud, M, 2000)	0.31
" Its combination with the "3 in 1" block was evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS) scoring, for postoperative analgesia after total knee arthroplasty."	( [Sciatic nerve block: an new lateral mediofemoral approach. The value of its combination with a "3 in 1" block for invasive surgery of the knee]. Blanche, E; Bodin, J; Gouin, F; Hauet, P; Naux, E; Petitfaux, F; Pham-Dang, C; Pinaud, M, 2000)	0.31
" Combined with a continuous "3 in 1" block, it provides excellent analgesia during the early postoperative period after major surgery of the knee."	( [Sciatic nerve block: an new lateral mediofemoral approach. The value of its combination with a "3 in 1" block for invasive surgery of the knee]. Blanche, E; Bodin, J; Gouin, F; Hauet, P; Naux, E; Petitfaux, F; Pham-Dang, C; Pinaud, M, 2000)	0.31
" In this study they were evaluated the acute toxicity (lethal dose 50%, convulsion dose 50%) and latency times of loss of righting reflex and convulsion as well as the duration of convulsion) of 2% lidocaine or 3% prilocaine, when administered in combination with adrenaline and felypressin at various concentrations."	( Acute toxicity (LD50 and CD50) of lidocaine and prilocaine in combination with adrenaline and felypressin. Amaral, IM; Chalita, LV; Demetrio, CG; Ranali, J; Volpato, MC, )	0.6
"High adrenaline concentrations (1 : 80 000) combined with lignocaine local anaesthetic solution offers no advantage with respect to pain alleviation during the immediate postoperative pain period."	( A dose-response study of adrenaline combined with lignocaine 2%: effect on acute postoperative pain after oral soft tissue surgery. Jorkjend, L; Skoglund, LA, 2001)	0.31
" Local anaesthetic combined with wound cautery virtually abolished the cortisol response until at least 24 h after dehorning."	( Effect of local anaesthetic combined with wound cauterisation on the cortisol response to dehorning in calves. Bruce, RA; Gregory, NG; Mellor, DJ; Stafford, KJ; Sutherland, MA; Ward, RN, 2002)	0.31
"To evaluate the feasibility, reliability and analgesia effect of topical anesthesia combined with subconjunctival anesthesia in anti-glaucomatous surgery."	( The application of topical anesthesia combined with subconjunctival anesthesia for glaucoma surgery. Fan, M; Huang, S; Lian, J; Qiu, C; Yu, M, 2003)	0.32
"5% Alcaine eye drops combined with subconjunctival anesthesia with 2% Lidocaine."	( The application of topical anesthesia combined with subconjunctival anesthesia for glaucoma surgery. Fan, M; Huang, S; Lian, J; Qiu, C; Yu, M, 2003)	0.55
"Topical anesthesia combined with subconjunctival anesthesia is effective, safe and simple anesthesia alternative in routine anti-glaucomatous surgery, especially for the glaucoma patients at the late stage with narrow visual fields and poor visual ability."	( The application of topical anesthesia combined with subconjunctival anesthesia for glaucoma surgery. Fan, M; Huang, S; Lian, J; Qiu, C; Yu, M, 2003)	0.32
"4 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine or 3% mepivacaine, administered with the Wand Plus, has the potential to be a painful injection."	( Injection pain and postinjection pain of the palatal-anterior superior alveolar injection, administered with the Wand Plus system, comparing 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine to 3% mepivacaine. Beck, M; Burns, Y; Nusstein, J; Reader, A; Weaver, J, 2004)	0.91
"The efficiency of bilateral paravertebral blockade combined with general anaesthesia (active) vs."	( General anaesthesia combined with bilateral paravertebral blockade (T5-6) vs. general anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Lönnqvist, PA; Naja, MZ; Ziade, MF, 2004)	0.32
"The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to compare the pain of injection, heart rate increase, and postinjection pain of the intraligamentary injection of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system."	( Comparison of injection pain, heart rate increase, and postinjection pain of articaine and lidocaine in a primary intraligamentary injection administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system. Beck, M; Berlin, J; Nusstein, J; Reader, A; Weaver, JM, 2004)	0.73
"The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to compare the anesthetic efficacy of the intraligamentary injection of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, administered with computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system, in mandibular posterior teeth."	( Efficacy of articaine and lidocaine in a primary intraligamentary injection administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system. Beck, M; Berlin, J; Nusstein, J; Reader, A; Weaver, J, 2005)	0.82
"4 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine were randomly administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system, in a double-blind manner on the mesial and distal aspects of a mandibular first molar, at 2 separate appointments to 51 subjects."	( Efficacy of articaine and lidocaine in a primary intraligamentary injection administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system. Beck, M; Berlin, J; Nusstein, J; Reader, A; Weaver, J, 2005)	1.02
"The purpose of this study was to determine the anesthetic effectiveness of the supplemental intraligamentary injection, administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system, in mandibular posterior teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis when the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block failed."	( Anesthetic effectiveness of the supplemental intraligamentary injection, administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system, in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Beck, M; Claffey, E; Nusstein, J; Reader, A; Weaver, J, 2005)	0.33
"A simple liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) device combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is presented for the simultaneous analysis of local anaesthetics, lidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracaine, from human urine sample."	( Liquid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of local anaesthetics in human urine. Chen, B; Kang, S; Ma, M; Yao, S; Zhao, Q, 2006)	0.53
"We evaluated the efficacy of local or systemic parecoxib combined with lidocaine/clonidine IV regional analgesia in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 1 in a dominant upper limb."	( The antinociceptive effect of local or systemic parecoxib combined with lidocaine/clonidine intravenous regional analgesia for complex regional pain syndrome type I in the arm. Frade, LP; Lauretti, GR; Lima, ICPR; Pereira, NL, 2005)	0.79
"2 mL of different concentrations of the following drugs was injected sub-fascially: bupivacaine, lidocaine, and ephedrine alone and bupivacaine or lidocaine combined with ephedrine (n=8 per group)."	( Efficacy of lidocaine or bupivacaine combined with ephedrine in rat sciatic nerve block. Gerner, P; Greco, WR; Hung, YC; Kau, YC; Wang, GK; Zizza, AM; Zurakowski, D, )	0.73
"Ephedrine combined with bupivacaine interacted additively for both motor and sensory blockade, and ephedrine combined with lidocaine interacted antagonistically (sub-additive) for sensory blockade and additively for motor blockade."	( Efficacy of lidocaine or bupivacaine combined with ephedrine in rat sciatic nerve block. Gerner, P; Greco, WR; Hung, YC; Kau, YC; Wang, GK; Zizza, AM; Zurakowski, D, )	0.72
"To compare and estimate the safety and efficacy of a new viscoelastic substance combined with anaesthetic used in phacoemulsification surgery."	( The use of a new viscoelastic substance combined with anaesthetic in cataract surgery by phacoemulsification. Bournas, P; Condilis, N; Kanellas, D; Lioumi, D; Syndikakis, K; Vaikoussis, E, )	0.13
"A sensitive method for the quantification of lidocaine and its metabolites, monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) and glycinexylidide (GX), in animal plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is described."	( Determination of lidocaine and its two N-desethylated metabolites in dog and horse plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Croubels, S; De Backer, P; Gasthuys, F; Maes, A; Sandersen, C; Weiland, L, 2007)	0.94
"To compare pain control results between periprostatic nerve block alone and combined with topical prilocaine-lidocaine cream as local anesthesia of prostate biopsy."	( Topical prilocaine-lidocaine cream combined with peripheral nerve block improves pain control in prostatic biopsy: results from a prospective randomized trial. Briganti, A; Dehò, F; Di Girolamo, V; Gallina, A; Montorsi, F; Raber, M; Rigatti, P; Roscigno, M; Salonia, A; Scattoni, V, 2008)	0.89
"Three hundred patients were randomized to receive PNB (group 1), topical anesthesia of the anal ring, anal canal, and anterior rectal wall combined with PNB (group 2) and placebo (group 3)."	( Topical prilocaine-lidocaine cream combined with peripheral nerve block improves pain control in prostatic biopsy: results from a prospective randomized trial. Briganti, A; Dehò, F; Di Girolamo, V; Gallina, A; Montorsi, F; Raber, M; Rigatti, P; Roscigno, M; Salonia, A; Scattoni, V, 2008)	0.67
" The drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of these drugs for the hOCT/rOct-mediated hepatic/renal uptake process was also assessed."	( Effect of cationic drugs on the transporting activity of human and rat OCT/Oct 1-3 in vitro and implications for drug-drug interactions. Iwatsubo, T; Kamimura, H; Noguchi, K; Umehara, KI; Usui, T, 2008)	0.35
" Seizures in three patients were stopped after high-dose lidocaine infusion (6-8 mg/kg/h) in the acute stage and three patients were stopped after high dose phenobarbital (serum level 60-80 ug/mL) combined with high-dose oral topiramate (15-20 mg/kg/day)."	( Effect of topiramate, in combination with lidocaine, and phenobarbital, in acute encephalitis with refractory repetitive partial seizures. Hsia, SH; Lin, JJ; Lin, KL; Wang, HS; Wu, CT, 2009)	0.86
" High-dose topiramate combined with high-dose lidocaine infusion or high-dose phenobarbital in the acute stage might be an effective treatment option for children with AERRPS."	( Effect of topiramate, in combination with lidocaine, and phenobarbital, in acute encephalitis with refractory repetitive partial seizures. Hsia, SH; Lin, JJ; Lin, KL; Wang, HS; Wu, CT, 2009)	0.88
"In a prospective, randomized, double-arm study, 200 patients were randomized to receive PNB alone (group A, 100) or PNB combined with a previous administration of the topical anaesthetic Antrolin (group B, 100)."	( Periprostatic nerve block (PNB) alone vs PNB combined with an anaesthetic-myorelaxant agent cream for prostate biopsy: a prospective, randomized double-arm study. Cantiello, F; Di Meo, S; Fusco, F; Iannuzzo, M; Imbimbo, C; Imperatore, V; Mirone, V; Scibelli, G, 2009)	0.35
" To assess drug-drug interactions, co-administration experiments were conducted with ketoconazole and either propranolol or erythromycin."	( Exploration of the African green monkey as a preclinical pharmacokinetic model: oral pharmacokinetic parameters and drug-drug interactions. Bhadresa, S; Coon, DJ; Lawrence, MS; Magiera, D; Struharik, M; Ward, KW, 2009)	0.35
" The study aim was to investigate the effect of repeated sessions of cutaneous forearm anaesthesia of the injured limb, in combination with sensory re-education on the recovery of the tactile discrimination and perception of touch/pressure in the injured hand after median or ulnar nerve repair."	( Improvement of hand sensibility after selective temporary anaesthesia in combination with sensory re-education. Esfahani, AR; Hassan-Zadeh, R; Kamali, M; Lajevardi, L, 2009)	0.35
" During a 2-week period, a topical anaesthetic cream (Lidocaine-PTC, n = 6) or placebo (n = 7) was applied repeatedly (twice a week) with occlusive bandage for 1 hour on the flexor aspect of the forearm of the same side of the nerve injury and combined with sensory re-education."	( Improvement of hand sensibility after selective temporary anaesthesia in combination with sensory re-education. Esfahani, AR; Hassan-Zadeh, R; Kamali, M; Lajevardi, L, 2009)	0.6
"This finding suggests that forearm deafferentation of injured limb in combination with sensory re-education can enhance sensory recovery after nerve repair."	( Improvement of hand sensibility after selective temporary anaesthesia in combination with sensory re-education. Esfahani, AR; Hassan-Zadeh, R; Kamali, M; Lajevardi, L, 2009)	0.35
"Forty-six adult volunteers randomly received a conventional IAN block or an IAN block administered with a peripheral nerve stimulator at 2 separate appointments."	( A prospective, randomized single-blind study of the anesthetic efficacy of the inferior alveolar nerve block administered with a peripheral nerve stimulator. Beck, M; Drum, M; Nusstein, J; Reader, A; Simon, F, 2010)	0.36
"We concluded that the IAN block administered with a peripheral nerve stimulator did not increase the success rate of pulpal anesthesia when compared with a conventional IAN block."	( A prospective, randomized single-blind study of the anesthetic efficacy of the inferior alveolar nerve block administered with a peripheral nerve stimulator. Beck, M; Drum, M; Nusstein, J; Reader, A; Simon, F, 2010)	0.36
"The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a constant rate of infusion of lidocaine and ketamine in combination with either morphine or fentanyl on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (MAC(ISO)) during ovariohysterectomy in dogs."	( Reduction of the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs using a constant rate of infusion of lidocaine-ketamine in combination with either morphine or fentanyl. Aguado, D; Benito, J; Gómez de Segura, IA, 2011)	0.8
"To evaluate the value of propofol target-controlled infusion combined with dribbled and nebulized lidocaine in tracheal intubation under spontaneous breathing."	( [Application of propofol target controlled infusion combined with dribbled and nebulized lidocaine in tracheal intubation under spontaneous respiration]. Huang, YG; Luo, AL; Xu, JQ; Ye, TH, 2010)	0.8
"Application of propofol target-controlled infusion combined with dribbled and nebulized lidocaine provides a good condition for tracheal intubation under unconsciousness and spontaneous breathing."	( [Application of propofol target controlled infusion combined with dribbled and nebulized lidocaine in tracheal intubation under spontaneous respiration]. Huang, YG; Luo, AL; Xu, JQ; Ye, TH, 2010)	0.8
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether polarized arrest using adenosine/lidocaine cold crystalloid cardioplegia in combination with the hibernation inductor δ-opioid receptor agonist pentazocine would give satisfactory myocardial protection rather than using depolarized supranormal potassium cardioplegia, supranormal potassium cardioplegia with pentazocine, or adenosine/lidocaine cardioplegia."	( The myocardial protection of polarizing cardioplegia combined with delta-opioid receptor agonist in swine. Chen, C; Dong, P; Hou, X; Wu, T; Yang, J, 2011)	0.59
"46) ng·mL-1 when used in combination with midazolam and topical lidocaine."	( The optimal effect site concentration of remifentanil in combination with intravenous midazolam and topical lidocaine for awake fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery. Chang, CH; Kim, HS; Kwak, YL; Lee, JW; Shim, YH; Song, JW, 2012)	0.83
"The use of topical pharyngeal anesthesia in combination with target-controlled infusion with propofol in the performance of diagnostic gastroscopy might be eliminated without adversely affecting patient care or outcomes."	( The questionable efficacy of topical pharyngeal anesthesia in combination with propofol sedation in gastroscopy. Chang, CJ; Lin, CC; Liou, SC; Su, MY; Tsai, HI; Tsai, YF; Yu, HP, 2012)	0.38
"To evaluate the effect of placement of urethral catheter combined with lidocaine on urethral irritation caused by postoperative indwelling catheters."	( [Effect of painless urethral catheterization combined with lidocaine on urethral irritation]. Bian, J; Li, F; Liu, C; Xue, K; Yang, J; Zhong, Q; Zhou, Q, 2012)	0.86
"A total of 120 male surgical patients requiring postoperative indwelling catheters between June 2011 and January 2012 were divided into two equal groups for placement of painless urethral catheter combined with bladder washing with lidocaine on the first postoperative day, or for routine catheter placement only."	( [Effect of painless urethral catheterization combined with lidocaine on urethral irritation]. Bian, J; Li, F; Liu, C; Xue, K; Yang, J; Zhong, Q; Zhou, Q, 2012)	0.81
"In patients with painless urethral catheter placement combined with bladder washing with lidocaine, 11 developed urethral irritation symptoms, as compared to 24 in the patients with routine catheter placement only, showing a significant difference between the two groups (P<0."	( [Effect of painless urethral catheterization combined with lidocaine on urethral irritation]. Bian, J; Li, F; Liu, C; Xue, K; Yang, J; Zhong, Q; Zhou, Q, 2012)	0.84
"Placement of painless urethral catheter combined with bladder washing with lidocaine can significantly reduce the incidence of urethral irritation due to postoperative indwelling catheters."	( [Effect of painless urethral catheterization combined with lidocaine on urethral irritation]. Bian, J; Li, F; Liu, C; Xue, K; Yang, J; Zhong, Q; Zhou, Q, 2012)	0.85
" We conducted a trial to evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological [smaller-sized endotracheal tube (ETT)] combined with pharmacological intervention [lidocaine intravenous (i."	( A smaller endotracheal tube combined with intravenous lidocaine decreases post-operative sore throat - a randomized controlled trial. Ren, Y; Tan, ZM; Wang, SL; Xu, YJ; Zhu, Y, 2012)	0.83
"To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of epidural lidocaine in combination with either tramadol or neostigmine for perineal analgesia in horses."	( Efficacy of epidural lidocaine combined with tramadol or neostigmine on perineal analgesia in the horse. DeRossi, R; Maciel, FB; Módolo, TJ; Pagliosa, RC, 2013)	0.96
"In interscalene block combined with lidocaine, ropivacaine had slower onset of motor block and longer duration of both blocks than bupivacaine."	( Comparison of the motor and sensory block by ropivacaine and bupivacaine in combination with lidocaine in interscalene block. Nishiyama, T, 2012)	0.87
" One technique is the tension suture technique, which can be combined with lidocain-adrenalin-saline-infiltration."	( Tension suture technique combined with lidocain-adrenalin-saline-infiltration decreases complications in abdominoplasty. Helle, M; Kuokkanen, H; Saariniemi, K; Salmi, A, 2012)	0.38
" Peroperative bleeding was a mean of 196 ml in abdominoplasty only and 254 ml when combined with additional operation."	( Tension suture technique combined with lidocain-adrenalin-saline-infiltration decreases complications in abdominoplasty. Helle, M; Kuokkanen, H; Saariniemi, K; Salmi, A, 2012)	0.38
" This study examined the histological and neurofunctional effects of intrathecally administered lidocaine combined with epinephrine in rats."	( Epinephrine administered with lidocaine solution does not worsen intrathecal lidocaine neurotoxicity in rats. Komatsu, T; Kurashige, C; Nara, Y; Okamoto, H; Takenami, T; Yagishita, S; Yago, K, )	0.64
" Ephedrine in combination with either bupivacaine or lidocaine was then injected into the spinal catheters."	( Ephedrine shows synergistic motor blockade when combined with bupivacaine or lidocaine for spinal anesthesia in a rat model. Danninger, T; Djalali, AG; Fritsch, G; Gerner, P; Perez-Valdivieso, JR; Wang, JC; Zurakowski, D, 2013)	0.87
"Ephedrine combined with either bupivacaine or lidocaine acted synergistically to block motor function and has the potential to reduce the amount of local anesthetic needed for spinal block."	( Ephedrine shows synergistic motor blockade when combined with bupivacaine or lidocaine for spinal anesthesia in a rat model. Danninger, T; Djalali, AG; Fritsch, G; Gerner, P; Perez-Valdivieso, JR; Wang, JC; Zurakowski, D, 2013)	0.88
"To compare the cardiopulmonary effects and the quality of anesthesia of the extradural lidocaine in combination with fentanyl or morphine in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy."	( Extradural anesthesia with lidocaine combined with fentanyl or methadone to ovariohisterectomy in dogs. Bernardi, CA; Cassu, RN; Diniz, MS; Kanashiro, GP; Nicácio, GM, 2013)	0.91
"The extradural lidocaine in combination with fentanyl or morphine allowed cardiopulmonary stability, however sufficient sensitive blockade was not provided in 100% of the dogs."	( Extradural anesthesia with lidocaine combined with fentanyl or methadone to ovariohisterectomy in dogs. Bernardi, CA; Cassu, RN; Diniz, MS; Kanashiro, GP; Nicácio, GM, 2013)	1.04
"TENS in combination with local cobalamin injection has a significant analgesic effect."	( Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in combination with cobalamin injection for postherpetic neuralgia: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Feng, Y; Lv, ZW; Tang, WZ; Xu, G, 2014)	0.4
"Acupuncture combined with cervical paravertebral block is effective in relieving cervicogenic headache and improving cervical vertebral activity in cervicogenic headache patients, and can strengthen the therapeutic effect of simple paravertebral block."	( [Effect of cervical paravertebral block combined with acupuncture intervention on cervicogenic headache]. Chen, P; Fan, RJ; Song, WX; Wu, JX, 2013)	0.39
"5% proxymetacaine chlorhydrate and 2% lidocaine gel combined with 2% lidocaine by intracameral route."	( Assessing patient satisfaction with cataract surgery under topical anesthesia supplemented by intracameral lidocaine combined with sedation. Andrade, BB; Fernandes, CR; Fernandes, MB; Ribeiro, KG; Souza, RV; Vasconcelos, GC, )	0.62
"Patients that received topical anesthesia supplemented by intracameral lidocaine combined with sedation for phacoemulsification cataract surgery reported adequate level of satisfaction with the anesthetic choice."	( Assessing patient satisfaction with cataract surgery under topical anesthesia supplemented by intracameral lidocaine combined with sedation. Andrade, BB; Fernandes, CR; Fernandes, MB; Ribeiro, KG; Souza, RV; Vasconcelos, GC, )	0.58
" Group A (N = 95) was treated with chemonucleolysis only (the injection of oxygen-ozone combined with collagenase into the lumbar disc and the epidural space); group B (N = 97) was treated with chemonucleolysis and PCB."	( CT-guided chemonucleolysis combined with psoas compartment block in lumbar disc herniation: a randomized controlled study. Du, Y; Huang, YY; Li, B; Li, Y; Meng, J; Xu, XX; Yang, HF; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
"Computer tomography (CT)-guided chemonucleolysis combined with PCB leads to rapid pain relief, fewer postoperative pain of collagenase injection happen, and should be regarded as a useful treatment for the management of LDH."	( CT-guided chemonucleolysis combined with psoas compartment block in lumbar disc herniation: a randomized controlled study. Du, Y; Huang, YY; Li, B; Li, Y; Meng, J; Xu, XX; Yang, HF; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
"The neurotoxicity of lidocaine was significantly increased when combined with ropivacaine."	( Intrathecal lidocaine neurotoxicity: combination with bupivacaine and ropivacaine and effect of nerve growth factor. Chen, W; Ding, X; Guo, Y; Zhao, G, 2014)	1.1
"Ropivacaine is not safe when intrathecally administered with lidocaine at the concentrations used in this study."	( Intrathecal lidocaine neurotoxicity: combination with bupivacaine and ropivacaine and effect of nerve growth factor. Chen, W; Ding, X; Guo, Y; Zhao, G, 2014)	1.02
" Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine injected into the oral mucosa in combination with lidocaine on local anesthetic potency in humans."	( Effect of dexmedetomidine injected into the oral mucosa in combination with lidocaine on local anesthetic potency in humans: a crossover double-blind study. Higuchi, H; Ishii-Maruhama, M; Maeda, S; Miyawaki, T; Tomoyasu, Y; Yamane, A, 2015)	0.85
"Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural lidocaine in combination with either methadone or morphine for postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy."	( Postoperative pain control in cats: clinical trials with pre-emptive lidocaine epidural co-administered with morphine or methadone. de Andrade Bicudo, N; de Assis, KT; DeRossi, R; Hermeto, LC; Jardim, PHA, 2016)	0.9
" Therefore, we aim to explore new anaesthetic protocols to be used in zebrafish by studying the quality of anaesthesia and recovery induced by different concentrations of propofol alone and in combination with different concentrations of lidocaine."	( A New Anaesthetic Protocol for Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Propofol Combined with Lidocaine. Antunes, LM; Carvalho, L; Diniz, E; Félix, LM; Valentim, AM, 2016)	0.84
"5 μg/ml of propofol combined with 50, (P/50L), 100 (P/100L) or 150 μg/ml (P/150L) of lidocaine."	( A New Anaesthetic Protocol for Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Propofol Combined with Lidocaine. Antunes, LM; Carvalho, L; Diniz, E; Félix, LM; Valentim, AM, 2016)	0.88
"To determine the efficacy of methylcobalamin combined with lidocaine for acute herpetic neuralgia."	( Local Injection of Methylcobalamin Combined with Lidocaine for Acute Herpetic Neuralgia. Cheng, C; Tang, WZ; Xǔ, G; Xu, J; Xu, S, 2016)	0.93
"Control groups received intramuscular methylcobalamin in addition to local lidocaine injection, while treatment groups received local methylcobalamin combined with lidocaine injection for 14 days."	( Local Injection of Methylcobalamin Combined with Lidocaine for Acute Herpetic Neuralgia. Cheng, C; Tang, WZ; Xǔ, G; Xu, J; Xu, S, 2016)	0.92
"Local methylcobalamin combined with lidocaine, optimally administered within 4-7 days of onset, may be an effective therapeutic option for acute herpetic neuralgia."	( Local Injection of Methylcobalamin Combined with Lidocaine for Acute Herpetic Neuralgia. Cheng, C; Tang, WZ; Xǔ, G; Xu, J; Xu, S, 2016)	0.96
"Use of SB combined with general anesthesia in patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery reduces postoperative analgesic requirements and complications such as intraoperative OCR and PONV."	( Subtenon block combined with general anesthesia for vitreoretinal surgery improves postoperative analgesia in adult: a randomized controlled trial. Abdelhalim, AA; Abouammoh, MA; Al-Zahrani, TA; Elzoughari, I; Mohamed, EA; Mustafa, M, 2016)	0.43
"To compare the effects of a lidocaine constant rate infusion (CRI) combined with 1% isoflurane versus those of 2% isoflurane alone on cardiovascular variables in anaesthetized horses, and to estimate the sample size required to detect a difference in recovery quality."	( Comparison of the effects of an intravenous lidocaine infusion combined with 1% isoflurane versus 2% isoflurane alone on selected cardiovascular variables and recovery characteristics during equine general anaesthesia. Cruz Benedetti, IC; Fourel, I; Le Bris, M; Mongellas, E; Nottrott, K; Portier, K, 2017)	1.01
"A lidocaine CRI combined with FIIso 1% rather than FIIso 2% alone may improve cardiovascular variables in healthy anaesthetized horses."	( Comparison of the effects of an intravenous lidocaine infusion combined with 1% isoflurane versus 2% isoflurane alone on selected cardiovascular variables and recovery characteristics during equine general anaesthesia. Cruz Benedetti, IC; Fourel, I; Le Bris, M; Mongellas, E; Nottrott, K; Portier, K, 2017)	1.44
" The aim of the study was to determine the effects of constant-rate infusion of lidocaine and ketamine combined with either morphine or fentanyl on the MAC of sevoflurane in pigs."	( Effect of Lidocaine-Ketamine Infusions Combined with Morphine or Fentanyl in Sevoflurane-Anesthetized Pigs. Canfrán, S; Gómez de Segura, IA; Largo, C; Re, M, 2016)	1.06
" Iontophoresis in combination with DC and AC was found to enable highly efficient drug delivery that shares the benefits of both forms of current application."	( Drug delivery and transmission of lidocaine using iontophoresis in combination with direct and alternating currents. Fukayama, H; Ikoma, T; Inoue, T; Shimazu, H; Sugiyama, T; Wakita, R, 2016)	0.68
"The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the interactions of the local anesthetic lidocaine combined with an agent (serotonin or dopamine) as infiltrative anesthetics."	( Synergistic Effects of Serotonin or Dopamine Combined With Lidocaine at Producing Nociceptive Block in Rats. Chen, YW; Chiu, CC; Hung, CH; Liu, KS; Wang, JJ, )	0.6
" Drug-drug interactions were calculated using the isobolographic analysis."	( Synergistic Effects of Serotonin or Dopamine Combined With Lidocaine at Producing Nociceptive Block in Rats. Chen, YW; Chiu, CC; Hung, CH; Liu, KS; Wang, JJ, )	0.37
"The quaternary lidocaine derivative (QX-314) in combination with bupivacaine can produce long-lasting nerve blocks in vivo, indicating potential clinical application."	( The quaternary lidocaine derivative QX-314 in combination with bupivacaine for long-lasting nerve block: Efficacy, toxicity, and the optimal formulation in rats. Li, J; Liu, J; Lv, R; Ma, L; Yang, X; Yin, Q; Zhang, W; Zheng, Q; Zhu, T, 2017)	1.16
" This study aimed to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of three intrarectal local anesthesia (IRLA) combined with PPNB in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy."	( Prospective comparison among three intrarectal anesthetic treatments combined with periprostatic nerve block during transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy. Campos-Salcedo, JG; Canizalez-Román, A; Parés-Hipólito, J; Sedano-Lozano, A; Shelton, LM; Torres-Gomez, JJ; Valdez-Flores, MA; Valdez-Flores, RA, 2018)	0.48
"Intrarectal application of EMLA cream is a more efficient pain reduction than either 2% lidocaine gel or 100 mg indomethacin suppository when applied combined with PPNB."	( Prospective comparison among three intrarectal anesthetic treatments combined with periprostatic nerve block during transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy. Campos-Salcedo, JG; Canizalez-Román, A; Parés-Hipólito, J; Sedano-Lozano, A; Shelton, LM; Torres-Gomez, JJ; Valdez-Flores, MA; Valdez-Flores, RA, 2018)	0.7
"To assess the effect of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) combined with epidural injection for prolapsed lumbar disc herniation(PLDH)."	( [Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy combined with epidural injection for prolapsed lumbar disc herniation]. Pang, QJ; Tang, T; Wang, Y; Wu, HH; Zhang, ZK, 2017)	0.46
" And combination with epidural injection has the advantages of pain releasing and function improving in the short-term postoperative period, and it can decrease postoperative hospital stay and time of returning to work, and it is a safe and effective method."	( [Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy combined with epidural injection for prolapsed lumbar disc herniation]. Pang, QJ; Tang, T; Wang, Y; Wu, HH; Zhang, ZK, 2017)	0.46
"Ultrasound-guided GNB, when combined with a local anesthetic and corticosteroid, can provide short-term pain relief."	( Ultrasound-Guided Genicular Nerve Block for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial of Local Anesthetic Alone or in Combination with Corticosteroid. Choi, SS; Choi, WJ; Kim, DH; Lee, IG; Lee, SH; Seo, DK; Shin, JW; Yoon, SH, 2018)	0.48
"To observe and analyze the clinical effect of cervical paravertebral nerve block combined with Mailuoning and Angelica sinensis injection in treatment of nerve-root type cervical spondylosis."	( Clinical effect of cervical paravertebral nerve block combined with Mailuoning and Angelica sinensis in treatment of nerve-root type cervical spondylosis. Han, J; Li, Y; Liu, X; Yu, H; Zhang, J, 2018)	0.48
"This study was designed to assess the preclinical toxicity of antipyrine combined with lidocaine hydrochloride ear drops (ALED) and support the clinical trials of ALED in clinical settings in China."	( Preclinical safety assessment of antipyrine combined with lidocaine hydrochloride as ear drops. Ba, JB; Chu, ZY; Feng, X; Liu, WH; Zhang, XD; Zou, YX, 2019)	0.98
"Ketamine combined with lidocaine may be beneficial in shortening the onset of anesthesia, promoting postoperative awake, prolonging elimination half-life, increasing area under curve, and decreasing plasma clearance rate and incidence of adverse reactions."	( Effect of ketamine combined with lidocaine in pediatric anesthesia. Fang, H; Li, HF; Liao, R; Wang, QY; Wang, RR; Yang, M; Zhang, FX; Zhang, JP; Zheng, PC, 2020)	1.15
"To investigate the effect of lidocaine epinephrine iontophoresis combined with exercises on gait and spasticity in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP)."	( Effect of lidocaine iontophoresis combined with exercise intervention on gait and spasticity in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial. Aboelnasr, EA; Hegazy, FA; Salem, YT, 2020)	1.25
"Lidocaine iontophoresis combined with exercises was effective in improving gait spatiotemporal parameters and reducing spasticity in children with CP."	( Effect of lidocaine iontophoresis combined with exercise intervention on gait and spasticity in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial. Aboelnasr, EA; Hegazy, FA; Salem, YT, 2020)	2.4
" Nonetheless, only few studies have evaluated the clinical therapeutic effects of lidocaine combination with flurbiprofen axetil to prevent pain on injection of propofol."	( Clinical therapeutic effects of lidocaine combination with flurbiprofen axetil for reducing propofol-induced pain in adults: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Fu, J; Lu, G; Sun, W; Ye, X; Yu, J, 2020)	1.07
"This study will provide high-quality evidence for the clinical therapeutic effects of lidocaine combination with flurbiprofen axetil for reducing pain on injection of propofol in adult patients."	( Clinical therapeutic effects of lidocaine combination with flurbiprofen axetil for reducing propofol-induced pain in adults: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Fu, J; Lu, G; Sun, W; Ye, X; Yu, J, 2020)	1.07
"Intravenous lidocaine plays a significant role in the hemodynamic stability of patients under general anesthesia without exerting any additional impact on the NMB, even combined with magnesium sulfate."	( Lidocaine combined with magnesium sulfate preserved hemodynamic stability during general anesthesia without prolonging neuromuscular blockade: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. de Boer, HD; Garcia, LV; Oliveira-Paula, GH; Paula-Garcia, WN, 2021)	2.44
"This study aims to investigate the effect of compound topical anesthetic (CTA) application combined with photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on the level of pain perceived during placement of miniscrews and 24 h post the procedure in the buccal side of the maxillary bone."	( Efficacy of compound topical anesthesia combined with photobiomodulation therapy in pain control for placement of orthodontic miniscrew: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Chiniforush, N; Cronshaw, M; Dadgar, S; Navaei, RA; Noroozian, M; Rakhshan, V; Saravani, HJ; Sobouti, F, 2022)	0.72
"This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of lidocaine pretreatment combined with dexmedetomidine on oxidative stress in patients with intracranial aneurysm clipping."	( Effect and Mechanism of Lidocaine Pretreatment Combined with Dexmedetomidine on Oxidative Stress in Patients with Intracranial Aneurysm Clipping. Liu, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhao, L; Zhao, Z, 2021)	1.17
"5 mg/kg) combined with lidocaine (2 mg/kg) or lidocaine (2 mg/kg) only (control treatment)."	( Neuraxial administration of morphine combined with lidocaine induces regional antinociception in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Ferreira, TH; Fink, DM; Mans, C, 2021)	1.18
"Under the guidance of a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) machine, via fluoroscopic imaging techniques, patients diagnosed with herpes zoster neuralgia at the subacute stage, where self-reported pain lasts between 30 and 90 days, were treated with nerve pulsed radiofrequency surgery combined with intravenous lidocaine infusion or saline infusion as control."	( Clinical Efficacy of Pulsed Radiofrequency Combined with Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion in the Treatment of Subacute Herpes Zoster Neuralgia. He, C; Zhang, W, 2022)	1.13
"DSA-guided nerve pulse radiofrequency surgery combined with intravenous lidocaine infusion can effectively relieve pain in patients diagnosed with herpes zoster nerves at the subacute stage, reduce the number of analgesic drugs used in patients, reduce postherpetic neuralgia incidence rate, and improve sleep and quality of life."	( Clinical Efficacy of Pulsed Radiofrequency Combined with Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion in the Treatment of Subacute Herpes Zoster Neuralgia. He, C; Zhang, W, 2022)	1.19
"To explore the effect of stellate ganglion block (SGB) combined with lidocaine at different concentrations for preemptive analgesia on postoperative pain relief and adverse reactions of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC)."	( Effect of Stellate Ganglion Block Combined with Lidocaine at Different Concentrations for Preemptive Analgesia on Postoperative Pain Relief and Adverse Reactions of Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Dong, Z; Niu, T; Wang, Z; Yin, Z; Yu, J, 2022)	1.21
" This work aimed to apply chemometrics for the optimization of a salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with LC-MS/MS to analyze carvedilol enantiomers in plasma samples."	( Chemometric optimization of salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with LC-MS/MS for the analysis of carvedilol enantiomers in human plasma: Application to clinical pharmacokinetics. de Gaitani, C; de Moraes, N; Dos Santos, J; Kemp, R; Moreira da Silva, R; Pavan, M; Salgado Junior, W; Sankarankutty, A; Yamamoto, P, 2022)	0.72
"The aim of this study was to compare the effects of constant rate infusions (CRI) of fentanyl alone or combined with lidocaine and ketamine (FLK), on physiological parameters, isoflurane requirements and the number of postoperative analgesic rescues in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy."	( Influence of Constant Rate Infusions of Fentanyl Alone or in Combination With Lidocaine and Ketamine on the Response to Surgery and Postoperative Pain in Isoflurane Anesthetized Dogs Undergoing Unilateral Mastectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Alievi, MM; de Oliveira, TF; Herrera-Becerra, JR; Marques, ÉJ; Monteiro, ER; Rovaris, IB; Tomazeli, D; Valle, SF, )	0.57
" We speculated that the application of compound lidocaine/prilocaine combined with tetracaine spray would better prevent coughing caused by tracheal extubation."	( Compound lidocaine/prilocaine cream combined with tetracaine prevents cough caused by extubation after general anaesthesia: a randomised controlled trial. Gao, J; Li, T; Li, Y; Wang, M; Zhang, E; Zhang, H; Zhang, L; Zhao, X, 2023)	1.58
"Patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy or cholecystectomy combined with common bile duct exploration under general anaesthesia were randomly assigned to Group C (saline spray), Group L (2 g compound lidocaine/prilocaine cream contains 5 mg of lidocaine and 5 mg prilocaine)), Group T (tetracaine) and Group F (compound lidocaine/prilocaine cream combined with tetracaine)."	( Compound lidocaine/prilocaine cream combined with tetracaine prevents cough caused by extubation after general anaesthesia: a randomised controlled trial. Gao, J; Li, T; Li, Y; Wang, M; Zhang, E; Zhang, H; Zhang, L; Zhao, X, 2023)	1.51
"Compound lidocaine/prilocaine cream combined with tetracaine may be a more effective approach for preventing coughing and stabilising circulation during extubation following general anaesthesia."	( Compound lidocaine/prilocaine cream combined with tetracaine prevents cough caused by extubation after general anaesthesia: a randomised controlled trial. Gao, J; Li, T; Li, Y; Wang, M; Zhang, E; Zhang, H; Zhang, L; Zhao, X, 2023)	1.74
"Our purpose of this study was to investigate the value of ultrasound combined with disposable cervical dilating stick and lidocaine in hysteroscopic intrauterine device (IUD) removal in postmenopausal women."	( Ultrasound Combined With Single-Use Cervical Dilation Sticks And Lidocaine Achieved Good Clinical Outcomes In Hysteroscopic Removal Of The Intrauterine Device: A Pilot Study. Wang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2023)	1.36
"Ninety-six postmenopausal women who requested IUD removal in our hospital from March 2020 to March 2022 were selected and randomly divided into a control group (48 cases) and a study group (48 cases) according to random number table method, with the control group undergoing conventional hysteroscopic IUD removal and the study group undergoing hysteroscopic IUD removal with ultrasound combined with a single-use cervical dilator rod and lidocaine."	( Ultrasound Combined With Single-Use Cervical Dilation Sticks And Lidocaine Achieved Good Clinical Outcomes In Hysteroscopic Removal Of The Intrauterine Device: A Pilot Study. Wang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2023)	1.31
"In hysteroscopic IUD removal, ultrasound combined with single-use cervical dilation sticks and lidocaine can gently soften and dilate the cervix in a short time, shortening the procedure time and reducing pain."	( Ultrasound Combined With Single-Use Cervical Dilation Sticks And Lidocaine Achieved Good Clinical Outcomes In Hysteroscopic Removal Of The Intrauterine Device: A Pilot Study. Wang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2023)	1.37
"The authors sought to quantify the clinical impacts of granisetron, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and lidocaine combined with fentanyl, for procedural sedation and analgesia in cystoscopy and for bladder catheter tolerance."	( Efficacy appraisal of four regimens (granisetron, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and lidocaine combined with fentanyl) for cystoscopy-associated sedation and analgesia and catheter-related bladder tolerance: a randomized clinical trial. Almasi-Hashiani, A; Jafarirismani, R; Modir, H; Shamaii, K, )	0.57
" To avoid difficult airway-related emergency scenarios, the AFNI was successfully performed through intravenous injection of sufentanil and dexmedetomidine combined with lidocaine topical anesthesia under a conscious state without any uncomfortable feeling or complications."	( Sufentanil, dexmedetomidine combined with surface anesthesia for awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation in the patient with severe mouth opening difficulty undergoing wedge resection of the right upper lung: A case report and literature review. Lv, X; Sun, P; Yin, D; Zhang, Y, 2023)	1.1
"Intravenous injection of sufentanil and dexmedetomidine combined with lidocaine topical anesthesia can be used as an alternative medication scheme to relieve uncomfortable suffering for AFNI in patients with severe mouth opening difficulty."	( Sufentanil, dexmedetomidine combined with surface anesthesia for awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation in the patient with severe mouth opening difficulty undergoing wedge resection of the right upper lung: A case report and literature review. Lv, X; Sun, P; Yin, D; Zhang, Y, 2023)	1.14
"To investigate the application value and safety of peripheral prostate nerve block (PPNB) combined with dezocine in transrectal prostate biopsy."	( [Application value and safety of prostate peripheral nerve block combined with dezocine in transrectal prostate biopsy]. Cai, QF; Lu, YX, 2022)	0.72
"Using a random number table, we divided 97 patients undergoing prostate biopsy in our hospital from October 2018 to October 2020 into an experimental group (n = 49) and a control group (n = 48), the former anesthetized by PPNB combined with dezocine and the latter by PPNB only."	( [Application value and safety of prostate peripheral nerve block combined with dezocine in transrectal prostate biopsy]. Cai, QF; Lu, YX, 2022)	0.72
"PPNB combined with dezocine for prostate biopsy is more conducive to maintaining the stability of the patient's hemodynamics, and has a good analgesic effect and a high safety."	( [Application value and safety of prostate peripheral nerve block combined with dezocine in transrectal prostate biopsy]. Cai, QF; Lu, YX, 2022)	0.72
"Lidocaine was shown to reduce cognitive impairment in rats with cognitive dysfunction through anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress mechanisms in combination with CRMP2 antiphosphorylation."	( Effect of lidocaine on cognitively impaired rats: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms in combination with CRMP2 antiphosphorylation. Huang, L; Lin, X; Lin, Y; Zheng, X, 2023)	2.76

Bioavailability

The aim of this work was to study the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine (BUP) and lidocaine (LID) administered separately in rabbits using microdialysis with retrodialysis calibration.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" absorption rate is nearly a third of that of lidocaine or tetracaine."	( Comparative subcutaneous absorption of local anesthetics: lidocaine, procaine and tetracaine. Lustig, A; Menczel, E; Paran, I; Yacobi, A, 1977)	0.76
" Intraindividual variability was rather small, indicating that oral and rectal bioavailability of lidocaine is reproducible in individuals."	( Rectal bioavailability of lidocaine in man: partial avoidance of "first-pass" metabolism. Breimer, DD; de Boer, AG; Gubbens-Stibbe, JM; Mattie, H; Pronk, J, 1979)	0.78
" Lignocaine bioavailability after oral administration was more than two-fold in the patients than in the normal subjects (0."	( Reduction of oral bioavailability of lignocaine by induction of first pass metabolism in epileptic patients. Perucca, E; Richens, A, 1979)	0.26
" The differential rate of absorption is probably related to the anatomical arrangement of the venous plexuses in the epidural and subarachnoid spaces."	( Absorption of lidocaine following subarachnoid and epidural administration. Covino, BG; D'Agostino, E; Giasi, RM, )	0.49
" It is concluded that the addition of adrenaline reduces the fraction of the dose being absorbed during the first (fast) phase rather than influencing the absorption rate constants."	( The effects of adding adrenaline to etidocaine and lignocaine in extradural anaesthesia II: Pharmacokinetics. Bonica, JJ; Mather, LE; Murphy, TM; Tucker, GT, 1976)	0.26
"The bioavailability of topically applied ocular drugs is very poor, due largely to drug loss through drainage and tear turnover."	( Influence of topical anesthesia on tear dynamics and ocular drug bioavailability in albino rabbits. Patton, TF; Robinson, JR, 1975)	0.25
"The rate of absorption and plasma concentrations of lidocaine were determined in 15 supine patients under general anesthesia following either endotracheal spray of 200 mg."	( Plasma concentration of lidocaine after endotracheal spray. Brannan, MD; Chu, SS; Cohen, JL; Rah, KH, )	0.69
" Loo-Riegelman analysis of the absorption rate did not allow unequivocal assignment of an "order" to the absorption process."	( Kinetics of the oral antiarrhythmic lidocaine congener, tocainide. Duce, BR; Elvin, AT; Lalka, D; Meyer, MB, 1976)	0.53
" The results of the study demonstrated that the addition of dextran to epidural lignocaine significantly slowed systemic absorption of lignocaine as indicated by a smaller absorption rate constant, a reduced peak plasma concentration (Cmax), a delayed time to reach Cmax."	( The effect of dextran on the pharmacokinetics of lignocaine during epidural anaesthesia. Alkhawajah, A; Farag, H, 1992)	0.28
" The study suggests that the rate of absorption of lignocaine is not altered after epidural administration and that its hepatic metabolism is increased in diabetics compared to non-diabetics."	( Altered pharmacokinetics of lignocaine after epidural injection in type II diabetics. Adithan, C; Peeyush, M; Ravishankar, M; Shashindran, CH, 1992)	0.28
" The surface tension lowering effect of lidocaine may account for significant decreases in apparent bioavailability and delivered lidocaine when high pH solutions are used with drop counting infusion pumps."	( The influence of pH on the intravenous delivery of lidocaine solutions. Feinstein, M; Hod, H; Kaplinsky, E; Leor, R; Rabinowitz, B, 1990)	0.8
"9 min, and mean bioavailability was 90%."	( [The pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in resuscitation conditions. Results of experimental studies on swine]. Dorer, A; Hörnchen, U; Lauven, PM; Schüttler, J; Stoeckel, H, 1990)	0.58
" The mean absorption half-life was approximately 7 min and the mean bioavailability was slightly in excess of 100%."	( Pharmacokinetics of quinacrine after intrapleural instillation in rabbits and man. Björkman, S; Elisson, LO; Gabrielsson, J, 1989)	0.28
"Six healthy males participated in a single-dose two-way crossover study of the bioavailability of intranasal vs intravenous administration of lignocaine (lidocaine) hydrochloride."	( The bioavailability of intranasal lignocaine. Fraser, DG; Greenblatt, DJ; Scavone, JM, 1989)	0.47
" In conclusion, this rapid and convenient analysis was found to be suitable for the bioavailability pharmacokinetic assessment of lidocaine following low-dose regional drug administration."	( Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay using 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate for monitoring controlled-release lidocaine in plasma. Levy, RJ; Siden, R; Sintov, A, 1989)	0.69
" Propranolol bioavailability correlated with the diameter of the portal vein and was dependent on the size of oesophageal varices and the presence of cavernous transformation of the portal vein."	( [Usefulness of the evaluation of blood supply and mass of the liver for predicting the rate of pharmacokinetics of lidocaine, propranolol and phenazone]. Becker, A; Bołdys, H; Hartleb, M; Kloc, T; Mańczyk, I, 1989)	0.49
" Lipid-soluble agents like propranolol and metoprolol are well absorbed orally, and undergo rapid hepatic metabolism, with important presystemic clearance and a short plasma half-life."	( The pharmacokinetics of lignocaine and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Gagne, G; Nattel, S; Pineau, M, 1987)	0.27
" These data indicate that cimetidine, but not ranitidine, causes a decrease in the bioavailability of tocainide and that neither agent alters the apparent elimination rate of tocainide."	( The effect of histamine-2 receptor antagonists on tocainide pharmacokinetics. Kapil, RP; Lalonde, RL; Mattern, AL; North, DS, 1988)	0.27
"A method was developed to measure bioavailability of lidocaine by simultaneous peroral and intravenous dosing."	( Bioavailability determination of lidocaine by capillary gas chromatography ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Bircher, J; Karlaganis, G, 1987)	0.8
" In cirrhosis the bioavailability of a flow-dependent drug increases because of both portosystemic shunting and hepatocyte dysfunction."	( Disposition of a flow-limited drug (lidocaine) and a metabolic capacity-limited drug (theophylline) in liver cirrhosis. Buccino, G; Cocciolo, M; Colli, A; Parravicini, R; Scaltrini, G, 1988)	0.55
" The drug has nearly 100% bioavailability after oral administration and an effective half-life of 9 to 37 hours (mean, 15 hours)."	( Tocainide: a new oral antiarrhythmic agent. Horowitz, LN; Kutalek, SP; Morganroth, J, 1985)	0.27
" Oral bioavailability is virtually complete, elimination half-life is 11-15 hours, and 40 percent of a dose is excreted unchanged in urine."	( Tocainide: a new oral antiarrhythmic. Hasegawa, GR, )	0.13
" 506 +/- 82 ng/ml X hr) and absolute bioavailability (35% +/- 7% vs."	( Lack of interaction between verapamil and cimetidine. Abernethy, DR; Schwartz, JB; Todd, EL, 1985)	0.27
" Lignocaine oral clearance, elimination half-life and oral bioavailability were unchanged after ranitidine pretreatment."	( The effect of ranitidine on the disposition of lignocaine. Birkett, DJ; Lillywhite, KJ; Miners, JO; Robson, RA; Wing, LM, 1985)	0.27
" Since the rectal bioavailability is about 65 per cent in man it is assumed that some drug is directly absorbed into systemic circulation by-passing the liver."	( First-pass elimination of lidocaine in the rabbit after peroral and rectal route of administration. Alcorn, GJ; Denson, DD; Elconin, H; Ritschel, WA, )	0.43
" Bioavailability of lignocaine was greater in the elderly but there was no apparent difference in the rate of absorption."	( Protein binding and disposition of lignocaine in the elderly. Cusack, B; Kelly, JG; Lavan, J; Noel, J; O'Malley, K, 1985)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic data suggested that 1% lidocaine does not alter either the elimination parameters or the bioavailability of intramuscularly administered ceftriaxone."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of ceftriaxone in humans after single-dose intramuscular administration in water and lidocaine diluents. Konikoff, J; Parsonnet, M; Patel, IH; Weinfeld, RE, 1982)	0.74
" Tocainide's long plasma half-life and high oral bioavailability permit an 8-h regime."	( Chronic tocainide therapy for refractory high-grade ventricular arrhythmias. Alpert, JS; Dalen, JE; Haffajee, CI; Howe, JP; Ockene, IS; Paraskos, JA; Sacks, GM, 1983)	0.27
" In contrast to lignocaine (lidocaine) it is well absorbed after oral administration and has a plasma half-life of about 15 hours."	( Tocainide. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. Avery, GS; Brogden, RN; Heel, RC; Holmes, B; Speight, TM, 1983)	0.56
" Flecainide pharmacokinetics are suitable for oral use but encainide disposition is complex with variable bioavailability and active metabolites that contribute substantially to activity."	( Clinical profiles of newer class I antiarrhythmic agents--tocainide, mexiletine, encainide, flecainide and lorcainide. Pottage, A, 1983)	0.27
" Lorcainide is also a class Ic antiarrhythmic drug, the bioavailability of which is nonlinear."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiarrhythmic agents. Gillis, AM; Kates, RE, )	0.13
" After cimetidine, lidocaine apparent oral clearance (Clo) reduced 42% +/- 7%; oral bioavailability increased 35% +/- 10%; and systemic clearance (Cls) and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) decreased 21% +/- 6% and 20% +/- 7%."	( Lidocaine disposition--sex differences and effects of cimetidine. Birkett, DJ; Foenander, T; Lillywhite, K; Miners, JO; Wanwimolruk, S; Wing, LM, 1984)	2.04
" The therapeutic dose, clearance, extraction coefficient, bioavailability and half-life are the object of particular study."	( [Pharmacokinetics of anti-arrhythmics. 2. Clinical applications]. Bricaud, H; Lévy, RH; Lévy, S, 1980)	0.26
"The bioavailability of parental cefamandole, nafate, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, was evaluated with respect to the effects of a lidocaine diluent on its tolerability and absorption after intramuscular administration."	( Bioavailability and pain study of cefamandole nafate. Coonrod, JD; Foster, TS; Shrewsbury, RP, )	0.34
"For drugs with a high hepatic clearance, bioavailability is low due to the so-called "first pass effect"."	( Prediction of bioavailability for drugs with a high first-pass effect using oral clearance data. Eichelbaum, M; Gugler, R; Somogyi, A, 1982)	0.26
" Thus, these data provide experimental support for the hypothesis that transient increases in splanchnic blood flow rate observed after a high-protein meal may explain apparent improvement of the oral bioavailability of model high intrinsic clearance drugs."	( Effect of food on lidocaine kinetics: mechanism of food-related alteration in high intrinsic clearance drug elimination. Cole, AF; Elvin, AT; Lalka, D; Pieper, JA; Rolbin, SH, 1981)	0.6
" In smokers, L systemic bioavailability was decreased secondary to a marked increase in oral clearance, reflecting induction of drug-metabolizing activity."	( Effects of smoking and chronic hepatitis B on lidocaine and indocyanine green kinetics. Huet, PM; Lelorier, J, 1980)	0.52
" The bioavailability of EO0122 by the oral route exceeded 80% of the oral dose."	( A preclinical study of EO-122, a new lidocaine-like antiarrhythmic drug. Bruckstein, R; Cohen, S; Kaplinsky, E; Kariv, N; Oppenheimer, E, 1980)	0.53
" Bioavailability was comparable for both methods."	( Gas-powered jet injection compared with conventional methods of injection using lignocaine and technetium-99m. Bowcock, SA; Cooke, ED; Elliott, AT; Johnston, A, 1980)	0.26
" Also there is no evidence as yet, that patients with liver disease and without a collateral portal circulation do have an increased bioavailability of oral high clearance drugs."	( [Drug metabolism in patients with liver disease (author's transl)]. Epping, J; Fuchshofen-Röckel, M; Heusler, H; Richter, E; Zilly, W, 1980)	0.26
" Lidocaine increased the bioavailability of adrenaline from the intraoral depot."	( [Is adrenaline in a 2% lidocaine solution after enoral injection hemodynamically effective?]. Knoll-Köhler, E; Wegner, G, 1995)	1.51
" Accordingly, the absorption rate of lidocaine by heart tissues increased with time up to 60 min while that of digoxin decreased with time."	( Distribution of lidocaine and digoxin in heart tissues and aorta following intrapericardial administration. Darsinos, JT; Karli, JN; Kontoyanni, M; Krumholz, B; Levis, GM; Moulopoulos, SD; Pistevos, AK; Samouilidou, EC; Theodorakis, MG, 1993)	0.9
" The rate of absorption of L-[14C]glucose, a passively absorbed molecule, from the lumen was used as an index of the permeability of the mucosa of a perfused segment."	( Nutrient-induced changes in the permeability of the rat jejunal mucosa. Bass, P; See, NA, 1993)	0.29
" The extent of absorption and bioavailability after airway administration depends on tissue vascularity, sites and techniques of application, patient's disease state, and, most important, the dose/unit body weight."	( Seizure after lidocaine for bronchoscopy: case report and review of the use of lidocaine in airway anesthesia. Razzaghi, A; Souney, PF; Wu, FL, )	0.49
"PABA is well absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and acetylated and conjugated in the liver to glycine before being excreted."	( Preliminary assessment of glycine conjugation of para-aminobenzoic acid as a quantitative test of liver function. Barr, SB; Duffy, LF; Kerzner, B; Seeff, L; Soldin, SJ, 1995)	0.29
" Estimates of the absorption rate constant from the dermis and the elimination rate constant from the perfused limb were made by the simultaneous fitting of absorption and efflux data with a one-compartmental pharmacokinetic model."	( The effect of protein binding on the deep tissue penetration and efflux of dermally applied salicylic acid, lidocaine and diazepam in the perfused rat hindlimb. Cross, SE; Roberts, MS; Wu, Z, 1996)	0.51
" We studied bioavailability and changes in methemoglobin levels following topical penile exposure to 1 g of EMLA cream for 1 hour in piglets."	( Penile absorption of EMLA cream in piglets: implications for use of EMLA in neonatal circumcision. Gazarian, M; Kent, G; Klein, J; Koren, G; Taddio, A, 1995)	0.29
" In both cases, a biphasic absorption, a 'flip-flop' model and a complete bioavailability were found."	( Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline after intramuscular administration with lidocaine in sheep, comparison with a conventional formulation. Carceles, CM; Guimerá, ME; Moreno, L; Serrano, JM, )	0.36
"Lignocaine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme (CYP3A4), and has a moderate to high extraction ratio resulting in oral bioavailability of 30%."	( Effect of erythromycin and itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of oral lignocaine. Isohanni, MH; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT, 1999)	0.3
"The aim of this work was to study the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine (BUP) and lidocaine (LID) administered separately in rabbits using microdialysis with retrodialysis calibration."	( Cerebrospinal fluid bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine and lidocaine after intrathecal and epidural administrations in rabbits using microdialysis. Chevanne, F; Clement, R; Dollo, G; Le Corre, P; Le Verge, R; Malinovsky, JM, 1999)	0.74
" The effect of this 'nasal first-pass' should be weighed carefully while considering the fate and the bioavailability of drugs delivered via the intranasal route."	( Characterization of lidocaine metabolism by rat nasal microsomes: implications for nasal drug delivery. Desai, PB; Deshpande, VS; Genter, MB; Jung, C, )	0.45
" It is suggested that the potentiated local anaesthetic effect of the combination may be partly due to enhanced local bioavailability of lidocaine."	( Phenazone potentiates the local anaesthetic effect of lidocaine in mice. Gillardin, JM; Heulard, I; Verleye, M, 2000)	0.76
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."	( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability. Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)	0.31
"The aim of the present study was to determine the intrathecal bioavailability of a mixture of lidocaine and bupivacaine in a rabbit model of spinal anesthesia by using the microdialysis technique."	( Spinal biopharmaceutics of bupivacaine and lidocaine by microdialysis after their simultaneous administration in rabbits. Chevanne, F; Clément, R; Dollo, G; Le Corre, P; Le Verge, R; Malinovsky, J, 2000)	0.79
" The bioavailability of lidocaine from the patch formulation averaged 3%, and was similar after single and repeated doses."	( Systemic absorption of topical lidocaine in normal volunteers, patients with post-herpetic neuralgia, and patients with acute herpes zoster. Benowitz, NL; Campbell, BJ; Davies, PS; Jacob, P; Rowbotham, M, 2002)	0.91
"Microemulsion systems possessing a potentially improved skin bioavailability of lidocaine were designed and explored for some characteristics."	( New microemulsion vehicle facilitates percutaneous penetration in vitro and cutaneous drug bioavailability in vivo. Shapiro, L; Sintov, AC, 2004)	0.55
"Asparaginase with addition of lidocaine significantly decreases the pain as measured by the visual analog scale without changing the bioavailability or the absorption rate of the enzyme."	( Pain intensity and bioavailability of intramuscular asparaginase and a local anesthetic: a double-blinded study. Albertsen, BK; Clausen, N; Hasle, H; Jakobsen, P; Schrøder, H, 2005)	0.62
"Design of water-soluble prodrugs may constitute a means to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs suffering from dissolution rate-limited absorption."	( Bioreversible quaternary N-acyloxymethyl derivatives of the tertiary amines bupivacaine and lidocaine--synthesis, aqueous solubility and stability in buffer, human plasma and simulated intestinal fluid. Buur, A; Larsen, C; Nielsen, AB, 2005)	0.55
" Carbamazepine is a poor water soluble drug and its bioavailability is limited by dissolution rate."	( Anesthetic effects of lidocaine hydrochloride gel using low frequency ultrasound of 0.5 MHz. Jung, DI; Kim, TY; Kim, YI; Shin, SC; Yang, JH, 2007)	0.65
"Drug distribution in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the plasma concentration-time profile of 9-AC released from the HPMA copolymer conjugate were predicted using the degradation, transit, and absorption rate constants in cecum."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling of absorption behavior of 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC) released from colon-specific HPMA copolymer-9-AC conjugate in rats. Gao, SQ; Kopecek, J; Kopecková, P; Peterson, CM; Sun, Y, 2008)	0.35
" The dermal bioavailability (AUC(0-6h)) from the magnetophoretic patch system in vivo, in rats was significantly higher than the similarly designed non-magnetic control patch."	( Magnetophoresis for enhancing transdermal drug delivery: Mechanistic studies and patch design. Bowers, C; Murthy, SN; Sammeta, SM, 2010)	0.36
"Dissolution critically affects the bioavailability of Biopharmaceutics Classification System class 2 compounds."	( Monitoring lidocaine single-crystal dissolution by ultraviolet imaging. Jensen, H; Larsen, C; Larsen, SW; Rantanen, J; Yaghmur, A; Ye, F; Østergaard, J, 2011)	0.76
" These results indicate that this technology can be successfully applied to modulate the bioavailability of drugs for percutaneous administration, which could be particularly advantageous in the design of delivery systems that have, simultaneously, the ability to absorb exudates and to adhere to irregular skin surfaces."	( Bacterial cellulose membranes applied in topical and transdermal delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride and ibuprofen: in vitro diffusion studies. Almeida, IF; Costa, P; Freire, CS; Neto, CP; Pinto, PC; Rosado, C; Silvestre, AJ; Trovatti, E, 2012)	0.61
" Addition of clonidine to the formulations decreased the systemic absorption rate of the anesthetics from the patch application site without impacting the coating performance or the rapid onset of anesthesia."	( Adjuvants to prolong the local anesthetic effects of coated microneedle products. Brown, K; Dohmeier, D; Hansen, K; Siebenaler, K; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The established method in this study could be a potential approach for predicting the bioavailability and/or bioequivalence for transdermal drug delivery systems."	( Lidocaine Transdermal Patch: Pharmacokinetic Modeling and In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation (IVIVC). Kondamudi, PK; Malayandi, R; Mutalik, S; Pillai, R; Tirumalasetty, PP, 2016)	1.88
"Poor transdermal penetration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) impairs both bioavailability and therapeutic benefits and is a major challenge in the development of transdermal drug delivery systems."	( Lidocaine self-sacrificially improves the skin permeation of the acidic and poorly water-soluble drug etodolac via its transformation into an ionic liquid. Hamamoto, H; Ishida, T; Miwa, Y, 2016)	1.88
" We developed a pharmacokinetic model to examine whether bioavailability or absorption rate was different between atomized versus nonatomized lidocaine administration."	( The Pharmacokinetics of Atomized Lidocaine Administered via the Trachea: A Randomized Trial. Kazama, T; Masui, K; Oda, Y; Takaenoki, Y, 2016)	0.92
" Our pharmacokinetic model estimated a difference of bioavailability between the atomized and the nonatomized lidocaine (0."	( The Pharmacokinetics of Atomized Lidocaine Administered via the Trachea: A Randomized Trial. Kazama, T; Masui, K; Oda, Y; Takaenoki, Y, 2016)	0.93
"Transdermal local anesthesia is one of the most applied strategies to avoid systemic adverse effects; there is an appealing need for a prolonged local anesthetic that would provide better bioavailability and longer pain relief with a single administration."	( Local anesthetic lidocaine delivery system: chitosan and hyaluronic acid-modified layer-by-layer lipid nanoparticles. Chi, H; Wang, J; Wang, S; Zhang, L, 2016)	0.77
" Adrenaline decreased the absorption rate of lidocaine and prolonged the duration of its absorption."	( Pharmacokinetics of Lidocaine Hydrochloride Administered with or without Adrenaline for the Paravertebral Brachial Plexus Block in Dogs. Choquette, A; Del Castillo, JR; Guillot, M; Troncy, E; Varin, F, 2017)	1.04
" Moreover, hERG and BBB-PAMPA assays presented safe cardiotoxicity and high CNS bioavailability profiles for 5x."	( Discovery of 1-(3-(benzyloxy)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)urea: A new modulator for amyloid beta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Elkamhawy, A; Hassan, AHE; Lee, J; Moon, B; Pae, AN; Park, BG; Park, HM; Park, JE; Ra, H; Roh, EJ, 2017)	0.46
" The estimates (between subject variability; relative standard error, %) of apparent volume, apparent clearance, tumescent absorption rate, and instillation absorption rate were 195."	( Population pharmacokinetic model for tumescent lidocaine in women undergoing breast cancer surgery. Allanioux, L; Blin, O; Bourgoin, A; Guilhaumou, R; Leone, M; Marsot, A; Riff, C, 2018)	0.74
"Lidocaine's (Lido) low water solubility and negligible tissue uptake limit its bioavailability when applied to the skin."	( Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for enhanced lidocaine skin delivery. Houshiar, M; Maibach, HI; Nafisi, S; Samadi, N, 2018)	2.18
"Over the past decade, the formation of pharmaceutical eutectics has become a very attractive strategy to increase the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)."	( The effect of electrostatic interactions on the formation of pharmaceutical eutectics. Knapik-Kowalczuk, J; Paluch, M; Sherif, A; Smolka, W; Tajber, L; Wojnarowska, Z; Zotova, J, 2018)	0.48
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
"The controlled release of drug from drug carrier has been a point of concern for the researchers to ensure the bioavailability of drug with reduced side effects."	( Kinetics and controlled release of lidocaine from novel carrageenan and alginate-based blend hydrogels. Ata, S; Azeem, MK; Islam, A; Khan, RU; Mahmood, HA; Mehmood, A; Qureshi, AUR; Rasool, A; Rizwan, M, 2020)	0.84
"Unlike fentanyl, lignocaine does not impair the bioavailability or delay the antiplatelet effect of ticagrelor."	( Effects of lignocaine vs. opioids on antiplatelet activity of ticagrelor: the LOCAL trial. Duffy, SJ; Duong, T; Fernando, H; Huynh, K; Meikle, PJ; Myles, PS; Nehme, Z; Noonan, J; Peter, K; Shaw, J; Smith, K; Stub, D, 2021)	0.62
"Opioid analgesia has been shown to interfere with the bioavailability of oral P2Y12 inhibitors prompting the search for safe and effective non-opioid analgesics to treat ischaemic chest pain."	( LidocAine Versus Opioids In MyocarDial infarction: the AVOID-2 randomized controlled trial. Andrew, E; Bernard, S; Brennan, A; Dinh, D; Fernando, H; Lefkovits, J; Milne, C; Myles, PS; Nehme, Z; O'Brien, J; Peter, K; Smith, K; Stephenson, M; Stub, D; Taylor, AJ, 2023)	2.35

Dosage Studied

29 patients were injected with 100 mouse units of botulinum toxin A (Botox); Allergan Pharmaceuticals Ireland, Westport, Ireland. The methods allowed local measurement of lidocaine in stratum corneum, punch biopsies, and plasma.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The dose-response curve suggests that a monomolecular interacting takes place between NA and pharmacological receptors present in the septal area."	( Effects of catecholamines injected into the septal area of the rat brain on natriuresis, kaliuresis and diuresis. Antunes-Rodrigues, J; Camargo, LA; Covian, MR; Gentil, CG; Netto, CR; Saad, WA, 1976)	0.26
"The effect of lidocaine was studied in guinea pig trachealis muscle by dose-response reversal and protection of agonist-induced contractures in a superfusion system."	( The effect of local anesthetic, lidocaine, on guinea pig trachealis muscle in vitro. Anderson, WH; O'Brien, KP; Weiss, EB, 1975)	0.9
" Pharmacokinetic studies in man show wide variability in drug disposition between patients, even when cardiac and hepatic status is considered, making specific dosing recommendations a problem."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of lignocaine. Benowitz, NL; Meister, W, )	0.13
" The basic principles of pharmacokinetics are outlined and their application to the design of dosage regimens described."	( Pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic drugs. Shand, DG; Woosley, RL, 1978)	0.26
" The recommended dosage is 100 mg given as an intravenous bolus followed by 2 to 4 mg/min as an infusion, which should be given by infusion pump."	( Prophylactic lidocaine in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Bernstein, IJ; Geiderman, JM; Goodman, SL, 1979)	0.63
" Finally possible connections are presented between high dosage administered lidocaine and conversion to normal sinus rhythm."	( [Lidocaine administration in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation (author's transl)]. Marzaloni, M; Rossi, F; Rusconi, L; Sermasi, S, 1979)	1.4
" It is important to know how the pharmacokinetics of a drug vary with different disease states so that appropriate adjustments to dosage can be made."	( Series on pharmacology in practice. 2. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Federman, J; Vlietstra, RE, 1979)	0.26
" In 35 cases, the dosage of the drug to be administered was calculated on the basis of an empirical formula and in the other 35, the dose was based on body weight."	( Caudal anesthesia in infants. Hassan, SZ, )	0.13
" The dose-response relationship revealed that procaine inhibited the resting membrane conductance almost completely in a one-to-one manner with the dissociation constant of about 1 mM."	( The effect of procaine on the passive electrical properties of guinea-pig ventricular muscle. Hashimoto, K; Ochi, R, 1978)	0.26
" Dose-response curves for morphine and lidocaine indicated that morphine has greater potency and efficacy."	( Analgesic properties of lidocaine in mice. Burney, RG; Moore, PA, )	0.71
" The need for limiting the dosage of local anesthetic agents is stressed."	( [New aspects of field blocks and peripheral nerve blocks (author's transl)]. Schulte-Steinberg, O, 1977)	0.26
" By using a modified jet injector instead of the standard syringe-and-needle technique, we obtained equal analgesia with one fifth of the standard milligram dosage of lidocaine in patients undergoing therapeutic abortion."	( A safer method for paracervical block in therapeutic abortions. McKenzie, R; Shaffer, WL, 1978)	0.45
" Since indocyanine green clearance can be determined rapidly and noninvasively, it offers the potential of predicting lidocaine dosage requirements with avoidance of toxicity or suboptimum therapy."	( Lidocaine kinetics predicted by indocyanine green clearance. Reid, PR; Zito, RA, 1978)	1.91
" Experiments on the dose-response and time course of the effect oflidocaine showed that incubation of normal macrophages with 10 mM lidocaine for 10 min at 28 C was enough for induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity."	( In vitro induction of antibody-dependent cytotoxic macrophages by the local anesthetic lidocaine. Kurisu, M; Mizuno, D; Yamazaki, M, 1978)	0.72
"Neuro-Demoplas was compared in a double blind trial on behalf of its analgesic properties to another antiphologistic containing high dosage of vitamin B complex and Metamizol."	( [Analgesic effect of Neuro-Demoplas in a double-blind test]. Gabka, J, 1976)	0.26
" By these mechanisms, cardiac failure potentially affects absorption and disposition characteristics of drugs, which may necessitate adjustment in dosage regimen for optimum therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics in patients with cardiac failure. Benowitz, NL; Meister, W, )	0.13
" All the drugs caused rapid retraction of the neurites, which was reversible in all cases but for sodium dodecyl sulphate, and showed a sigmoid dose-response relationship."	( Reversal of morphological differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells by mitosis-inhibitors and anesthetics. Edström, A; Erkell, LJ; Hansson, HA, 1975)	0.25
" A dose-response curve indicated that maximum responses were obtained at the 1000-microng/ml concentration (0."	( Response of arterial segments from gravid human uterus to multiple concentrations of lignocaine. Gibbs, CP; Noel, SC, 1977)	0.26
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics of a drug as well as the severity of liver disease should be taken into account when considering drug dosage in patients with chronic liver disease."	( Antipyrine, paracetamol, and lignocaine elimination in chronic liver disease. Adjepon-Yamoah, KK; Finlayson, ND; Forrest, JA; Prescott, LF, 1977)	0.26
" However, as illustrated by this case report, anesthetic dosage must be selected with great care, and patients unable to describe paresthesias should be excluded from use of this procedure."	( An unusual complication of lumbosacral plexus block: a case report. Muravchick, S; Owens, WD, )	0.13
" Dosage should be related to body weight and the blood pressure cuff should be maintained at higher than systolic pressure for a minimum of 15 minutes after the lidocaine is injected."	( Intravenous regional anesthesia for closed treatment of fractures and dislocations of the upper extremities. Schiller, MG, )	0.33
" High frequency and long duration of block can be attained if sufficiently high concentrations of TTX are used, although latency is long and high dosage may produce systemic toxicity."	( The local anesthetic activity of tetrodotoxin alone and in combination with vasoconstrictors and local anesthetics. Adams, HJ; Blair, MR; Takman, BH, )	0.13
" For example, intermittent application of a particular dosage results in lower blood levels, and allowing sufficient time between doses reduces the amount necessary to obtain the desired anesthesia."	( Local anesthesia in otolaryngology. A re-evaluation. Schenck, NL, )	0.13
"Pentazocine, a systemic analgesic, can be utilized in local analgesic and intravenous techniques to provide better operating conditions in difficult cases, a reduction in the dosage of other agents employed, and a smoother recovery period."	( The value of associating pentazocine with drugs used in accepted intravenous techniques. Armstrong, PJ, 1975)	0.25
" A better understanding of quantitative aspects of the disposition and absorption of these drugs should assist the anaesthetist in deciding the optimal agent and dosage for regional block techniques."	( Pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents. Pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetic agents. Mather, LE; Tucker, GT, 1975)	0.25
" The dosage required to produce symptoms can be compared with other drugs."	( Evaluation of clinical tolerance of local anaesthetic agents. Scott, DB, 1975)	0.25
" For the often seriously ill infants with convulsions it is therefore difficult to construct rational maintenance dose schedules, and optimal dosage must be based on repeated determinations of the plasma concentration."	( Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital in the treatment of seizures in newborns. Jalling, B, 1975)	0.25
" Use of a pulse-wave monitor permitted limiting the dosage of local anesthetic, usually to 5 to 10 ml."	( Use of the pulse-wave monitor as a measurement of diagnostic sympathetic block and of surgical sympathectomy. Arakawa, K; Kim, JM; VonLintel, T, )	0.13
" In a guarded ward for coronary diseases since 1972 all patients with a fresh myocardial infarction or suspicion of infarction were treated with a continuous intravenous lidocain drip in a dosage of 100 mg/per hour for 48 hours."	( [Possibilities of a routine prevention of arrhythmia in the early phase of acute myocardial infarct]. Fiehring, H; Kulick, B; Schaedel, H; Steffen, V, 1975)	0.25
"28 mug/ml being so in the nontoxic dosage range."	( Ultrasonic nebulizer in local anesthesia for bronchoscopy. Jokinen, K; Karvonen, P; Palva, T; Saloheimo, M, 1975)	0.25
" Dose-response curves determined in nonpregnant ewes indicate that significant decreases in blood flow may occur at arterial blood concentrations encountered clinically."	( Effects of local anesthetic agents on the uterine vasculatures and myometrium. Anderson, SG; Greiss, FC; Still, JG, 1976)	0.26
" The dye leakage response to nasal capsaicin challenge was abolished by pretreatment with topical lidocaine, general substance P analogue, topical or general high dosage capsaicin."	( Study on the dye leakage response of nasal mucosa following topical, capsaicin challenge in guinea pigs. Asakura, K; Kataura, A; Kojima, T; Narita, S; Shirasaki, H, 1992)	0.5
"5 mg/kg/h infusion) and lidocaine (5 mg/kg loading dose, 4 mg/kg/h infusion) were dosed to achieve therapeutic concentrations."	( Defibrillation energy requirements during moricizine and moricizine-lidocaine therapy. Chow, M; Fan, C; Kluger, J; O'Rangers, EA; Ujhelyi, MR, 1992)	0.83
" The significance of these findings on systemic toxicity, dosage and onset of action of lignocaine need to be investigated."	( The effect of dextran on the pharmacokinetics of lignocaine during epidural anaesthesia. Alkhawajah, A; Farag, H, 1992)	0.28
" An increase in the dosage failed to show better analgesia."	( Clinical investigation of potency and onset of different lidocaine sprays for topical anesthesia in dentistry. Daubländer, M; Kleeman, PP; Roth, W, 1992)	0.53
" In cases with heart disease and elderly subjects, a lower dosage or omission of atropine was common."	( [Manipulation, premedication, and chemoprophylaxis for fiberoptic bronchoscopy]. Hasegawa, Y; Ogasawara, T; Saka, H; Shimokata, K; Watanabe, A, 1992)	0.28
" The higher lidocaine dosage administered (21 mg) did not intensify the positive impact on the cardiovascular parameters compared to the lower dosage (14 mg)."	( Effects of different lidocaine sprays for topical anesthesia on cardiovascular parameters and oxygen saturation. Daubländer, M; Lipp, M; Roth, W, 1992)	0.98
" Increasing the dosage of lidocaine from 500 to 650 mg makes the block very successful without any toxic side-effects."	( [Combined sciatic 3-in-1 block. Application in lower limb orthopedic surgery]. Elmas, C; Elmas, Y; Gautschi, P; Uehlinger, P, 1992)	0.58
" In contrast, at the low dose of either local anesthetic, after the resolution of the transient motor weakness, these doses resulted in a significant leftward shift in the dose-response curves for intrathecal morphine on both the hot plate and paw pressure, as measured by the maximum observed peak effect and by the area under the time-effect curve."	( Interaction of intrathecal morphine with bupivacaine and lidocaine in the rat. Penning, JP; Yaksh, TL, 1992)	0.53
" Topical anesthetic dosage data were replicated in 12 additional patients studied by a different bronchoscopist."	( Aerosolized lidocaine reduces dose of topical anesthetic for bronchoscopy. Foster, WM; Hurewitz, AN, 1992)	0.66
"The predictive performance of two computer programs for lidocaine dosing were evaluated."	( Predictive performance of Bayesian and nonlinear least-squares regression programs for lidocaine. Destache, CJ; Hilleman, DE; Lang, PT; Mohiuddin, SJ, 1992)	0.75
" A dose-response relationship between benzocaine and MHb was investigated."	( Topical anesthetic-induced methemoglobinemia in sheep: a comparison of benzocaine and lidocaine. Guertler, AT; Lagutchik, MS; Martin, DG, 1992)	0.51
" Although the propofol dosage requirements to maintain comparable levels of sedation were similar in both groups, midazolam decreased patients' recall of intraoperative events (e."	( Midazolam in combination with propofol for sedation during local anesthesia. Ghouri, AF; Taylor, E; White, PF, )	0.13
"A method for carrying out dose-response studies of ion channel currents in cell-attached patches has been devised."	( Single-channel dose-response studies in single, cell-attached patches. Auerbach, A, 1991)	0.28
" Intrathecal lidocaine in the dosage range tested during isobolographic analysis revealed no motor deficits."	( Antinociceptive synergy between intrathecal morphine and lidocaine during visceral and somatic nociception in the rat. Gebhart, GF; Maves, TJ, 1992)	0.9
" To ascertain whether test dosing with other agents might be more useful, we sought to determine if and at what dose levels three different intravenous drugs (adrenaline, isoprenaline and 1% lignocaine with 1/200,000 adrenaline) produced an increase in heart rate (HR) in halothane-anaesthetized lambs."	( Efficacy of adrenaline, lignocaine-adrenaline and isoprenaline as a test dose in halothane-anaesthetized lambs. Berde, CB; Desparmet, JF; Hershenson, MB; Lunn, RJ; Schwartz, DC, 1991)	0.28
"With regard to the inhibition of contractility, dose-response curves of ryanodine and nickel were produced, and in these curves ID50 values were 10(-6) M and 2 x 10(-3) M, respectively."	( [The effect of local anesthetics on the isolated human right atrial appendages--Part 2: Bupivacaine is different from lidocaine concerning the mechanism of inhibition of contractility]. Itoh, H; Minakuchi, C, 1991)	0.49
"Perioperative antiarrhythmic therapy with lidocaine (bolus dosage 100 mg followed by infusion of 200 mg/h) was performed in 24 patients; 12 of them simultaneously received an intravenous injection of 10 mg midazolam with the bolus of lidocaine (group I: with midazolam; group II: without midazolam)."	( [Is the plasma protein binding of lidocaine modified by the simultaneous administration of midazolam?]. Bachmann-M, B; Biscoping, J; Hempelmann, G; Schürg, R, 1991)	0.82
"5 cc total volume; Volume II = diluted to 6 cc total volume; Volume III = diluted to 12 cc total volume; Volume IV = diluted to 25 cc total volume) by the same technique of administration and in the same dosage of 4 mg/kg."	( Differences in plasma lidocaine levels with endotracheal drug therapy secondary to total volume of diluent administered. Mace, SE, 1990)	0.59
" Dosage adjustment of SUN 1165 is necessary in renal failure."	( Pharmacokinetics of SUN 1165, a new antiarrhythmic agent, in renal dysfunction. Hara, H; Hashimoto, N; Ishida, Y; Nakamura, S; Ohta, H; Sasaki, T; Satoh, S; Takabatake, T; Ushiogi, Y; Yamamoto, Y, 1991)	0.28
" This suggests that the dosage of endotracheal medication may need to be adjusted for various clinical conditions such as shock."	( Plasma lidocaine levels occurring with endotracheal administration during hemorrhagic shock. Mace, SE, 1990)	0.73
" Statistical analysis using the unpaired Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney test found no significant differences between the two groups regarding time of onset of analgesia, degree of spread of analgesia, time to maximum motor blockade, degree of motor blockade, length of surgical procedure, total anesthesia time, regression of anesthesia, dosage of lidocaine used, and serum lidocaine levels."	( Lidocaine hydrochloride versus lidocaine bicarbonate for epidural anesthesia in outpatients undergoing arthroscopic surgery. Rosenberg, H; Siler, JN, )	1.74
" A safe upper limit for lidocaine dosage using the tumescent technique is estimated to be 35 mg/kg."	( Tumescent technique for regional anesthesia permits lidocaine doses of 35 mg/kg for liposuction. Klein, JA, 1990)	0.84
" The cause for the insufficient effectiveness of the antiarrhythmic agents in various interventional studies has been attributed to a limited number of patients, rigid dosing regimens, inadequate suppression of VPBs and a high incidence of adverse reactions."	( New aspects of the clinical use of anti-arrhythmia agents with special reference to acute therapy of ventricular tachycardia (lidocaine vs. ajmaline). Jung, W; Lüderitz, B; Manz, M; Mletzko, R, 1990)	0.49
" A maximal safe dosage of dilute lidocaine using the tumescent technique is estimated to be 35 mg/kg."	( The tumescent technique. Anesthesia and modified liposuction technique. Klein, JA, 1990)	0.56
" Side effects and other therapeutic problems encountered when the therapeutic modality is switched or adjusted can be greatly reduced by careful dosing and selection of the optimal combination substances."	( Lidocaine in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction: the controversy over prophylactic or selective use. Just, H; Kasper, W; Zehender, M, 1990)	1.72
"5 micrograms/mL with the dosage used."	( What is the optimal volume of administration for endobronchial drugs? Ahnefeld, FW; Hähnel, JH; Lindner, KH; Prengel, A; Schürmann, C, 1990)	0.28
"Forty-five patients were evaluated during knee arthroscopy performed using local anesthesia produced by lidocaine with epinephrine to determine the dose-response relationship for operative analgesia."	( Lidocaine local anesthesia for arthroscopic knee surgery. Dahl, MR; Dasta, JF; McSweeney, TD; Zuelzer, W, 1990)	1.94
" Meticulous surgical technique combined with local anesthesia and some form of intravenous sedation in minimal therapeutic dosage will provide satisfactory conditions to perform surgical arthroscopy of the knee."	( Arthroscopic surgery of the knee under local anesthesia. Bruce, R; Conahan, TJ; Kitz, DS; Torg, JS; Yacobucci, GN, 1990)	0.28
" Repeat lignocaine injections were given over a wider dosage range (0."	( Effect of lignocaine on coronary blood flow, systolic myocardial function and myocardial high energy phosphate stores in swine. Angello, D; Gee, D; Joyce, M; Perlmutter, N; Wilson, R, 1990)	0.28
" Antiarrhythmic drug testing carried out in the late reperfusion phase with lidocaine (1 mg/kg bolus followed by continuous infusion) revealed 50% efficacy at a dosage of 40 micrograms/kg/min, 100% at 80 micrograms/kg/min, and 67% at 120 mu/kg/min."	( Programmed electrical stimulation after myocardial infarction and reperfusion in conscious dogs. Krumpl, G; Raberger, G; Schunder-Tatzber, S; Todt, H, 1990)	0.51
" Infusion of any drug during and after general anesthesia requires scrupulous attention to dosage determination and to the clinical condition of the patient receiving the infusion."	( Delayed awakening due to lidocaine overdose. Bruce, DL; Douglas, JH; Ross, JD, )	0.43
" In groups B, C, and D, lidocaine as laryngotracheal spray, transtracheal injection or intravenous injection in a dosage of 1 mg/kg BW was administered prior to endotracheal intubation."	( The effect of various administration routes of lidocaine on hemodynamics and ECG rhythm during endotracheal intubation. Abdulla, WY; Asfar, SN, 1990)	0.84
"In the smooth muscle of the rat vas deferens, 10(-5) M cocaine shifted the dose-response curve to norepinephrine to the left and enhanced the maximal contractions to norepinephrine and methacholine."	( Propranolol blocks cocaine-induced potentiation of the contraction in the smooth muscle of the rat vas deferens. Gomi, Y; Inagaki, O; Kasuya, Y; Ono, K; Suzuki, N, 1990)	0.28
" Hence, the parallel shift produced by benzocaine on the dose-response (fraction of blocked Vmax) curves of lidocaine, strongly suggests that both drugs competed for the same receptor site."	( Interaction of lidocaine and benzocaine in depressing Vmax of ventricular action potentials. Chapula, JS, 1985)	0.83
" Analysis of cumulative dose-response curves showed that the two local anesthetics antagonized methoxamine and inhibited the field-stimulation response."	( Effects of lidocaine and procaine on canine nasal blood vessels. Jackson, RT; Wang, HW, )	0.52
" Lidocaine dosage was 2 mg/kg followed by a 70 micrograms/kg/min infusion and metoprolol dosage was a 75 micrograms/kg bolus."	( Interaction of metoprolol and lidocaine on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in the anesthetized dog. Balke, CW; de Langen, CD; Levine, JH; Moore, EN; Spear, JF, 1988)	1.47
"A controlled double-blind investigation was undertaken in which ten patients with painful bone metastases were treated with intravenous lignocaine in a dosage of 5 mg/kg body-weight infused over a period of 30 minutes or the same volume of isotonic saline."	( [Intravenous lidocaine in the treatment of chronic pain caused by bone metastases]. Banning, AM; Gefke, K; Hebsgaard, K; Petersen, P; Sjøgren, P, 1989)	0.65
" This dosage of propafenone did not provoke serious adverse effects in our patient."	( Lidocaine, mexiletine and propafenone in the treatment of arrhythmias complicating myocardial infarction. A case report. Aguglia, F; De Marzio, P; Gnecchi, M, 1985)	1.71
" To investigate the role of systemic absorption in the production of epidural analgesia, the previously utilized epidural xylazine dosage was given intramuscularly to four adult cows."	( Caudal epidural analgesia in cattle using xylazine. Caron, JP; LeBlanc, PH, 1989)	0.28
" Thus lignocaine is variably and incompletely absorbed when administered by the intranasal route, in the dosage formulation and according to the method used in this study."	( The bioavailability of intranasal lignocaine. Fraser, DG; Greenblatt, DJ; Scavone, JM, 1989)	0.28
" Dose-response curves were constructed from the data obtained, and the CD50 and LD50 values for each local anesthetic alone and in combination with each of the vasoconstrictors were calculated by probit analysis."	( Modification of local anesthetic toxicity by vasoconstrictors. Dorris, RL; Taylor, SE, )	0.13
" PD20 was interpolated from the dose-response curve, relating the dose of cold air on a non-cumulative logarithmic scale on the abscissa and the percentage change in FEV1 on the ordinate."	( Inhaled lignocaine does not alter bronchial hyperresponsiveness to hyperventilation of dry cold air in asthmatic subjects. Caire, N; Cartier, A; Ghezzo, H; L'Archevêque, J; Malo, JL, 1989)	0.28
" The authors question whether amounts of lidocaine greater than the recommended dosage may be safely used in the patient undergoing lipoplasty of the torso and knees."	( The use of high-dose lidocaine in wetting solutions for lipoplasty. Hepper, T; Lewis, CM, 1989)	0.86
" Fourteen elderly subjects aged 60-72 years (mean 67 years) and five young subjects age 31-48 years (mean 42 years) were compared with respect to dosage requirements to achieve satisfactory local anesthesia, rate and extent of lidocaine systemic absorption, plasma drug levels, elimination half-life, and drug side effects."	( Systemic absorption of topical lidocaine in elderly and young adults undergoing bronchoscopy. Ameer, B; Burlingame, MB; Harman, EM, 1989)	0.75
" Dose-response curves were constructed evaluating the relationship between the duration of balloon inflation versus the percentage of animals with a sustained neurologic deficit."	( Halothane, fentanyl/nitrous oxide, and spinal lidocaine protect against spinal cord injury in the rat. Cole, DJ; Drummond, JC; Shapiro, HM; Zivin, JA, 1989)	0.54
" This suggests that under specific circumstances and with certain operative procedures, lidocaine dosing can be liberalized."	( Plasma lidocaine levels during augmentation mammaplasty and suction-assisted lipectomy. Bennie, JB; Fernando, B; Gumucio, CA; Kraemer, BA; Roa, N; Young, VL, 1989)	0.95
"Pregnant Long-Evans hooded rats were dosed via injections into the gum with 3, 6, or 9 mg/kg lidocaine, or vehicle, or were uninjected, on gestational day 4 (GD4), GD11, or GD18."	( Behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to lidocaine in the rat: effects of dosage and of gestational age at administration. Kurkjian, MF; Kurtz, SL; Mattran, KM; Smith, RF, )	0.61
" The results indicated that the dosage of CRL and Lid generally used in anti-arrhythmic therapy basically exerted no harm to myocytes."	( [Cytotoxic effects of changrolin, lidocaine and amiodarone on ultrastructure of cultured rat beating cardiac myocytes]. Chen, HZ; Chen, WZ; Gong, ZX; Guo, Q; Jin, PY; Pen, BZ; Shen, JY; Yang, XY; Yang, YZ, 1989)	0.56
" Both the dose-response curve and the kinetics of the cocaine-induced closures indicate that there is a single class of cocaine-binding site."	( Cocaine-induced closures of single batrachotoxin-activated Na+ channels in planar lipid bilayers. Wang, GK, 1988)	0.27
" Serious adverse reactions necessitate a change in antiarrhythmic therapy, as opposed to lowering drug dosage to an ineffective level."	( Antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Recent advances and current status. Somberg, J, 1985)	0.27
" A dose-response relationship for cimetidine and ranitidine was developed, confirming the greater potency of cimetidine."	( Effect of H2-receptor antagonists on steady-state extraction of indocyanine green and lidocaine by the perfused rat liver. Heath, CA; Johnson, RF; Roberts, RK; Schenker, S; Speeg, KV, 1986)	0.49
" The major pathways for elimination of lidocaine in the rat were deethylation and hydroxylation, and subsequent elimination along these pathways accounted for the poor material balance at low dosage levels."	( Mechanisms of lidocaine kinetics in the isolated perfused rat liver. II. Kinetics of steady state elimination. Gray, MR; Saville, BA; Tam, YK, )	0.76
"The performance of the Bayesian feedback method for predicting lignocaine dosage developed by Vozeh et al."	( Prediction of individual dosage requirements for lignocaine: a validation study for Bayesian forecasting in Japanese patients. Hirayama, H; Nagashima, S; Nakashima, M; Sato, R; Tsuchiya, N; Uematsu, T; Yamazaki, T, 1989)	0.28
" Whereas LV peak dP/dt and LV (dP/dt)/DP40 were significantly decreased after the low dosage of lidocaine, these indexes returned to control values after the 10th min of infusion of the high dosage."	( Effects of lidocaine on myocardial contractility and baroreflex control of heart rate in conscious dogs. Berdeaux, A; Edouard, A; Giudicelli, JF; Langloys, J; Noviant, Y; Samii, K, 1986)	0.88
" Our results show that lidocaine, in the dosage given here, does not influence incidence or mechanisms of reperfusion tachyarrhythmias."	( [Ineffective use of lidocaine in preventing reperfusion arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarct]. Jannasch, B; Kuck, KH; Mathey, DG; Schlüter, M; Schofer, J, 1985)	0.9
" If lidocaine is used in a dosage of less than 3 mg/kg, toxic levels of the drug are unlikely to occur."	( Systemic absorption of tetracycline and lidocaine following intrapleural instillation. Barbarash, RA; Sahn, SA; Strange, C; Wooten, SA, 1988)	1.1
" Furthermore, collecting bronchial washings late in the procedure or limiting the lidocaine dosage do not reliably decrease measured lidocaine concentrations."	( Lidocaine concentrations in bronchoscopic specimens. Barbarash, RA; Heffner, JE; Strange, C, 1988)	1.94
" infusion of 6 mg/kg/hour was the most effective dosage and had an immediate anticonvulsive effect in 18 of 25 infants; within 30 min the same effect was attained in another five of the infants, with an overall seizure control in 92% of the sample population."	( Lidocaine for treatment of severe seizures in newborn infants. I. Clinical effects and cerebral electrical activity monitoring. Hellström-Westas, L; Rosén, I; Svenningsen, NW; Westgren, U, 1988)	1.72
"5%) was administered in a dosage of 3 mg/kgm body weight, but dosages of 2 mg/kgm were used in each arm of a child with bilateral injuries."	( Intravenous regional anaesthesia for the treatment of upper limb injuries in childhood. Batten, JB; Cole, WG; Eyres, RL; Hjorth, D; Ross, ER; Turner, PL, 1986)	0.27
" We conclude that lidocaine, when administered as an adjunct to fentanyl in the dosage used in this study, can cause cardiovascular depression, and is of minimal benefit in preventing hemodynamic abnormalities after sternotomy during coronary artery bypass graft surgery."	( Evaluation of lidocaine as an adjunct to fentanyl anesthesia for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Kasten, GW; Owens, E, 1986)	0.97
" Patients without infarction who received lidocaine had more adverse effects than similarly dosed patients with infarction (64% vs."	( Character of adverse effects of prophylactic lidocaine in the coronary care unit. Kellen, J; Rademaker, AW; Tam, YK; Wyse, DG, 1986)	0.8
" Pharmacokinetic data for drugs administered endotracheally are lacking; therefore, dosage recommendations are empirical."	( Endotracheal drug therapy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Raehl, CL, 1986)	0.27
"Since lidocaine exhibits significant variation in serum protein binding, the availability of a practical method for measuring free lidocaine concentration could contribute to the optimization of individual lidocaine dosage regimens."	( Measurement of lidocaine free concentration. Allerheiligen, SR; Beach, CL; Clementi, WA; Ludden, TM, 1986)	1.1
"The performance of a computerized dosing aid in achieving a target serum concentration of lidocaine in the middle of the recommended therapeutic range (3."	( Computer-assisted individualized lidocaine dosage: clinical evaluation and comparison with physician performance. Follath, F; Kaufman, G; Ritz, R; Schmidlin, O; Scholer, A; Uematsu, T; Vozeh, S, 1987)	0.78
"Dosing regimens used in clinical practice are often complex, involving several different routes of administration, dose sizes, dosing rates, and dosing intervals and durations."	( Efficient pharmacokinetic modeling of complex clinical dosing regimens: the universal elementary dosing regimen and computer algorithm EDFAST. Kreeft, JH; Sebaldt, RJ, 1987)	0.27
" With the dosage regimen used serum concentrations considerably above the suggested therapeutic level were achieved in the majority of patients."	( Displacement of lidocaine from human plasma proteins by disopyramide. Angelo, HR; Bonde, J; Burgaard, P; Graudal, N; Jensen, NM; Kampmann, JP; Pedersen, LE, 1987)	0.62
" We retrospectively reviewed all our consultations for evaluation of local anesthetic allergy from 1965 to 1985 to assess the safety and efficacy of skin testing and provocative test dosing with a variety of local anesthetic agents."	( Provocative challenge with local anesthetics in patients with a prior history of reaction. Chandler, MJ; Grammer, LC; Patterson, R, 1987)	0.27
" We calculated the provocative concentration of LTD4 required to produce a 35% fall in SGaw (PC35SGaw) or a 30% fall in V30P (PC30V30P) and the slope of the LTD4 dose-response curve."	( Mechanism of leukotriene D4-induced bronchoconstriction in normal subject. Bernstein, PR; Kern, R; Krell, RD; Patterson, R; Smith, LJ, 1987)	0.27
"A slurry of activated carbon (activated charcoal) in electrolyte replacement solution given by stomach tube and antiarrhythmic drugs given parenterally cured 9 of 11 calves dosed 7 to 24 h previously with a lethal amount (20g/kg) of Bryophyllum tubiflorum flower heads."	( Curing experimental Bryophyllum tubiflorum poisoning of cattle with activated carbon, electrolyte replacement solution and antiarrhythmic drugs. Dunster, PJ; McKenzie, RA, 1987)	0.27
" We believe that in these cases the dosage of fentanyl was inadequate and since increasing the dosage of fentanyl to at least 50 micrograms."	( Precipitous bradycardia induced by laryngoscopy in cardiac surgical patients. Podolakin, W; Wells, DG, 1987)	0.27
" was 31%, and between 32% and 53% for the rectal dosage forms."	( Rectal bioavailability of lidocaine in the dog: evaluation of first-pass elimination. Denson, DD; Grummich, KW; Hussain, AS; Ritschel, BE; Ritschel, WA, 1987)	0.57
" The laboratory session was rescheduled 2 weeks later, using the same ewes and a reduced dosage of lidocaine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg)."	( Iatrogenic lidocaine toxicosis in ewes. Scarratt, WK; Troutt, HF, 1986)	0.88
" Dosing had no effect upon birth and growth, shuttle box, or footshock sensitivity."	( Behavioral effects of mid-pregnancy administration of lidocaine and mepivacaine in the rat. Hollenbeck, AR; Kurtz, SL; Mattran, KM; Smith, RF; Wharton, GG, )	0.38
" These preliminary data clearly demonstrated a decrease in lidocaine elimination in patients submitted to mechanical ventilation, but the magnitude of dosage adjustment of such a highly hepatic-extracted drug in patients submitted to mechanical ventilation remains to be investigated."	( Effect of mechanical ventilation on hepatic drug pharmacokinetics. Auzépy, P; Berdeaux, A; Delion, F; Giudicelli, JF; Richard, C; Rimailho, A; Riou, B, 1986)	0.51
" Therefore, increases in total lidocaine concentrations after cimetidine administration were considerably less than those previously reported and empiric dosage reductions of lidocaine in patients receiving cimetidine may not be appropriate."	( The effect of oral cimetidine on total and unbound serum lidocaine concentrations in patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Bauman, JL; Berk, SI; Douglas, JB; Gal, P; McCue, JD; Powell, JR, 1987)	0.8
" It is written so that the clinician can integrate patient demographics and drug levels to design a new dosage regimen tailored to an individual patient."	( Computer-assisted drug assay interpretation based on Bayesian estimation of individual pharmacokinetics: application to lidocaine. Hillman, R; Ludden, T; Sheiner, L; Vozeh, S; Wandell, M, 1985)	0.48
" When administered over the dosage range 1-16% (v/v) intradermally, or by injections into muscle, or by repeat injections every 4 days for 16 days, all animals regained their pretreatment response to painful stimulations, and there was no evidence of gross injury to tissue."	( Ultra-long-duration local anesthesia produced by injection of lecithin-coated methoxyflurane microdroplets. Haynes, DH; Kirkpatrick, AF, 1985)	0.27
" Probit analysis of lethal dose-response curve data revealed that lidocaine, with or without epinephrine, was significantly more toxic intravenously than by internal carotid artery injection and that epinephrine potentiated the intravascular toxicity of lidocaine."	( Intravascular lidocaine toxicity: influence of epinephrine and route of administration. Yagiela, JA, )	0.73
" A thorough understanding of the applied pharmacology, dosage recommendations, toxicity, and practical considerations must be attained before these drugs can be used effectively."	( Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat cardiac disease in horses. McGuirk, SM; Muir, WW, 1985)	0.27
"The literature reviewed herein clearly demonstrates the poor correlation between drug dosing and the ability to achieve a specific serum drug concentration and between drug dosing and clinical response, especially for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index."	( Comparison of drug dosing methods. Brater, DC; Burton, ME; Vasko, MR, )	0.13
"Two middle aged female patients developed hallucinations and severe confusion with paranoid features during oral tocainide administration at recommended dosage levels."	( Confusion and paranoia associated with oral tocainide. Clarke, CW; el-Mahdi, EO, 1985)	0.27
" The dosage of tocainide hydrochloride ranged from 200-600 mg daily."	( A sequential double blind cross-over trial of tocainide hydrochloride in tinnitus. Blayney, AW; Colman, BH; Guy, AM; Phillips, MS, 1985)	0.27
" Its side effect profile appears to be similar in percentage to the adverse effects of quinidine, but often these side effects are milder, better tolerated, and respond to dosage alteration."	( A review of the uses and limitations of tocainide--a class IB antiarrhythmic agent. Horowitz, LN; Morganroth, J; Nestico, PF, 1985)	0.27
" The findings are used to suggest a safe dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of tocainide in patients with severe renal failure. Braun, J; Engelmaier, F; Gessler, U; Gluth, WP; Sörgel, F, 1985)	0.27
" Dose-response curves for lignocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, amethocaine and cinchocaine were obtained after single intrathecal injection to the mouse."	( A methodological study of spinal (subarachnoid) anaesthesia in the rat and the mouse. Akerman, SB, 1985)	0.27
"Lidocaine dosage recommendations vary widely."	( Optimum dosage of lidocaine. Arstila, M; Kanto, J; Laurikainen, E; Pekkarinen, A, 1985)	2.05
" About 70 samples of various dosage forms and concentrations from four manufacturers were successfully analyzed by the method."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of d-/l-epinephrine enantiomer ratio in lidocaine-epinephrine local anesthetics. Allgire, JF; Damo, CP; Juenge, EC; Kirchhoefer, RD; Sullivan, GM, 1985)	0.49
" A computer-aided simulation generated from using the mean kinetic data in a 50-kg woman predicted that plasma lidocaine concentration would reach the postulated toxic range (approximately equal to 6 microgram/ml) after the fourth supplementary dose under a similar dosing scheme as performed in this study."	( Plasma concentrations of lidocaine and its principal metabolites during intermittent epidural anesthesia. Echizen, H; Inoue, R; Ishizaki, T; Kushida, K; Suganuma, T; Tomono, Y, 1985)	0.78
" In these patients, after dosage adjustment, the mean lidocaine level did not rise, and all levels remained within the 2- to 4-mg/L therapeutic range at 24 hours."	( Simple method for maintaining serum lidocaine levels in the therapeutic range. Hurwitz, A; Wong, BY, 1985)	0.79
"Nine healthy normal subjects received verapamil, 10 mg iv, before (control) and during cimetidine dosing (300 mg every 6 hours), and verapamil, 120 mg po, twice in the same manner."	( Lack of interaction between verapamil and cimetidine. Abernethy, DR; Schwartz, JB; Todd, EL, 1985)	0.27
" This indicates that the rat is not a suitable model to study rectal lidocaine dosage forms."	( First-pass elimination of lidocaine in the rabbit after peroral and rectal route of administration. Alcorn, GJ; Denson, DD; Elconin, H; Ritschel, WA, )	0.67
" The dose-response effectiveness for the prototype antiarrhythmic drugs, propranolol, quinidine and lidocaine in converting the induced ventricular fibrillation to sinus rhythm was determined."	( A cardiac antiarrhythmic screening test using the isolated ischaemic perfused rat heart preparation. Lee, AY; Mok, CP; Wong, TM; Zhan, CY, 1985)	0.49
" Patient comfort, lignocaine dosage and resultant plasma concentrations were measured at four stages during the procedure."	( Patient comfort and plasma lignocaine concentrations during fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Nana, A; Santamaria, JD; Sutherland, AD, 1985)	0.27
" Dose-response curves showed that lignocaine was more active in abolishing the ouabain induced arrhythmia than the halothane-adrenaline arrhythmia and was least active on the arrhythmia caused by ligation of the coronary artery."	( Effects of lignocaine and propranolol on experimental cardiac arrhythmias. Allen, JD; Shanks, RG; Zaidi, SA, 1971)	0.25
" Special consideration, however, must be given with regard to drug selection and dosage in order to avoid adverse effects on the mother and fetus."	( Antiarrhythmic drug therapy during pregnancy. Elkayam, U; Frishman, W; Rotmensch, HH, 1983)	0.27
" If side effects intervene that may cause continued therapy to be intolerable, changing the antiarrhythmic agent, as opposed to decreasing the dosage to an ineffective range, may be appropriate."	( New directions in antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Somberg, JC, 1984)	0.27
" This study indicates the need for individual adaptation of lidocaine dosage in patients with myocardial infarction, especially where left ventricular function is impaired."	( [Serum concentration measurements for the monitoring of anti-arrhythmic therapy with lidocaine]. Follath, F; Ganzinger, U; Heierli, B; Wenk, M, 1980)	0.73
" The dose-response curves for each drug suggest that QX 752 and benzocaine each act on a single class of binding sites."	( Local anesthetics QX 572 and benzocaine act at separate sites on the batrachotoxin-activated sodium channel. Ehrenstein, G; Huang, LM, 1981)	0.26
" Dose-response curves indicated that lidocaine blocks the channel by binding one-to-one, with a voltage-dependent K(d)."	( Lidocaine block of cardiac sodium channels. Bean, BP; Cohen, CJ; Tsien, RW, 1983)	1.98
" The effect of d-TC and local anaesthetics on the dose-response relationship between ionophoretically applied L-glutamate and synaptic current suggested that both acted as non-competitive inhibitors."	( Voltage-dependent drug blockade of L-glutamate activated channels of the crayfish. Dekin, MS; Edwards, C, 1983)	0.27
"Measurement of drug levels is becoming increasingly popular to optimise the dosage of various drugs."	( Reliability of antiarrhythmic drug plasma concentration monitoring. Follath, F; Ganzinger, U; Schuetz, E, )	0.13
" These results suggest that in the dosage used in this study tocainide does not exert an antifibrillatory action in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction."	( Prophylaxis of primary ventricular fibrillation with tocainide in acute myocardial infarction. Campbell, RW; Elton, RA; Goodfellow, RM; Hutton, I; Taylor, E, 1983)	0.27
" It is suggested that in the elderly, tocainide should be used in a lower dosage than normally recommended."	( Nodal bradycardia induced by tocainide. Datta, SK; Mandal, SK, 1983)	0.27
" After evaluation of arrhythmias and treatment with intravenous lidocaine, oral tocainide dosage regimens were based on age, weight, and clinical status."	( Tocainide kinetics in congestive heart failure. Aronow, WS; Esterbrooks, D; Hee, TT; Hilleman, DE; Mohiuddin, SM; Mooss, AN; Patterson, AJ; Reich, JW; Sketch, MH, 1983)	0.5
" Each patient then received a tocainide dosage schedule."	( The appropriate dosage regime for the transition from intravenous lignocaine to oral tocainide after acute myocardial infarction. Akhras, F; Emery, P; Holt, D; Jackson, G; Upward, JW, 1983)	0.27
" In isolated right atria IQB-M-81 did not block the positive chronotropic and inotropic responses to isoprenaline but shifted the dose-response curve to the right."	( Comparison of three beta-amino anilides: IQB-M-81, lidocaine and tocainide, on isolated rat atria. Barrigón, S; Tamargo, J; Tejerina, T, 1983)	0.52
" The results demonstrate that with the Bayesian forecasting technique, accurate assessment of individual dosage requirements can be obtained within a few hours after starting lignocaine therapy."	( Rapid prediction of individual dosage requirements for lignocaine. Berger, M; Follath, F; Ritz, R; Vozeh, S; Wenk, M, )	0.13
" The dosage of lidocain was done according to the body-weight."	( [Lidocaine elimination and dose adjustment in acute heart infarct and heart insufficiency]. Banditt, P; Kettner, W; Walther, H, 1984)	1.18
" Such iatrogenic overdoses of lidocaine arise from confusion between prepackaged dosage forms."	( Tissue distribution of lidocaine after fatal accidental injection. Mackell, MA; Poklis, A; Tucker, EF, 1984)	0.87
" Dose-response curves for electrophysiological and mechanical effects of the two drugs on spontaneously beating atria, electrically stimulated atria and papillary muscles isolated from rats were obtained."	( Comparison of electrophysiological and mechanical effects of droxicainide and lidocaine on heart muscle isolated from rats. Helgesen, KG; Kristiansen, O; Refsum, H, 1984)	0.5
" Injection of a small dosage of lidocaine (4 mg/kg body weight) failed to produce any significant change in ABR wave III, AP and CM."	( The effect of intravenous injection of lidocaine on the auditory system. Suzuki, M, 1983)	0.82
" Dosage adjustments were required in two CA patients v 33 CT patients."	( Clinical studies with computer-assisted initial lidocaine therapy. de Guzman, MF; Haywood, LJ; Jelliffe, RW; Kolb, E; Rodman, JH; Tuey, DB; Wagers, PW, 1984)	0.52
" These results demonstrate that the blood concentrations of the three local anaesthetics following caudal administration are all below the toxic levels in spite of application of the maximum dosage recommended for adults."	( Blood concentrations of lidocaine, mepivacaine and bupivacaine during caudal analgesia in children. Takasaki, M, 1984)	0.57
" To determine the effect of adjusted dosing of lidocaine in patients with myocardial infarction, we studied 32 patients receiving lidocaine either by a conventional method (control group: 1-2 mg/kg bolus, then 1 to 4 mg/min) or by an adjusted regimen based on the presence or absence of heart failure [experimental group: 1-2 mg/kg bolus; then, class I (no heart failure), 35 to 88 micrograms/kg/min; class II (heart failure), 12 to 35 micrograms/kg/min]."	( Optimal lidocaine dosing in patients with myocardial infarction. Lopez, LM; Mehta, JL; Roberts, RJ; Robinson, JD, 1982)	0.96
" Contractility was examined in a randomized dose-response manner to both norepinephrine and the prostaglandin endoperoxide analog U-46619."	( Vascular reactivity in endotoxin shock: effect of lidocaine or indomethacin pretreatment. Casey, L; Fletcher, JR; Pomerantz, K; Ramwell, PW, 1982)	0.52
" Tocainide dosage was 17."	( Antiarrhythmic efficacy, pharmacokinetics and clinical safety of tocainide in convalescent myocardial infarction patients. Klein, MD; Levine, PA; Ryan, TJ, 1980)	0.26
" 3 On a dosage basis, encainide was seven times, lorcainide fourteen times and ORG 6001 twice as potent as lignocaine in raising VFT."	( Antifibrillatory efficacy of encainide, loracainide and ORG 6001 compared with lignocaine in isolated hearts of rabbits and guinea-pigs. Almotrefi, AA; Baker, JB, 1981)	0.26
" Reducing the dosage to 100 mg/hr from the 12th hour onwards in II patients avoided this complication."	( [Use of intramuscular lidocaine in the acute stage of myocardial infarction]. Bory, M; Bouyard, P; Bruguerolle, B; Djiane, P; Egre, A; Perchicot, B; Serradimigni, A, 1981)	0.58
"-mass spectrometric analysis of urine extracts from rats dosed with tocainide (I) revealed the presence of cyclic compound identified as 3-(2,6-xylyl)-5-methylhydantoin (IV) derived from tocainide."	( 3-(2,6-Xylyl)-5-methylhydantoin--a metabolite or a metabonate of tocainide in rats. Axelson, JE; Venkataramanan, R, 1981)	0.26
" Each compound was administered by intravenous single dose injection, dosage being 1 mg/kg for propranolol, 10 mg/kg for phenytoin, and 3,5 mg/kg for lidocain."	( [Pharmacokinetics of propranolol, phenytoin and lidocaine in hypercholesterolemic rabbits]. Albin, H; Pehourcq, F; Ploux, D; Vinçon, G, )	0.39
" Fifteen minutes after occlusion, the dogs were randomized into three groups: 9 dogs served as a control group, 10 were given lidocaine and 10 were given the same dosage of droxicainide."	( Effects of lidocaine and droxicainide on myocardial necrosis: a comparative study. Cheung, WM; Faria, DB; Maroko, PR; Ribeiro, LG, 1983)	0.86
" There was a marked degree of absorption only in patients with thermal burns, in which case it depended on the surface area of the wound; although no toxic effects due to absorption were noted, caution in dosage is advisable."	( Sterile topical lignocaine jelly in plastic surgery: an assessment of its systemic toxicity. Bach, PH; Read, JM, 1980)	0.26
" Thirty patients whose arrhythmia did not respond to correction of metabolic disturbances were randomly allocated to receive treatment either with lignocaine or with mexiletine in fixed dosage schedules (15 in each group)."	( Mexiletine vs. lignocaine in the management of ventricular arrhythmias after open-heart surgery. Bury, RW; Hale, G; Higginbotham, M; Mashford, ML; Zuidland, P, 1982)	0.26
" Steady-state TCA plasma levels correlate well with tissue concentrations and permit adjustment of dosage to minimize the risk of iatrogenic poisoning."	( Toxicity of tricyclic antidepressants--kinetics, mechanism, intervention: a review. Irwin, HA; Preskorn, SH, 1982)	0.26
" Dosage can be calculated on this basis for operations on the perineum, lower and groin with 97 to 98% confidence."	( Caudal analgesia in children. Five hundred cases for procedures below the diaphragm. McGown, RG, 1982)	0.26
" As the dosage increased, the drug antiaggregative properties were enhanced accordingly."	( [Effect of lidocaine on thrombocytic hemostasis]. Gorshkov, VA; Kirilenko, LL; Orlov, VN; Vasil'eva, EIu, 1982)	0.65
" The reasons and mechanism for this difference between subjects on multiple dosing remains unclear."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its deethylated metabolite: dose and time dependency studies in man. Aarons, LJ; Bending, MR; Bennett, PN; Rowland, M; Steiner, JA, 1982)	0.59
"The dose-response curve of procaine or lignocaine (lidocaine) added to the St."	( Protection of the myocardium during ischemic arrest. Dose-response curves for procaine and lignocaine in cardioplegic solutions. Braimbridge, MV; Hearse, DJ; O'Brien, K, 1981)	0.51
" It is concluded that local anaesthetic techniques using the amide-linked local anaesthetics administered in conventional dosage are safe to use in patients known to be genetically susceptible to malignant hyperthermia."	( Response of mhs swine to i.v. infusion of lignocaine and bupivacaine. Harrison, GG; Morrell, DF, 1980)	0.26
"The dose-response and time-action parameters for the prototype antiarrhythmic drugs lidocaine, propranolol and quinidine were established using a cardiac antiarrhythmic screening procedure in the rat."	( A cardiac antiarrhythmic screening test in the rat: the effects of lidocaine, propranolol and quinidine. Baker, T; Erker, EF, 1980)	0.72
" Lidoncaine, 5 x 10(-4) M, and MEGX, 2 x 10(-3) M, shifted the dose-response curve of NE to the right, whereas GX, 5 x 10(-4) M, shifted the curve to the left."	( Modifications by lidocaine and its N-dealkylated metabolites of the response of the isolated rabbit aorta to transmural electrical stimulation. Fukuda, S; Takeshita, H; Toda, N, 1980)	0.6
" A subsequent study may now be performed to produce a valid, dose-response curve correlating perilymph lidocaine levels and cochlear responses."	( Inner ear lidocaine concentrations following iontophoresis. Gillespie, CA; Johnson, CM; Strom, CG; Swanson, GC, 1980)	0.88
" The dosage was highly accurate with jet injection."	( Gas-powered jet injection compared with conventional methods of injection using lignocaine and technetium-99m. Bowcock, SA; Cooke, ED; Elliott, AT; Johnston, A, 1980)	0.26
"The dosage and blood concentration of lidocaine required to produce central nervous and cardiovascular system toxicity in both nonasphyxiated and asphyxiated fetuses were determined in ten pregnant baboons with fetuses of average gestation of 158 days (term, 185 days)."	( Toxicity and distribution of lidocaine in nonasphyxiated and asphyxiated baboon fetuses. Covino, BG; Morishima, HO, 1981)	0.82
" Lignocaine infusions in the dosage range of 20 to 40 micrograms."	( The safety of continuous pleural lignocaine after thoracotomy in children and adolescents. Balsara, RK; Lear, BR; Pasquariello, CA; Schwartz, RE; Stayer, SA, 1995)	0.29
" Combining these observations with local anesthetic dosage considerations, the authors recommend that 2 percent lido-epi be used when performing mandibular block injections in young children."	( Assessing the duration of mandibular soft tissue anesthesia. Hermann, DG; Hersh, EV; Johnson, PD; Lamp, CJ; MacAfee, KA, 1995)	0.29
"We have investigated the importance of cytochrome P-450IIIA enzyme activity in influencing dosage of the immunosuppressive drugs FK 506 and cyclosporine after liver transplantation."	( Importance of cytochrome P-450IIIA activity in determining dosage and blood levels of FK 506 and cyclosporine in liver transplant recipients. Cakaloglu, Y; Devlin, J; Tredger, JM; Williams, R, 1994)	0.29
" Half of these animals in the dosage subgroup received a single injection at appliance placement and the other half received weekly injections."	( The effects of exogenous prostaglandins on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Currier, GF; Howes, RI; Leiker, BJ; Nanda, RS; Sinha, PK, 1995)	0.29
"Ligenten gel is a combined dosage form containing gentamicin (a broad spectrum antibiotic), lidocaine (an anesthetic) and ethonium (an antiseptic)."	( [Ligenten--a combination drug with anesthetic and antibacterial action for local use in urology and gynecology]. Darenkov, AF; Kotliarova, GA; Lebed', SV; Makarov, OV; Perepanova, TS; Savchenko, TN; Strachunskiĭ, LS; Tsibina, LV; Vasil'ev, MM; Zharov, EV, 1994)	0.51
" The aim of this study was to verify whether this action resulted from a local anaesthetic effect of pethidine or from inadequate fentanyl dosage in previous studies."	( The effects of pethidine, fentanyl and lignocaine on postanaesthetic shivering. Alfonsi, P; Chauvin, M; Hongnat, JM; Lebrault, C, 1995)	0.29
" This is particularly true in those patients in whom an adequate dosage of parenteral medication is contraindicated or unsafe."	( Hematoma block for ankle fractures: a safe and efficacious technique for manipulations. Alioto, RJ; Furia, JP; Marquardt, JD, 1995)	0.29
" Dose-response relations were also consistent with independent binding of transcainide to two separate sites on the channel."	( Transcainide causes two modes of open-channel block with different voltage sensitivities in batrachotoxin-activated sodium channels. French, RJ; Zamponi, GW, 1994)	0.29
" A dosage of 50 mg of lidocaine spray was administered to the genital mucosa of the inside of the labiae minora."	( Onset and duration of hypoalgesia following application of lidocaine spray on genital mucosa. Arendt-Nielsen, L; Bjerring, P; Laursen, JK; Schønemann, NK; van der Burght, M, 1994)	0.85
" Maximal changes of these parameters were comparable in the three epidural dosage groups but were more prolonged with increasing dose."	( Effects of epidural anesthesia on splanchnic capacitance. Hogan, QH; Kampine, JP; Stadnicka, A, 1994)	0.29
" Lid shifted the dose-response curves for KCl and NA to the right nonparallelly and depressed their maximal responses."	( [Effects of lidocaine on contraction of isolated rabbit aortic rings]. Bu, X; Jiang, MZ; Li, ST; Wen, Y; Zhang, ZH, 1994)	0.67
" Complete simultaneous facial analgesia (CSFA) was accomplished in an average of 15 minutes and the recommended dosage of lidocaine was exceeded by a mean of 52."	( Safe dosages of lidocaine for facial analgesia. Bonanno, PC, 1994)	0.84
"This paper presents a general stochastic control framework for determining drug dosage regimens where the sample times, dosing times, desired goals, etc."	( Design of dosage regimens: a multiple model stochastic control approach. Bayard, DS; Milman, MH; Schumitzky, A, 1994)	0.29
" A tetracaine dose-response curve for HVA-ICa indicated an apparent dissociation constant of 79."	( Local anesthetics depress the calcium current of rat sensory neurons in culture. Muteki, T; Sugiyama, K, 1994)	0.29
" Dose-response relations on the sodium and calcium currents and effects on the availability relation for sodium current were examined."	( Effects of lidocaine on rat myometrial sodium channels and implications for the management of preterm labor. Kao, CY; Wang, S, 1994)	0.68
" Regional extension of anaesthesia was comparable after dosing with xylazine and lidocaine (tail, after, vulva and perineum)."	( [Experiences with the use of xylazine for sacral epidural anesthesia in cattle]. Kehler, W; Rehage, J; Scholz, H, 1994)	0.51
" Microinjections of medetomidine into the cerebellum or the PAG produced an identical dose-response curve in the tail-flick test as that obtained following microinjection into the RVM."	( The rostroventromedial medulla is not involved in alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated antinociception in the rat. Hämäläinen, MM; Pertovaara, A, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response curves were plotted for each drug."	( Duration of spinal anaesthesia is determined by the partition coefficient of local anaesthetic. Benita, S; Golomb, E; Grant, GJ; Langerman, L, 1994)	0.29
" Controlled studies should be performed to prove efficacy, determine optimal TPLA formulation, and define dosage limits."	( Treatment of the cutaneous pain of acute herpes zoster with 9% lidocaine (base) in petrolatum/paraffin ointment. Cork, RC; Dunston, A; Eyrich, J; Heitler, D; Johnson, W; Lopez-Anaya, A; Naraghi, M; Ragan, A; Riopelle, AJ; Riopelle, J, 1994)	0.53
" From these findings, the present Bayesian method implemented with the estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters in a Swiss patient population is useful for sufficiently accurate and precise assessment of individual dosage requirement within a few hours after starting lidocaine therapy."	( A prospective study for validation of Bayesian prediction approach to adjust individual lidocaine dosage. Hirayama, H; Kosuge, K; Nakashima, M; Uematsu, T; Umemura, K, 1994)	0.69
" In 112 patients, the mean lidocaine dosage was 33."	( Tumescent technique for local anesthesia improves safety in large-volume liposuction. Klein, JA, 1993)	0.58
"Factors that influence recommended dosage guidelines for intramuscularly and subcutaneously injected drugs include a spectrum of variables, including therapeutic objective(s), the drug's therapeutic index, the inclusion of concomitant vasoconstrictors, and so on."	( Regional blood flow as a determinant of drug absorption description of an animal model. Karatassas, A; Morris, RG; Orfanos, A, 1993)	0.29
" Such procedures are undertaken using single infiltration dosage recommendations for lignocaine, both with and without adrenaline."	( The relationship between regional blood flow and absorption of lignocaine. Karatassas, A; Morris, RG; Slavotinek, AH, 1993)	0.29
" Model parameters were estimated separately for dosing (4 h current-on) and washout (4 h current-off) periods in experiments with coadministered vasoactive drugs [tolazoline (vasodilator) and norepinephrine (vasoconstrictor)] and controls (lidocaine alone)."	( Model describing transdermal iontophoretic delivery of lidocaine incorporating consideration of cutaneous microvascular state. Riviere, JE; Williams, PL, 1993)	0.72
" Lidocaine produced a biphasic dose-response curve, with contraction at low concentrations (1."	( Effects of lidocaine and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on isolated human radial arteries. Jernbeck, J; Samuelson, UE, 1993)	1.59
" Ultrasonically nebulized hypertonic saline challenge was given in a dose-response manner to determine the provocative dose of hypertonic saline-laden air required to produce a fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of 20% or greater (PD20HS)."	( The contribution of neurogenic reflexes to hypertonic saline-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Holgate, ST; Makker, HK, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response relationship for lidocaine block at a low frequency (0."	( Characteristics of lidocaine block of sodium channels in single human atrial cells. Arentzen, C; Backer, C; Eager, S; Furukawa, T; Jia, H; Sakakibara, Y; Singer, DH; Wasserstrom, JA, 1993)	0.89
" It cannot replace the need for analgesic sedation but it can be used advantageously to reduce the dosage of analgesic and sedative drugs during ESWL treatments performed without regional or general anesthesia in the unmodified Dornier HM3 lithotriptor."	( Cutaneous anesthesia with lidocaine-prilocaine cream: a useful adjunct during shock wave lithotripsy with analgesic sedation. Tiselius, HG, 1993)	0.59
" The dosage of amitriptyline (initiated at 10 mg, gradually increased to 40-60 mg daily) was not sufficient to treat depression, but was in the range effective for other cutaneous dysesthesias."	( Dysesthetic ("essential") vulvodynia. Treatment with amitriptyline. McKay, M, 1993)	0.29
" A dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight was diluted with 20% glucose (20 ml) and administered intravenously over a one-min period."	( Changes in auditory evoked responses during intravenous lidocaine. Aso, S; Mizukoshi, K; Ueda, S; Watanabe, Y, 1993)	0.53
" R56865 was given before ischemia and with the onset of reperfusion, applying different dosing schedules, including an initial loading dose."	( R56865 is antifibrillatory in reperfused ischemic guinea-pig hearts, even when given only during reperfusion. Guttmann, I; Mozes, A; Scheufler, E; Wilffert, B, 1995)	0.29
"Significant impairment of BCG viability, dependent on dosage and time of co-incubation, was noted with all lubricants analyzed."	( The effect of lubricants on viability of bacillus Calmette-Guerin for intravesical immunotherapy against bladder carcinoma. Böhle, A; Braasch, H; Jocham, D; Rüsch-Gerdes, S; Ulmer, AJ, 1996)	0.29
" Fifteen epidural initially were dosed with bupivicaine (1 to 2 mg/kg) alone or in combination with fentanyl (1 to 2 micrograms/kg)."	( Continuous thoracic epidural infusions for postoperative analgesia after pectus deformity repair. Abajian, JC; Dicker, R; McBride, WJ; Vane, DW, 1996)	0.29
"The safety of lidocaine dosing in the tumescent technique has been well documented, but there is little evidence regarding the safety of combining tumescent lidocaine infiltration with subcutaneous lidocaine infiltration required in other aesthetic surgery."	( Lidocaine and epinephrine levels in tumescent technique liposuction. Burk, RW; Guzman-Stein, G; Vasconez, LO, 1996)	2.1
"This study was performed in order to determine concentration-effect, and graded and quantal dose-response relationships for the clinical administration of intravenous (IV) lidocaine to patients with neuropathic pain."	( The analgesic response to intravenous lidocaine in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Arthur, GR; Cherukuri, S; Ferrante, FM; Paggioli, J, 1996)	0.76
" Extent of block to cold and pinprick was similar in both dosage groups (median T4), as was the rate of block onset."	( Pharmacodynamics of subarachnoid hyperbaric 5% lignocaine. Chan, SS; Jones, RD; Rushmer, J, 1996)	0.29
" Nonetheless, GHB plasma concentrations fell to either undetectable or negligible levels by the end of the usual dosing intervals (6-8 h)."	( Effect of moderate or severe liver dysfunction on the pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Ferrara, SD; Frison, G; Mazzo, M; Orlando, R; Padrini, R; Palatini, P; Tedeschi, L; Zordan, R, 1996)	0.29
" The exploratory studies on the optimal dosage of lidocaine in the surgery under laryngomicroscope was performed in 22 patients."	( Safe and effective topical application dose of lidocaine for surgery with laryngomicroscopy. Iga, T; Ito, K; Kaga, K; Kotaki, H; Mitomi, N; Sawada, Y; Tayama, N; Tezuka, K, 1996)	0.8
"The safe upper limit of lidocaine dosage in tumescent anesthesia for liposuction has been reported to be 35 mg/kg."	( Tumescent anesthesia with a lidocaine dose of 55 mg/kg is safe for liposuction. Kageyama, N; Moy, RL; Ostad, A, 1996)	0.89
" There was no difference in decay or recovery of plantar flexion motor power data between dosage groups in the sitting position."	( Motor power pharmacodynamics of subarachnoid hyperbaric 5% lidocaine in the sitting position. Chan, SS; Cheung, CK; Ho, JY; Jones, RD; Miles, W; Rushmer, J, 1997)	0.54
"This study was designed to determine and compare the dose-response characteristics, speed of onset, and relative potency of single-dose epidural fentanyl (F) and sufentanil (S) for postoperative pain relief."	( A randomized, double-blind, dose-response comparison of epidural fentanyl versus sufentanil analgesia after cesarean section. Grass, JA; Harris, AP; Michitsch, R; Sakima, NT; Schmidt, R; Zuckerman, RL, 1997)	0.3
" The dosage of local anesthetic used (0."	( The effects of local anesthetic containing adrenaline on gingival blood flow in smokers and non-smokers. Hirsch, RS; Ketabi, M, 1997)	0.3
"After evaluating the extension and pattern of sensory blockade in high, mid, and low thoracic epidural analgesia, the authors suggest that it is safe to use similar dosage regimens in all three regions, and that in high thoracic epidural analgesia, it is important to insert the epidural catheter at the level of the intended cranial border of blockade."	( Extension of sensory blockade after thoracic epidural administration of a test dose of lidocaine at three different levels. Gielen, MJ; Liem, TH; van Egmond, J; Visser, WA, 1998)	0.52
" Results showed a significantly improved skin perfusion in the lidocaine-treated group in a dose-response fashion as compared to control animals."	( Local anesthetics improve dermal perfusion after burn injury. Brofeldt, BT; Cassuto, J; Jönsson, A; Nellgård, P; Tarnow, P, )	0.37
" However, smaller doses provided less effective pain relief, and a linear dose-response relationship was demonstrated."	( The dose-response relationship of ketorolac as a component of intravenous regional anesthesia with lidocaine. Gardner, G; Reuben, SS; Steinberg, RB, 1998)	0.52
" Of the 30 patients (15 in each group) who received 30 mg initially, 25 required repeat lidocaine dosing through the catheter during surgery."	( A comparative study of low-dose hyperbaric spinal lidocaine 0.5% versus 5% for continuous spinal anesthesia. Al-Kaisy, A; Chan, VW; Drasner, K; Garcia, J, )	0.61
"h-1) doses of lidocaine on defibrillation energy requirements (DER) to relate changes in indexes of sodium-channel blockade with changes in DER values using a dose-response study design."	( High-dose lidocaine does not affect defibrillation efficacy: implications for defibrillation mechanisms. Miller, AW; Sims, JJ; Ujhelyi, MR, 1998)	1.06
" The mean dosage of lidocaine (0."	( Local anesthesia for above knee femoropopliteal bypass: an alternative technique to endoluminal bypass grafting. Lumsden, AB; MacDonald, MJ; Ofenloch, JC; Pitts, M; Surowiec, SM; Weiss, V, 1998)	0.62
" The failure rate, sensory and motor blockade, success rate by changing to lidocaine and its dosage were recorded."	( Clinical study of failure in continuous spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine. Kung, CC; Lin, SY; Sun, WZ; Tang, CS; Wu, TJ, 1998)	0.53
" Physicians must adhere to recommendations to avoid mucous membrane contact and ensure appropriate dosing with these agents."	( Topical anesthesia. Keyes, PD; Rizos, J; Tallon, JM, 1998)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of oxytetracycline (OTC) was studied in 11 sheep after intravenous and intramuscular administration at a single dosage of 20 mg kg(-1) bodyweight."	( Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline after intramuscular administration with lidocaine in sheep, comparison with a conventional formulation. Carceles, CM; Guimerá, ME; Moreno, L; Serrano, JM, )	0.36
"Etoposide dosage in patients with liver dysfunction remains controversial."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral etoposide in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Aita, P; Boiocchi, M; Cannizzaro, R; Colussi, AM; Corona, G; Robieux, I; Sorio, R; Toffoli, G; Tumolo, S, 1999)	0.3
" The least decrease of BP and minimal need of rescue ephedrine among all patients studied were recorded in the group receiving low dosage of lidocaine with intrathecal clonidine (L40-C100)."	( Enhancement of intrathecal lidocaine by addition of local and systemic clonidine. Dobrydnjov, I; Samarütel, J, 1999)	0.8
"Data abstracted from each report included gestational age at birth, timing and dosage regimen of EMLA, control group treatment and outcomes."	( Lidocaine-prilocaine cream for analgesia during circumcision in newborn boys. Ohlsson, A; Ohlsson, K; Taddio, A, 2000)	1.75
" The contralateral side was injected with the same dosage of the toxin, reconstituted in an equal volume of saline, to serve as control."	( Addition of an anesthetic agent to enhance the predictability of the effects of botulinum toxin type A injections: a randomized controlled study. Gassner, HG; Sherris, DA, 2000)	0.31
" For this purpose, we plotted a dose-response curve for adrenaline by calculating the arrhythmic ratio, which is the number of ventricular ectopic beats induced by adrenaline divided by the total heart rate, and observed the changes in the arrhythmic ratio-adrenaline dose relation before and after administration of class I drugs."	( QT-prolonging class I drug, disopyramide, does not aggravate but suppresses adrenaline-induced arrhythmias. Comparison with cibenzoline and pilsicainide. Aye, NN; Hashimoto, K; Miyamoto, S; Teramatsu, T; Zhu, B, 2000)	0.31
" The dosage of lignocaine used in various studies ranges from 50 mg to 200 mg."	( Comparison of two different doses of lignocaine used in paracervical block during oocyte collection in an IVF programme. Chui, DK; Ho, PC; Ng, EH; Tang, OS, 2000)	0.31
" The intrathecal morphine antinociceptive dose-response curve (DRC) in morphine-pelleted rats was displaced to the right of that in placebo-pelleted rats, indicating antinociceptive "tolerance."	( Tonic descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla mediates opioid-induced abnormal pain and antinociceptive tolerance. Lai, J; Malan, TP; Ossipov, MH; Porreca, F; Suenaga, NM; Vanderah, TW, 2001)	0.31
"This study was carried out to determine the maximum and safe dosage of lidocaine administered in tumescent liposuction."	( [Monitoring of serum lidocaine concentration in tumescent liposuction infiltrated with high-dosage lidocaine and its clinical significance]. He, Q; Lin, Z; Zhu, X, 1999)	0.86
"1 mg/ml mixed with 1/1,000,000 to 1/2,000,000 epinephrine, could be administered with a dosage of 35 mg/kg body weight as a local infiltration anesthetic while the serum lidocaine was still within the safety limit and no signs of intoxication manifested."	( [Monitoring of serum lidocaine concentration in tumescent liposuction infiltrated with high-dosage lidocaine and its clinical significance]. He, Q; Lin, Z; Zhu, X, 1999)	0.82
" This study investigates the dose-response effect of adrenaline added to lignocaine on postoperative pain, when used as local anaesthetic for oral soft tissue surgery."	( A dose-response study of adrenaline combined with lignocaine 2%: effect on acute postoperative pain after oral soft tissue surgery. Jorkjend, L; Skoglund, LA, 2001)	0.31
"Appropriate dosing of pilsicainide hydrochloride, an anti-arrhythmic drug excreted via the kidney, was investigated in patients on dialysis."	( Appropriate dosing of pilsicainide hydrochloride in patients on hemodialysis. Fujii, Z; Fujimoto, K; Kawata, Y; Matsumoto, M; Matsuzaki, M; Minami, M; Nawata, C; Sakumura, T, 2001)	0.31
" Success rates were 28% for the 8 mg/kg dosage and 44% for the 10 mg/kg dosage."	( A comparison of two oral ketamine-diazepam regimens for the sedation of anxious pediatric dental patients. Sullivan, DC; Webb, MD; Wilson, CF, )	0.13
" The 2Lid-1/8 group indicated adequate anesthetic potency with the smallest dosage at all observation periods."	( Comparative study on anesthetic potency depending on concentrations of lidocaine and epinephrine: assessment of dental local anesthetics using the jaw-opening reflex. Ichinohe, T; Kaneko, Y; Ohkado, S, 2001)	0.54
" Within the first 10 hrs after baseline measurements, the dosage was increased until no further increase in the left ventricular stroke work index occurred."	( Enoximone in contrast to dobutamine improves hepatosplanchnic function in fluid-optimized septic shock patients. Kaulfuss, M; Kern, H; Kox, WJ; Martin, M; Schröder, T; Spies, CD, 2001)	0.31
" In conclusion, dosage modification is necessary in hypercholesterolemia."	( [The effect of hyperlipidemia on metabolism, distribution and secretion of lidocaine in patients with primary hyperlipidemia]. Rózański, J, 2000)	0.54
" We assessed the dose-response relationship of clonidine added to lidocaine in peribulbar block."	( A dose response study of clonidine with local anesthetic mixture for peribulbar block: a comparison of three doses. Bharti, N; Kaul, HL; Khokhar, SK; Madan, R; Shende, D, 2001)	0.55
"We examined the penetration rate of lidocaine (LC) through excised oral mucosa from hamster cheek pouch and the in vitro release rate of LC from film dosage forms with hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) as a film base."	( Development of polymer film dosage forms of lidocaine for buccal administration. I. Penetration rate and release rate. Danjo, K; Iida, K; Okamoto, H; Taguchi, H, 2001)	0.85
" The ED50 for hypnosis and the LD50 were determined for each drug separately, and a dose-response curve was prepared for each drug, using combinations of propofol-lidocane and ketamine-lidocaine at three different dose ratios."	( Changes in effective and lethal doses of intravenous anesthetics and lidocaine when used in combination in mice. Barak, M; Ben-Shlomo, I; Katz, Y, 2001)	0.74
" It was concluded that articaine showed quicker onset than lidocaine and propitocaine and that there was a need to increase the dosage to attain a quick onset or to extend the duration."	( Comparative study on anesthetic potency of dental local anesthetics assessed by the jaw-opening reflex in rabbits. Aida, H; Kaneko, Y; Miyoshi, T, 2000)	0.55
" In practice, argatroban coadministered with these frequently prescribed drugs should require no dosage adjustments."	( Investigation of the interaction between argatroban and acetaminophen, lidocaine, or digoxin. DiCicco, RA; Graham, AM; Hursting, MJ; Inglis, AM; Sheth, SB; Tenero, DM, 2002)	0.55
"In a consecutive series of 23 patients with anterior urethral stricture, a dosage of 3 mL of 1% lidocaine was slowly injected into the glans penis."	( Optical urethrotomy for anterior urethral stricture under a new local anesthesia: intracorpus spongiosum anesthesia. Rong-gui, Z; Ye, G, 2002)	0.53
" Subsequently 80 patients were treated in a random, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of collagenase at 2 test centers."	( Collagen as a clinical target: nonoperative treatment of Dupuytren's disease. Badalamente, MA; Hentz, VR; Hurst, LC, 2002)	0.31
"In previous studies, we prepared film dosage forms of lidocaine (LC) with hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) as a film base using the solvent evaporation (SE) method."	( Development of polymer film dosage forms of lidocaine for buccal administration: II. Comparison of preparation methods. Arakawa, Y; Danjo, K; Iida, K; Nakamori, T; Okamoto, H, 2002)	0.82
" One-hundred and thirty-two patients were randomly assigned to one of the six groups according to concentration and dosage of lidocaine administered at the time of the initiation of propofol infusion."	( [Effects of concentration and dosage of lidocaine on preventing the pain on injection of propofol]. Adachi, H; Harada, T; Hirosawa, J; Inagaki, Y; Ishibe, Y; Otsuki, A; Tsubokura, H, 2002)	0.79
" with the labeled dosage (12 hr/day)."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of continuously applied lidocaine patches 5%. Alvarez, NA; Galer, BS; Gammaitoni, AR, 2002)	0.57
" Our results indicate that stress can alter lidocaine levels in plasma and tissues, suggesting that stress should be considered an important factor when determining the dosage of lidocaine in clinical application."	( Stress-induced lidocaine modification in serum and tissues. Mourouzis, C; Potamianou, A; Saranteas, T; Tesseromatis, C; Varonos, D, )	0.75
" Increasing the dosage either terminated AF (6 preparations) or converted to organized activity (ie, atypical atrial flutter) (4 preparations)."	( Widening of the excitable gap and enlargement of the core of reentry during atrial fibrillation with a pure sodium channel blocker in canine atria. Ashihara, T; Hirai, H; Ikeda, T; Kawase, A; Kubota, T; Nakazawa, K; Namba, T; Sugi, K, 2003)	0.32
"Intraarterial administration of lidocaine before and during chemoembolization is a safe and effective method for preventing or reducing peri- and post-procedural pain and dosage of narcotic analgesics in patients with HCC."	( Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: effect of intraarterial lidocaine in peri- and post-procedural pain and hospitalization. Giojelli, A; Romano, M; Salvatore, M; Tamburrini, O, 2003)	0.83
" The mean dosage and the total amount of Pethidine at 24 hours were significantly lower in G2 compared with G1."	( Postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomised prospective double-blind clinical trial. Goroshina, J; Lepner, U; Samarütel, J, 2003)	0.32
" In a separate series of experiments in which normal ventricular tissue was electrically stimulated, 2 micro mol kg(-1) min(-1) lidocaine produced a leftward shift in the dose-response curve for tedisamil's effect on effective refractory period (P<0."	( Tedisamil and lidocaine enhance each other's antiarrhythmic activity against ischaemia-induced arrhythmias in rats. Barrett, TD; Sarraf, G; Walker, MJ, 2003)	0.89
" Evaluation of the dose-response relationship showed that a maximal effect was attained with a concentration of 4% lidocaine."	( Vestibulo-oculomotor behaviour in rats following a transient unilateral vestibular loss induced by lidocaine. Magnusson, AK; Tham, R, 2003)	0.75
"5 mg kg(-1) at 15 min after induction of anaesthesia directly followed by a maintenance dosage of 50 microg kg(-1) min(-1), while the control group received saline (i."	( Effects of intravenous lidocaine on isoflurane concentration, physiological parameters, metabolic parameters and stress-related hormones in horses undergoing surgery. Dzikiti, TB; Hellebrekers, LJ; van Dijk, P, 2003)	0.63
"The adjustment of local anesthetic dosage for peripheral nerve block must meet two basic requirements: a drug concentration sufficient to inhibit Na+ channels to the point of impulse failure and a volume of drug sufficient to expose a length of nerve longer than the "critical length" for propagation failure."	( The critical role of concentration for lidocaine block of peripheral nerve in vivo: studies of function and drug uptake in the rat. Birknes, J; Nakamura, T; Popitz-Bergez, F; Strichartz, GR, 2003)	0.59
" We examined the safety, dose-response characteristics, and effects of epinephrine with spinal 2-CP."	( Spinal 2-chloroprocaine: a dose-ranging study and the effect of added epinephrine. Kopacz, DJ; McDonald, SB; Smith, KN, 2004)	0.32
" After the neurolytic block, the total dosage of morphine and diclofenac remained unchanged for 2 months."	( Application of a mandibular nerve block using an indwelling catheter for intractable cancer pain. Kohase, H; Shibaji, T; Suzuki, N; Umino, M, 2004)	0.32
" Dosage had no significant effect."	( Role of histamine release in nonspecific vasodilatation during anodal and cathodal iontophoresis. Droog, EJ; Henricson, J; Horiuchi, Y; Lennquist, S; Sjöberg, F; Wikström, T, 2004)	0.32
" Injury to the thumb required a higher dosage (3 ml subcutaneously), and only offered sufficient pain relief for palmar injuries."	( [Clinical experiences and dosage pattern in subcutaneous single-injection digital block technique]. Genelin, F; Gradl, G; Kollersbeck, C; Walcher, T, 2004)	0.32
"Although prokinetics are commonly used for management of POI in horses there is clearly a need for more controlled studies to define efficacious dosing and a need to develop new prokinetic drugs."	( Survey of prokinetic use in horses with gastrointestinal injury. Harmon, FA; Nieto, JE; Snyder, JR; Van Hoogmoed, LM, )	0.13
" 3 Dose-response curves for both channels had different EC50 (dose producing 50% maximum current inhibition) (450 microm for Nav1."	( Differential modulation of Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 peripheral nerve sodium channels by the local anesthetic lidocaine. Chahine, M; Chevrier, P; Vijayaragavan, K, 2004)	0.54
" However, it is not known what plasma levels are obtained when the same dosage is used in children."	( Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine delivered from a transmucosal patch in children. Leopold, A; Moursi, AM; Weaver, JS; Wilson, S, 2002)	0.64
" The clinical implication of this study is that no lidocaine dosage adjustments are necessary if it is used to prepare the airway prior to endoscopic procedures or intubation in patients using itraconazole or other inhibitors of CYP3A4."	( Effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of inhaled lidocaine. Isohanni, MH; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT, 2004)	0.82
"5 mg/kg of the study drug was injected and this dosage was added to the total amount."	( The postoperative analgesic effect of tramadol when used as subcutaneous local anesthetic. Altunkaya, H; Babuccu, O; Demirel, CB; Hosnuter, M; Kargi, E; Ozer, Y; Ozkocak, I, 2004)	0.32
" It seems that the 5 mg dosage works better than the lower one."	( Supplementing epidural lidocaine with midazolam: effect on sensorymotor block level. Islami, M; Sajedi, P, 2004)	0.63
" Plasma concentrations of free (unbound) and total valdecoxib and its active hydroxylated metabolite (SC-66905) were measured following single and multiple dosing (day 1 and day 8)."	( The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of valdecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Britto, MR; Mainka, MB; Parivar, K; Sarapa, N, 2005)	0.33
" The adjustment of valdecoxib dose or dosing regimen does not appear mandatory in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment, although caution is necessary during treatment of these patients with valdecoxib."	( The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of valdecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Britto, MR; Mainka, MB; Parivar, K; Sarapa, N, 2005)	0.33
"Anesthesia has an influence on the disposition of lidocaine in horses, and a change in dosing during anesthesia should be considered."	( Influence of general anesthesia on pharmacokinetics of intravenous lidocaine infusion in horses. Feary, DJ; Mama, KR; Thomasy, S; Wagner, AE, 2005)	0.82
"A dosage of 3 mL of 1% lidocaine was slowly injected into the glans penis of 51 male patients."	( Use of a new local anesthesia--intracorpus spongiosum anesthesia--in procedures on anterior urethra. Hua-Qi, Y; Rong-Gui, Z; Shan-Hong, Y; Xiang-Wei, W; Ye, G, 2005)	0.64
" In groups 6 and 7, additional fentanyl doses were lower than in the other groups, but only in group 7 was the total fentanyl dosage low."	( Effectiveness of eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream and occlusive dressing with low dosage of fentanyl for pain control during shockwave lithotripsy. Basar, H; Basar, MM; Batislam, E; Ozcan, S; Tuglu, D; Yilmaz, E, 2005)	0.33
" The employment of methotrexate attained decrease in the dosage of steroids temporarily."	( [Treatment with nebulized lidocaine in steroid-dependent asthma]. de Paz Arranz, S; Fernández Parra, B; Herrera Mozo, I; Pérez Pimiento, A; Rodríguez Mosquera, M; Santaolalla Montoya, M, )	0.43
" Also there was achieved a parallel analysis of buthylhydroxyanisol, as a preservative, and hydroquinone, as a degradation product of calcium dobesilate, present in these dosage forms."	( Validation of liquid chromatographic method for analysis of lidocaine hydrochloride, dexamethasone acetate, calcium dobesilate, buthylhydroxyanisol and degradation product hydroquinone in suppositories and ointment. Ivanovic, I; Markovic, S; Petrovic, S; Zecevic, M; Zivanovic, Lj, 2005)	0.57
", lidocaine and ketoprofen) from mucoadhesive buccal film dosage forms."	( Effect of low-molecular-weight beta-cyclodextrin polymer on release of drugs from mucoadhesive buccal film dosage forms. Arakawa, Y; Hashida, M; Kawakami, S; Yamashita, F, 2005)	1.05
" The dosage required for peripheral nerve blockade in humans would cause unacceptable cardiovascular side effects."	( Efficacy of lidocaine or bupivacaine combined with ephedrine in rat sciatic nerve block. Gerner, P; Greco, WR; Hung, YC; Kau, YC; Wang, GK; Zizza, AM; Zurakowski, D, )	0.51
" Furthermore, the cardiovascular side effects will limit the maximal tolerable dosage of ephedrine."	( Efficacy of lidocaine or bupivacaine combined with ephedrine in rat sciatic nerve block. Gerner, P; Greco, WR; Hung, YC; Kau, YC; Wang, GK; Zizza, AM; Zurakowski, D, )	0.51
"Availability of pharmacokinetic data for horses with gastrointestinal tract disease will facilitate appropriate clinical dosing of lidocaine."	( Influence of gastrointestinal tract disease on pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after intravenous infusion in anesthetized horses. Enns, RM; Feary, DJ; Mama, KR; Thomasy, SM; Wagner, AE, 2006)	0.77
"To determine the dose-response effect and safety of IV lidocaine at different dose infusion rates on spontaneous ongoing neuropathic pain."	( A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled pilot trial of extended IV lidocaine infusion for relief of ongoing neuropathic pain. Backonja, MM; Hutson, PR; Tremont-Lukats, IW, )	0.61
" Inadequate dosing and later administration of amiodarone in the code were two confounding factors in this study."	( Comparing intravenous amiodarone or lidocaine, or both, outcomes for inpatients with pulseless ventricular arrhythmias. Henderson, SO; Idrees, U; Kane-Gill, SL; Kirisci, L; Ou, NN; Oyen, LJ; Rea, RS; Rudis, MI; Seybert, AL; Stauss, JL, 2006)	0.61
" Dosing and administration of topical agents in the treatment of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis in preschoolers were problematic."	( Management of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis in young children. Faden, H, 2006)	0.33
" The aim of this study was to develop an optimal dosing strategy with minimal risk of cardiac arrhythmias."	( Development of an optimal lidocaine infusion strategy for neonatal seizures. de Vries, LS; Malingré, MM; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van Kesteren, C; Van Rooij, LG; Ververs, TF, 2006)	0.63
" Secondly, we developed the optimal dosing regimen, which was defined as an infusion regimen at which maximal lidocaine plasma concentrations are <9 mg/L."	( Development of an optimal lidocaine infusion strategy for neonatal seizures. de Vries, LS; Malingré, MM; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van Kesteren, C; Van Rooij, LG; Ververs, TF, 2006)	0.85
"A new lidocaine dosing schedule was developed."	( Development of an optimal lidocaine infusion strategy for neonatal seizures. de Vries, LS; Malingré, MM; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van Kesteren, C; Van Rooij, LG; Ververs, TF, 2006)	1.11
" This article will help nurses to understand the use of drugs in cardiac arrest resuscitation, explaining the rationale for their use, the dosage and any significant problems likely to be encountered."	( Understanding the drugs used during cardiac arrest response. Gallimore, D, )	0.13
"To determine the effectiveness and safety, in an emergency medical services setting, of intermittent bolus dosing of lidocaine versus a bolus followed by a drip."	( Intermittent bolus dosing of lidocaine in emergency medical services-an alternative to bolus followed by a drip. Daya, MR; Fujisaki, B; Kim, S; Millin, MG; Schmidt, TA, )	0.63
"Intermittent bolus dosing protocol was associated with an equivalent effectiveness in maintaining rhythms of nonventricular origin without an increase in complications."	( Intermittent bolus dosing of lidocaine in emergency medical services-an alternative to bolus followed by a drip. Daya, MR; Fujisaki, B; Kim, S; Millin, MG; Schmidt, TA, )	0.42
" When dosed appropriately in the clinical setting, one bolus of IV procainamide was safe for the treatment of postoperative ventricular arrhythmias."	( Comparison of acute hemodynamic effects of lidocaine and procainamide for postoperative ventricular arrhythmias in dogs. Chandler, JC; Monnet, E; Staatz, AJ, )	0.39
", group III was treated with CCl4 for 6 weeks and received propranolol x2 at the same dosage as group I, while group VI was treated with CCl4 and the same drug dosage as group II."	( H3 Propranolol serum levels following lidocaine administration in rats with CCL4 induced liver damage. Anagnostopoulou, S; Kotsiou, A; Tesseromatis, C; Tsamouri, M; Tzivras, M; Vairactaris, E, )	0.4
"Develop a dose-response curve for the effect of intranasal lidocaine on food intake."	( Using intranasal lidocaine to reduce food intake. Caruso, MK; Cowley, MA; Cruickshank, S; DeYoung, L; Dumas, K; England, M; Greenway, FL; Gupta, AK; Kamdar, K; Laidlaw, BJ; Martin, CK; Roberts, AT; Rogers, B; Whitehouse, J, 2007)	0.92
" Thus, it is not recommended to increase the lidocaine dosage during ECC."	( Compartmental analysis of lidocaine kinetics during extracorporeal circulation. Feo, L; Mezza, A; Monaco, C; Schiavello, R; Sciarra, M, 1988)	0.83
"In a double-blind, side-by-side, controlled, randomized clinical trial, 29 patients were injected with 100 mouse units of botulinum toxin A (Botox); Allergan Pharmaceuticals Ireland, Westport, Ireland) reconstituted in lidocaine into one axilla and with the same dosage of the toxin, reconstituted in an equal volume of saline, into the other axilla."	( Treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A reconstituted in lidocaine or in normal saline: a randomized, side-by-side, double-blind study. Simonart, T; Vadoud-Seyedi, J, 2007)	0.75
"After a single dose of 125 mg lidocaine the average extent of exposure in terms of the AUC(tau,sd) during a 6 h dosage interval amounted to 397."	( Proof of systemic safety of a lidocaine ointment in the treatment of patients with anorectal pain. Mazur, D; Schlegelmilch, R; Seiler, D; Vens-Cappell, B; Zimmermann, J, 2007)	0.92
" All groups were dosed once weekly, except for the TPA group, which was dosed twice per week."	( 26-Week dermal oncogenicity study evaluating pure trans-capsaicin in Tg.AC hemizygous mice (FBV/N). Babbar, S; Bley, K; Burlew, JA; Chanda, S; Erexson, G; Frost, D, )	0.13
" Both morphine and lidocaine retained topical activity following chronic sciatic nerve injury, but their analgesic dose-response curves were shifted to the right when compared to sham-operated mice."	( Reorganization of dorsal root ganglion neurons following chronic sciatic nerve constriction injury: correlation with morphine and lidocaine analgesia. El-Maarouf Abderrahman, A; El-Maarouf, A; Kolesnikov, Y; Pasternak, G; Rutinhauser, U; Rutishauser, U, 2007)	0.87
" It is proposed that newer agents such as lidocaine could be effective in reducing pain and alleviating the escalating opioid dosage requirements in patients with burn injury."	( Lidocaine for pain relief in burn injured patients. Cleland, H; Wasiak, J, 2007)	2.05
"Both gabapentin and pregabalin are approved for the management of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), although dosing and pharmacokinetic differences between these medications may affect their use in actual practice."	( A retrospective evaluation of the use of gabapentin and pregabalin in patients with postherpetic neuralgia in usual-care settings. Gore, M; Sadosky, A; Stacey, B; Tai, KS, 2007)	0.34
" The protection of mitochondrial functions was almost complete at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/day during normothermic ischemia and 10 microg/ml in the preservation liquid during hypothermic ischemia."	( Protection of cellular and mitochondrial functions against liver ischemia by N-benzyl-N'-(2-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-piperazine (BHDP), a sigma1 ligand. Ferchichi, H; Klouz, A; Kourda, N; Lakhal, M; Morin, D; Ouanes, L; Saïd, DB; Tillement, JP, 2008)	0.35
" The requested frequency and dosage of meperidine, the first spontaneous voiding time, the frequency of single urinary catheterization, and a patient satisfaction score were also obtained."	( Use of a topical anesthetic cream (EMLA) to reduce pain after hemorrhoidectomy. Chen, HS; Hung, KC; Lin, SE; Shiau, JM; Su, HP; Tseng, CC, )	0.13
"The VAS score and frequency and dosage of meperidine injections were significantly lower in the EMLA group than in the control group (P < ."	( Use of a topical anesthetic cream (EMLA) to reduce pain after hemorrhoidectomy. Chen, HS; Hung, KC; Lin, SE; Shiau, JM; Su, HP; Tseng, CC, )	0.13
"Prior to paravertebral dosing there were no differences in terms of the hemodynamic variables studied."	( Comparison of the hemodynamic effects of a single 5 mg/kg dose of lidocaine with or without epinephrine for thoracic paravertebral block. Cirujano, A; Cruz, P; De la Gala, F; Garutti, I; Olmedilla, L; Piñeiro, P, )	0.37
" Although prazosin (10 microg/kg/min) markedly shifted the phenylephrine (alpha(1)-agonist) dose-response curve to the right, it did not have any effect on clofilium-induced prolongation of QTc and MAPD(90) (43 +/- 7 and 53 +/- 9%, respectively) or the occurrence of TdP (seven of eight)."	( Antitorsadogenic effects of ({+/-})-N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-(4[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]-1-piperazine (ranolazine) in anesthetized rabbits. Belardinelli, L; Dhalla, AK; Robertson, C; Wang, WQ, 2008)	0.35
"The purposes of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of epidural lidocaine in geriatric patients, to search for any difference in the PK behavior of epidural lidocaine when dopamine is given concurrently, and to develop a descriptive PK model from which to calculate dosage and infusion regimens of epidural lidocaine to define and achieve desired target goals in either the epidural or the serum compartment."	( A population pharmacokinetic model of epidural lidocaine in geriatric patients: effects of low-dose dopamine. Guilder, MV; Jelliffe, RW; Kwa, A; Sprung, J, 2008)	0.82
" For the treatment of DHS in parkinsonian patients, an increase in the dosage of l-dopa and a decrease in that of the dopamine agonist should be considered."	( Mechanism and treatment of dropped head syndrome associated with parkinsonism. Hattori, N; Hayashi, A; Mizuno, Y; Oyama, G, 2009)	0.35
"The dosage to elicit plantarflexion is similar to the dosage to elicit dorsiflexion in sciatic nerve blockade."	( [Determination of median effective dose of lidocaine to control the onset time of sciatic nerve blockade using up-and-down sequential method]. Chen, LM; Guo, XY; Jin, LL; Xu, XZ, 2008)	0.61
", differences in the type and degree of liver dysfunction of the animals and patients examined, and in the type and dosage of the inducing agent used."	( Enzyme inhibition and induction in liver disease. De Martin, S; Orlando, R; Palatini, P; Pegoraro, P, 2008)	0.35
" Patients' age, type of procedure, pressure of gas insufflated, length of procedure, dosage of oral/parenteral analgesics, and trocar-related complications were evaluated."	( Is local anesthesia or oral analgesics necessary after mini-laparoscopic functional surgery in children and young adults?: A prospective randomized trial. Tsai, YC; Wu, CC; Yang, SS, 2008)	0.35
" Both drugs were tested on C2C12 myoblasts and an analysis was performed using propidium iodide staining followed by an imaging processing routine to obtain quantitative dose-response profiles in the gradient maker."	( A microfluidic gradient maker for toxicity testing of bupivacaine and lidocaine. Ahluwalia, A; Marano, M; Tirella, A; Vozzi, F, 2008)	0.58
" As compared with 4% lidocaine, however, 2% lidocaine requires a smaller dosage and results in lower plasma concentrations."	( Spray-as-you-go airway topical anesthesia in patients with a difficult airway: a randomized, double-blind comparison of 2% and 4% lidocaine. Guo, XL; He, N; Liao, X; Liu, HP; Xu, XZ; Xu, YC; Xue, FS; Yang, QY; Zhang, YM, 2009)	0.88
" All patients took diclofenac in dosage 100 mg per day from the 1st day."	( [The use of lidocaine-coated plates (versatis) in the treatment of back pain]. Levin, OS; Moseĭkin, IA, 2009)	0.73
"5 years) and the dose-response setting, 10 volunteers (mean age 24."	( Mydriasis with different preparations of topically administered lidocaine hydrochloride. Behndig, A; Claesson, M; Johansson, M, 2009)	0.59
"75) times and the mean oral dosage of NSAID was (1267 +/- 325) mg."	( Continuous epidural block of the cervical vertebrae for cervicogenic headache. Guo, YN; He, MW; Liu, JJ; Ni, JX; Wang, Q; Yang, LQ, 2009)	0.35
"5 hours after dosing in both the Korean and Japanese subjects."	( An open-label, single-dose, parallel-group, dose-increasing study comparing the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of pilsicainide hydrochloride in healthy Korean and Japanese male subjects. Hong, JH; Jang, IJ; Kim, BH; Kim, JR; Kim, JW; Kim, KP; Lim, KS; Shin, SG; Tanaka, T; Yu, KS, 2009)	0.35
" In contrast, when doses along the ascending limb were available for self-administration, lidocaine inactivation of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex caused reductions in responding and cocaine intake, resulting in overall flattening of dose-response curves."	( Role of the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal striatum in regulating the dose-related effects of self-administered cocaine. Goodrich, CM; Janes, AC; Kantak, KM; Mashhoon, Y; Silverman, DN, 2009)	0.57
" Upon success, this type of dosage form may open up new avenues towards dentistry."	( Development of Denticap, a matrix based sustained release formulation for treatment of toothache, dental infection and other gum problem. Ghosh, S; Mukherjee, B; Roy, G, 2009)	0.35
" A step-up/step-down study model was used with nonprobability sequential dosing based on the outcome of the previous patient."	( An estimation of the minimum effective anesthetic volume of 2% lidocaine in ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block. Iohom, G; O'Donnell, BD, 2009)	0.59
" Findings attributable to Proliferol after 24 hours included dose-response elevations in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase, which returned to normal after 14 days."	( Acute toxicity evaluation of proliferol: a dose-escalating, placebo-controlled study in swine. Dagenais, S; Green, R; Hite, M; Mayer, J; Wooley, J, )	0.13
" Local administration of lidocaine was shown to ablate all stimulation-induced fMRI signals by the total blockage of peripheral nerve transmission, while the analgesic effect of systemically administered lidocaine was robustly detected after intravenous infusion of approximately 3mg/kg, which is similar to clinical dosage for human."	( fMRI investigation of the effect of local and systemic lidocaine on noxious electrical stimulation-induced activation in spinal cord. Abbadie, C; Cook, JJ; Hargreaves, R; Meng, X; Reicin, AS; Ritter, A; Welsh, DC; Williams, DS; Williams, M; Zhao, F, 2009)	0.9
"A patient developed anaphylactic shock after a heparin dosage during an operation to make inner shunt for chronic renal failure of Alport syndrome."	( [Case of anosmia which appeared after anaphylactic shock due to intravenous heparin]. Ishikawa, S; Kobinata, H; Makita, K; Nakazawa, K; Uchida, T; Yamamoto, M, 2009)	0.35
"An intravenous bolus injection and subsequent continuous infusion of NIF at a relatively low dosage were effective in treating severe ventricular tachyarrhythmias complicating ACS, reducing the potential risk of proarrhythmia."	( Effects of intravenous nifekalant as a lifesaving drug for severe ventricular tachyarrhythmias complicating acute coronary syndrome. Abe, A; Ikeda, T; Ishiguro, H; Mera, H; Miwa, Y; Miyakoshi, M; Shimizu, H; Tsukada, T; Yoshino, H; Yusu, S, 2009)	0.35
"7-2 mg/kg) were as low as 7-20-fold less than the experimental intravenous dosage (14."	( Accidental induced seizures in three cynomologus macaques following administration of ceftriaxone dissolved in 1% lidocaine diluent. Dror, M, 2010)	0.57
" Use of a forearm tourniquet allows the dosage of local anesthetic to be decreased to almost half of what is required with an upper arm tourniquet, and the incidence of tourniquet pain has been reported to be less with forearm tourniquet."	( Forearm IVRA, using 0.5% lidocaine in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg with ketorolac 0.15 mg/kg for hand and wrist surgeries. Bhadoria, P; Bhagwat, A; Kohli, A; Singh, R, 2010)	0.66
" Main outcomes recorded were dosage of lidocaine administered and amount of conscious sedation (midazolam and fentanyl) administered for pain management."	( A review of physician anaesthesia prescribing practices in an abortion clinic in British Columbia. Fitzsimmons, BP; Hodgson, ZG; MacKay-Dunn, MH; Mo, D, 2010)	0.63
" Further studies on the optimal regimen and dosing of anesthesia are required."	( A randomized trial of topical anesthesia comparing lidocaine versus lidocaine plus xylometazoline for unsedated transnasal upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Bailey, R; Cheung, J; Fedorak, R; Goodman, K; Guzowski, T; Millan, M; Morse, J; van Zanten, SV, 2010)	0.61
"Although there appears to be more evidence for the use of lidocaine than phenytoin as adjunctive treatment for TCA-associated cardiotoxicity, specific clinical indications and dosing recommendations remain to be defined."	( What is the role of lidocaine or phenytoin in tricyclic antidepressant-induced cardiotoxicity? Benowitz, N; Foianini, A; Joseph Wiegand, T, 2010)	0.93
"Taken together, the MTG-containing ZnO can be a more effective and convenient delivery system for the treatment of hemorrhoid with a reduced dosage interval."	( Effect of zinc oxide on the rheological and mucoadhesive properties of poloxamer 407-based mucoadhesive thermosensitive gel. Choi, HG; Kim, CK; Kim, HT; Kim, ST; Park, JS; Park, TH, 2010)	0.36
"To compare a surgically adjusted dose of strabismus surgery using topical anesthesia in cooperative patients with dosage guidelines adapted to the surgeon's personal technique using sub-Tenon's anesthesia."	( Surgery for esotropia under topical anesthesia. Ogallar, C; Rodríguez, JM; Tejedor, J, 2010)	0.36
" Hydrogen peroxide was tested on human endothelial cells, while lidocaine was tested on C2C12 myoblasts and an analysis was performed using propidium iodide staining followed by an imaging processing routine to obtain quantitative dose-response profiles in the gradient maker."	( Finite element modelling and design of a concentration gradient generating bioreactor: application to biological pattern formation and toxicology. Ahluwalia, A; Mazzei, D; Tirella, A; Vozzi, F; Vozzi, G, 2010)	0.6
" These findings may have implications for dosing of local anesthetics in diabetic patients undergoing regional analgesia with nerve blocks."	( Local anesthetic sciatic nerve block and nerve fiber damage in diabetic rats. Buvanendran, A; Kerns, JM; Kroin, JS; Moric, M; Tuman, KJ; Wagenaar, B; Williams, DK, )	0.13
" Dosing regimens, volumes of injection, and injection schedules varied greatly."	( Patterns of use of peripheral nerve blocks and trigger point injections among headache practitioners in the USA: Results of the American Headache Society Interventional Procedure Survey (AHS-IPS). Ashkenazi, A; Blumenfeld, A; DePalma, T; Grosberg, B; Lipton, RB; Napchan, U; Narouze, S; Nett, B; Rosenthal, B; Tepper, S, 2010)	0.36
" Two dose-response studies were then performed with and without surgical stimulation."	( Intravenous lidocaine infusion reduces bispectral index-guided requirements of propofol only during surgical stimulation. Bonhomme, V; Hans, GA; Hans, PC; Joris, JL; Kaba, A; Lamy, ML; Lauwick, SM; Struys, MM, 2010)	0.74
" The validated HPLC method was successfully extended to the analysis of the combined topical dosage form (soluble dressing) where no interfering peaks were encountered from the dosage form matrix or the inactive ingredients."	( HPLC-DAD stability indicating determination of nitrofurazone and lidocaine hydrochloride in their combined topical dosage form. Belal, TS; Shaalan, RA, 2010)	0.6
" The most commonly used quinine dosage was 300 mg/day (range 200 to 500 mg)."	( Quinine for muscle cramps. Al Musa, T; El-Tawil, S; El-Tawil, T; Lunn, MP; Valli, H; Weber, M, 2010)	0.36
" Lidocaine dosage averaged 10."	( Water-assisted liposuction for body contouring and lipoharvesting: safety and efficacy in 41 consecutive patients. Sasaki, GH, 2011)	1.28
"Despite the findings of a previous cohort study favouring the use of lidocaine, this study demonstrated that lidocaine at this dosage and means of administration showed a lack of efficacy for treating scleroderma despite the absence of significant adverse effects."	( Lidocaine for systemic sclerosis: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Andrade, LE; Kayser, C; Riera, R; Souza, AW; Trevisani, VF; Yanagita, ET, 2011)	2.05
" Analysis of the complete dose-response relationship yielded a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 11."	( Inhibition of acid sensing ion channel currents by lidocaine in cultured mouse cortical neurons. Chu, X; Cottrell, JE; Li, M; Lin, J; Maysami, S; Si, H; Simon, RP; Xiong, Z, 2011)	0.62
" In the presence of higher lidocaine doses, nicotinic receptors were blocked both at positive and negative potentials, acetylcholine dose-response curve shifted to the right and lidocaine pre-application, before its co-application with acetylcholine, enhanced the current inhibition, indicating all together that lidocaine also blocked resting receptors; besides, it increased the current decay rate."	( Multiple inhibitory actions of lidocaine on Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptors transplanted to Xenopus oocytes. Alberola-Die, A; González-Ros, JM; Ivorra, I; Martinez-Pinna, J; Morales, A, 2011)	0.95
"The popularity of large-volume liposuction and the toxicity of lidocaine have led to a reduction of lidocaine dosage in tumescent liposuction."	( Tumescent liposuction: partitioning of lidocaine at a lower dose (252 mg/l). Cao, W; Wang, G, 2011)	0.88
" Lidocaine infusions should be dosed by body weight and decreased after 24 hours to avoid potential toxicity in long-term infusions."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lidocaine administered during and after cardiac surgery. Hsu, YW; Mathew, JP; Newman, MF; Somma, J, 2011)	1.57
" In a previous study, a dosing regimen was developed for term neonates, but it was not evaluated for preterm neonates."	( Lidocaine (lignocaine) dosing regimen based upon a population pharmacokinetic model for preterm and term neonates with seizures. de Vries, LS; Egberts, TC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Hasselt, JG, 2011)	1.81
"The requirements for this dosing regimen were simplicity of implementation, equal initial doses for all weight categories and avoidance of plasma concentrations >9 mg/L."	( Lidocaine (lignocaine) dosing regimen based upon a population pharmacokinetic model for preterm and term neonates with seizures. de Vries, LS; Egberts, TC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Hasselt, JG, 2011)	1.81
" Based on this pharmacokinetic model, a dosing strategy for lidocaine for neonatal seizure control was developed, which allows rapid and safe administration of lidocaine in this population."	( Lidocaine (lignocaine) dosing regimen based upon a population pharmacokinetic model for preterm and term neonates with seizures. de Vries, LS; Egberts, TC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Hasselt, JG, 2011)	2.05
"A lidocaine dosing regimen for seizure control in preterm and term neonates has been developed using population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation."	( Lidocaine (lignocaine) dosing regimen based upon a population pharmacokinetic model for preterm and term neonates with seizures. de Vries, LS; Egberts, TC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Hasselt, JG, 2011)	2.53
"The comparator could be placebo, nitroglycerin ointment, or lateral internal sphincterotomy, with dosage ranging from 20 IU to 50 IU of botulinum toxin."	( Botulinum toxin and anal fissure: efficacy and safety systematic review. Yiannakopoulou, E, 2012)	0.38
" In one patient, severe hypoglycemia limited dosing to 500 mg daily, but this was sufficient for VT control."	( Ranolazine reduces ventricular tachycardia burden and ICD shocks in patients with drug-refractory ICD shocks. Anderson, JL; Bair, TL; Bunch, TJ; Crandall, BG; Day, JD; Lappe, DL; Mader, KM; Mahapatra, S; May, HT; Molden, J; Muhlestein, JB; Murdock, D; Osborn, JS; Weiss, JP, 2011)	0.37
" After rats were injected intrathecally with diphenhydramine and pheniramine, the dose-response curves were obtained."	( Spinal anesthesia with diphenhydramine and pheniramine in rats. Chen, YC; Chen, YW; Chu, CC; Hung, CH; Li, ZY; Wang, JJ, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral ketamine on the dosage of local anesthetics required and postoperative pain management for irreversibly inflamed mandibular molars."	( The effect of orally administered ketamine on requirement for anesthetics and postoperative pain in mandibular molar teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Ebtehaj, I; Kaviani, N; Khademi, A; Mohammadi, Z, 2011)	0.37
"To evaluate the effectiveness and determine the minimal dosage of intraperitoneal lidocaine for pain relief during postpartum tubal resection in Srinagarind Hospital."	( Intraperitoneal lidocaine for decreasing intra-operative pain during postpartum tubal resection in Srinagarind Hospital. Prasit, M; Rattanalappaiboon, D; Tharnprisan, P; Werawatakul, Y, 2012)	0.95
" It is proposed that newer agents such as lidocaine could be effective in reducing pain and alleviating the escalating opioid dosage requirements in patients with burn injury."	( Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of background or procedural burn pain. Cleland, H; Danilla, S; Mahar, P; McGuinness, SK; Spinks, A; Wasiak, J, 2012)	1.02
" The potencies and equipotent doses were determined for infiltrative cutaneous analgesia on the rat back by determination of dose-response curves for propranolol and lidocaine."	( Propranolol elicits cutaneous analgesia against skin nociceptive stimuli in rats. Chen, YC; Chen, YW; Chu, CC; Hung, CH; Wang, JJ, 2012)	0.57
" The usage of conscious sedation, dosage of lidocaine/pethidin was similar between groups."	( Comparison of a powered bone marrow biopsy device with a manual system: results of a prospective randomised controlled trial. Bucher, CM; Dirnhofer, S; Lehmann, T; Passweg, J; Rovó, A; Tichelli, A; Tzankov, A, 2013)	0.65
" In this article, patient selection, lidocaine dosing and safety, and patient monitoring are reviewed."	( Anesthesia for office procedures. Simpson, CB; Wang, SX, 2013)	0.66
" Patients continued prescribed analgesic dosing regimens."	( Effectiveness of a heated lidocaine/tetracaine topical patch for pain associated with myofascial trigger points: results of an open-label pilot study. Busch, M; Marriott, T; Rauck, R, 2013)	0.69
" Hypothermia may affect the efficacy, safety and dosing of lidocaine in these patients."	( Anticonvulsant treatment of asphyxiated newborns under hypothermia with lidocaine: efficacy, safety and dosing. de Vries, LS; Egberts, AC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Straaten, HL, 2013)	0.87
"To study the efficacy and safety of lidocaine in newborns with perinatal asphyxia during moderate hypothermia, and to develop an effective and safe dosing regimen."	( Anticonvulsant treatment of asphyxiated newborns under hypothermia with lidocaine: efficacy, safety and dosing. de Vries, LS; Egberts, AC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Straaten, HL, 2013)	0.9
" An optimal dosing regimen was developed with simulations using data from a pharmacokinetic model."	( Anticonvulsant treatment of asphyxiated newborns under hypothermia with lidocaine: efficacy, safety and dosing. de Vries, LS; Egberts, AC; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, AD; Rademaker, CM; Toet, MC; van den Broek, MP; van Straaten, HL, 2013)	0.62
" The dosage of lidocaine needed to provide analgesia using the forearm Bier block is significantly reduced, thereby minimizing the potential for these complications."	( Forearm Bier block: a new regional anesthetic technique for upper extremity surgery. Arslanian, B; Kim, DC; Kramer, T; Mehrzad, R, 2014)	0.76
" (4) Cutaneous sensory blockade does not appear to alter nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, adrenergic vasoconstriction, or cholinergic eccrine sweating dose-response sensitivity or responsiveness to maximal dose."	( Topical anaesthesia does not affect cutaneous vasomotor or sudomotor responses in human skin. Metzler-Wilson, K; Wilson, TE, 2013)	0.39
" We collected data regarding the indication for the termination procedure, gestational age, site of lidocaine injection, dosage of lidocaine, need for additional to produce asystole, and maternal complications."	( Effectiveness and safety of lidocaine in the induction of fetal cardiac asystole for second trimester pregnany termination. de la Vega, A; López-Cepero, R; Lynch, L, 2013)	0.9
" Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of dosage and timing of lidocaine on hemodynamic changes."	( Efficacy of intravenous lidocaine versus placebo on attenuating cardiovascular response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Du, BX; Qi, DY; Shi, XY; Wang, K; Wang, L; Xu, FY; Zhang, H; Zou, Z, 2013)	0.93
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes depend on the nature and degree of hepatic impairment and on the characteristics of the dosed drug."	( [Effect of liver cirrhosis on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs]. Perlík, F, 2013)	0.39
" There are often patients who desire extensive liposuction on approximately 30% of total body surface area, which means the lidocaine total dose might be over the dosing recommendation."	( Safe extensive tumescent liposuction with segmental infiltration of lower concentration lidocaine under monitored anesthesia care. Cao, WG; Jiang, ZH; Li, SL; Liu, LN; Wang, G, 2015)	0.85
" The proposed methods were checked using laboratory-prepared mixtures and were successfully applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulation containing the cited drugs with no interference from other dosage form additives."	( Successive spectrophotometric resolution as a novel technique for the analysis of ternary mixtures of pharmaceuticals. Fahmy, NM; Lotfy, HM; Shehata, MA; Tawakkol, SM, 2014)	0.4
"To evaluate the effect and safety of propofol target controlled infusion (TCI) with a small dosage of fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of the third impacted molar tooth."	( [Evaluation of propofol target controlled infusion with fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of impacted wisdom tooth]. Guan, M; Liu, Y; Wang, EB; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
"Propofol TCI with a small dosage of fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of impacted wisdom tooth is effective and safe."	( [Evaluation of propofol target controlled infusion with fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of impacted wisdom tooth]. Guan, M; Liu, Y; Wang, EB; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
" No significant difference was observed in the proportion of women requesting analgesia and in the total dosage of analgesics between the two groups."	( Effect of local infiltration analgesia on post-operative pain following TVT-O: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study. Di Carlo, C; Fabozzi, A; Formisano, C; Nappi, C; Tommaselli, GA, 2014)	0.4
" In literature, there is no research investigating the effect of lidocaine infusion on remifentanil and anesthetic dosage used in hypotensive anesthesia."	( Impact of perioperative lidocaine infusion and bis monitorization on remifentanil dosage in hypotensive anesthesia. Aypar, U; Erden, A; Uzun, S; Yuce, Y, 2014)	0.95
"kg(-1) bolus dosage given in 10 minutes."	( Impact of perioperative lidocaine infusion and bis monitorization on remifentanil dosage in hypotensive anesthesia. Aypar, U; Erden, A; Uzun, S; Yuce, Y, 2014)	0.71
" The best dosage of this drug for postoperative analgesia remains to be elucidated."	( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
" The optimized microemulsion systems in gel dosage forms revealed the better permeability over commercial cream (CC) through abdominal rat skin."	( Phospholipid microemulsion-based hydrogel for enhanced topical delivery of lidocaine and prilocaine: QbD-based development and evaluation. Beg, S; Katare, OP; Negi, P; Raza, K; Sharma, G; Singh, B, 2016)	0.66
" Lidocaine dose-response (with or without epinephrine) on cultured ASCs was examined."	( Lidocaine-induced ASC apoptosis (tumescent vs. local anesthesia). Baynosa, RC; Fang, XH; Khiabani, KT; Stephenson, LL; Wang, WZ; Williams, SJ; Zamboni, WA, 2014)	2.76
" However, before these agents are recommended for general use, large multicenter trials should be done exploring not only efficacy but also dose-response relationships and side effects."	( Novel preoperative pharmacologic methods of preventing postoperative sore throat due to tracheal intubation. Austin, PN; Kalil, DM; Silvestro, LS, 2014)	0.4
" All 12 clinical trials evaluating the safety of EMLA in either the pediatric or adult population generally followed dosing and administration guidelines set by the manufacturer and reported clinically insignificant plasma levels of methemoglobin, lidocaine, prilocaine, and their respective metabolites."	( Risk of systemic toxicity with topical lidocaine/prilocaine: a review. Koo, JY; Tran, AN, 2014)	0.85
" It has been proposed that newer agents such as lidocaine could be effective in reducing pain and alleviating the escalating opioid dosage requirements in people with burn injury."	( Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of background or procedural burn pain. Cleland, H; Danilla, S; Mahar, PD; McGuinness, SK; Spinks, A; Tan, HB; Wasiak, J, 2014)	1.04
"2%; n=22) reported using bupivacaine in their wetting solutions (bupivacaine group) and provided a dosage range of 62."	( Local anesthetic use in tumescent liposuction: an American Society of Plastic Surgeons survey. Daniali, LN; Hsia, HC; Lee, ES; Paik, AM, 2015)	0.42
" In adults, pre-TEE lidocaine anesthesia with recommended dosage results in significant increase in methemoglobin blood level, which however does not exceed normal values and does not result in clinically evident methemoglobinemia."	( The influence of lidocaine topical anesthesia during transesophageal echocardiography on blood methemoglobin level and risk of methemoglobinemia. Filipiak-Strzecka, D; Kasprzak, JD; Lipiec, P; Walusiak-Skorupa, J; Wiszniewska, M, 2015)	1.08
" Group C received the same dosage of saline at the same time."	( Intravenous lidocaine for effective pain relief after a laparoscopic colectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ahn, E; Choi, GJ; Choi, SW; Kang, H; Kim, BG; Park, YH; Yang, SY, 2015)	0.8
" The size of PPCs, their frequency and their rate of propagation were not affected by intra-arterial dosage with tetrodotoxin or lidocaine."	( Characterisation of the contractile dynamics of the resting ex vivo urinary bladder of the pig. Chambers, JP; Hulls, CM; Janssen, PW; King, QM; Lentle, RG; Reynolds, GW, 2015)	0.62
" The most commonly used quinine dosage was 300 mg/day (range 200 to 500 mg)."	( Quinine for muscle cramps. Al Musa, T; Brassington, R; El-Tawil, S; El-Tawil, T; Lunn, MP; Valli, H; Weber, M, 2015)	0.42
"There is no evidence to judge optimal dosage or duration of quinine treatment."	( Quinine for muscle cramps. Al Musa, T; Brassington, R; El-Tawil, S; El-Tawil, T; Lunn, MP; Valli, H; Weber, M, 2015)	0.42
" Ongoing safety evaluation and research is warranted since this is the first known report in the literature describing implementation of a weight-based dosing SOP."	( Pain management prior to nasogastric tube placement: atomized lidocaine. Bruene, D; Farrington, M; Wagner, M, 2015)	0.66
" The potential efficacy of these MN for paediatric dosing was investigated via in vitro and in vivo studies."	( Potential of hydrogel-forming and dissolving microneedles for use in paediatric populations. Caffarel-Salvador, E; Donnelly, RF; McCarthy, HO; McElnay, JC; Mooney, K; Tuan-Mahmood, TM; Woolfson, AD, 2015)	0.42
" Compared with intravenous injection, another method for rAAV delivery to the broad central nervous system (CNS), the intrathecal injection reduced the dosage of rAAV required to achieve similar or higher levels of transgene expression in the CNS by ~100-fold."	( A Single Injection of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus into the Lumbar Cistern Delivers Transgene Expression Throughout the Whole Spinal Cord. Gao, G; Guo, Y; Qiao, T; Su, Q; Wang, D; Xu, Z; Yang, C, 2016)	0.43
" Generic drugs for topical use, in the case of sheet-like products, are required to be the same as the original drug in terms of application area and dosage form."	( [Effect of Adhesives on the Properties of Adhesion, Drug Release and Skin Permeation of Lidocaine Tapes]. Hosoya, O; Ishihara, T; Juni, K; Mikami, M; Sugino, M, 2015)	0.64
" After intrathecally injecting the rats with five doses of each drug, the dose-response curves of memantine and lidocaine were constructed."	( Memantine elicits spinal blockades of motor function, proprioception, and nociception in rats. Chen, YW; Chiu, CC; Hung, CH; Liu, KS; Wang, JJ, 2015)	0.63
" The dose regimen of lidocaine varied, with some using bolus dosing alone; others used a combination of bolus and infusion therapy."	( Lidocaine for Status Epilepticus in Pediatrics. Gillman, LM; Kazina, CJ; Teitelbaum, J; West, M; Zeiler, FA; Zeiler, KJ, 2015)	2.18
" Therapy with these agents is often complicated because of the presence of significant associated adverse effects, clinician unfamiliarity, variable dosing strategies, and the potential for drug-drug interactions."	( Continuous intravenous antiarrhythmic agents in the intensive care unit: strategies for safe and effective use of amiodarone, lidocaine, and procainamide. Mohrien, KM; Oliphant, CS; Samarin, MJ, )	0.34
" The dose regimen of lidocaine varied, with some utilizing bolus dosing alone; others utilizing a combination of bolus and infusion therapy."	( Lidocaine for status epilepticus in adults. Gillman, LM; Kazina, CJ; Teitelbaum, J; West, M; Zeiler, FA; Zeiler, KJ, 2015)	2.18
" Knowledge of proper lidocaine dosage can prevent LAST."	( Lidocaine-Induced Cardiac Arrest in the Emergency Department: Effectiveness of Lipid Therapy. Murano, T; Natal, B; Tierney, KJ, 2016)	2.2
" Although tumescent lidocaine anesthesia is used for an increasing variety of surgical procedures, the maximum safe dosage is unknown."	( Estimated Maximal Safe Dosages of Tumescent Lidocaine. Jeske, DR; Klein, JA, 2016)	1.02
"The measured data and simulations for pharmacologically unstimulated contraction resembled findings in native human heart tissue, while the pharmacological dose-response curves were highly accurate and consistent with reference data."	( Mechano-Pharmacological Characterization of Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Artmann, AT; Artmann, GM; Bayer, R; Epple, M; Frotscher, R; Goßmann, M; Linder, P; Neumann, S; Staat, M, 2016)	0.43
" The peak plasma concentration as observed with the standard institutional dosing of tumescent lidocaine appeared below the threshold for human toxicity."	( Tumescent technique without epinephrine for endovenous laser therapy and serum lidocaine concentration. Bailey, MM; Hudson, AJ; Lenart, MJ; Szpisjak, DF; Whittaker, DR, 2015)	0.86
" Overall, at the dosing regimen studied, the effect of carprofen on sensitivity and stress following cautery dehorning was minimal."	( Impact of carprofen administration on stress and nociception responses of calves to cautery dehorning. Barth, LA; Coetzee, JF; Gehring, R; Hsu, WH; Labeur, L; Millman, ST; Stock, ML; Van Engen, NK; Voris, EA; Wang, C; Wulf, LW, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, different types of polymeric matrices were examined, as well as their crosslinking and the presence for the active pharmaceutical ingredient were compared to the pure dosage form."	( A NEW APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF MUCOADHESIVENESS OF POLYMERIC MEMBRANES USING SILICONE DISCS. Bodek, KH; Fiedor, P; Nowak, KM; Szterk, A, )	0.13
" Solid dosage forms that act by slow dissolution, such as pastilles, are an effective alternative to mouthwashes, for their versatility, ease of administration and extended residence time in the oral cavity."	( Nystatin and lidocaine pastilles for the local treatment of oral mucositis. Almeida, AJ; Machado, P; Marto, JM; Salgado, A; Silva, AN; Silva, FC, 2017)	0.82
" Other variables included the presence of IVLI-related adverse events and the dosage and duration of IVLI."	( Continuous Lidocaine Infusion as Adjunctive Analgesia in Intensive Care Unit Patients. Antigua, AD; Ebied, AM; Karras, GE; Mo, Y; Thomas, MC, 2017)	0.84
"Carbamazepine dosage gradually tapered until stop and epileptic pain attacks become less and less, eventually disappear."	( A case report of stellate ganglion block in the treatment of epileptic pain. Wang, S; Zhu, Y, 2017)	0.46
"Printing technology has been shown to enable flexible fabrication of solid dosage forms for personalized drug therapy."	( Development of Oromucosal Dosage Forms by Combining Electrospinning and Inkjet Printing. Heinämäki, J; Kogermann, K; Laidmäe, I; Meos, A; Palo, M; Preis, M; Sandler, N, 2017)	0.46
"Heat pain thresholds and pain ratings to supra-threshold heat stimulation did not differ between EM-patients (n = 27) and controls (n = 25), neither did the dose-response curves for lidocaine."	( Pain thresholds, supra-threshold pain and lidocaine sensitivity in patients with erythromelalgia, including the I848Tmutation in Na Helås, T; Jönsson, B; Jørum, E; Kleggetveit, IP; Quiding, H; Sagafos, D; Salter, H; Schmelz, M; Segerdahl, M; Zhang, Z, 2017)	0.91
" Utilizing a 90-day BUD, lidocaine can be packaged separately from other magic mouthwash ingredients in individual dosage units and applied to the oral cavity using the swish-and-spit method."	( Beyond-use dating of lidocaine alone and in two "magic mouthwash" preparations. Brown, SD; Huffman, J; Kirk, LM; Lewis, PO; Luu, Y; Ogle, A, 2017)	1.08
"A dosage of 40 mg lidocaine is an appropriate dosage to alleviate propofol injection pain within the same vein."	( Intravenous Lidocaine Alleviates the Pain of Propofol Injection by Local Anesthetic and Central Analgesic Effects. Cai, J; Hei, Z; Liang, L; Luo, C; Xing, J; Zhou, S, 2018)	1.19
" Measurements included intraoperative blood pressure, heart rate, and the volume of intravenous fluids and dosage of vasoactive medications administered."	( The effects of intravenous lignocaine on depth of anaesthesia and intraoperative haemodynamics during open radical prostatectomy. Hu, R; Jang, J; McNicol, L; Rachbuch, C; Tan, C; Weinberg, L, 2017)	0.46
"Two sensitive, accurate, and precise spectrophotometric methods have been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of ofloxacin (OFX), clotrimazole (CLZ), and lignocaine hydrochloride (LGN) in their combined dosage form (ear drops) without prior separation."	( Simultaneous Estimation of Ofloxacin, Clotrimazole, and Lignocaine Hydrochloride in Their Combined Ear-Drop Formulation by Two Spectrophotometric Methods. Bodiwala, K; Kalyankar, G; Marolia, B; Patel, Y; Prajapati, P; Shah, S, 2017)	0.46
" Additional study is important in order to delineate patient selection, determine optimal dosing and treatment frequency, assess pain reduction and duration, and treatment cost-effectiveness."	( Tertiary Care Clinical Experience with Intravenous Lidocaine Infusions for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Bokat, CE; Brogan, S; Donaldson, GW; Hagn, EE; Hare, BD; Iacob, E; Junkins, SR; Kennington, KS; Okifuji, A; Sindt, J; Tadler, SC, 2018)	0.73
" Local anesthetics have been commonly used in interventional procedures for alleviating pain, but local anesthetics may have negative impact on MSC dosing because of cytotoxicity or other biological effects."	( Cytotoxicity of Local Anesthetics in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Erwin, PJ; Nie, H; Qu, W; Smith, J; van Wijnen, AJ; Wang, Z; Wu, T, 2018)	0.48
"Objective To investigate whether continuous intravenous intraoperative lidocaine infusion can reduce the opioids dosage and improve postoperative recovery in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic(VATS) lobectomy."	( [Effects of Continuous Intravenous Intraoperative Lidocaine Infusion on Opioids Consumption and Postoperative Recovery in Patients Undergoing Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Lobectomy]. Huang, YG; Liu, ZJ; Shen, L; Song, KC; Yi, J; Zhang, LY; Zheng, XG, 2018)	0.97
" The methods allowed local measurement of lidocaine in stratum corneum, punch biopsies, and plasma and of 2,6-DMA in plasma and biopsies obtained from minipigs dosed with experimental transdermal formulations."	( Measurement of lidocaine and 2,6-dimethylaniline in minipig plasma, skin, and dermal tapes using UHPLC with electrospray MS/MS. Bakhtiar, R; Engel, BJ; Green, C; King, B; Li, Q; Magers, T; Shoup, R, 2018)	1.1
" The validated method therefore can be adapted for quality control procedures of the drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and their stability studies."	( Simultaneous Determination of Dexpanthenol, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Mepyramine Maleate and their Related Substances by a RP-HPLC Method in Topical Dosage Forms. Capan, Y; Doganay, A; Gundogdu, SO; Koksel, B, 2018)	0.74
" Studies conducted in patients with acute primary headache were included if lidocaine was compared with placebo or alternative treatments, lidocaine dosing was specified, and patients' pain before and after treatment were clearly reported."	( Intranasal Lidocaine for Acute Management of Primary Headaches: A Systematic Review. Dagenais, R; Zed, PJ, 2018)	1.1
" Lidocaine was associated with a lower incidence of cough compared to placebo in adults and children, irrespective of dosage and cough etiology."	( Intravenous Lidocaine for the Prevention of Cough: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clivio, S; Putzu, A; Tramèr, MR, 2019)	1.8
" The dosing of IV lidocaine varied among studies between a weight-based dose of a 1- to 2-mg/kg bolus, a fixed-bolus dose of 50-100 mg, and a 1-mg/kg/hour continuous infusion."	( Intravenous Lidocaine for Acute Pain: A Systematic Review. Barbas, B; Liang, E; Long, C; Masic, D; Rech, MA; Sterk, EJ, 2018)	1.19
"0001) whereas no differences in the dosage of sedative drugs were observed between the two groups (all p > 0."	( Nebulization versus standard application for topical anaesthesia during flexible bronchoscopy under moderate sedation - a randomized controlled trial. Cornelissen, C; Dreher, M; Müller, T, 2018)	0.48
" Comparative examinations of three selected anesthetics (clove oil, lidocaine, and MS-222) with a dosage regime of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L indicated that MS-222 was the most efficient agent for Siberian sturgeon prolarvae, as evidenced by the fast induction of anesthesia with quick and uniform recovery."	( Anesthetic protocol for microinjection-related handling of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii; Acipenseriformes) prolarvae. Kim, EJ; Nam, YK, 2018)	0.72
" This study investigated the feasibility of using microemulsions for transdermal delivery of a high dosage of lidocaine (10%)."	( Design and Development of Lidocaine Microemulsions for Transdermal Delivery. Hao, J; Song, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Y, 2019)	1.03
" These results provide approaches to apply longer acting LA with a higher analgesic potency in an appropriate dosage and with an appropriate method of application."	( [Pain and distress response of suckling piglets to injection and castration under local anaesthesia with procaine and licocaine - Part 2: Defence behaviour, catecholamines, coordination of movements]. Harlizius, J; Hofmann, K; Numberger, J; Otten, W; Rauh, A; Ritzmann, M; Scholz, T; Schulze-Horsel, T; Weiß, C; Zöls, S, 2019)	0.51
"Study selection All included studies were randomised controlled trials comparing different agents, different dosage or different concentration of local anaesthetics in clinical procedures or simulated scenarios using parallel or cross-over design with no language or year of publication restrictions."	( Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia. Spivakovsky, S, 2019)	0.51
"78%, and from combined dosage lignocaine was at 96."	( Comparative evaluation of a local anesthetic effect between lignocaine and lignocaine administered with epinephrine in healthy children. Qiu, J; Zhou, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patients' demographic data, lidocaine dosing and infusion rate, daily opioid intake, adjuvant medication use, and medication allergies and intolerances."	( Intravenous Lidocaine for Relief of Chronic Neuropathic Pain. Albala, MZ; Hudson, A; Lancaster, RJ; Leavitt, K; Margelosky, K; Walesh, M; Wren, K, 2019)	1.12
" Previous studies have reported on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in preterm and term neonates and proposed a dosing regimen for effective and safe lidocaine use."	( Lidocaine as treatment for neonatal seizures: Evaluation of previously developed population pharmacokinetic models and dosing regimen. de Haan, TR; Egberts, TCG; Favié, LMA; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, ADR; Nuytemans, DHGM; Rademaker, CMA; Rijken, M; Simons, SHP; van den Broek, MPH; van Straaten, HLM, 2020)	2.24
" Simulations were performed to evaluate the proposed dosing regimen."	( Lidocaine as treatment for neonatal seizures: Evaluation of previously developed population pharmacokinetic models and dosing regimen. de Haan, TR; Egberts, TCG; Favié, LMA; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, ADR; Nuytemans, DHGM; Rademaker, CMA; Rijken, M; Simons, SHP; van den Broek, MPH; van Straaten, HLM, 2020)	2
" Simulations demonstrated that the proposed dosing regimen leads to adequate average lidocaine plasma concentrations."	( Lidocaine as treatment for neonatal seizures: Evaluation of previously developed population pharmacokinetic models and dosing regimen. de Haan, TR; Egberts, TCG; Favié, LMA; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, ADR; Nuytemans, DHGM; Rademaker, CMA; Rijken, M; Simons, SHP; van den Broek, MPH; van Straaten, HLM, 2020)	2.22
" With the proposed dosing regimen, lidocaine can provide effective and safe treatment for neonatal seizures."	( Lidocaine as treatment for neonatal seizures: Evaluation of previously developed population pharmacokinetic models and dosing regimen. de Haan, TR; Egberts, TCG; Favié, LMA; Groenendaal, F; Huitema, ADR; Nuytemans, DHGM; Rademaker, CMA; Rijken, M; Simons, SHP; van den Broek, MPH; van Straaten, HLM, 2020)	2.28
" However, the short duration of action (< 2 h) of marketed dosage forms limit their ability to meet clinical needs."	( Lidocaine tripotassium phosphate complex laden microemulsion for prolonged local anaesthesia: In vitro and in vivo studies. Desai, AR; Desai, DT; Maulvi, FA; Patel, HP; Patel, KP; Pillai, LV; Ranch, KM; Shah, DO; Shah, SA; Shukla, MR, 2020)	2
" Kinetic analyses of MLK infusions in cattle are necessary to establish optimal dosing protocols."	( Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous constant rate infusion of a morphine-lidocaine-ketamine combination in Holstein calves undergoing umbilical herniorrhaphy. Coetzee, JF; Hartnack, AK; Kleinhenz, MD; Lakritz, J; Niehaus, AJ, 2020)	0.79
" Kinetic analyses of MLK infusions in cattle are necessary to establish optimal dosing protocols and withdrawal intervals."	( Analgesic efficacy of an intravenous constant rate infusion of a morphine-lidocaine-ketamine combination in Holstein calves undergoing umbilical herniorrhaphy. Coetzee, JF; Hartnack, AK; Kleinhenz, MD; Lakritz, J; Niehaus, AJ, 2020)	0.79
" This is a retrospective case series of 10 cancer patients across four institutions, with attention to dosing of both agents, and subsequent decrease in morphine-equivalent daily dosing (MEDD)."	( A Multi-Centered Case Series Highlighting the Clinical Use and Dosing of Lidocaine and Mexiletine for Refractory Cancer Pain. Atayee, RS; Edmonds, KP; Geiger-Hayes, J; Hausdorff, J; Naidu, D; Saphire, ML, 2020)	0.79
"Systemic lidocaine infusion can improve QoR-40 scores in patients with upper airway surgery, reduce the dosage of intraoperative opioids, decrease the incidence of PONV and NRS scores 2 days after surgery, thus improving postoperative early recovery quality."	( Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion on Postoperative Early Recovery Quality in Upper Airway Surgery. Ding, X; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xie, C; Zhao, W, 2021)	1.35
" Simplifying local anesthesia mixtures and using dilute concentrations will minimize dosing errors and decrease risk of local anesthesia toxicity."	( Local Anesthetic Facelift. DeJoseph, LM; Pou, JD, 2020)	0.56
" Semisolid formulations are the most used dosage forms for drug administration via this delivery route and can be optimized when transformed into a film, favoring on-site maintenance, and promoting drug permeation."	( A New Approach to Ex Vivo Permeation Studies in In-Situ Film-Forming Systems. de Freitas, O; Ferreira, MP; Pedrazzi, V; Silva-Alvarez, AF; Vicentini, FTMC, 2020)	0.56
" In order to investigate these so-called composite dosage forms in more detail, two different manufacturing methods were compared within this study to investigate the resulting properties."	( Manufacturing and characterisation of a novel composite dosage form for buccal drug administration. Breitkreutz, J; Kottke, D; Lunter, DJ; Lura, A, 2020)	0.56
" The dosage of remifentanil in group L was lower than other two groups (adjP < 0."	( Intravenously injected lidocaine or magnesium improves the quality of early recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomised controlled trial. Cheng, W; Guo, CL; Lu, J; Qian, B; Wang, JF; Yin, Q, 2021)	0.93
" All participants are affiliated to the French Social security system and a dosage of beta HCG has to be negative for women of child bearing age ."	( Impact of intravenous lidocaine on clinical outcomes of patients with ARDS during COVID-19 pandemia (LidoCovid): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Aberkane, O; Becker, G; Chamaraux-Tran, TN; Glady, L; Harlay, ML; Hecketsweiler, S; Julians, M; Lefebvre, F; Muller, C; Muller, M; Pottecher, J; Romoli, A; Schneider, F; Tawk, M, 2021)	0.94
" The secondary endpoints of the study include the following: Evolution of PaO2/FiO2 ratio at admission and after 21 days of treatment Number of ventilator-free days Anti-inflammatory effects by dosing inflammatory markers at different timepoints (ferritin, bicarbonate, CRP, PCT, LDH, IL-6, Troponin HS, triglycerides, complete blood count, lymphocytes) Anti-thrombotic effects by dosing platelets, aPTT, fibrinogen, D-dimers, viscoelastic testing and identification of all thromboembolic events up to 4 weeks."	( Impact of intravenous lidocaine on clinical outcomes of patients with ARDS during COVID-19 pandemia (LidoCovid): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Aberkane, O; Becker, G; Chamaraux-Tran, TN; Glady, L; Harlay, ML; Hecketsweiler, S; Julians, M; Lefebvre, F; Muller, C; Muller, M; Pottecher, J; Romoli, A; Schneider, F; Tawk, M, 2021)	0.94
"Patients receiving Lidocaine - Ketorolac combination dosage had significantly lower VAS scores, and these results confirm that local injection of Lidocaine - Ketorolac combination had a superior pain-controlling effect during the first 24 hours after the biopsy procedure in comparison to Lidocaine injection alone, as measured by VAS score scale."	( Ketorolac plus Lidocaine vs Lidocaine for pain relief following core needle soft tissue biopsy: A CONSORT-compliant double-blind randomized controlled study. Chobpenthai, T; Ingviya, T; Jaiwithee, R; Sutthivaiyakit, K; Thanindratarn, P, 2021)	1.3
" There is still much to be understood about its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, especially with regard to optimal dosing to avoid side effects."	( Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion for the Management of Early Postoperative Pain: A Comprehensive Review of Controlled Trials. Adekoya, P; Chu, R; Greer, T; Hagedorn, JM; Hasoon, J; Kaye, AD; Odonkor, CA; Olatoye, D; Orhurhu, MS; Orhurhu, V; Roberts, J; Umukoro, N; Umukoro, P; Urits, I; Viswanath, O, 2020)	0.94
" Baseline data with respect to sex, age, side, type of finger, donor sites, flap size, dosage of anesthetics, usage of finger tourniquet, intraoperative and postoperative pain, hemostasis effect, operation time, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire (QuickDASH) score, and hospitalization expense, were collected."	( Application of WALANT technique for repairing finger skin defect with a random skin flap. Cao, S; Gong, K; Xu, J; Yin, L; Zhan, H; Zhang, J; Zhou, Q, 2021)	0.62
" Timing and dosing of the drug can deserve to be adjusted according to patient's needs and their sexual ecology."	( Real-life use of the eutectic mixture lidocaine/prilocaine spray in men with premature ejaculation. Boeri, L; Fallara, G; Montorsi, F; Pozzi, E; Salonia, A, 2022)	0.99
"This study aimed to assess if a forearm (FA) intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) with a lower, less toxic, local anesthetic dosage is non-inferior to an upper arm (UA) IVRA in providing a surgical block in patients undergoing hand and wrist surgery."	( The analgesic efficacy of forearm versus upper arm intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier's block): A randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Broux, V; Callebaut, I; De Wachter, G; Jalil, H; Lismont, A; Nijs, K; Ory, JP; Poelaert, J; Stessel, B; Van de Velde, M, 2021)	0.62
"We failed to demonstrate non-inferiority of forearm IVRA with a lower dosage of LA in providing a surgical block without rescue opioids and LA."	( The analgesic efficacy of forearm versus upper arm intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier's block): A randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Broux, V; Callebaut, I; De Wachter, G; Jalil, H; Lismont, A; Nijs, K; Ory, JP; Poelaert, J; Stessel, B; Van de Velde, M, 2021)	0.62
" Hence, we designed aerosol inhalation of lidocaine by ultrasonic atomizer, to seek whether the dosage of sufentanil for intubation could be less or not."	( Sufentanil EC50 for endotracheal intubation with aerosol inhalation of carbonated lidocaine by ultrasonic atomizer. Ai, L; Liu, J; Tian, X; Xu, Q; Zhou, Z, 2021)	1.11
"Aerosol inhalation of lidocaine by ultrasonic atomizer reduced the dosage of sufentanil for endotracheal intubation."	( Sufentanil EC50 for endotracheal intubation with aerosol inhalation of carbonated lidocaine by ultrasonic atomizer. Ai, L; Liu, J; Tian, X; Xu, Q; Zhou, Z, 2021)	1.16
" Voluntary Paracetamol intake via drinking water reached the target dosage of 200 mg/kg in most animals."	( Lidocaine and bupivacaine as part of multimodal pain management in a C57BL/6J laparotomy mouse model. Arras, M; Durst, MS; Jirkof, P; Palme, R; Talbot, SR, 2021)	2.06
" Reduced interquartile variation of peak plasma lidocaine levels exists when lidocaine dosing is <5 mg/kg."	( LID study: Plasma lidocaine levels following airway topicalisation for paediatric microlaryngobronchoscopy (MLB). Bateman, N; Bruce, I; Diacono, J; Doherty, C; Harrison, A; Mistry, S; Quinn, N; Walker, R, 2022)	1.31
" The median duration of infusion was 34 [20:48] hours with a median initial and maintenance rate of 1 mg/kg/h dosed on ideal body weight."	( Evaluating the Safety of Continuous Infusion Lidocaine for Postoperative Pain. Kovacevic, MP; Lupi, KE; Schuler, BR; Szumita, PM, 2021)	0.88
"It is clinically important to deliver a sustained-release mucoadhesive dosage of local anesthetic and antimicrobial agents for pain control."	( Development and optimization of tibezonium iodide and lignocaine hydrochloride containing novel mucoadhesive buccal tablets: a pharmacokinetic investigation among healthy humans. Hanif, S; Irfan, M; Mahmood, A; Minhas, MU; Sarfraz, RM; Syed, MA, 2021)	0.62
"Therefore, the sustained release mucoadhesive dosage form of TBN and LGN can be an effective and alternative option to conventional delivery."	( Development and optimization of tibezonium iodide and lignocaine hydrochloride containing novel mucoadhesive buccal tablets: a pharmacokinetic investigation among healthy humans. Hanif, S; Irfan, M; Mahmood, A; Minhas, MU; Sarfraz, RM; Syed, MA, 2021)	0.62
" lidocaine reduced propofol dosage required for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures (SMD=-0."	( Impact of intravenous and topical lidocaine on clinical outcomes in patients receiving propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Chang, YJ; Chang, YP; Chen, JY; Ho, CN; Hung, KC; Lan, KM; Lin, YT; Sun, CK; Wang, LK; Yew, M, 2022)	1.91
" The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine in reducing propofol dosage during paediatric colonoscopy."	( Use of intravenous lidocaine for dose reduction of propofol in paediatric colonoscopy patients: a randomised placebo-controlled study. Chen, C; Chen, X; Lu, G; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Xiao, P; Yao, W; Zhang, L; Zhou, M, 2021)	1.18
"1%) were treated with at least one PHN concomitant medication, for which the number and dosing remained constant during the study."	( Lidocaine 700 mg medicated plaster for post-herpetic neuralgia: focus on Quality of Life, effectiveness and safety - a retrospective observational study. Aurilio, C; Coppolino, F; Giaccari, LG; Pace, MC; Passavanti, MB; Pota, V; Sansone, P, 2022)	2.16
" It has a narrow therapeutic window with maximal daily dosing being 450 mg daily."	( Treatment of status epilepticus and prolonged QT after massive intentional bupropion overdose with lidocaine. Robinson, S, 2022)	0.94
"Marketed lidocaine dosage forms (such as ointment, gels, and injections) used to manage acute and chronic pain showed a short duration of action (<2 h)."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel lidocaine-loaded cubosomal gel for prolonged local anesthesia. Jiang, J; Wu, H; Zou, Z, 2022)	1.4
" The results showed that the patients in the study group had low intraoperative bleeding, short operation time, low postoperative hematoma formation rate, high patient satisfaction, higher dosage of anesthetic solution, and low dosage of lidocaine."	( Clinical Application of Artificial Intelligence: Auto-Discerning the Effectiveness of Lidocaine Concentration Levels in Osteosarcoma Femoral Tumor Segment Resection. Li, X; Ni, S; Yi, X, 2022)	1.13
"Considering the staggering global prevalence of local pain affecting hundreds of million individuals, it is of great significance to develop advanced dosage forms or delivery systems for analgesic therapy to fulfill clinical applicability."	( A high-dosage microneedle for programmable lidocaine delivery and enhanced local long-lasting analgesia. Chen, BZ; Chu, HQ; Guo, XD; Liang, L; Zhang, BL; Zhao, ZQ; Zheng, H, 2022)	0.98
" The cumulative dosage of sufentanil in perioperative period was significantly lower (149."	( Effect of lidocaine perioperative infusion on chronic postsurgical pain in patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical pneumonectomy. Ding, H; Lian, C; Lu, Y; Shangguan, W; Shao, C; Shi, J; Wang, N; Wu, J, 2022)	1.12
" The secondary outcomes included injection pain score, vital signs, total dosage of vasoactive drugs used within 5 minutes after induction, and adverse events related to drugs."	( Pretreatment with Low-Dose Esketamine for Reduction of Propofol Injection Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Fu, D; Han, Y; Jia, J; Li, W; Wang, D, 2022)	0.72
" The amplitude and latency of MEP at T2 and T3, the total dosage of propofol after anesthesia induction, and adverse events before T3 were recorded."	( Effect of low-dose lidocaine on MEPs in patients undergoing intracranial tumor resection with propofol anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial. Jin, W; Liu, J; Liu, M; Wang, D; Wang, N; Zhou, X, 2022)	1.05
" The total dosage of propofol and the incidence of adverse events were significantly lower in group L than in group C before T3."	( Effect of low-dose lidocaine on MEPs in patients undergoing intracranial tumor resection with propofol anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial. Jin, W; Liu, J; Liu, M; Wang, D; Wang, N; Zhou, X, 2022)	1.05
" Decreased hepatic metabolism after resection raises concerns about safe lidocaine dosing in this patient population."	( Lidocaine Intraoperative Infusion Pharmacokinetics during Partial Hepatectomy for Living Liver Donation. Christians, U; Crouch, CE; Fernandez-Bustamante, A; Hendrickse, A; Henthorn, TK; Kaizer, AM; Schniedewind, B; Wilkey, BJ, 2023)	2.58
" Clearance of lidocaine is decreased proportionally to the remaining liver mass, which should guide lidocaine infusion administration or dosing adjustments for patients undergoing liver resection surgery."	( Lidocaine Intraoperative Infusion Pharmacokinetics during Partial Hepatectomy for Living Liver Donation. Christians, U; Crouch, CE; Fernandez-Bustamante, A; Hendrickse, A; Henthorn, TK; Kaizer, AM; Schniedewind, B; Wilkey, BJ, 2023)	2.71
" Clearance of lidocaine is decreased proportionally to the remaining liver mass, which should guide lidocaine infusion administration or dosing adjustments for patients undergoing liver resection surgery."	( Lidocaine Intraoperative Infusion Pharmacokinetics during Partial Hepatectomy for Living Liver Donation. Christians, U; Crouch, CE; Fernandez-Bustamante, A; Hendrickse, A; Henthorn, TK; Kaizer, AM; Schniedewind, B; Wilkey, BJ, 2023)	2.71
" Subjects were randomized to initial dosing to a T4 dermatome surgical anesthetic level with either 3% CP or 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate (LEB)."	( Postcesarean Analgesia With Epidural Morphine After Epidural 2-Chloroprocaine: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial. Lee, LO; Lu, M; Ramirez-Chapman, AL; Suresh, MS; White, DL; Zhang, X, 2023)	1.12
"While designed as an exploratory study, initial epidural dosing with 3% CP and beginning subsequent redosing with LEB within 30 minutes of the initial CP bolus provided noninferior postcesarean analgesia with epidural morphine compared to initial epidural dosing and redosing with LEB."	( Postcesarean Analgesia With Epidural Morphine After Epidural 2-Chloroprocaine: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial. Lee, LO; Lu, M; Ramirez-Chapman, AL; Suresh, MS; White, DL; Zhang, X, 2023)	0.91
" Larger studies are needed to confirm the findings, with accurate records of the dosage and administration route of local anesthetics."	( Postmortem concentrations of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine in femoral venous blood after hip fracture surgery. Kriikku, P; Nurkkala, J; Ojanperä, I; Oura, P; Virtanen, A, 2023)	1.15
" In addition, compared with saline group, the dosage of sufentanil in lidocaine group decreased significantly during the test."	( Intravenous Lidocaine Decreased the Median Effective Concentration of Sufentanil for Tracheal Intubation in Obese Patients. He, C; Jia, D; Tu, F; Yuan, X, 2023)	1.52
"We provide additional evidence highlighting the importance of caution regarding lidocaine dosing due to the effect on seizure length in the ECT setting."	( Does Lidocaine Shorten Seizure Duration in Electroconvulsive Therapy? Enguita-Germán, M; Enriquez, ÁSR; Fábrega, AM; Gil, JL; López-Ilundain, J; Martinez de Zabarte Moraza, E; Maughan, AR; Prados, AB; Rosquil, EU; Yoldi-Murillo, J, 2023)	1.65